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Newman NJ, Schniederjan M, Mendoza PR, Calkins DJ, Yu-Wai-Man P, Biousse V, Carelli V, Taiel M, Rugiero F, Singh P, Rogue A, Sahel JA, Ancian P. Absence of lenadogene nolparvovec DNA in a brain tumor biopsy from a patient in the REVERSE clinical study, a case report. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:257. [PMID: 35820885 PMCID: PMC9277876 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is a rare, maternally-inherited mitochondrial disease that primarily affects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons in the optic nerve, leading to irreversible, bilateral severe vision loss. Lenadogene nolparvovec gene therapy was developed as a treatment for patients with vision loss from LHON caused by the most prevalent m.11778G > A mitochondrial DNA point mutation in the MT-ND4 gene. Lenadogene nolparvovec is a replication-defective recombinant adeno-associated virus vector 2 serotype 2 (AAV2/2), encoding the human wild-type MT-ND4 protein. Lenadogene nolparvovec was administered by intravitreal injection (IVT) in LHON patients harboring the m.11778G > A ND4 mutation in a clinical development program including one phase 1/2 study (REVEAL), three phase 3 pivotal studies (REVERSE, RESCUE, REFLECT), and one long-term follow-up study (RESTORE, the follow-up of REVERSE and RESCUE patients). CASE PRESENTATION A 67-year-old woman with MT-ND4 LHON, included in the REVERSE clinical study, received a unilateral IVT of lenadogene nolparvovec in the right eye and a sham injection in the left eye in May 2016, 11.4 months and 8.8 months after vision loss in her right and left eyes, respectively. The patient had a normal brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast at the time of diagnosis of LHON. Two years after treatment administration, BCVA had improved in both eyes. The product was well tolerated with mild and resolutive anterior chamber inflammation in the treated eye. In May 2019, the patient was diagnosed with a right temporal lobe glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype, World Health Organization grade 4, based on histological analysis of a tumor excision. The brain tumor was assessed for the presence of vector DNA by using a sensitive validated qPCR assay targeting the ND4 sequence of the vector. CONCLUSION ND4 DNA was not detected (below 15.625 copies/μg of genomic DNA) in DNA extracted from the brain tumor, while a housekeeping gene DNA was detected at high levels. Taken together, this data shows the absence of detection of lenadogene nolparvovec in a brain tumor (glioblastoma) of a treated patient in the REVERSE clinical trial 3 years after gene therapy administration, supporting the long-term favorable safety of lenadogene nolparvovec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Newman
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-B Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Matthew Schniederjan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pia R Mendoza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David J Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Valérie Biousse
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-B Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Magali Taiel
- GenSight Biologics, 74 rue du Faubourg Saint Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
- Fondation Ophtalmologique A. de Rothschild, Paris, France
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire FOReSIGHT, INSERM-DGOS CIC, Paris, France
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2
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Witty DR, Alvaro G, Derjean D, Giblin GMP, Gunn K, Large C, Macpherson DT, Morisset V, Owen D, Palmer J, Rugiero F, Tate S, Hinckley CA, Naik H. Discovery of Vixotrigine: A Novel Use-Dependent Sodium Channel Blocker for the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1678-1687. [PMID: 32945812 PMCID: PMC7488392 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that block voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) have utility in treating conditions including pain, epilepsy, and cardiac arrhythmias and as anesthetics (Lancet Neurol.20109413424; Expert Opin. Ther. Pat.201020755779). The identification of compounds with improved efficacy and safety is a key aim for the discovery of improved NaV blocking drugs (Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry III; (Elsevier, 2017; pp 131-175). We report the identification of a novel class of brain penetrant and voltage-gated sodium channel blockers, leading to the discovery of vixotrigine, a use-dependent sodium channel blocker with activity in in vivo models of pain. Vixotrigine has excellent physiocochemical properties for drug development, and both preclinical and clinical data support a safety profile suitable for potential use in neuropathic pain and other conditions. It has shown efficacy in a Phase II study for pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Witty
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Giuseppe Alvaro
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Dominique Derjean
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Gerard M. P. Giblin
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Kevin Gunn
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Charles Large
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - David T. Macpherson
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Valerie Morisset
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Davina Owen
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Joanne Palmer
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Francois Rugiero
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | - Simon Tate
- Convergence
Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a Biogen Company, Babraham Research
Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT,
U.K.
| | | | - Himanshu Naik
- Biogen
Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142,
United States
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3
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Quick K, Zhao J, Eijkelkamp N, Linley JE, Rugiero F, Cox JJ, Raouf R, Gringhuis M, Sexton JE, Abramowitz J, Taylor R, Forge A, Ashmore J, Kirkwood N, Kros CJ, Richardson GP, Freichel M, Flockerzi V, Birnbaumer L, Wood JN. TRPC3 and TRPC6 are essential for normal mechanotransduction in subsets of sensory neurons and cochlear hair cells. Open Biol 2013; 2:120068. [PMID: 22724068 PMCID: PMC3376737 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels TRPC3 and TRPC6 are expressed in both sensory neurons and cochlear hair cells. Deletion of TRPC3 or TRPC6 in mice caused no behavioural phenotype, although loss of TRPC3 caused a shift of rapidly adapting (RA) mechanosensitive currents to intermediate-adapting currents in dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons. Deletion of both TRPC3 and TRPC6 caused deficits in light touch and silenced half of small-diameter sensory neurons expressing mechanically activated RA currents. Double TRPC3/TRPC6 knock-out mice also showed hearing impairment, vestibular deficits and defective auditory brain stem responses to high-frequency sounds. Basal, but not apical, cochlear outer hair cells lost more than 75 per cent of their responses to mechanical stimulation. FM1-43-sensitive mechanically gated currents were induced when TRPC3 and TRPC6 were co-expressed in sensory neuron cell lines. TRPC3 and TRPC6 are thus required for the normal function of cells involved in touch and hearing, and are potential components of mechanotransducing complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Quick
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Raouf R, Rugiero F, Kiesewetter H, Hatch R, Hummler E, Nassar MA, Wang F, Wood JN. Sodium channels and mammalian sensory mechanotransduction. Mol Pain 2012; 8:21. [PMID: 22449024 PMCID: PMC3378430 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the degenerin/epithelial (DEG/ENaC) sodium channel family are mechanosensors in C elegans, and Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 voltage-gated sodium channel knockout mice have major deficits in mechanosensation. β and γENaC sodium channel subunits are present with acid sensing ion channels (ASICs) in mammalian sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The extent to which epithelial or voltage-gated sodium channels are involved in transduction of mechanical stimuli is unclear. RESULTS Here we show that deleting β and γENaC sodium channels in sensory neurons does not result in mechanosensory behavioural deficits. We had shown previously that Nav1.7/Nav1.8 double knockout mice have major deficits in behavioural responses to noxious mechanical pressure. However, all classes of mechanically activated currents in DRG neurons are unaffected by deletion of the two sodium channels. In contrast, the ability of Nav1.7/Nav1.8 knockout DRG neurons to generate action potentials is compromised with 50% of the small diameter sensory neurons unable to respond to electrical stimulation in vitro. CONCLUSION Behavioural deficits in Nav1.7/Nav1.8 knockout mice reflects a failure of action potential propagation in a mechanosensitive set of sensory neurons rather than a loss of primary transduction currents. DEG/ENaC sodium channels are not mechanosensors in mouse sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Raouf
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Pfizer KCL Pain Lab, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Francois Rugiero
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hannes Kiesewetter
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rachel Hatch
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Edith Hummler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland
| | - Mohammed A Nassar
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Biomedical Science University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- DMMBPS, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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5
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Kremeyer B, Lopera F, Cox JJ, Momin A, Rugiero F, Marsh S, Woods CG, Jones NG, Paterson KJ, Fricker FR, Villegas A, Acosta N, Pineda-Trujillo NG, Ramírez JD, Zea J, Burley MW, Bedoya G, Bennett DLH, Wood JN, Ruiz-Linares A. A gain-of-function mutation in TRPA1 causes familial episodic pain syndrome. Neuron 2010; 66:671-80. [PMID: 20547126 PMCID: PMC4769261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human monogenic pain syndromes have provided important insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie normal and pathological pain states. We describe an autosomal-dominant familial episodic pain syndrome characterized by episodes of debilitating upper body pain, triggered by fasting and physical stress. Linkage and haplotype analysis mapped this phenotype to a 25 cM region on chromosome 8q12–8q13. Candidate gene sequencing identified a point mutation (N855S) in the S4 transmembrane segment of TRPA1, a key sensor for environmental irritants. The mutant channel showed a normal pharmacological profile but altered biophysical properties, with a 5-fold increase in inward current on activation at normal resting potentials. Quantitative sensory testing demonstrated normal baseline sensory thresholds but an enhanced secondary hyperalgesia to punctate stimuli on treatment with mustard oil. TRPA1 antagonists inhibit the mutant channel, promising a useful therapy for this disorder. Our findings provide evidence that variation in the TRPA1 gene can alter pain perception in humans. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kremeyer
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
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6
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Abstract
Pain remains a major clinical challenge, severely afflicting around 6% of the population at any one time. Channelopathies that underlie monogenic human pain syndromes are of great clinical relevance, as cell surface ion channels are tractable drug targets. The recent discovery that loss-of-function mutations in the sodium channel Nav1.7 underlie a recessive pain-free state in otherwise normal people is particularly significant. Deletion of channel-encoding genes in mice has also provided insights into mammalian pain mechanisms. Ion channels expressed by immune system cells (e.g. P2X7) have been shown to play a pivotal role in changing pain thresholds, whilst channels involved in sensory transduction (e.g. TRPV1), the regulation of neuronal excitability (potassium channels), action potential propagation (sodium channels) and neurotransmitter release (calcium channels) have all been shown to be potentially selective analgesic drug targets in some animal pain models. Migraine and visceral pain have also been associated with voltage-gated ion channel mutations. Insights into such channelopathies thus provide us with a number of potential targets to control pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Cregg
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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7
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Shao D, Baker MD, Abrahamsen B, Rugiero F, Malik-Hall M, Poon WYL, Cheah KSE, Yao KM, Wood JN, Okuse K. A multi PDZ-domain protein Pdzd2 contributes to functional expression of sensory neuron-specific sodium channel Na(V)1.8. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 42:219-25. [PMID: 19607921 PMCID: PMC2764382 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.8 is expressed exclusively in nociceptive sensory neurons and plays an important role in pain pathways. NaV1.8 cannot be functionally expressed in non-neuronal cells even in the presence of β-subunits. We have previously identified Pdzd2, a multi PDZ-domain protein, as a potential interactor for NaV1.8. Here we report that Pdzd2 binds directly to the intracellular loops of NaV1.8 and NaV1.7. The endogenous NaV1.8 current in sensory neurons is inhibited by antisense- and siRNA-mediated downregulation of Pdzd2. However, no marked change in pain behaviours is observed in Pdzd2-decificent mice. This may be due to compensatory upregulation of p11, another regulatory factor for NaV1.8, in dorsal root ganglia of Pdzd2-deficient mice. These findings reveal that Pdzd2 and p11 play collaborative roles in regulation of NaV1.8 expression in sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmin Shao
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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8
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Drew LJ, Rugiero F, Cesare P, Gale JE, Abrahamsen B, Bowden S, Heinzmann S, Robinson M, Brust A, Colless B, Lewis RJ, Wood JN. High-threshold mechanosensitive ion channels blocked by a novel conopeptide mediate pressure-evoked pain. PLoS One 2007; 2:e515. [PMID: 17565368 PMCID: PMC1885214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular basis of somatosensory mechanotransduction in mammals. We screened a library of peptide toxins for effects on mechanically activated currents in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. One conopeptide analogue, termed NMB-1 for noxious mechanosensation blocker 1, selectively inhibits (IC50 1 µM) sustained mechanically activated currents in a subset of sensory neurons. Biotinylated NMB-1 retains activity and binds selectively to peripherin-positive nociceptive sensory neurons. The selectivity of NMB-1 was confirmed by the fact that it has no inhibitory effects on voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, or ligand-gated channels such as acid-sensing ion channels or TRPA1 channels. Conversely, the tarantula toxin, GsMTx-4, which inhibits stretch-activated ion channels, had no effects on mechanically activated currents in sensory neurons. In behavioral assays, NMB-1 inhibits responses only to high intensity, painful mechanical stimulation and has no effects on low intensity mechanical stimulation or thermosensation. Unexpectedly, NMB-1 was found to also be an inhibitor of rapid FM1-43 loading (a measure of mechanotransduction) in cochlear hair cells. These data demonstrate that pharmacologically distinct channels respond to distinct types of mechanical stimuli and suggest that mechanically activated sustained currents underlie noxious mechanosensation. NMB-1 thus provides a novel diagnostic tool for the molecular definition of channels involved in hearing and pressure-evoked pain.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Electrophysiology
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Hair Cells, Auditory/cytology
- Hair Cells, Auditory/drug effects
- Hair Cells, Auditory/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Ion Channels/drug effects
- Male
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Pain/drug therapy
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Spider Venoms/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. Drew
- Department of Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Rugiero
- Department of Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Cesare
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, Rome, Italy
| | - Jonathan E. Gale
- Centre for Auditory Research, University College London Ear Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bjarke Abrahamsen
- Department of Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bowden
- Ionix Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michelle Robinson
- Department of Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Richard J. Lewis
- Xenome Ltd, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - John N. Wood
- Department of Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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9
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Abstract
Light touch, a sense of muscle position, and the responses to tissue-damaging levels of pressure all involve mechanosensitive sensory neurons that originate in the dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia. A variety of mechanisms of mechanotransduction are proposed. These ranges from direct activation of mechanically activated channels at the tips of sensory neurons to indirect effects of intracellular mediators, or chemical signals released from distended tissues, or specialized mechanosensory end organs. This chapter describes the properties of mechanosensitive channels present in sensory neurons and the potential molecular candidates that may underlie. Mechanically regulated electrical activity by touch and tissue damaging levels of pressure in sensory neurons seems to involve a variety of direct and indirect mechanisms and ion channels, and the involvement of specialized end organs in mechanotransduction complicates matters even more. Imaging studies are providing useful information about the events in the central nervous system associated with touch pain and allodynia (a pathological state where touch becomes painful this type of activity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Drew
- Molecular Nociception Group, Biology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Rugiero
- Molecular Nociception Group, Biology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Biology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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