1
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Hill DR, Huters AD, Towne TB, Reddy RE, Fogle JL, Voight EA, Kym PR. Parkinson's Disease: Advances in Treatment and the Syntheses of Various Classes of Pharmaceutical Drug Substances. Chem Rev 2023; 123:13693-13712. [PMID: 37975808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
An overview of Parkinson's disease (PD) prevalence, diagnosis, and currently available treatment options is provided. A comprehensive list of different classes of marketed pharmaceutical drug products and the syntheses of various drug substances are summarized based on published literature.
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2
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Vavers E, Zvejniece L, Dambrova M. Sigma-1 receptor and seizures. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106771. [PMID: 37068533 PMCID: PMC10176040 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, sigma-1 receptor (Sig1R) has been recognized as a valid target for the treatment of seizure disorders and seizure-related comorbidities. Clinical trials with Sig1R ligands are underway testing therapies for the treatment of drug-resistant seizures, developmental and epileptic encephalopathies, and photosensitive epilepsy. However, the direct molecular mechanism by which Sig1R modulates seizures and the balance between excitatory and inhibitory pathways has not been fully elucidated. This review article aims to summarize existing knowledge of Sig1R and its involvement in seizures by focusing on the evidence obtained from Sig1R knockout animals and the anti-seizure effects of Sig1R ligands. In addition, this review article includes a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of existing compounds and describes the challenges and future perspectives on the use of Sig1R as a target for the treatment of seizure disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edijs Vavers
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia; University of Tartu, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Liga Zvejniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maija Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006, Riga, Latvia; Riga Stradiņš University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Konsula 21, LV-1007, Riga, Latvia
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3
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Song S, Cheng X, Cheng S, Lin YM, Gong L. Fe-Catalyzed Aliphatic C-H Methylation of Glycine Derivatives and Peptides. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203404. [PMID: 36545842 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Direct and selective C-H methylation is a powerful tool with which to install methyl groups into organic molecules, and is particularly useful in pharmaceutical chemistry. However, practical methods for such modification of biologically interesting targets have been rarely developed. We here report an iron-catalyzed C(sp3 )-H methylation reaction of glycine derivatives, peptides and drug-like molecules in an alcohol in the presence of di-tert-butyl peroxide. A readily available iron catalyst plays multiple roles in the transformation, which accelerates oxidation of C-N bonds to C=N double bonds, activates imine intermediates as Lewis acids by bidentate chelation, and at the same time facilitates cleavage of the peroxide to generate methyl radicals. A variety of methylated N-aryl glycine derivatives and peptides were obtained in good yield and with excellent chemo- and site-selectivity. This reaction is scalable, easily managed, and can be completed within 1-2 h. It features an economic, bio-friendly catalyst, a green solvent and low toxic reagents, and will provide effective access to precise C-H modification of biomolecules and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silin Song
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiuliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Shiyan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu-Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), 361005, Xiamen, China
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4
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Xu Y, Cen P, Ma L, Tian M, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Yu K, Zhang H, Gu W, He Q. Highly efficient radiosynthesis and biological evaluation of [18F]safinamide, a radiolabelled anti-parkinsonian drug for PET imaging. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200472. [PMID: 36068922 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As an add-on drug approved for Parkinson's disease treatment, safinamide has multiple functions, such as selective and reversible monoamine oxidase-B inhibition, voltage-sensitive sodium/potassium channel blockage, and glutamate release inhibition. Meanwhile, safinamide shows tremendous therapeutic potential in the context of other central nervous system diseases (e.g., ischaemic stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, depression, etc.). In this work, [18F]safinamide, which is safinamide labelled by the positron-emitting radionuclide [18F]fluorine, was synthesized automatically based on iodonium ylide precursors with high radiochemical yield and high molar activity. Density functional theory was applied to calculate the Gibbs free energy change during iodonium ylide-mediated fluorination and to interpret the effect of tetraethylammonium (TEA+) as the counter cation in these reactions to improve the nucleophilicity of [18F/19F]fluoride. In addition, positron emission tomography studies on Sprague Dawley rats were carried out to determine the imaging characteristics, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of the [18F]safinamide radiotracer. The results displayed the complete biodistribution of the radiotracer, especially in rat brains, and revealed that [18F]safinamide has moderate brain uptake, rapid and reversible binding kinetics, and good stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xu
- Zhejiang University, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, CHINA
| | - Peili Cen
- Zhejiang University, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Center, CHINA
| | - Lijuan Ma
- Zhejiang University, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Center, CHINA
| | - Mei Tian
- Zhejiang University, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Center, CHINA
| | - Xue Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CHINA
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Zhejiang University, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, CHINA
| | - Kaiwu Yu
- Zhejiang University, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, CHINA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Zhejiang University, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Center, CHINA
| | - Wangjun Gu
- Zhejiang University, College of Chemical & Biological Engineering, CHINA
| | - Qinggang He
- Zhejiang University, Chemical Engineering, 38 Zheda Rd., 310027, Hangzhou, CHINA
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5
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Zhao H, Caldora HP, Turner O, Douglas JJ, Leonori D. A Desaturative Approach for Aromatic Aldehyde Synthesis via Synergistic Enamine, Photoredox and Cobalt Triple Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201870. [PMID: 35196413 PMCID: PMC9311220 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes are fundamental intermediates that are widely utilised for the synthesis of important materials across the broad spectrum of chemical industries. Accessing highly substituted derivatives can often be difficult as their functionalizations are generally performed via electrophilic aromatic substitution, SEAr. Here we provide an alternative and mechanistically distinct approach whereby aromatic aldehydes are assembled from saturated precursors via a desaturative process. This novel strategy harnesses the high‐fidelity of Diels–Alder cycloadditions to quickly construct multi‐substituted cyclohexenecarbaldehyde cores which undergo desaturation via the synergistic interplay of enamine, photoredox and cobalt triple catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaibo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Henry P Caldora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Oliver Turner
- Oncology R&DI Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca, Darwin Building, Unit 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - James J Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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6
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Zhao H, Caldora HP, Turner O, Douglas JJ, Leonori D. A Desaturative Approach for Aromatic Aldehyde Synthesis via Synergistic Enamine, Photoredox and Cobalt Triple Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaibo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Henry P. Caldora
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Oliver Turner
- Oncology R&DI Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca Darwin Building, Unit 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0WG UK
| | - James J. Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D AstraZeneca Macclesfield UK
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Germany
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7
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Kurihara K, Mishima T, Fujioka S, Tsuboi Y. Efficacy and safety evaluation of safinamide as an add-on treatment to levodopa for parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 21:137-147. [PMID: 34597253 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.1988926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While levodopa is still the most effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, concerns about long-term complications such as wearing-off and dyskinesia with levodopa usage remain. AREAS COVERED Safinamide is a highly selective and reversible monoamine oxidase B inhibitor introduced in the European Union, Japan, and the United States as an adjunctive agent to levodopa in PD patients with motor fluctuation. This review outlines the pharmacological properties, therapeutic effects, and tolerability of safinamide as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with advanced PD. Efficacy and safety findings from double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trials for safinamide as an adjunct therapy to levodopa for PD are summarized. EXPERT OPINION Safinamide was well tolerated as a treatment for PD, and there was no significant difference in the frequency and severity of adverse events between the safinamide and placebo groups. It was also suggested that safinamide had a beneficial effect on the accompanying non-motor symptoms such as PD-related pain. Safinamide may exhibit neuroprotective effects through antioxidant and anti-glutamate effects, and research on the disease-modifying effect of PD is desired in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoshio Tsuboi
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University Fukuoka, Japan
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8
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Elkamhawy A, Kim HJ, Elsherbeny MH, Paik S, Park JH, Gotina L, Abdellattif MH, Gouda NA, Cho J, Lee K, Nim Pae A, Park KD, Roh EJ. Discovery of 3,4-dichloro-N-(1H-indol-5-yl)benzamide: A highly potent, selective, and competitive hMAO-B inhibitor with high BBB permeability profile and neuroprotective action. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105352. [PMID: 34562673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since there is no disease-modifying treatment discovered yet for Parkinson's disease (PD), there is still a vital need to develop novel selective monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors as promising therapeutically active candidates for PD patients. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and full characterization of new twenty-six indole derivatives as potential human MAO-B (hMAO-B) selective inhibitors. Six compounds (2i, 3b-e, and 5) exhibited low micromolar to nanomolar inhibitory activities over hMAO-B; compared to our recently reported N-substituted indole-based lead compound VIII (hMAO-B IC50 = 777 nM), compound 5 (3,4-dichloro-N-(1H-indol-5-yl)benzamide) exhibited 18-fold increase in potency (IC50 = 42 nM). A selectivity study over hMAO-A revealed an excellent selectivity index of compound 5 (SI > 2375) with a 47-fold increase compared to rasagiline (II, a well-known MAO-B inhibitor, SI > 50). A further kinetic evaluation of compound 5 over hMAO-B showed a reversible and competitive mode of inhibition with Ki value of 7 nM. Highly effective permeability and high CNS bioavailability of compound 5 with Pe = 54.49 × 10-6 cm/s were demonstrated. Compound 5 also exhibited a low cytotoxicity profile and a promising neuroprotective effect against the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal cell damage in PC12 cells, which was more effective than that of rasagiline. Docking simulations on both hMAO-B and hMAO-A supported the in vitro data and served as further molecular evidence. Accordingly, we report the discovery of compound 5 as one of the most potent indole-based MAO-B inhibitors to date which is noteworthy to be further evaluated as a promising agent for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohamed H Elsherbeny
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12566, Egypt
| | - Sora Paik
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Lizaveta Gotina
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Magda H Abdellattif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha A Gouda
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Omori AT, Higa VM. A Two Hour Synthesis of the Anti-Parkinson Drug Safinamide Methanesulfonate. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1534-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe critical moment of the COVID-19 outbreak requires a real-time supply of therapeutic agents. Thus, time economy in the synthesis of biologically active compounds has become increasingly decisive. In this work, we developed a two hour synthesis of the anti-Parkinson drug safinamide methanesulfonate in four steps with a 64% overall yield. Microwave irradiation was used in the first three steps in a one-pot fashion. In fact, the protocol can provide safinamide free base in one hour without a chromatographic purification step. Also, green solvents such as methanol and ethyl acetate are used.
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10
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Elkamhawy A, Paik S, Kim HJ, Park JH, Londhe AM, Lee K, Pae AN, Park KD, Roh EJ. Discovery of N-(1-(3-fluorobenzoyl)-1 H-indol-5-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide: a novel, selective, and competitive indole-based lead inhibitor for human monoamine oxidase B. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1568-1580. [PMID: 32752896 PMCID: PMC7470070 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1800666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, two new series of N-substituted indole-based analogues were rationally designed, synthesized via microwave heating technology, and evaluated as noteworthy MAO-B potential inhibitors. Compared to the reported indazole-based hits VI and VII, compounds 4b and 4e exhibited higher inhibitory activities over MAO-B with IC50 values of 1.65 and 0.78 µM, respectively. When compared to the modest selectivity index of rasagiline (II, a well-known MAO-B inhibitor, SI > 50), both 4b and 4e also showed better selectivity indices (SI > 60 and 120, respectively). A further kinetic evaluation of the most potent derivative (4e) displayed a competitive mode of inhibition (inhibition constant (Ki)/MAO-B = 94.52 nM). Reasonable explanations of the elicited biological activities were presented via SAR study and molecular docking simulation. Accordingly, the remarkable MAO-B inhibitory activity of 4e (N-(1-(3-fluorobenzoyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide), with its selectivity and competitive inhibition, advocates its potential role as a promising lead worthy of further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sora Paik
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashwini M Londhe
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Tripolitsiotis NP, Thomaidi M, Neochoritis CG. The Ugi Three‐Component Reaction; a Valuable Tool in Modern Organic Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Thomaidi
- Chemistry Department School of Science and Engineering University of Crete 70013 Heraklion Greece
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12
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Witty DR, Alvaro G, Derjean D, Giblin GMP, Gunn K, Large C, Macpherson DT, Morisset V, Owen D, Palmer J, Rugiero F, Tate S, Hinckley CA, Naik H. Discovery of Vixotrigine: A Novel Use-Dependent Sodium Channel Blocker for the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1678-1687. [PMID: 32945812 PMCID: PMC7488392 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that block voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) have utility in treating conditions including pain, epilepsy, and cardiac arrhythmias and as anesthetics (Lancet Neurol.20109413424; Expert Opin. Ther. Pat.201020755779). The identification of compounds with improved efficacy and safety is a key aim for the discovery of improved NaV blocking drugs (Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry III; (Elsevier, 2017; pp 131-175). We report the identification of a novel class of brain penetrant and voltage-gated sodium channel blockers, leading to the discovery of vixotrigine, a use-dependent sodium channel blocker with activity in in vivo models of pain. Vixotrigine has excellent physiocochemical properties for drug development, and both preclinical and clinical data support a safety profile suitable for potential use in neuropathic pain and other conditions. It has shown efficacy in a Phase II study for pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Witty
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Giuseppe Alvaro
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Dominique Derjean
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Gerard M. P. Giblin
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Kevin Gunn
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Charles Large
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - David T. Macpherson
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Valerie Morisset
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Davina Owen
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Joanne Palmer
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Francois Rugiero
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Simon Tate
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | | | - Himanshu Naik
- Biogen
Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142,
United States
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13
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Four-week repeated dose oral toxicity study of KDS2010, a novel selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor, in Sprague Dawley rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104733. [PMID: 32758522 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Repeated dose oral toxicity and toxicokinetic of KDS2010, a new drug for Parkinson's disease, was investigated after 4-week repeated oral administration at 30, 50, 75, or 100 mg/kg/day in rats. Body weight and body weight gain decreased in rats of both sexes in the 75 and 100 mg/kg groups, and food consumption was reduced in male rats of the 75 and 100 mg/kg male groups. Histological alterations were observed in the kidney (urothelial hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration in the renal pelvis, tubular vacuolation/degeneration, basophilic tubules, and hyaline droplets in the proximal tubules) of the 75 and 100 mg/kg male groups and the 50 and 100 mg/kg female groups. The 75 and 100 mg/kg male groups showed adverse effect in the testes (degeneration/exfoliation of germ cells, seminiferous tubules atrophy) and epididymis (cellular debris, oligospermia). These changes were partially recovered after a 2-week recovery period. However, basophilic tubules and hyaline droplets in the proximal tubules in the kidney and germ cell degeneration/exfoliation in the testis were not recovered. In toxicokinetics study, systemic exposure to KDS2010 increased proportionally in both sexes by in a dose -dependent manner. In addition, repeated administration for 4 weeks led to increased tendency of systemic exposure in both sexes compared with that in Day 1. In conclusion, KDS2010 was shown to target the kidney and testis with a no-observed-adverse-effect level of 50 and 30 mg/kg/day for males and females, respectively.
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14
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Koebisu M, Ishida T. [Safinamide Mesilate (Equfina ® TABLETS 50 mg): preclinical and clinical pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2020; 155:269-276. [PMID: 32612042 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.20012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degenerative loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Dopamine deficiency is thought to disrupt motor control of the basal ganglia and cause characteristic motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease such as bradykinesia, akinesia, and tremor. Therefore, dopamine replacement therapy is widely used in the clinical setting. Safinamide is a novel, selective, and reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B expected to increase dopamine levels in the brain and improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. In addition, safinamide shows non-dopaminergic actions such as sodium channel blockade and inhibition of glutamate release. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that safinamide ameliorates "wearing off" symptoms after administration in rat and monkey models with selectively destroyed dopaminergic neurons. In the monkeys, safinamide concurrently inhibited levodopa-induced dyskinesia. These findings suggest that safinamide not only increases the dopaminergic effect of levodopa, but also reduces levodopa-induced adverse events via its non-dopaminergic effects. In clinical trials of patients with Parkinson's disease with the "wearing off" phenomenon, safinamide has been found to prolong the "on time" and improve motor function as assessed by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III. In Japan, safinamide was approved in September 2019 as a levodopa combination drug for Parkinson's disease with "wearing off" phenomenon. Safinamide is therefore expected to be a new treatment option for patients with Parkinson's disease.
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15
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Mei H, Han J, Klika KD, Izawa K, Sato T, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Applications of fluorine-containing amino acids for drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111826. [PMID: 31740056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing amino acids are becoming increasingly prominent in new drugs due to two general trends in the modern pharmaceutical industry. Firstly, the growing acceptance of peptides and modified peptides as drugs; and secondly, fluorine editing has become a prevalent protocol in drug-candidate optimization. Accordingly, fluorine-containing amino acids represent one of the more promising and rapidly developing areas of research in organic, bio-organic and medicinal chemistry. The goal of this Review article is to highlight the current state-of-the-art in this area by profiling 42 selected compounds that combine fluorine and amino acid structural elements. The compounds under discussion represent pharmaceutical drugs currently on the market, or in clinical trials as well as examples of drug-candidates that although withdrawn from development had a significant impact on the progress of medicinal chemistry and/or provided a deeper understanding of the nature and mechanism of biological action. For each compound, we present features of biological activity, a brief history of the design principles and the development of the synthetic approach, focusing on the source of tailor-made amino acid structures and fluorination methods. General aspects of the medicinal chemistry of fluorine-containing amino acids and synthetic methodology are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, United States.
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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16
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Bölcskei H, Német-Hanzelik A, Dubrovay Z, Háda V, Keglevich G. Synthesis of Phenyl- and Pyridyl-substituted Benzyloxybenzaldehydes by Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reactions. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180816666181106123809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Aryl-methoxybenzaldehydes substituted in various positions may serve as
valuable starting materials for the synthesis of biologically active compounds.
Methods:
Biaryl-methoxybenzaldehydes and pyridyl-aryl-methoxybenzaldehydes were synthesized
by the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions as intermediates of potential drug substances.
Three different catalytic approaches were compared. The classical Suzuki method utilising
tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium and sodium ethoxide, the protocol applying palladium acetate
and tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, and the method using tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium and
cesium carbonate, were studied.
Results:
The selected boronic acids were the classical phenylboronic acid, as well as 4-pyridineand
3-pyridineboronic acids. 26 New biaryl-methoxybenzaldehydes or pyridyl-phenylmethoxybenzaldehydes
have been synthesized, which may be intermediates for pharmaceutically
active compounds.
Conclusion:
The method of Anderson et al. was preferred, because it provides satisfactory results
in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedvig Bölcskei
- Gedeon Richter Plc. Budapest X., Gyomroi ut 30-32, Budapest 10. Pf.27. H-1475, Hungary
| | - Andrea Német-Hanzelik
- Gedeon Richter Plc. Budapest X., Gyomroi ut 30-32, Budapest 10. Pf.27. H-1475, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Dubrovay
- Gedeon Richter Plc. Budapest X., Gyomroi ut 30-32, Budapest 10. Pf.27. H-1475, Hungary
| | - Viktor Háda
- Gedeon Richter Plc. Budapest X., Gyomroi ut 30-32, Budapest 10. Pf.27. H-1475, Hungary
| | - György Keglevich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Abram M, Jakubiec M, Kamiński K. Chirality as an Important Factor for the Development of New Antiepileptic Drugs. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1744-1761. [PMID: 31476107 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, chiral molecules (especially enantiomers) have occupied a significant place in pharmaceutical industry and have played a prominent role in the development of new drugs. Individual stereoisomers exhibit marked differences in pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological properties. Therefore, there is currently considerable interest in fully characterizing and examining both enantiomers in the early stages of new drug development. Despite the fact that epilepsy is a complex disease and that a given drug's mechanism of action may be multidirectional and not always fully understood, significant differences have been observed in the anticonvulsant activity of individual stereoisomers. Therefore, between 1996 and 2018, among 14 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) approved for the treatment of epilepsy, as many as seven are chiral and introduced to the market in the single-enantiomer (or diastereomer) form. This review provides an overview of the impact of chirality on the development and discovery of new AEDs that have entered into clinical trials or preclinical studies. These new AEDs were developed by applying the single-enantiomer approval strategy. Herein we focus our attention on the main synthetic pathways of stereoisomers, as well as on the influence of chirality on pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, and/or toxicological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Abram
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Jakubiec
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kamiński
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
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18
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Structural features of Safinamide: A combined Hirshfeld surface analysis & quantum chemical treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdc.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Sun S, Fu J. Methyl-containing pharmaceuticals: Methylation in drug design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3283-3289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Ramsay RR, Popovic-Nikolic MR, Nikolic K, Uliassi E, Bolognesi ML. A perspective on multi-target drug discovery and design for complex diseases. Clin Transl Med 2018; 7:3. [PMID: 29340951 PMCID: PMC5770353 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-017-0181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of infection, of neurodegeneration (such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases), and of malignancy (cancers) have complex and varied causative factors. Modern drug discovery has the power to identify potential modulators for multiple targets from millions of compounds. Computational approaches allow the determination of the association of each compound with its target before chemical synthesis and biological testing is done. These approaches depend on the prior identification of clinically and biologically validated targets. This Perspective will focus on the molecular and computational approaches that underpin drug design by medicinal chemists to promote understanding and collaboration with clinical scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona R Ramsay
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Marija R Popovic-Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Elisa Uliassi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-Bologna University, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-Bologna University, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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21
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Yeon SK, Choi JW, Park JH, Lee YR, Kim HJ, Shin SJ, Jang BK, Kim S, Bahn YS, Han G, Lee YS, Pae AN, Park KD. Synthesis and evaluation of biaryl derivatives for structural characterization of selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitors toward Parkinson’s disease therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:232-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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22
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Flick AC, Ding HX, Leverett CA, Kyne RE, Liu KKC, Fink SJ, O’Donnell CJ. Synthetic Approaches to the New Drugs Approved During 2015. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6480-6515. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Flick
- Groton
Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hong X. Ding
- Pharmacodia (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Carolyn A. Leverett
- Groton
Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Robert E. Kyne
- Celgene Corporation, 200 Cambridge
Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Kevin K. -C. Liu
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201203, China
| | | | - Christopher J. O’Donnell
- Groton
Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445
Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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23
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Cattaneo C, Sardina M, Bonizzoni E. Safinamide as Add-On Therapy to Levodopa in Mid- to Late-Stage Parkinson's Disease Fluctuating Patients: Post hoc Analyses of Studies 016 and SETTLE. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2017; 6:165-73. [PMID: 26889632 PMCID: PMC4927927 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-150700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: Studies 016 and SETTLE showed that safinamide was safe and effective as adjunct therapy in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD) and motor fluctuations. The addition of safinamide to a stable dose of levodopa alone or with other antiparkinsonian medications significantly increased ON time with no/non-troublesome dyskinesia, decreased OFF time and improved Parkinson’s symptoms. Objective: To evaluate the clinical effects of safinamide 100 mg/day on motor fluctuations and cardinal Parkinson’s symptoms in specific patient subgroups using pooled data from Studies 016 and SETTLE. Methods: Both studies were double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, phase 3 trials which enrolled patients with mid- to late-stage PD experiencing motor fluctuations while receiving optimized and stable doses of levodopa, alone or with other dopaminergic treatments. The present post-hoc analyses assessed the change from baseline in ON time (with no or non-troublesome dyskinesia) and OFF time in subgroups of patients who were receiving only levodopa at baseline, who were classified as “mild fluctuators” (daily OFF time ≤4 h), and who were receiving concomitant dopaminergic therapy, with or without amantadine, and the effects of safinamide versus placebo on individual cardinal PD symptoms during ON time. Results: Safinamide significantly increased mean ON time (with no or non-troublesome dyskinesia) and reduced mean OFF time when used as first adjunct therapy in levodopa-treated patients and patients with mild motor fluctuations. Mean daily ON time (with no or non-troublesome dyskinesia) and OFF time were favorably changed, compared with placebo, to similar extents regardless of whether patients were receiving concomitant dopamine agonists, catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors and amantadine. Additionally, safinamide improved bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor and gait. Conclusions: Safinamide was a safe and effective first adjunct therapy in levodopa-treated patients and improved 4/5 cardinal symptoms of PD while providing benefits to mild and non-mild fluctuators and patients receiving other concomitant dopaminergic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ermino Bonizzoni
- Department of Clinical Science and Community, Section of Medical Statistics and Biometry "GA Maccacaro", University of Milan, Italy
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24
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Ab Initio Calculations on some Antiepileptic Drugs such as Phenytoin, Phenbarbital, Ethosuximide and Carbamazepine. Struct Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-016-0898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Cattaneo C, Ferla RL, Bonizzoni E, Sardina M. Long-Term Effects of Safinamide on Dyskinesia in Mid- to Late-Stage Parkinson's Disease: A Post-Hoc Analysis. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 5:475-81. [PMID: 26406127 PMCID: PMC4923744 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-150569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Safinamide is a novel α-aminoamide with dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic properties developed as adjunctive therapy for patients with PD. Results from a 24-month double-blind controlled study suggested that as add-on to levodopa (and other PD medications) the benefits of safinamide on dyskinesia may be related to severity of dyskinesia at baseline. Objective: This post-hoc analysis further characterized the effects of safinamide on dyskinesia in mid- to late-stage PD patients. Methods: Patients were stratified by the presence or absence of dyskinesia at baseline, and by whether or not the dose of levodopa had been changed during the 24-month treatment period. Differences between safinamide and placebo were evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results: For the overall treated population (with or without baseline dyskinesia), safinamide 100 mg/day significantly improved the dyskinesia rating scale score, compared with placebo, in the subgroup of patients with no change in levodopa dose (p = 0.0488). For patients with baseline dyskinesia, improvements over placebo were also significant (p = 0.0153) in patients with or without changes in levodopa dose, and nearly significant (p = 0.0546) in patients with no change in levodopa dose, suggesting that these improvements were not due to levodopa dose reductions. Conclusions: While no statistically significant difference in mean DRS scores was seen between safinamide and placebo in the original study population, the present post-hoc analysis helps to provide a meaningful interpretation of the long-term effects of safinamide on dyskinesia. These results may be related to safinamide state- and use-dependent inhibition of sodium channels and stimulated glutamate release, and are unlikely due to reduced dopaminergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R La Ferla
- Department of Medical, Zambon SpA, Bresso, Italy
| | - Erminio Bonizzoni
- Department of Clinical Science and Community, Section of Medical Statistics and Biometry "GA Maccacaro", University of Milan, Italy
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26
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Torregrosa R, Yang XF, Dustrude ET, Cummins TR, Khanna R, Kohn H. Chimeric derivatives of functionalized amino acids and α-aminoamides: compounds with anticonvulsant activity in seizure models and inhibitory actions on central, peripheral, and cardiac isoforms of voltage-gated sodium channels. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3655-66. [PMID: 25922183 PMCID: PMC4461516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Six novel 3″-substituted (R)-N-(phenoxybenzyl) 2-N-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamides were prepared and then assessed using whole-cell, patch-clamp electrophysiology for their anticonvulsant activities in animal seizure models and for their sodium channel activities. We found compounds with various substituents at the terminal aromatic ring that had excellent anticonvulsant activity. Of these compounds, (R)-N-4'-((3″-chloro)phenoxy)benzyl 2-N-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide ((R)-5) and (R)-N-4'-((3″-trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy)benzyl 2-N-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide ((R)-9) exhibited high protective indices (PI=TD50/ED50) comparable with many antiseizure drugs when tested in the maximal electroshock seizure test to mice (intraperitoneally) and rats (intraperitoneally, orally). Most compounds potently transitioned sodium channels to the slow-inactivated state when evaluated in rat embryonic cortical neurons. Treating HEK293 recombinant cells that expressed hNaV1.1, rNaV1.3, hNaV1.5, or hNaV1.7 with (R)-9 recapitulated the high levels of sodium channel slow inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Torregrosa
- NeuroGate Therapeutics, Inc., 150 Fayetteville Street, Suite 2300, Raleigh, NC 27601, United States
| | - Xiao-Fang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85742, United States
| | - Erik T Dustrude
- Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Theodore R Cummins
- Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85742, United States
| | - Harold Kohn
- NeuroGate Therapeutics, Inc., 150 Fayetteville Street, Suite 2300, Raleigh, NC 27601, United States; Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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27
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Park KD, Yang XF, Dustrude ET, Wang Y, Ripsch MS, White FA, Khanna R, Kohn H. Chimeric agents derived from the functionalized amino acid, lacosamide, and the α-aminoamide, safinamide: evaluation of their inhibitory actions on voltage-gated sodium channels, and antiseizure and antinociception activities and comparison with lacosamide and safinamide. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:316-30. [PMID: 25418676 PMCID: PMC4372064 DOI: 10.1021/cn5002182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
The functionalized amino acid, lacosamide
((R)-2), and the α-aminoamide,
safinamide ((S)-3), are neurological
agents that have been extensively
investigated and have displayed potent anticonvulsant activities in
seizure models. Both compounds have been reported to modulate voltage-gated
sodium channel activity. We have prepared a series of chimeric compounds,
(R)-7–(R)-10, by merging key structural units in these two clinical
agents, and then compared their activities with (R)-2 and (S)-3. Compounds
were assessed for their ability to alter sodium channel kinetics for
inactivation, frequency (use)-dependence, and steady-state activation
and fast inactivation. We report that chimeric compounds (R)-7–(R)-10 in catecholamine A-differentiated (CAD) cells and embryonic rat
cortical neurons robustly enhanced sodium channel inactivation at
concentrations far lower than those required for (R)-2 and (S)-3, and that
(R)-9 and (R)-10, unlike (R)-2 and (S)-3, produce sodium channel frequency (use)-dependence
at low micromolar concentrations. We further show that (R)-7–(R)-10 displayed
excellent anticonvulsant activities and pain-attenuating properties
in the animal formalin model. Of these compounds, only (R)-7 reversed mechanical hypersensitivity in the tibial-nerve
injury model for neuropathic pain in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao-Fang Yang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program,
College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85742, United States
| | | | - Yuying Wang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program,
College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85742, United States
| | | | | | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department
of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program,
College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85742, United States
| | - Harold Kohn
- NeuroGate Therapeutics, Inc., 150
Fayetteville Street, Suite 2300, Raleigh, North Carolina 27601, United States
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28
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Rojas RJ, Edmondson DE, Almos T, Scott R, Massari ME. Reversible and irreversible small molecule inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) investigated by biophysical techniques. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:770-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Tzvetkov NT, Hinz S, Küppers P, Gastreich M, Müller CE. Indazole- and Indole-5-carboxamides: Selective and Reversible Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibitors with Subnanomolar Potency. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6679-703. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500729a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay T. Tzvetkov
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonja Hinz
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Petra Küppers
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcus Gastreich
- BioSolveIT GmbH, An der Ziegelei 79, 53757 St. Augustin, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg
4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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30
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Lee H, Park KD, Torregrosa R, Yang XF, Dustrude ET, Wang Y, Wilson SM, Barbosa C, Xiao Y, Cummins TR, Khanna R, Kohn H. Substituted N-(biphenyl-4'-yl)methyl (R)-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamides: potent anticonvulsants that affect frequency (use) dependence and slow inactivation of sodium channels. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6165-82. [PMID: 25004277 PMCID: PMC4111400 DOI: 10.1021/jm500707r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
prepared 13 derivatives of N-(biphenyl-4′-yl)methyl
(R)-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide that differed
in type and placement of a R-substituent in the terminal aryl unit.
We demonstrated that the R-substituent impacted the compound’s
whole animal and cellular pharmacological activities. In rodents,
select compounds exhibited excellent anticonvulsant activities and
protective indices (PI = TD50/ED50) that compared
favorably with clinical antiseizure drugs. Compounds with a polar,
aprotic R-substituent potently promoted Na+ channel slow
inactivation and displayed frequency (use) inhibition of Na+ currents at low micromolar concentrations. The possible advantage
of affecting these two pathways to decrease neurological hyperexcitability
is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosung Lee
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Borgohain R, Szasz J, Stanzione P, Meshram C, Bhatt MH, Chirilineau D, Stocchi F, Lucini V, Giuliani R, Forrest E, Rice P, Anand R. Two-year, randomized, controlled study of safinamide as add-on to levodopa in mid to late Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2014; 29:1273-80. [PMID: 25044402 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In a 6-month double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Parkinson's disease patients with motor fluctuations, safinamide 50 and 100 mg/d significantly increased ON-time without increasing dyskinesia. Further long-term safinamide use in these patients was evaluated over an additional 18 months. Patients continued on their randomized placebo, 50, or 100 mg/d safinamide. The primary endpoint was change in Dyskinesia Rating Scale total score during ON-time over 24 months. Other efficacy endpoints included change in ON-time without troublesome dyskinesia, changes in individual diary categories, depressive symptoms, and quality of life measures. Change in Dyskinesia Rating Scale was not significantly different in safinamide versus placebo groups, despite decreased mean total Dyskinesia Rating Scale with safinamide compared with an almost unchanged score in placebo. Ad hoc subgroup analysis of moderate to severe dyskinetic patients at baseline (36% of patients) showed a decrease with safinamide 100 mg/d compared with placebo (P = 0.0317). Improvements in motor function, activities of daily living, depressive symptoms, clinical status, and quality of life at 6 months remained significant at 24 months. Adverse events and discontinuation rates were similar with safinamide and placebo. This 2-year, controlled study of add-on safinamide in mid-to-late Parkinson's disease with motor fluctuations, although not demonstrating an overall difference in dyskinesias between patients and controls, showed improvement in dyskinesia in patients at least moderately dyskinetic at baseline. The study additionally demonstrated significant clinical benefits in ON-time (without troublesome dyskinesia), OFF-time, activities of daily living, motor symptoms, quality of life, and symptoms of depression.
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Borgohain R, Szasz J, Stanzione P, Meshram C, Bhatt M, Chirilineau D, Stocchi F, Lucini V, Giuliani R, Forrest E, Rice P, Anand R. Randomized trial of safinamide add-on to levodopa in Parkinson's disease with motor fluctuations. Mov Disord 2013; 29:229-37. [PMID: 24323641 PMCID: PMC4285943 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa is effective for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), but is associated with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Many patients require add-on therapy to improve motor fluctuations without exacerbating dyskinesia. The objective of this Phase III, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of safinamide, an α-aminoamide with dopaminergic and nondopaminergic mechanisms, as add-on to l-dopa in the treatment of patients with PD and motor fluctuations. Patients were randomized to oral safinamide 100 mg/day (n = 224), 50 mg/day (n = 223), or placebo (n = 222) for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was total on time with no or nontroublesome dyskinesia (assessed using the Hauser patient diaries). Secondary endpoints included off time, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III (motor) scores, and Clinical Global Impression-Change (CGI-C). At week 24, mean ± SD increases in total on time with no or nontroublesome dyskinesia were 1.36 ± 2.625 hours for safinamide 100 mg/day, 1.37 ± 2.745 hours for safinamide 50 mg/day, and 0.97 ± 2.375 hours for placebo. Least squares means differences in both safinamide groups were significantly higher versus placebo. Improvements in off time, UPDRS Part III, and CGI-C were significantly greater in both safinamide groups versus placebo. There were no significant between-group differences for incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) or TEAEs leading to discontinuation. The addition of safinamide 50 mg/day or 100 mg/day to l-dopa in patients with PD and motor fluctuations significantly increased total on time with no or nontroublesome dyskinesia, decreased off time, and improved parkinsonism, indicating that safinamide improves motor symptoms and parkinsonism without worsening dyskinesia.
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Aboul-Enein MN, El-Azzouny AA, Maklad YA, Ismail MA, Ismail NSM, Hassan RM. Design and synthesis of certain substituted cycloalkanecarboxamides structurally related to safinamide with anticonvulsant potential. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-013-1488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Benzyloxybenzylammonium chlorides: Simple amine salts that display anticonvulsant activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7655-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Brichta L, Greengard P, Flajolet M. Advances in the pharmacological treatment of Parkinson's disease: targeting neurotransmitter systems. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:543-54. [PMID: 23876424 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, the dopamine precursor levodopa has been the primary therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, not all of the motor and non-motor features of PD can be attributed solely to dopaminergic dysfunction. Recent clinical and preclinical advances provide a basis for the identification of additional innovative therapeutic options to improve the management of the disease. Novel pharmacological strategies must be optimized for PD by: (i) targeting disturbances of the serotonergic, noradrenergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic systems in addition to the dopaminergic system, and (ii) characterizing alterations in the levels of neurotransmitter receptors and transporters that are associated with the various manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Brichta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Deftereos SN, Dodou E, Andronis C, Persidis A. From depression to neurodegeneration and heart failure: re-examining the potential of MAO inhibitors. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2013; 5:413-25. [PMID: 22943121 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.12.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Initially introduced in the 1950s for treating depression, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors were gradually abandoned, mainly owing to their potential for drug-drug and drug-food interactions, the most widely known being with tyramine-containing food (the 'cheese' effect). Since then, more selective MAO-A or MAO-B inhibitors have been developed with substantially reduced risks, and have been approved for the treatment of depression and Parkinson's disease, respectively. Recent research suggests that some of these drugs also have neuroprotective properties, while preclinical evidence expands the spectrum of potential indications to heart failure, renal diseases and multiple sclerosis. In this article, the authors review the relevance of MAO isoforms to disease, and they also outline current research and development efforts in this class of drugs, including newer multipotent compounds.
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Schapira AHV, Stocchi F, Borgohain R, Onofrj M, Bhatt M, Lorenzana P, Lucini V, Giuliani R, Anand R. Long-term efficacy and safety of safinamide as add-on therapy in early Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2012; 20:271-80. [PMID: 22967035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Safinamide is an α-aminoamide with both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic mechanisms of action in Phase III clinical development as a once-daily add-on to dopamine agonist (DA) therapy for early Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Study 017 was a 12-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pre-planned extension study to the previously reported Study 015. Patients received safinamide 100 or 200 mg/day or placebo added to a single DA in early PD. The primary efficacy endpoint was the time from baseline (Study 015 randomization) to 'intervention', defined as increase in DA dose; addition of another DA, levodopa or other PD treatment; or discontinuation due to lack of efficacy. Safinamide groups were pooled for the primary efficacy endpoint analysis; post hoc analyses were performed on each separate dose group. RESULTS Of the 269 patients randomized in Study 015, 227 (84%) enrolled in Study 017 and 187/227 (82%) patients completed the extension study. Median time to intervention was 559 and 466 days in the pooled safinamide and placebo groups, respectively (log-rank test; P = 0.3342). In post hoc analyses, patients receiving safinamide 100 mg/day experienced a significantly lower rate of intervention compared with placebo (25% vs. 51%, respectively) and a delay in median time to intervention of 9 days (P < 0.05; 240- to 540-day analysis). CONCLUSIONS The pooled data from the safinamide groups failed to reach statistical significance for the primary endpoint of median time from baseline to additional drug intervention. Post hoc analyses indicate that safinamide 100 mg/day may be effective as add-on treatment to DA in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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Di Stefano AFD, Radicioni MM, Rusca A. Pressor response to oral tyramine and monoamine oxidase inhibition during treatment with ralfinamide (NW-1029). Neurotox Res 2012; 23:315-26. [PMID: 22872464 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-012-9344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ralfinamide, an original Na(+) channel blocker developed for the treatment of chronic pain, inhibits monoamineoxidase-B with no apparent effect on monoamineoxidase-A. To evaluate the pressor response to oral tyramine under fasting conditions during treatment with ralfinamide in healthy normotensive subjects. Ten women and 10 men aged 52.9 ± 5.5, sensitive to the oral tyramine pressor effect in the dose range 200-400 mg, received ralfinamide 320 mg daily during 7 days of confinement. Starting on day 5, ascending doses of tyramine 50, 100 and 200 mg were daily administered to subjects, who had responded to 200 mg at screening, and 100, 200 and 400 mg to the 400 mg responders. Vital parameters were monitored. The systolic blood pressure peak (ΔSBP), the time to achieve the peak (Δt) and the area under the pressure curve (over baseline) were calculated. ΔSBP ≥ 30 mmHg were measured for one subject with tyramine 200 mg and for 11 subjects with 400 mg, whilst ΔSBP was <30 mmHg for eight subjects at all the tested doses. ΔSBP, Δt and AUC after co-treatment with ralfinamide and tyramine were not significantly different from those measured after tyramine alone. Ralfinamide did not potentiate the pressor response to single oral doses of tyramine from 50 to 400 mg. These preliminary results give an evidence for the specificity of ralfinamide for MAO-B in comparison with MAO-A, analogously to the observations previously done for safinamide. Dietary tyramine restrictions may not be necessary in neuropathic pain patients receiving ralfinamide as a therapy.
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Shaabani A, Keshipour S, Shaabani S, Mahyari M. Zinc chloride catalyzed three-component Ugi reaction: synthesis of N-cyclohexyl-2-(2-hydroxyphenylamino)acetamide derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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King AM, Salomé C, Salomé-Grosjean E, De Ryck M, Kaminski R, Valade A, Stables JP, Kohn H. Primary amino acid derivatives: substitution of the 4'-N'-benzylamide site in (R)-N'-benzyl 2-amino-3-methylbutanamide, (R)-N'-benzyl 2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutanamide, and (R)-N'-benzyl 2-amino-3-methoxypropionamide provides potent anticonvulsants with pain-attenuating properties. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6417-31. [PMID: 21861463 DOI: 10.1021/jm200759t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that select N'-benzyl 2-substituted 2-amino acetamides (primary amino acid derivatives (PAADs)) exhibited pronounced activities in established whole animal anticonvulsant (i.e., maximal electroshock seizure (MES)) and neuropathic pain (i.e., formalin) models. The anticonvulsant activities of C(2)-hydrocarbon N'-benzyl 2-amino acetamides (MES ED(50) = 13-21 mg/kg) exceeded those of phenobarbital (ED(50) = 22 mg/kg). Two additional studies defining the structure-activity relationship of PAADs are presented in this issue of the journal. In this study, we demonstrated that the anticonvulsant activities of (R)-N'-benzyl 2-amino-3-methylbutanamide and (R)-N'-benzyl 2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutanamide were sensitive to substituents at the 4'-N'-benzylamide site; electron-withdrawing groups retained activity, electron-donating groups led to a loss of activity, and incorporating either a 3-fluorobenzyloxy or 3-fluorophenoxymethyl group using a rationally designed multiple ligand approach improved activity. Additionally, we showed that substituents at the 4'-N'-benzylamide site of (R)-N'-benzyl 2-amino-3-methoxypropionamide also improved anticonvulsant activity, with the 3-fluorophenoxymethyl group providing the largest (∼4-fold) increase in activity (ED(50) = 8.9 mg/kg), a value that surpassed phenytoin (ED(50) = 9.5 mg/kg). Collectively, the pharmacological findings provided new information that C(2)-hydrocarbon PAADs represent a novel class of anticonvulsants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M King
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
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Stocchi F, Borgohain R, Onofrj M, Schapira AHV, Bhatt M, Lucini V, Giuliani R, Anand R. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of safinamide as add-on therapy in early Parkinson's disease patients. Mov Disord 2011; 27:106-12. [PMID: 21913224 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Safinamide is an α-aminoamide with both dopaminergic and nondopaminergic mechanisms of action evaluated as an add-on to dopamine agonist (DA) therapy in early-stage PD. In this 24-week, double-blind study, patients with early PD receiving a stable dose of a single DA were randomized to once-daily safinamide 100 mg, safinamide 200 mg, or placebo. The primary efficacy variable was UPDRS part III (motor examination) total score. Analysis was hierarchical: 200 mg of safinamide versus placebo was tested first; the success of safinamide 100 mg versus placebo was contingent on this. Two hundred sixty-nine patients received safinamide 100 mg (n = 90), safinamide 200 mg (n = 89), or placebo (n = 90); 70, 81, and 81 patients, respectively, completed the study. Mean improvements from baseline to week 24 in UPDRS III total scores were -3.90 for safinamide 200 mg, -6.0 for safinamide 100 mg and -3.60 for placebo. The difference between safinamide 200 mg and placebo was not significant [point estimate: -0.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.3-1.4; P = 0.6504]. Although the difference between 100 mg/day and placebo was significant (point estimate: -1.9; 95% CI: -3.7 to -0.1; P = 0.0419), these results are considered exploratory. No clinically meaningful differences from placebo were observed for any safety variables. This study did not demonstrate a significant improvement of the primary endpoint for safinamide 200 mg/day. Exploratory analysis of the primary endpoint for 100 mg/day demonstrated that the addition of safinamide to a stable dose of DA improves motor symptoms in early PD and warrants further investigation.
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Di Stefano AFD, Rusca A. Pressor response to oral tyramine during co-administration with safinamide in healthy volunteers. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2011; 384:505-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-011-0674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Wang Y, Wilson SM, Brittain JM, Ripsch MS, Salomé C, Park KD, White FA, Khanna R, Kohn H. Merging Structural Motifs of Functionalized Amino Acids and α-Aminoamides Results in Novel Anticonvulsant Compounds with Significant Effects on Slow and Fast Inactivation of Voltage-gated Sodium Channels and in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:317-322. [PMID: 21765969 DOI: 10.1021/cn200024z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that merging key structural pharmacophores of the anticonvulsant drugs lacosamide (a functionalized amino acid) with safinamide (an α-aminoamide) resulted in novel compounds with anticonvulsant activities superior to that of either drug alone. Here, we examined the effects of six such chimeric compounds on Na(+)-channel function in central nervous system catecholaminergic (CAD) cells. Using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology, we demonstrated that these compounds affected Na(+) channel fast and slow inactivation processes. Detailed electrophysiological characterization of two of these chimeric compounds that contained either an oxymethylene ((R)-7) or a chemical bond ((R)-11) between the two aromatic rings showed comparable effects on slow inactivation, use-dependence of block, development of slow inactivation, and recovery of Na(+) channels from inactivation. Both compounds were equally effective at inducing slow inactivation; (R)-7 shifted the fast inactivation curve in the hyperpolarizing direction greater than (R)-11, suggesting that in the presence of (R)-7, a larger fraction of the channels are in an inactivated state. None of the chimeric compounds affected veratridine- or KCl-induced glutamate release in neonatal cortical neurons. There was modest inhibition of KCl-induced calcium influx in cortical neurons. Finally, a single intraperitoneal administration of (R)-7, but not (R)-11, completely reversed mechanical hypersensitivity in a tibial-nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. The strong effects of (R)-7 on slow and fast inactivation of Na(+) channels may contribute to its efficacy and provide a promising novel therapy for neuropathic pain, in addition to its antiepileptic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Wang
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Anesthesia, and §Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sarah M. Wilson
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Anesthesia, and §Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joel M. Brittain
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Anesthesia, and §Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew S. Ripsch
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Anesthesia, and §Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Christophe Salomé
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Anesthesia, and §Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Anesthesia, and §Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Fletcher A. White
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Anesthesia, and §Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Anesthesia, and §Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Harold Kohn
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Anesthesia, and §Program in Medical Neuroscience, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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A validated chiral liquid chromatographic method for the enantiomeric separation of safinamide mesilate, a new anti-Parkinson drug. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:220-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bolasco A, Carradori S, Fioravanti R. Focusing on new monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:909-39. [PMID: 20553094 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2010.495716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Monoamine oxidase (MAO) plays a significant role in the control of intracellular concentration of monoaminergic neurotransmitters or neuromodulators and dietary amines. The rapid degradation of these molecules ensures the proper functioning of synaptic neurotransmission and is critically important for the regulation of emotional and other brain functions. Furthermore, modulators of neurotransmitters exert pleiotropic effects on mental and cognitive functions. The by-products of MAO-mediated reactions include several chemical species with neurotoxic potential. It is widely speculated that prolonged or excessive activity of these enzymes may be conducive to mitochondrial damages and neurodegenerative disturbances. In keeping with these premises, the development of human MAO inhibitors has led to important breakthroughs in the therapy of several neuropsychiatric disorders. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review highlights the recent MAO inhibitors related patents published from July 2005 to December 2009. It also reports on new associations of already known MAO inhibitors with other drugs, innovative therapeutic targets, MAO inhibitors obtained by plants extraction, alternative administration routes and synthetic processes. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain an overview of the main structures being investigated and their biological activities. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Several of these MAO inhibitors appear promising for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Bolasco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Kulandasamy R, Adhikari AV, Taranalli A, Venkataswamy T. New Hydrazides and Thiosemicarbazides Derived from Ethylenedioxythiophene as Potential Anticonvulsants. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500903051831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kulandasamy
- a Department of Chemistry , National Institute of Technology Karnataka , Surathkal, Mangalore, India
| | - Airody Vasudeva Adhikari
- a Department of Chemistry , National Institute of Technology Karnataka , Surathkal, Mangalore, India
| | - Ashok Taranalli
- b Department of Pharmacology , KLE College of Pharmacy , Belgaum, India
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Salomé C, Salomé-Grosjean E, Stables JP, Kohn H. Merging the structural motifs of functionalized amino acids and alpha-aminoamides: compounds with significant anticonvulsant activities. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3756-71. [PMID: 20394379 DOI: 10.1021/jm100185c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional amino acids (FAAs) and alpha-aminoamides (AAAs) are two classes of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that exhibit pronounced anticonvulsant activities. We combined key structural pharmacophores present in FAAs and AAAs to generate a new series of compounds and document that select compounds exhibit activity superior to either the prototypical FAA (lacosamide) or the prototypical AAA (safinamide) in the maximal electroshock (MES) seizure model in rats. A representative compound, (R)-N-4'-((3''-fluoro)benzyloxy)benzyl 2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide ((R)-10), was tested in the MES (mice, ip), MES (rat, po), psychomotor 6 Hz (32 mA) (mice, ip), and hippocampal kindled (rat, ip) seizure tests providing excellent protection with ED(50) values of 13, 14, approximately 10 mg/kg, and 12 mg/kg, respectively. In the rat sciatic nerve ligation model (ip), (R)-10 (12 mg/kg) provided an 11.2-fold attenuation of mechanical allodynia. In the mouse biphasic formalin pain model (ip), (R)-10 (15 mg/kg) reduced pain responses in the acute and the chronic inflammatory phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Salomé
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, USA
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Ravikumar K, Sridhar B. Two polymorphs of safinamide, a selective and reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B. Acta Crystallogr C 2010; 66:o317-20. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108270110019384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Kulandasamy R, Adhikari AV, Stables JP. Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of some new bishydrazones derived from 3,4-dipropyloxythiophene. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:3672-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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