1
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Buswinka CJ, Rosenberg DB, Simikyan RG, Osgood RT, Fernandez K, Nitta H, Hayashi Y, Liberman LW, Nguyen E, Yildiz E, Kim J, Jarysta A, Renauld J, Wesson E, Wang H, Thapa P, Bordiga P, McMurtry N, Llamas J, Kitcher SR, López-Porras AI, Cui R, Behnammanesh G, Bird JE, Ballesteros A, Vélez-Ortega AC, Edge ASB, Deans MR, Gnedeva K, Shrestha BR, Manor U, Zhao B, Ricci AJ, Tarchini B, Basch ML, Stepanyan R, Landegger LD, Rutherford MA, Liberman MC, Walters BJ, Kros CJ, Richardson GP, Cunningham LL, Indzhykulian AA. Large-scale annotated dataset for cochlear hair cell detection and classification. Sci Data 2024; 11:416. [PMID: 38653806 PMCID: PMC11039649 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Our sense of hearing is mediated by cochlear hair cells, of which there are two types organized in one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells. Each cochlea contains 5-15 thousand terminally differentiated hair cells, and their survival is essential for hearing as they do not regenerate after insult. It is often desirable in hearing research to quantify the number of hair cells within cochlear samples, in both pathological conditions, and in response to treatment. Machine learning can be used to automate the quantification process but requires a vast and diverse dataset for effective training. In this study, we present a large collection of annotated cochlear hair-cell datasets, labeled with commonly used hair-cell markers and imaged using various fluorescence microscopy techniques. The collection includes samples from mouse, rat, guinea pig, pig, primate, and human cochlear tissue, from normal conditions and following in-vivo and in-vitro ototoxic drug application. The dataset includes over 107,000 hair cells which have been identified and annotated as either inner or outer hair cells. This dataset is the result of a collaborative effort from multiple laboratories and has been carefully curated to represent a variety of imaging techniques. With suggested usage parameters and a well-described annotation procedure, this collection can facilitate the development of generalizable cochlear hair-cell detection models or serve as a starting point for fine-tuning models for other analysis tasks. By providing this dataset, we aim to give other hearing research groups the opportunity to develop their own tools with which to analyze cochlear imaging data more fully, accurately, and with greater ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Buswinka
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Speech and Hearing Biosciences and Technology graduate program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David B Rosenberg
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rubina G Simikyan
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Richard T Osgood
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Katharine Fernandez
- Section on Sensory Cell Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Hidetomi Nitta
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yushi Hayashi
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Leslie W Liberman
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Emily Nguyen
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Erdem Yildiz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Vienna General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jinkyung Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Justine Renauld
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ella Wesson
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Haobing Wang
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Punam Thapa
- The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Pierrick Bordiga
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Noah McMurtry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Juan Llamas
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Siân R Kitcher
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Ana I López-Porras
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Runjia Cui
- Section on Sensory Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ghazaleh Behnammanesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jonathan E Bird
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Angela Ballesteros
- Section on Sensory Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | | | - Albert S B Edge
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Michael R Deans
- Department of Neurobiology, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Ksenia Gnedeva
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Brikha R Shrestha
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Uri Manor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Anthony J Ricci
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Basile Tarchini
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, 02111, MA, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering (GSBSE), University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Martín L Basch
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ruben Stepanyan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Lukas D Landegger
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Vienna General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Rutherford
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8115, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - M Charles Liberman
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Speech and Hearing Biosciences and Technology graduate program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Bradley J Walters
- The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Corné J Kros
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Lisa L Cunningham
- Section on Sensory Cell Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Artur A Indzhykulian
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Speech and Hearing Biosciences and Technology graduate program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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Derudas M, O’Reilly M, Kirkwood NK, Kenyon EJ, Grimsey S, Kitcher SR, Workman S, Bull JC, Ward SE, Kros CJ, Richardson GP. Charge and lipophilicity are required for effective block of the hair-cell mechano-electrical transducer channel by FM1-43 and its derivatives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1247324. [PMID: 37900280 PMCID: PMC10601989 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1247324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The styryl dye FM1-43 is widely used to study endocytosis but behaves as a permeant blocker of the mechano-electrical transducer (MET) channel in sensory hair cells, loading rapidly and specifically into the cytoplasm of hair cells in a MET channel-dependent manner. Patch clamp recordings of mouse outer hair cells (OHCs) were used to determine how a series of structural modifications of FM1-43 affect MET channel block. Fluorescence microscopy was used to assess how the modifications influence hair-cell loading in mouse cochlear cultures and zebrafish neuromasts. Cochlear cultures were also used to evaluate otoprotective potential of the modified FM1-43 derivatives. Structure-activity relationships reveal that the lipophilic tail and the cationic head group of FM1-43 are both required for MET channel block in mouse cochlear OHCs; neither moiety alone is sufficient. The extent of MET channel block is augmented by increasing the lipophilicity/bulkiness of the tail, by reducing the number of positive charges in the head group from two to one, or by increasing the distance between the two charged head groups. Loading assays with zebrafish neuromasts and mouse cochlear cultures are broadly in accordance with these observations but reveal a loss of hair-cell specific labelling with increasing lipophilicity. Although FM1-43 and many of its derivatives are generally cytotoxic when tested on cochlear cultures in the presence of an equimolar concentration of the ototoxic antibiotic gentamicin (5 µM), at a 10-fold lower concentration (0.5 µM), two of the derivatives protect OHCs from cell death caused by 48 h-exposure to 5 µM gentamicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Derudas
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Molly O’Reilly
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nerissa K. Kirkwood
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J. Kenyon
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Sybil Grimsey
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Siân R. Kitcher
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Section on Neuronal Circuitry, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shawna Workman
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Bull
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E. Ward
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Corné J. Kros
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Guy P. Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Buswinka CJ, Rosenberg DB, Simikyan RG, Osgood RT, Fernandez K, Nitta H, Hayashi Y, Liberman LW, Nguyen E, Yildiz E, Kim J, Jarysta A, Renauld J, Wesson E, Thapa P, Bordiga P, McMurtry N, Llamas J, Kitcher SR, López-Porras AI, Cui R, Behnammanesh G, Bird JE, Ballesteros A, Vélez-Ortega AC, Edge AS, Deans MR, Gnedeva K, Shrestha BR, Manor U, Zhao B, Ricci AJ, Tarchini B, Basch M, Stepanyan RS, Landegger LD, Rutherford M, Liberman MC, Walters BJ, Kros CJ, Richardson GP, Cunningham LL, Indzhykulian AA. Large-scale annotated dataset for cochlear hair cell detection and classification. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.30.553559. [PMID: 37693382 PMCID: PMC10491224 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.553559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Our sense of hearing is mediated by cochlear hair cells, localized within the sensory epithelium called the organ of Corti. There are two types of hair cells in the cochlea, which are organized in one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells. Each cochlea contains a few thousands of hair cells, and their survival is essential for our perception of sound because they are terminally differentiated and do not regenerate after insult. It is often desirable in hearing research to quantify the number of hair cells within cochlear samples, in both pathological conditions, and in response to treatment. However, the sheer number of cells along the cochlea makes manual quantification impractical. Machine learning can be used to overcome this challenge by automating the quantification process but requires a vast and diverse dataset for effective training. In this study, we present a large collection of annotated cochlear hair-cell datasets, labeled with commonly used hair-cell markers and imaged using various fluorescence microscopy techniques. The collection includes samples from mouse, human, pig and guinea pig cochlear tissue, from normal conditions and following in-vivo and in-vitro ototoxic drug application. The dataset includes over 90'000 hair cells, all of which have been manually identified and annotated as one of two cell types: inner hair cells and outer hair cells. This dataset is the result of a collaborative effort from multiple laboratories and has been carefully curated to represent a variety of imaging techniques. With suggested usage parameters and a well-described annotation procedure, this collection can facilitate the development of generalizable cochlear hair cell detection models or serve as a starting point for fine-tuning models for other analysis tasks. By providing this dataset, we aim to supply other groups within the hearing research community with the opportunity to develop their own tools with which to analyze cochlear imaging data more fully, accurately, and with greater ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Buswinka
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Speech and Hearing Biosciences and Technology graduate program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David B Rosenberg
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Rubina G Simikyan
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Richard T Osgood
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine Fernandez
- Section on Sensory Cell Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Hidetomi Nitta
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Yushi Hayashi
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Leslie W Liberman
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Emily Nguyen
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Erdem Yildiz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Vienna General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jinkyung Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Justine Renauld
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ella Wesson
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Punam Thapa
- The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Dept. of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Pierrick Bordiga
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Noah McMurtry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Juan Llamas
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Siân R Kitcher
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Ana I López-Porras
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Runjia Cui
- Section on Sensory Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ghazaleh Behnammanesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jonathan E Bird
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Angela Ballesteros
- Section on Sensory Physiology and Biophysics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | | | - Albert Sb Edge
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Michael R Deans
- Department of Neurobiology, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Ksenia Gnedeva
- Eli and Edythe Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Brikha R Shrestha
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Uri Manor
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Anthony J Ricci
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Basile Tarchini
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, 02111, MA, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering (GSBSE), University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Martin Basch
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ruben S Stepanyan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Lukas D Landegger
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Vienna General Hospital and Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Rutherford
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8115, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - M Charles Liberman
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Speech and Hearing Biosciences and Technology graduate program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Bradley J Walters
- The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Dept. of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Corné J Kros
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa L Cunningham
- Section on Sensory Cell Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Artur A Indzhykulian
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Speech and Hearing Biosciences and Technology graduate program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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4
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de Sousa Lobo Ferreira Querido R, Ji X, Lakha R, Goodyear RJ, Richardson GP, Vizcarra CL, Olson ES. Visualizing Collagen Fibrils in the Cochlea's Tectorial and Basilar Membranes Using a Fluorescently Labeled Collagen-Binding Protein Fragment. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2023; 24:147-157. [PMID: 36725777 PMCID: PMC10121988 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-023-00889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A probe that binds to unfixed collagen fibrils was used to image the shapes and fibrous properties of the TM and BM. The probe (CNA35) is derived from the bacterial adhesion protein CNA. We present confocal images of hydrated gerbil TM, BM, and other cochlear structures stained with fluorescently labeled CNA35. A primary purpose of this article is to describe the use of the CNA35 collagen probe in the cochlea. METHODS Recombinant poly-histidine-tagged CNA35 was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by cobalt-affinity chromatography, fluorescence labeled, and further purified by gel filtration chromatography. Cochleae from freshly harvested gerbil bullae were irrigated with and then incubated in CNA35 for periods ranging from 2 h - overnight. The cochleae were fixed, decalcified, and dissected. Isolated cochlear turns were imaged by confocal microscopy. RESULTS The CNA35 probe stained the BM and TM, and volumetric imaging revealed the shape of these structures and the collagen fibrils within them. The limbal zone of the TM stained intensely. In samples from the cochlear base, intense staining was detected on the side of the TM that faces hair cells. In the BM pectinate zone, staining was intense at the upper and lower boundaries. The BM arcuate zone was characterized by a prominent longitudinal collagenous structure. The spiral ligament, limbus and lamina stained for collagen, and within the spiral limbus the habenula perforata were outlined with intense staining. CONCLUSION The CNA35 probe provides a unique and useful view of collagenous structures in the cochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rabina Lakha
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard J Goodyear
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth S Olson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Carlton AJ, Jeng J, Grandi FC, De Faveri F, Ceriani F, De Tomasi L, Underhill A, Johnson SL, Legan KP, Kros CJ, Richardson GP, Mustapha M, Marcotti W. A critical period of prehearing spontaneous Ca 2+ spiking is required for hair-bundle maintenance in inner hair cells. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112118. [PMID: 36594367 PMCID: PMC9929643 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory-independent Ca2+ spiking regulates the development of mammalian sensory systems. In the immature cochlea, inner hair cells (IHCs) fire spontaneous Ca2+ action potentials (APs) that are generated either intrinsically or by intercellular Ca2+ waves in the nonsensory cells. The extent to which either or both of these Ca2+ signalling mechansims are required for IHC maturation is unknown. We find that intrinsic Ca2+ APs in IHCs, but not those elicited by Ca2+ waves, regulate the maturation and maintenance of the stereociliary hair bundles. Using a mouse model in which the potassium channel Kir2.1 is reversibly overexpressed in IHCs (Kir2.1-OE), we find that IHC membrane hyperpolarization prevents IHCs from generating intrinsic Ca2+ APs but not APs induced by Ca2+ waves. Absence of intrinsic Ca2+ APs leads to the loss of mechanoelectrical transduction in IHCs prior to hearing onset due to progressive loss or fusion of stereocilia. RNA-sequencing data show that pathways involved in morphogenesis, actin filament-based processes, and Rho-GTPase signaling are upregulated in Kir2.1-OE mice. By manipulating in vivo expression of Kir2.1 channels, we identify a "critical time period" during which intrinsic Ca2+ APs in IHCs regulate hair-bundle function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing‐Yi Jeng
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stuart L Johnson
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Kevin P Legan
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, FalmerBrightonUK
| | - Corné J Kros
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex, FalmerBrightonUK
| | | | - Mirna Mustapha
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Walter Marcotti
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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6
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Jeng JY, Carlton AJ, Goodyear RJ, Chinowsky C, Ceriani F, Johnson SL, Sung TC, Dayn Y, Richardson GP, Bowl MR, Brown SD, Manor U, Marcotti W. AAV-mediated rescue of Eps8 expression in vivo restores hair-cell function in a mouse model of recessive deafness. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:355-370. [PMID: 36034774 PMCID: PMC9382420 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The transduction of acoustic information by hair cells depends upon mechanosensitive stereociliary bundles that project from their apical surface. Mutations or absence of the stereociliary protein EPS8 cause deafness in humans and mice, respectively. Eps8 knockout mice (Eps8 -/- ) have hair cells with immature stereocilia and fail to become sensory receptors. Here, we show that exogenous delivery of Eps8 using Anc80L65 in P1-P2 Eps8 -/- mice in vivo rescued the hair bundle structure of apical-coil hair cells. Rescued hair bundles correctly localize EPS8, WHIRLIN, MYO15, and BAIAP2L2, and generate normal mechanoelectrical transducer currents. Inner hair cells with normal-looking stereocilia re-expressed adult-like basolateral ion channels (BK and KCNQ4) and have normal exocytosis. The number of hair cells undergoing full recovery was not sufficient to rescue hearing in Eps8 -/- mice. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-transduction of P3 apical-coil and P1-P2 basal-coil hair cells does not rescue hair cells, nor does Anc80L65-Eps8 delivery in adult Eps8 -/- mice. We propose that AAV-induced gene-base therapy is an efficient strategy to recover the complex hair-cell defects in Eps8 -/- mice. However, this therapeutic approach may need to be performed in utero since, at postnatal ages, Eps8 -/- hair cells appear to have matured or accumulated damage beyond the point of repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Jeng
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Adam J. Carlton
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Richard J. Goodyear
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Colbie Chinowsky
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Federico Ceriani
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stuart L. Johnson
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Tsung-Chang Sung
- Transgenic Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yelena Dayn
- Transgenic Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guy P. Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Michael R. Bowl
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD UK
| | - Steve D.M. Brown
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD UK
| | - Uri Manor
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Walter Marcotti
- School of Bioscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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7
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Kenyon EJ, Kirkwood NK, Kitcher SR, Goodyear RJ, Derudas M, Cantillon DM, Baxendale S, de la Vega de León A, Mahieu VN, Osgood RT, Wilson CD, Bull JC, Waddell SJ, Whitfield TT, Ward SE, Kros CJ, Richardson GP. Identification of a series of hair-cell MET channel blockers that protect against aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. JCI Insight 2021; 6:145704. [PMID: 33735112 PMCID: PMC8133782 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.145704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify small molecules that shield mammalian sensory hair cells from the ototoxic side effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics, 10,240 compounds were initially screened in zebrafish larvae, selecting for those that protected lateral-line hair cells against neomycin and gentamicin. When the 64 hits from this screen were retested in mouse cochlear cultures, 8 protected outer hair cells (OHCs) from gentamicin in vitro without causing hair-bundle damage. These 8 hits shared structural features and blocked, to varying degrees, the OHC's mechano-electrical transducer (MET) channel, a route of aminoglycoside entry into hair cells. Further characterization of one of the strongest MET channel blockers, UoS-7692, revealed it additionally protected against kanamycin and tobramycin and did not abrogate the bactericidal activity of gentamicin. UoS-7692 behaved, like the aminoglycosides, as a permeant blocker of the MET channel; significantly reduced gentamicin-Texas red loading into OHCs; and preserved lateral-line function in neomycin-treated zebrafish. Transtympanic injection of UoS-7692 protected mouse OHCs from furosemide/kanamycin exposure in vivo and partially preserved hearing. The results confirmed the hair-cell MET channel as a viable target for the identification of compounds that protect the cochlea from aminoglycosides and provide a series of hit compounds that will inform the design of future otoprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marco Derudas
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Daire M. Cantillon
- Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - James C. Bull
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Waddell
- Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon E. Ward
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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8
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Jeng JY, Harasztosi C, Carlton A, Corns L, Marchetta P, Johnson SL, Goodyear RJ, Legan KP, Rüttiger L, Richardson GP, Marcotti W. MET currents and otoacoustic emissions from mice with a detached tectorial membrane indicate the extracellular matrix regulates Ca 2+ near stereocilia. J Physiol 2021; 599:2015-2036. [PMID: 33559882 PMCID: PMC7612128 DOI: 10.1113/jp280905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The aim was to determine whether detachment of the tectorial membrane (TM) from the organ of Corti in Tecta/Tectb-/- mice affects the biophysical properties of cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs). Tecta/Tectb-/- mice have highly elevated hearing thresholds, but OHCs mature normally. Mechanoelectrical transducer (MET) channel resting open probability (Po ) in mature OHC is ∼50% in endolymphatic [Ca2+ ], resulting in a large standing depolarizing MET current that would allow OHCs to act optimally as electromotile cochlear amplifiers. MET channel resting Po in vivo is also high in Tecta/Tectb-/- mice, indicating that the TM is unlikely to statically bias the hair bundles of OHCs. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), a readout of active, MET-dependent, non-linear cochlear amplification in OHCs, fail to exhibit long-lasting adaptation to repetitive stimulation in Tecta/Tectb-/- mice. We conclude that during prolonged, sound-induced stimulation of the cochlea the TM may determine the extracellular Ca2+ concentration near the OHC's MET channels. ABSTRACT The tectorial membrane (TM) is an acellular structure of the cochlea that is attached to the stereociliary bundles of the outer hair cells (OHCs), electromotile cells that amplify motion of the cochlear partition and sharpen its frequency selectivity. Although the TM is essential for hearing, its role is still not fully understood. In Tecta/Tectb-/- double knockout mice, in which the TM is not coupled to the OHC stereocilia, hearing sensitivity is considerably reduced compared with that of wild-type animals. In vivo, the OHC receptor potentials, assessed using cochlear microphonics, are symmetrical in both wild-type and Tecta/Tectb-/- mice, indicating that the TM does not bias the hair bundle resting position. The functional maturation of hair cells is also unaffected in Tecta/Tectb-/- mice, and the resting open probability of the mechanoelectrical transducer (MET) channel reaches values of ∼50% when the hair bundles of mature OHCs are bathed in an endolymphatic-like Ca2+ concentration (40 μM) in vitro. The resultant large MET current depolarizes OHCs to near -40 mV, a value that would allow optimal activation of the motor protein prestin and normal cochlear amplification. Although the set point of the OHC receptor potential transfer function in vivo may therefore be determined primarily by endolymphatic Ca2+ concentration, repetitive acoustic stimulation fails to produce adaptation of MET-dependent otoacoustic emissions in vivo in the Tecta/Tectb-/- mice. Therefore, the TM is likely to contribute to the regulation of Ca2+ levels around the stereocilia, and thus adaptation of the OHC MET channel during prolonged sound stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Jeng
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Csaba Harasztosi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, THRC, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adam Carlton
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura Corns
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Philine Marchetta
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, THRC, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stuart L. Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Kevin P. Legan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Lukas Rüttiger
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, THRC, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guy P. Richardson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Walter Marcotti
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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9
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Gurumurthy CB, Quadros RM, Richardson GP, Poluektova LY, Mansour SL, Ohtsuka M. Genetically modified mouse models to help fight COVID-19. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3777-3787. [PMID: 33106680 PMCID: PMC7704938 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The research community is in a race to understand the molecular mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, to repurpose currently available antiviral drugs and to develop new therapies and vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). One major challenge in achieving these goals is the paucity of suitable preclinical animal models. Mice constitute ~70% of all the laboratory animal species used in biomedical research. Unfortunately, SARS-CoV-2 infects mice only if they have been genetically modified to express human ACE2. The inherent resistance of wild-type mice to SARS-CoV-2, combined with a wealth of genetic tools that are available only for modifying mice, offers a unique opportunity to create a versatile set of genetically engineered mouse models useful for COVID-19 research. We propose three broad categories of these models and more than two dozen designs that may be useful for SARS-CoV-2 research and for fighting COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channabasavaiah B Gurumurthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Rolen M Quadros
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Larisa Y Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Suzanne L Mansour
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Life Science, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan.
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10
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Jeng JY, Johnson SL, Carlton AJ, DeTomasi L, Goodyear R, DeFaveri F, Furness DN, Wells S, Brown SDM, Holley MC, Richardson GP, Mustapha M, Bowl MR, Marcotti W. Age-related changes in the biophysical and morphological characteristics of mouse cochlear outer hair cells. J Physiol 2020; 598:3891-3910. [PMID: 32608086 PMCID: PMC7612122 DOI: 10.1113/jp279795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a very heterogeneous disease, resulting from cellular senescence, genetic predisposition and environmental factors (e.g. noise exposure). Currently, we know very little about age-related changes occurring in the auditory sensory cells, including those associated with the outer hair cells (OHCs). Using different mouse strains, we show that OHCs undergo several morphological and biophysical changes in the ageing cochlea. Ageing OHCs also exhibited the progressive loss of afferent and efferent synapses. We also provide evidence that the size of the mechanoelectrical transducer current is reduced in ageing OHCs, highlighting its possible contribution in cochlear ageing. ABSTRACT Outer hair cells (OHCs) are electromotile sensory receptors that provide sound amplification within the mammalian cochlea. Although OHCs appear susceptible to ageing, the progression of the pathophysiological changes in these cells is still poorly understood. By using mouse strains with a different progression of hearing loss (C57BL/6J, C57BL/6NTac, C57BL/6NTacCdh23+ , C3H/HeJ), we have identified morphological, physiological and molecular changes in ageing OHCs (9-12 kHz cochlear region). We show that by 6 months of age, OHCs from all strains underwent a reduction in surface area, which was not a sign of degeneration. Although the ageing OHCs retained a normal basolateral membrane protein profile, they showed a reduction in the size of the K+ current and non-linear capacitance, a readout of prestin-dependent electromotility. Despite these changes, OHCs have a normal Vm and retain the ability to amplify sound, as distortion product otoacoustic emission thresholds were not affected in aged, good-hearing mice (C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6NTacCdh23+ ). The loss of afferent synapses was present in all strains at 15 months. The number of efferent synapses per OHCs, defined as postsynaptic SK2 puncta, was reduced in aged OHCs of all strains apart from C3H mice. Several of the identified changes occurred in aged OHCs from all mouse strains, thus representing a general trait in the pathophysiological progression of age-related hearing loss, possibly aimed at preserving functionality. We have also shown that the mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) current from OHCs of mice harbouring the Cdh23ahl allele is reduced with age, highlighting the possibility that changes in the MET apparatus could play a role in cochlear ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Jeng
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Stuart L. Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Adam J Carlton
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Lara DeTomasi
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Richard Goodyear
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Francesca DeFaveri
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | - Matthew C. Holley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Guy P. Richardson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Mirna Mustapha
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Michael R. Bowl
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Walter Marcotti
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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11
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Walls WD, Moteki H, Thomas TR, Nishio SY, Yoshimura H, Iwasa Y, Frees KL, Nishimura CJ, Azaiez H, Booth KT, Marini RJ, Kolbe DL, Weaver AM, Schaefer AM, Wang K, Braun TA, Usami SI, Barr-Gillespie PG, Richardson GP, Smith RJ, Casavant TL. A comparative analysis of genetic hearing loss phenotypes in European/American and Japanese populations. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1315-1323. [PMID: 32382995 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02174-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We present detailed comparative analyses to assess population-level differences in patterns of genetic deafness between European/American and Japanese cohorts with non-syndromic hearing loss. One thousand eighty-three audiometric test results (921 European/American and 162 Japanese) from members of 168 families (48 European/American and 120 Japanese) with non-syndromic hearing loss secondary to pathogenic variants in one of three genes (KCNQ4, TECTA, WFS1) were studied. Audioprofile characteristics, specific mutation types, and protein domains were considered in the comparative analyses. Our findings support differences in audioprofiles driven by both mutation type (non-truncating vs. truncating) and ethnic background. The former finding confirms data that ascribe a phenotypic consequence to different mutation types in KCNQ4; the latter finding suggests that there are ethnic-specific effects (genetic and/or environmental) that impact gene-specific audioprofiles for TECTA and WFS1. Identifying the drivers of ethnic differences will refine our understanding of phenotype-genotype relationships and the biology of hearing and deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Daniel Walls
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Labs, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hideaki Moteki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Taylor R Thomas
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Labs, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Shin-Ya Nishio
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hidekane Yoshimura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwasa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kathy L Frees
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Labs, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Carla J Nishimura
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Labs, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hela Azaiez
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Labs, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kevin T Booth
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Labs, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Robert J Marini
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Labs, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Diana L Kolbe
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Labs, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - A Monique Weaver
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Labs, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Amanda M Schaefer
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Labs, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Terry A Braun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Shin-Ichi Usami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | | | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Richard J Smith
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Labs, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Thomas L Casavant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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12
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Abstract
Up to five distinct cell-surface specializations interconnect the stereocilia and the kinocilium of the mature hair bundle in some species: kinocilial links, tip links, top connectors, shaft connectors, and ankle links. In developing hair bundles, transient lateral links are prominent. Mutations in genes encoding proteins associated with these links cause Usher deafness/blindness syndrome or nonsyndromic (isolated) forms of human hereditary deafness, and mice with constitutive or conditional alleles of these genes have provided considerable insight into the molecular composition and function of the different links. We describe the structure of these links and review evidence showing CDH23 and PCDH15 are components of the tip, kinocilial, and transient-lateral links, that stereocilin (STRC) and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPRQ) are associated with top and shaft connectors, respectively, and that USH2A and ADGRV1 are associated with the ankle links. Whereas tip links are required for mechanoelectrical transduction, all link proteins play key roles in the normal development and/or the maintenance of hair bundle structure and function. Recent crystallographic and single-particle analyses of PCDH15 and CDH23 provide insight as to how the structure of tip link may contribute to the elastic element predicted to lie in series with the hair cell's mechanoelectrical transducer channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Petit
- Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Collège de France, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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13
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Bullen A, Forge A, Wright A, Richardson GP, Goodyear RJ, Taylor R. Ultrastructural defects in stereocilia and tectorial membrane in aging mouse and human cochleae. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:1745-1763. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Bullen
- UCL Ear Institute University College London London UK
| | - Andrew Forge
- UCL Ear Institute University College London London UK
| | | | - Guy P. Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton UK
| | - Richard J. Goodyear
- Sussex Neuroscience School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton UK
| | - Ruth Taylor
- UCL Ear Institute University College London London UK
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14
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O’Reilly M, Young L, Kirkwood NK, Richardson GP, Kros CJ, Moore AL. Gentamicin Affects the Bioenergetics of Isolated Mitochondria and Collapses the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cochlear Sensory Hair Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:416. [PMID: 31572129 PMCID: PMC6753894 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics are widely prescribed to treat a variety of serious bacterial infections. They are extremely useful clinical tools, but have adverse side effects such as oto- and nephrotoxicity. Once inside a cell they are thought to cause mitochondrial dysfunction, subsequently leading to apoptotic cell death due to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Here we present evidence of a direct effect of gentamicin (the most commonly prescribed aminoglycoside) on the respiratory activities of isolated rat liver and kidney mitochondria. We show that gentamicin stimulates state 4 and inhibits state 3u respiratory rates, thereby reducing the respiratory control ratio (RCR) whilst simultaneously causing a collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MtMP). We propose that gentamicin behaves as an uncoupler of the electron transport chain (ETC) - a hypothesis supported by our evidence that it reduces the production of mitochondrial ROS (MtROS). We also show that gentamicin collapses the MtMP in the sensory hair cells (HCs) of organotypic mouse cochlear cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly O’Reilly
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Young
- Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Nerissa K. Kirkwood
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Guy P. Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Corné J. Kros
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony L. Moore
- Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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15
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Kitcher SR, Kirkwood NK, Camci ED, Wu P, Gibson RM, Redila VA, Simon JA, Rubel EW, Raible DW, Richardson GP, Kros CJ. ORC-13661 protects sensory hair cells from aminoglycoside and cisplatin ototoxicity. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126764. [PMID: 31391343 PMCID: PMC6693895 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics are widely used to prevent life-threatening infections, and cisplatin is used in the treatment of various cancers, but both are ototoxic and result in loss of sensory hair cells from the inner ear. ORC-13661 is a new drug that was derived from PROTO-1, a compound first identified as protective in a large-scale screen utilizing hair cells in the lateral line organs of zebrafish larvae. Here, we demonstrate, in zebrafish larvae and in mouse cochlear cultures, that ORC-13661 provides robust protection of hair cells against both ototoxins, the AGs and cisplatin. ORC-13661 also prevents both hearing loss in a dose-dependent manner in rats treated with amikacin and the loading of neomycin-Texas Red into lateral line hair cells. In addition, patch-clamp recordings in mouse cochlear cultures reveal that ORC-13661 is a high-affinity permeant blocker of the mechanoelectrical transducer (MET) channel in outer hair cells, suggesting that it may reduce the toxicity of AGs by directly competing for entry at the level of the MET channel and of cisplatin by a MET-dependent mechanism. ORC-13661 is therefore a promising and versatile protectant that reversibly blocks the hair cell MET channel and operates across multiple species and toxins. Candidate drug ORC-13661 robustly protects against ototoxicity by aminoglycoside antibiotics and cisplatin by reversibly blocking mechanotransduction of sensory hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân R Kitcher
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Nerissa K Kirkwood
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Esra D Camci
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Patricia Wu
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robin M Gibson
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Van A Redila
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julian A Simon
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Edwin W Rubel
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David W Raible
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Corné J Kros
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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16
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Goodyear RJ, Cheatham MA, Naskar S, Zhou Y, Osgood RT, Zheng J, Richardson GP. Accelerated Age-Related Degradation of the Tectorial Membrane in the Ceacam16βgal/βgal Null Mutant Mouse, a Model for Late-Onset Human Hereditary Deafness DFNB113. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:147. [PMID: 31249509 PMCID: PMC6582249 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CEACAM16 is a non-collagenous protein of the tectorial membrane, an extracellular structure of the cochlea essential for normal hearing. Dominant and recessive mutations in CEACAM16 have been reported to cause postlingual and progressive forms of deafness in humans. In a previous study of young Ceacam16βgal/βgal null mutant mice on a C57Bl/6J background, the incidence of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) was greatly increased relative to Ceacam16+/+ and Ceacam16+/βgal mice, but auditory brain-stem responses (ABRs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were near normal, indicating auditory thresholds were not significantly affected. To determine if the loss of CEACAM16 leads to hearing loss at later ages in this mouse line, cochlear structure and auditory function were examined in Ceacam16+/+, Ceacam16+/βgal and Ceacam16βgal/βgal mice at 6 and 12 months of age and compared to that previously described at 1 month. Analysis of older Ceacam16βgal/βgal mice reveals a progressive loss of matrix from the core of the tectorial membrane that is more extensive in the apical, low-frequency regions of the cochlea. In Ceacam16βgal/βgal mice at 6-7 months, the DPOAE magnitude at 2f1-f2 and the incidence of SOAEs both decrease relative to young animals. By ∼12 months, SOAEs and DPOAEs are not detected in Ceacam16βgal/βgal mice and ABR thresholds are increased by up to ∼40 dB across frequency, despite a complement of hair cells similar to that present in Ceacam16+/+ mice. Although SOAE incidence decreases with age in Ceacam16βgal/βgal mice, it increases in aging heterozygous Ceacam16+/βgal mice and is accompanied by a reduction in the accumulation of CEACAM16 in the tectorial membrane relative to controls. An apically-biased loss of matrix from the core of the tectorial membrane, similar to that observed in young Ceacam16βgal/βgal mice, is also seen in Ceacam16+/+ and Ceacam16+/βgal mice, and other strains of wild-type mice, but at much later ages. The loss of Ceacam16 therefore accelerates age-related degeneration of the tectorial membrane leading, as in humans with mutations in CEACAM16, to a late-onset progressive form of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Goodyear
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Ann Cheatham
- The Knowles Hearing Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Souvik Naskar
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Yingjie Zhou
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Richard T. Osgood
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Jing Zheng
- The Knowles Hearing Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Guy P. Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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17
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O'Reilly M, Kirkwood NK, Kenyon EJ, Huckvale R, Cantillon DM, Waddell SJ, Ward SE, Richardson GP, Kros CJ, Derudas M. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5312-5329. [PMID: 31083995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics used for the treatment of serious bacterial infections but have use-limiting side effects including irreversible hearing loss. Here, we assessed the otoprotective profile of carvedilol in mouse cochlear cultures and in vivo zebrafish assays and investigated its mechanism of protection which, we found, may be mediated by a block of the hair cell's mechanoelectrical transducer (MET) channel, the major entry route for the AGs. To understand the full otoprotective potential of carvedilol, a series of 18 analogues were prepared and evaluated for their effect against AG-induced damage as well as their affinity for the MET channel. One derivative was found to confer greater protection than carvedilol itself in cochlear cultures and also to bind more tightly to the MET channel. At higher concentrations, both carvedilol and this derivative were toxic in cochlear cultures but not in zebrafish, suggesting a good therapeutic window under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daire M Cantillon
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School , University of Sussex , Falmer , Brighton BN1 9PX , U.K
| | - Simon J Waddell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School , University of Sussex , Falmer , Brighton BN1 9PX , U.K
| | - Simon E Ward
- Medicines Discovery Institute , Cardiff University , Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , U.K
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18
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Honda A, Kita T, Seshadri SV, Misaki K, Ahmed Z, Ladbury JE, Richardson GP, Yonemura S, Ladher RK. FGFR1-mediated protocadherin-15 loading mediates cargo specificity during intraflagellar transport in inner ear hair-cell kinocilia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8388-8393. [PMID: 30061390 PMCID: PMC6099903 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719861115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanosensory hair cells of the inner ear are required for hearing and balance and have a distinctive apical structure, the hair bundle, that converts mechanical stimuli into electrical signals. This structure comprises a single cilium, the kinocilium, lying adjacent to an ensemble of actin-based projections known as stereocilia. Hair bundle polarity depends on kinociliary protocadherin-15 (Pcdh15) localization. Protocadherin-15 is found only in hair-cell kinocilia, and is not localized to the primary cilia of adjacent supporting cells. Thus, Pcdh15 must be specifically targeted and trafficked into the hair-cell kinocilium. Here we show that kinocilial Pcdh15 trafficking relies on cell type-specific coupling to the generic intraflagellar transport (IFT) transport mechanism. We uncover a role for fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) in loading Pcdh15 onto kinociliary transport particles in hair cells. We find that on activation, FGFR1 binds and phosphorylates Pcdh15. Moreover, we find a previously uncharacterized role for clathrin in coupling this kinocilia-specific cargo with the anterograde IFT-B complex through the adaptor, DAB2. Our results identify a modified ciliary transport pathway used for Pcdh15 transport into the cilium of the inner ear hair cell and coordinated by FGFR1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Honda
- Laboratory for Sensory Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kita
- Laboratory for Sensory Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, 606-8507 Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Kazuyo Misaki
- Ultrastructural Research Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan
| | - Zamal Ahmed
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John E Ladbury
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Function, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, BN1 9QG Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Ultrastructural Research Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University, 770-8503 Tokushima, Japan
| | - Raj K Ladher
- Laboratory for Sensory Development, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 650-0047 Kobe, Japan;
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, 560-065 Bangalore, India
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19
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Abstract
The tectorial membrane is an extracellular matrix that lies over the apical surface of the auditory epithelia in the inner ears of reptiles, birds, and mammals. Recent studies have shown it is composed of a small set of proteins, some of which are only produced at high levels in the ear and many of which are the products of genes that, when mutated, cause nonsyndromic forms of human hereditary deafness. Quite how the proteins of the tectorial membrane are assembled within the lumen of the inner ear to form a structure that is precisely regulated in its size and physical properties along the length of a tonotopically organized hearing organ is a question that remains to be fully answered. In this brief review we will summarize what is known thus far about the structure, protein composition, and function of the tectorial membrane in birds and mammals, describe how the tectorial membrane develops, and discuss major events that have occurred during the evolution of this extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Goodyear
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
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20
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Kenyon EJ, Kirkwood NK, Kitcher SR, O'Reilly M, Derudas M, Cantillon DM, Goodyear RJ, Secker A, Baxendale S, Bull JC, Waddell SJ, Whitfield TT, Ward SE, Kros CJ, Richardson GP. Identification of ion-channel modulators that protect against aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death. JCI Insight 2017; 2:96773. [PMID: 29263311 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.96773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics are used to treat life-threatening bacterial infections but can cause deafness due to hair cell death in the inner ear. Compounds have been described that protect zebrafish lateral line hair cells from aminoglycosides, but few are effective in the cochlea. As the aminoglycosides interact with several ion channels, including the mechanoelectrical transducer (MET) channels by which they can enter hair cells, we screened 160 ion-channel modulators, seeking compounds that protect cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) from aminoglycoside-induced death in vitro. Using zebrafish, 72 compounds were identified that either reduced loading of the MET-channel blocker FM 1-43FX, decreased Texas red-conjugated neomycin labeling, or reduced neomycin-induced hair cell death. After testing these 72 compounds, and 6 structurally similar compounds that failed in zebrafish, 13 were found that protected against gentamicin-induced death of OHCs in mouse cochlear cultures, 6 of which are permeant blockers of the hair cell MET channel. None of these compounds abrogated aminoglycoside antibacterial efficacy. By selecting those without adverse effects at high concentrations, 5 emerged as leads for developing pharmaceutical otoprotectants to alleviate an increasing clinical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marco Derudas
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, and
| | - Daire M Cantillon
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sarah Baxendale
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - James C Bull
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Waddell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya T Whitfield
- Bateson Centre and Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E Ward
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, and.,Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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21
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Goodyear RJ, Lu X, Deans MR, Richardson GP. A tectorin-based matrix and planar cell polarity genes are required for normal collagen-fibril orientation in the developing tectorial membrane. Development 2017; 144:3978-3989. [PMID: 28935705 PMCID: PMC5702074 DOI: 10.1242/dev.151696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The tectorial membrane is an extracellular structure of the cochlea. It develops on the surface of the auditory epithelium and contains collagen fibrils embedded in a tectorin-based matrix. The collagen fibrils are oriented radially with an apically directed slant - a feature considered crucial for hearing. To determine how this pattern is generated, collagen-fibril formation was examined in mice lacking a tectorin-based matrix, epithelial cilia or the planar cell polarity genes Vangl2 and Ptk7 In wild-type mice, collagen-fibril bundles appear within a tectorin-based matrix at E15.5 and, as fibril number rapidly increases, become co-aligned and correctly oriented. Epithelial width measurements and data from Kif3acKO mice suggest, respectively, that radial stretch and cilia play little, if any, role in determining normal collagen-fibril orientation; however, evidence from tectorin-knockout mice indicates that confinement is important. PRICKLE2 distribution reveals the planar cell polarity axis in the underlying epithelium is organised along the length of the cochlea and, in mice in which this polarity is disrupted, the apically directed collagen offset is no longer observed. These results highlight the importance of the tectorin-based matrix and epithelial signals for precise collagen organisation in the tectorial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Goodyear
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Xiaowei Lu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22098, USA
| | - Michael R Deans
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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22
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Corns LF, Jeng JY, Richardson GP, Kros CJ, Marcotti W. TMC2 Modifies Permeation Properties of the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel in Early Postnatal Mouse Cochlear Outer Hair Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:326. [PMID: 29093662 PMCID: PMC5651230 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cochlear hair cells to convert sound into receptor potentials relies on the mechanoelectrical transducer (MET) channels present in their stereociliary bundles. There is strong evidence implying that transmembrane channel-like protein (TMC) 1 contributes to the pore-forming subunit of the mature MET channel, yet its expression is delayed (~>P5 in apical outer hair cells, OHCs) compared to the onset of mechanotransduction (~P1). Instead, the temporal expression of TMC2 coincides with this onset, indicating that it could be part of the immature MET channel. We investigated MET channel properties from OHCs of homo- and heterozygous Tmc2 knockout mice. In the presence of TMC2, the MET channel blocker dihydrostreptomycin (DHS) had a lower affinity for the channel, when the aminoglycoside was applied extracellularly or intracellularly, with the latter effect being more pronounced. In Tmc2 knockout mice OHCs were protected from aminoglycoside ototoxicity during the first postnatal week, most likely due to their small MET current and the lower saturation level for aminoglycoside entry into the individual MET channels. DHS entry through the MET channels of Tmc2 knockout OHCs was lower during the first than in the second postnatal week, suggestive of a developmental change in the channel pore properties independent of TMC2. However, the ability of TMC2 to modify the MET channel properties strongly suggests it contributes to the pore-forming subunit of the neonatal channel. Nevertheless, we found that TMC2, different from TMC1, is not necessary for OHC development. While TMC2 is required for mechanotransduction in mature vestibular hair cells, its expression in the immature cochlea may be an evolutionary remnant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F. Corns
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jing-Yi Jeng
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Guy P. Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Corné J. Kros
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Walter Marcotti
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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23
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Chavez GG, Taylor G, Garaliene J, Richardson GP, Korneev SA. The temporal expression profile of a Nos3-related natural antisense RNA in the brain suggests a possible role in neurogenesis. Nitric Oxide 2017; 71:27-31. [PMID: 29031735 PMCID: PMC5714617 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Experimental work over the past several years has revealed an unexpected abundance of long natural antisense transcripts (NATs) in eukaryotic species. In light of the proposed role of such RNA molecules in the regulation of gene expression in the brain, attention is now focused on specific examples of neuronal NATs. Of particular interest are NATs that are complementary to mRNAs encoding nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme responsible for production of the important gaseous neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO). Here we study the temporal expression profile of murine Nos3as NAT in the brain. Notably, Nos3as NAT is known to act as a negative regulator of Nos3 gene expression. The results of our quantitative analysis reveal differential expression of Nos3as NAT during embryonic and post-embryonic stages of development of the brain. Also, they show that the low levels of Nos3as NAT coincides with active neurogenesis. In addition we report on an inverse correlation between the relative expression level of Nos3as NAT and the level of Nos3 protein. Thus our data raise the hypothesis that the Nos3as NAT regulates neurogenesis through suppression of Nos3 gene activity. This idea is further supported by experiments conducted on the olfactory bulbs and cultured neuroblastoma cells. Nos3as NAT and Nos3 mRNA are differentially expressed during mouse brain development and aging. Low levels of Nos3as NAT coincides with active neurogenesis. There is an inverse correlation between the expression level of Nos3as NAT and the level of Nos3 protein in the brain. Neuronal differentiation of cultured neuroblastoma cells is associated with up-regulation of Nos3as NAT. Nos3as NAT may be involved in controlling both embryonic and adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela G Chavez
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Gabriella Taylor
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Jekaterina Garaliene
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Sergei A Korneev
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
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24
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Kirkwood NK, O'Reilly M, Derudas M, Kenyon EJ, Huckvale R, van Netten SM, Ward SE, Richardson GP, Kros CJ. d-Tubocurarine and Berbamine: Alkaloids That Are Permeant Blockers of the Hair Cell's Mechano-Electrical Transducer Channel and Protect from Aminoglycoside Toxicity. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:262. [PMID: 28928635 PMCID: PMC5591855 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics are widely used for the treatment of life-threatening bacterial infections, but cause permanent hearing loss in a substantial proportion of treated patients. The sensory hair cells of the inner ear are damaged following entry of these antibiotics via the mechano-electrical transducer (MET) channels located at the tips of the hair cell's stereocilia. d-Tubocurarine (dTC) is a MET channel blocker that reduces the loading of gentamicin-Texas Red (GTTR) into rat cochlear hair cells and protects them from gentamicin treatment. Berbamine is a structurally related alkaloid that reduces GTTR labeling of zebrafish lateral-line hair cells and protects them from aminoglycoside-induced cell death. Both compounds are thought to reduce aminoglycoside entry into hair cells through the MET channels. Here we show that dTC (≥6.25 μM) or berbamine (≥1.55 μM) protect zebrafish hair cells in vivo from neomycin (6.25 μM, 1 h). Protection of zebrafish hair cells against gentamicin (10 μM, 6 h) was provided by ≥25 μM dTC or ≥12.5 μM berbamine. Hair cells in mouse cochlear cultures are protected from longer-term exposure to gentamicin (5 μM, 48 h) by 20 μM berbamine or 25 μM dTC. Berbamine is, however, highly toxic to mouse cochlear hair cells at higher concentrations (≥30 μM) whilst dTC is not. The absence of toxicity in the zebrafish assays prompts caution in extrapolating results from zebrafish neuromasts to mammalian cochlear hair cells. MET current recordings from mouse outer hair cells (OHCs) show that both compounds are permeant open-channel blockers, rapidly and reversibly blocking the MET channel with half-blocking concentrations of 2.2 μM (dTC) and 2.8 μM (berbamine) in the presence of 1.3 mM Ca2+ at −104 mV. Berbamine, but not dTC, also blocks the hair cell's basolateral K+ current, IK,neo, and modeling studies indicate that berbamine permeates the MET channel more readily than dTC. These studies reveal key properties of MET-channel blockers required for the future design of successful otoprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerissa K Kirkwood
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of SussexBrighton, United Kingdom
| | - Molly O'Reilly
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of SussexBrighton, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Derudas
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of SussexBrighton, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Kenyon
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of SussexBrighton, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Huckvale
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of SussexBrighton, United Kingdom
| | - Sietse M van Netten
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Engineering, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Simon E Ward
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of SussexBrighton, United Kingdom
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of SussexBrighton, United Kingdom
| | - Corné J Kros
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of SussexBrighton, United Kingdom
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Shaya O, Binshtok U, Hersch M, Rivkin D, Weinreb S, Amir-Zilberstein L, Khamaisi B, Oppenheim O, Desai RA, Goodyear RJ, Richardson GP, Chen CS, Sprinzak D. Cell-Cell Contact Area Affects Notch Signaling and Notch-Dependent Patterning. Dev Cell 2017; 40:505-511.e6. [PMID: 28292428 PMCID: PMC5435110 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During development, cells undergo dramatic changes in their morphology. By affecting contact geometry, these morphological changes could influence cellular communication. However, it has remained unclear whether and how signaling depends on contact geometry. This question is particularly relevant for Notch signaling, which coordinates neighboring cell fates through direct cell-cell signaling. Using micropatterning with a receptor trans-endocytosis assay, we show that signaling between pairs of cells correlates with their contact area. This relationship extends across contact diameters ranging from microns to tens of microns. Mathematical modeling predicts that dependence of signaling on contact area can bias cellular differentiation in Notch-mediated lateral inhibition processes, such that smaller cells are more likely to differentiate into signal-producing cells. Consistent with this prediction, analysis of developing chick inner ear revealed that ligand-producing hair cell precursors have smaller apical footprints than non-hair cells. Together, these results highlight the influence of cell morphology on fate determination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Shaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Udi Binshtok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Micha Hersch
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Dmitri Rivkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Sheila Weinreb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Liat Amir-Zilberstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Bassma Khamaisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Olya Oppenheim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ravi A Desai
- University College London, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Physics of Living Systems, London WC1E 6BT, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Richard J Goodyear
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Christopher S Chen
- The Biological Design Center and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Sprinzak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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26
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Quadros RM, Miura H, Harms DW, Akatsuka H, Sato T, Aida T, Redder R, Richardson GP, Inagaki Y, Sakai D, Buckley SM, Seshacharyulu P, Batra SK, Behlke MA, Zeiner SA, Jacobi AM, Izu Y, Thoreson WB, Urness LD, Mansour SL, Ohtsuka M, Gurumurthy CB. Easi-CRISPR: a robust method for one-step generation of mice carrying conditional and insertion alleles using long ssDNA donors and CRISPR ribonucleoproteins. Genome Biol 2017; 18:92. [PMID: 28511701 PMCID: PMC5434640 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conditional knockout mice and transgenic mice expressing recombinases, reporters, and inducible transcriptional activators are key for many genetic studies and comprise over 90% of mouse models created. Conditional knockout mice are generated using labor-intensive methods of homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells and are available for only ~25% of all mouse genes. Transgenic mice generated by random genomic insertion approaches pose problems of unreliable expression, and thus there is a need for targeted-insertion models. Although CRISPR-based strategies were reported to create conditional and targeted-insertion alleles via one-step delivery of targeting components directly to zygotes, these strategies are quite inefficient. RESULTS Here we describe Easi-CRISPR (Efficient additions with ssDNA inserts-CRISPR), a targeting strategy in which long single-stranded DNA donors are injected with pre-assembled crRNA + tracrRNA + Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (ctRNP) complexes into mouse zygotes. We show for over a dozen loci that Easi-CRISPR generates correctly targeted conditional and insertion alleles in 8.5-100% of the resulting live offspring. CONCLUSIONS Easi-CRISPR solves the major problem of animal genome engineering, namely the inefficiency of targeted DNA cassette insertion. The approach is robust, succeeding for all tested loci. It is versatile, generating both conditional and targeted insertion alleles. Finally, it is highly efficient, as treating an average of only 50 zygotes is sufficient to produce a correctly targeted allele in up to 100% of live offspring. Thus, Easi-CRISPR offers a comprehensive means of building large-scale Cre-LoxP animal resources.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- DNA, Single-Stranded/genetics
- DNA, Single-Stranded/metabolism
- Endonucleases/genetics
- Endonucleases/metabolism
- Founder Effect
- Gene Editing/methods
- Genes, Reporter
- Genetic Loci
- Integrases/genetics
- Integrases/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic/genetics
- Mice, Transgenic/growth & development
- Microinjections
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/methods
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/metabolism
- Recombinational DNA Repair
- Ribonucleoproteins/genetics
- Ribonucleoproteins/metabolism
- Zygote/growth & development
- Zygote/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolen M Quadros
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hiromi Miura
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Donald W Harms
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hisako Akatsuka
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- Department of Host Defense Mechanism, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Takehito Sato
- Department of Host Defense Mechanism, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Tomomi Aida
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory of Recombinant Animals, MRI, TMDU, 2-3-10, 2-3-10, Surugadai, Kanda, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
- Present address: McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ronald Redder
- High-Throughput DNA Sequencing and Genotyping Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Shannon M Buckley
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Disease, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Disease, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mark A Behlke
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Sarah A Zeiner
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Ashley M Jacobi
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA, 52241, USA
| | - Yayoi Izu
- Department of Animal Risk Management, Chiba Institute of Science, 3 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Wallace B Thoreson
- Truhlsen Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Lisa D Urness
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Suzanne L Mansour
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Channabasavaiah B Gurumurthy
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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27
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Majumder P, Moore PA, Richardson GP, Gale JE. Protecting Mammalian Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Toxicity: Assessing Phenoxybenzamine's Potential. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:94. [PMID: 28503132 PMCID: PMC5408764 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycosides (AGs) are widely used antibiotics because of their low cost and high efficacy against gram-negative bacterial infection. However, AGs are ototoxic, causing the death of sensory hair cells in the inner ear. Strategies aimed at developing or discovering agents that protect against aminoglycoside ototoxicity have focused on inhibiting apoptosis or more recently, on preventing antibiotic uptake by the hair cells. Recent screens for ototoprotective compounds using the larval zebrafish lateral line identified phenoxybenzamine as a potential protectant for aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death. Here we used live imaging of FM1-43 uptake as a proxy for aminoglycoside entry, combined with hair-cell death assays to evaluate whether phenoxybenzamine can protect mammalian cochlear hair cells from the deleterious effects of the aminoglycoside antibiotic neomycin. We show that phenoxybenzamine can block FM1-43 entry into mammalian hair cells in a reversible and dose-dependent manner, but pre-incubation is required for maximal inhibition of entry. We observed differential effects of phenoxybenzamine on FM1-43 uptake in the two different types of cochlear hair cell in mammals, the outer hair cells (OHCs) and inner hair cells (IHCs). The requirement for pre-incubation and reversibility suggests an intracellular rather than an extracellular site of action for phenoxybenzamine. We also tested the efficacy of phenoxybenzamine as an otoprotective agent. In mouse cochlear explants the hair cell death resulting from 24 h exposure to neomycin was steeply dose-dependent, with 50% cell death occurring at ~230 μM for both IHC and OHC. We used 250 μM neomycin in subsequent hair-cell death assays. At 100 μM with 1 h pre-incubation, phenoxybenzamine conferred significant protection to both IHCs and OHCs, however at higher concentrations phenoxybenzamine itself showed clear signs of ototoxicity and an additive toxic effect when combined with neomycin. These data do not support the use of phenoxybenzamine as a therapeutic agent in mammalian inner ear. Our findings do share parallels with the observations from the zebrafish lateral line model but they also highlight the necessity for validation in the mammalian system and the potential for differential effects on sensory hair cells from different species, in different systems and even between cells in the same organ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of SussexFalmer, UK
| | - Jonathan E Gale
- UCL Ear Institute, University College LondonLondon, UK.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondon, UK
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28
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Marcotti W, Corns LF, Goodyear RJ, Rzadzinska AK, Avraham KB, Steel KP, Richardson GP, Kros CJ. The acquisition of mechano-electrical transducer current adaptation in auditory hair cells requires myosin VI. J Physiol 2016; 594:3667-81. [PMID: 27111754 PMCID: PMC4929313 DOI: 10.1113/jp272220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The transduction of sound into electrical signals occurs at the hair bundles atop sensory hair cells in the cochlea, by means of mechanosensitive ion channels, the mechano-electrical transducer (MET) channels. The MET currents decline during steady stimuli; this is termed adaptation and ensures they always work within the most sensitive part of their operating range, responding best to rapidly changing (sound) stimuli. In this study we used a mouse model (Snell's waltzer) for hereditary deafness in humans that has a mutation in the gene encoding an unconventional myosin, myosin VI, which is present in the hair bundles. We found that in the absence of myosin VI the MET current fails to acquire its characteristic adaptation as the hair bundles develop. We propose that myosin VI supports the acquisition of adaptation by removing key molecules from the hair bundle that serve a temporary, developmental role. ABSTRACT Mutations in Myo6, the gene encoding the (F-actin) minus end-directed unconventional myosin, myosin VI, cause hereditary deafness in mice (Snell's waltzer) and humans. In the sensory hair cells of the cochlea, myosin VI is expressed in the cell bodies and along the stereocilia that project from the cells' apical surface. It is required for maintaining the structural integrity of the mechanosensitive hair bundles formed by the stereocilia. In this study we investigate whether myosin VI contributes to mechano-electrical transduction. We report that Ca(2+) -dependent adaptation of the mechano-electrical transducer (MET) current, which serves to keep the transduction apparatus operating within its most sensitive range, is absent in outer and inner hair cells from homozygous Snell's waltzer mutant mice, which fail to express myosin VI. The operating range of the MET channels is also abnormal in the mutants, resulting in the absence of a resting MET current. We found that cadherin 23, a component of the hair bundle's transient lateral links, fails to be downregulated along the length of the stereocilia in maturing Myo6 mutant mice. MET currents of heterozygous littermates appear normal. We propose that myosin VI, by removing key molecules from developing hair bundles, is required for the development of the MET apparatus and its Ca(2+) -dependent adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Marcotti
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.,Department of Biomedical Science, Addison Building, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Laura F Corns
- Department of Biomedical Science, Addison Building, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Richard J Goodyear
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | | | - Karen B Avraham
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Karen P Steel
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Corné J Kros
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Korneev SA, Maconochie M, Naskar S, Korneeva EI, Richardson GP, O'Shea M. A novel long non-coding natural antisense RNA is a negative regulator of Nos1 gene expression. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11815. [PMID: 26154151 PMCID: PMC4495418 DOI: 10.1038/srep11815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding natural antisense transcripts (NATs) are widespread in eukaryotic species. Although recent studies indicate that long NATs are engaged in the regulation of gene expression, the precise functional roles of the vast majority of them are unknown. Here we report that a long NAT (Mm-antiNos1 RNA) complementary to mRNA encoding the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (Nos1) is expressed in the mouse brain and is transcribed from the non-template strand of the Nos1 locus. Nos1 produces nitric oxide (NO), a major signaling molecule in the CNS implicated in many important functions including neuronal differentiation and memory formation. We show that the newly discovered NAT negatively regulates Nos1 gene expression. Moreover, our quantitative studies of the temporal expression profiles of Mm-antiNos1 RNA in the mouse brain during embryonic development and postnatal life indicate that it may be involved in the regulation of NO-dependent neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Korneev
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Mark Maconochie
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Souvik Naskar
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Elena I Korneeva
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Michael O'Shea
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Science, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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30
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Sellon JB, Ghaffari R, Farrahi S, Richardson GP, Freeman DM. Porosity controls spread of excitation in tectorial membrane traveling waves. Biophys J 2014; 106:1406-13. [PMID: 24655516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cochlear frequency selectivity plays a key role in our ability to understand speech, and is widely believed to be associated with cochlear amplification. However, genetic studies targeting the tectorial membrane (TM) have demonstrated both sharper and broader tuning with no obvious changes in hair bundle or somatic motility mechanisms. For example, cochlear tuning of Tectb(-/-) mice is significantly sharper than that of Tecta(Y1870C/+) mice, even though TM stiffnesses are similarly reduced relative to wild-type TMs. Here we show that differences in TM viscosity can account for these differences in tuning. In the basal cochlear turn, nanoscale pores of Tecta(Y1870C/+) TMs are significantly larger than those of Tectb(-/-) TMs. The larger pore size reduces shear viscosity (by ∼70%), thereby reducing traveling wave speed and increasing spread of excitation. These results demonstrate the previously unrecognized importance of TM porosity in cochlear and neural tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Sellon
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Shirin Farrahi
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Guy P Richardson
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis M Freeman
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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31
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Goodyear RJ, Ratnayaka HSK, Warchol ME, Richardson GP. Staurosporine-induced collapse of cochlear hair bundles. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3281-94. [PMID: 24700109 PMCID: PMC4321040 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Early postnatal mouse cochlear cultures were treated with a small panel of kinase inhibitors to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of hair-bundle structure in the developing inner ear. At low concentrations (1–10 nM), staurosporine causes the collapse and loss of hair bundles without provoking hair-cell death, as judged by lack of terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) labeling or reactivity to anti-activated caspase-3. Staurosporine exposure results in the fusion of the hair bundle’s stereocilia, a resorption of the parallel actin bundles of the stereocilia into the cytoplasm of the hair cell, a detachment of the apical, non-stereociliary membrane of the hair cell from the underlying cuticular plate, and a severing of the hair-bundle’s rootlets from the actin cores of the stereocilia. It does not block membrane retrieval at the apical pole of the hair cells, nor does it elicit the externalization of phosphatidylserine. Staurosporine treatment causes a reduction in levels of the phosphorylated forms of ezrin, radixin, and moesin in cochlear cultures during the period of hair-bundle loss, indicating the integrity of the hair bundle may be actively maintained by the phosphorylation status of these proteins. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3281–3294, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Goodyear
- Sussex Neuroscience and School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
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32
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Legan PK, Goodyear RJ, Morín M, Mencia A, Pollard H, Olavarrieta L, Korchagina J, Modamio-Hoybjor S, Mayo F, Moreno F, Moreno-Pelayo MA, Richardson GP. Three deaf mice: mouse models for TECTA-based human hereditary deafness reveal domain-specific structural phenotypes in the tectorial membrane. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:2551-68. [PMID: 24363064 PMCID: PMC3990158 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tecta is a modular, non-collagenous protein of the tectorial membrane (TM), an extracellular matrix of the cochlea essential for normal hearing. Missense mutations in Tecta cause dominant forms of non-syndromic deafness and a genotype-phenotype correlation has been reported in humans, with mutations in different Tecta domains causing mid- or high-frequency hearing impairments that are either stable or progressive. Three mutant mice were created as models for human Tecta mutations; the Tecta(L1820F,G1824D/+) mouse for zona pellucida (ZP) domain mutations causing stable mid-frequency hearing loss in a Belgian family, the Tecta(C1837G/+) mouse for a ZP-domain mutation underlying progressive mid-frequency hearing loss in a Spanish family and the Tecta(C1619S/+) mouse for a zonadhesin-like (ZA) domain mutation responsible for progressive, high-frequency hearing loss in a French family. Mutations in the ZP and ZA domains generate distinctly different changes in the structure of the TM. Auditory brainstem response thresholds in the 8-40 kHz range are elevated by 30-40 dB in the ZP-domain mutants, whilst those in the ZA-domain mutant are elevated by 20-30 dB. The phenotypes are stable and no evidence has been found for a progressive deterioration in TM structure or auditory function. Despite elevated auditory thresholds, the Tecta mutant mice all exhibit an enhanced tendency to have audiogenic seizures in response to white noise stimuli at low sound pressure levels (≤84 dB SPL), revealing a previously unrecognised consequence of Tecta mutations. These results, together with those from previous studies, establish an allelic series for Tecta unequivocally demonstrating an association between genotype and phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kevin Legan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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33
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Quick K, Zhao J, Eijkelkamp N, Linley JE, Rugiero F, Cox JJ, Raouf R, Gringhuis M, Sexton JE, Abramowitz J, Taylor R, Forge A, Ashmore J, Kirkwood N, Kros CJ, Richardson GP, Freichel M, Flockerzi V, Birnbaumer L, Wood JN. TRPC3 and TRPC6 are essential for normal mechanotransduction in subsets of sensory neurons and cochlear hair cells. Open Biol 2013; 2:120068. [PMID: 22724068 PMCID: PMC3376737 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels TRPC3 and TRPC6 are expressed in both sensory neurons and cochlear hair cells. Deletion of TRPC3 or TRPC6 in mice caused no behavioural phenotype, although loss of TRPC3 caused a shift of rapidly adapting (RA) mechanosensitive currents to intermediate-adapting currents in dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons. Deletion of both TRPC3 and TRPC6 caused deficits in light touch and silenced half of small-diameter sensory neurons expressing mechanically activated RA currents. Double TRPC3/TRPC6 knock-out mice also showed hearing impairment, vestibular deficits and defective auditory brain stem responses to high-frequency sounds. Basal, but not apical, cochlear outer hair cells lost more than 75 per cent of their responses to mechanical stimulation. FM1-43-sensitive mechanically gated currents were induced when TRPC3 and TRPC6 were co-expressed in sensory neuron cell lines. TRPC3 and TRPC6 are thus required for the normal function of cells involved in touch and hearing, and are potential components of mechanotransducing complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Quick
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Richardson GP. The Brain Prize 2012: opening the doors of auditory perception. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:524-6. [PMID: 22794803 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Brain Prize 2012 was awarded to two remarkable scientists, Christine Petit and Karen Steel, who have exploited the use of human and mouse genetics to revolutionize our understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of hearing and deafness, opening up what was previously an inaccessible, but highly important, end organ of the brain. The present article highlights their seminal contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy P Richardson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
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Alagramam KN, Goodyear RJ, Geng R, Furness DN, van Aken AFJ, Marcotti W, Kros CJ, Richardson GP. Mutations in protocadherin 15 and cadherin 23 affect tip links and mechanotransduction in mammalian sensory hair cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19183. [PMID: 21532990 PMCID: PMC3080917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunocytochemical studies have shown that protocadherin-15 (PCDH15) and cadherin-23 (CDH23) are associated with tip links, structures thought to gate the mechanotransducer channels of hair cells in the sensory epithelia of the inner ear. The present report describes functional and structural analyses of hair cells from Pcdh15av3J (av3J), Pcdh15av6J (av6J) and Cdh23v2J (v2J) mice. The av3J and v2J mice carry point mutations that are predicted to introduce premature stop codons in the transcripts for Pcdh15 and Cdh23, respectively, and av6J mice have an in-frame deletion predicted to remove most of the 9th cadherin ectodomain from PCDH15. Severe disruption of hair-bundle morphology is observed throughout the early-postnatal cochlea in av3J/av3J and v2J/v2J mice. In contrast, only mild-to-moderate bundle disruption is evident in the av6J/av6J mice. Hair cells from av3J/av3J mice are unaffected by aminoglycosides and fail to load with [3H]-gentamicin or FM1-43, compounds that permeate the hair cell's mechanotransducer channels. In contrast, hair cells from av6J/av6J mice load with both FM1-43 and [3H]-gentamicin, and are aminoglycoside sensitive. Transducer currents can be recorded from hair cells of all three mutants but are reduced in amplitude in all mutants and have abnormal directional sensitivity in the av3J/av3J and v2J/v2J mutants. Scanning electron microscopy of early postnatal cochlear hair cells reveals tip-link like links in av6J/av6J mice, substantially reduced numbers of links in the av3J/av3J mice and virtually none in the v2J/v2J mice. Analysis of mature vestibular hair bundles reveals an absence of tip links in the av3J/av3J and v2J/v2J mice and a reduction in av6J/av6J mice. These results therefore provide genetic evidence consistent with PCDH15 and CDH23 being part of the tip-link complex and necessary for normal mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar N. Alagramam
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Goodyear
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Ruishuang Geng
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David N. Furness
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Walter Marcotti
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Corné J. Kros
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CJK); (GPR)
| | - Guy P. Richardson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CJK); (GPR)
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Nayak G, Goodyear RJ, Legan PK, Noda M, Richardson GP. Evidence for multiple, developmentally regulated isoforms of Ptprq on hair cells of the inner ear. Dev Neurobiol 2011; 71:129-41. [PMID: 20715155 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ptprq is a receptor-like inositol lipid phosphatase associated with the shaft connectors of hair bundles. Three lines of evidence suggest Ptprq is a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan: (1) chondroitinase ABC treatment causes a loss of the ruthenium-red reactive, electron-dense particles associated with shaft connectors, (2) chondroitinase ABC causes an increase in the electrophoretic mobility of Ptprq, and (3) hair bundles in the developing inner ear of wild-type mice, but not those of Ptprq(-/-) mice, react with monoclonal antibody (mAb) 473-HD, an IgM that recognizes the dermatan-sulfate-dependent epitope DSD1. Two lines of evidence indicate that there may be multiple isoforms of Ptprq expressed in hair bundles. First, although Ptprq is expressed throughout the lifetime of most hair cells, hair bundles in the mouse and chick inner ear only express the DSD1 epitope transiently during development. Second, mAb H10, a novel mAb that recognizes an epitope common to several avian inner-ear proteins including Ptprq, only stains mature hair bundles in the extrastriolar regions of the vestibular maculae. MAb H10 does not stain mature hair bundles in the striolar regions of the maculae or in the basilar papilla, nor does it stain immature hair bundles in any organ. Three distinct, developmentally regulated isoforms of Ptprq may therefore be expressed on hair bundles of the chick inner ear. Hair bundles in the mature chick ear that do not express the H10 epitope have longer shaft connectors than those that do, indicating the presence or absence of the H10 epitope on Ptprq may modulate the spacing of stereocilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Nayak
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
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Verpy E, Leibovici M, Michalski N, Goodyear RJ, Houdon C, Weil D, Richardson GP, Petit C. Stereocilin connects outer hair cell stereocilia to one another and to the tectorial membrane. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:194-210. [PMID: 21165971 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Stereocilin is defective in a recessive form of deafness, DFNB16. We studied the distribution of stereocilin in the developing and mature mouse inner ear and analyzed the consequences of its absence in stereocilin-null (Strc(-/-)) mice that suffer hearing loss starting at postnatal day 15 (P15) and progressing until P60. Using immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy, stereocilin was detected in association with two cell surface specializations specific to outer hair cells (OHCs) in the mature cochlea: the horizontal top connectors that join the apical regions of adjacent stereocilia within the hair bundle, and the attachment links that attach the tallest stereocilia to the overlying tectorial membrane. Stereocilin was also detected around the kinocilium of vestibular hair cells and immature OHCs. In Strc(-/-) mice the OHC hair bundle was structurally and functionally normal until P9. Top connectors, however, did not form and the cohesiveness of the OHC hair bundle progressively deteriorated from P10. The stereocilia were still interconnected by tip links at P14, but these progressively disappeared from P15. By P60 the stereocilia, still arranged in a V-shaped bundle, were fully disconnected from each other. Stereocilia imprints on the lower surface of the tectorial membrane were also not observed in Strc(-/-) mice, thus indicating that the tips of the tallest stereocilia failed to be embedded in this gel. We conclude that stereocilin is essential to the formation of horizontal top connectors. We propose that these links, which maintain the cohesiveness of the mature OHC hair bundle, are required for tip-link turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Verpy
- Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy P. Richardson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, United Kingdom;
| | - Jacques Boutet de Monvel
- Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Département de Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris cedex 15, France; ,
- Inserm UMRS 587, F-75015 Paris, France
- Université Pierre & Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Petit
- Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Département de Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris cedex 15, France; ,
- Inserm UMRS 587, F-75015 Paris, France
- Université Pierre & Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
- Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France
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Masaki K, Ghaffari R, Gu JW, Richardson GP, Freeman DM, Aranyosi AJ. Tectorial membrane material properties in Tecta(Y)(1870C/+) heterozygous mice. Biophys J 2011; 99:3274-81. [PMID: 21081075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The solid component of the tectorial membrane (TM) is a porous matrix made up of the radial collagen fibers and the striated sheet matrix. The striated sheet matrix is believed to contribute to shear impedance in both the radial and longitudinal directions, but the molecular mechanisms involved have not been determined. A missense mutation in Tecta, a gene that encodes for the α-tectorin protein in the striated sheet matrix, causes a 60-dB threshold shift in mice with relatively little reduction in outer hair cell amplification. Here, we show that this threshold shift is coupled to changes in shear impedance, response to osmotic pressure, and concentration of fixed charge of the TM. In Tecta(Y)(1870C/+) mice, the tectorin content of the TM was reduced, as was the content of glycoconjugates reacting with the lectin wheat germ agglutinin. Charge measurements showed a decrease in fixed charge concentration from -6.4±1.4 mmol/L in wild-types to -2.1±0.7 mmol/L in Tecta(Y)(1870C/+) TMs. TMs from Tecta(Y)(1870C/+) mice showed little volume change in response to osmotic pressure compared to those of wild-type mice. The magnitude of both radial and longitudinal TM shear impedance was reduced by 10±1.6 dB in Tecta(Y)(1870C/+) mice. However, the phase of shear impedance was unchanged. These changes are consistent with an increase in the porosity of the TM and a corresponding decrease of the solid fraction. Mechanisms by which these changes can affect the coupling between outer and inner hair cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinuko Masaki
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Goodyear RJ, Forge A, Legan PK, Richardson GP. Asymmetric distribution of cadherin 23 and protocadherin 15 in the kinocilial links of avian sensory hair cells. J Comp Neurol 2011; 518:4288-97. [PMID: 20853507 PMCID: PMC3337639 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin 23 and protocadherin 15 are components of tip links, fine filaments that interlink the stereocilia of hair cells and are believed to gate the hair cell's mechanotransducer channels. Tip links are aligned along the hair bundle's axis of mechanosensitivity, stretching obliquely from the top of one stereocilium to the side of an adjacent, taller stereocilium. In guinea pig auditory hair cells, tip links are polarized with cadherin 23 at the upper end and protocadherin 15 at the lower end, where the transducer channel is located. Double immunogold labeling of avian hair cells was used to study the distribution of these two proteins in kinocilial links, a link type that attaches the tallest stereocilia of the hair bundle to the kinocilium. In the kinocilial links of vestibular hair bundles, cadherin 23 localizes to the stereocilium and protocadherin 15 to the kinocilium. The two cadherins are therefore asymmetrically distributed within the kinocilial links but of a polarity that is, within those links that are aligned along the hair bundle's axis of sensitivity, reversed relative to that of tip links. Conventional transmission electron microscopy of hair bundles fixed in the presence of tannic acid reveals a distinct density in the 120–130 nm long kinocilial links that is located 35–40 nm from the kinociliary membrane. The location of this density is consistent with it being the site at which interactions occur in an in trans configuration between the opposing N-termini of homodimeric forms of cadherin 23 and protocadherin 15. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4288–4297, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Goodyear
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
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Goodyear RJ, Legan PK, Christiansen JR, Xia B, Korchagina J, Gale JE, Warchol ME, Corwin JT, Richardson GP. Identification of the hair cell soma-1 antigen, HCS-1, as otoferlin. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2010; 11:573-86. [PMID: 20809368 PMCID: PMC2975885 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-010-0231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair cells, the mechanosensitive receptor cells of the inner ear, are critical for our senses of hearing and balance. The small number of these receptor cells in the inner ear has impeded the identification and characterization of proteins important for hair cell function. The binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies provides a means for identifying hair cell-specific proteins and isolating them for further study. We have generated a monoclonal antibody, termed hair cell soma-1 (HCS-1), which specifically immunolabels hair cells in at least five vertebrate classes, including sharks and rays, bony fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. We used HCS-1 to immunoprecipitate the cognate antigen and identified it as otoferlin, a member of the ferlin protein family. Mutations in otoferlin underlie DFNB9, a recessive, nonsyndromic form of prelingual deafness characterized as an auditory neuropathy. Using immunocytochemistry, we find that otoferlin is associated with the entire basolateral membrane of the hair cells and with vesicular structures distributed throughout most of the hair cell cytoplasm. Biochemical assays indicate that otoferlin is tightly associated with membranes, as it is not solubilized by alterations in calcium or salt concentrations. HCS-1 immunolabeling does not co-localize with ribeye, a constituent of synaptic ribbons, suggesting that otoferlin may, in addition to its proposed function in synaptic vesicle release, play additional roles in hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Goodyear
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
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Kitajiri SI, Sakamoto T, Belyantseva IA, Goodyear RJ, Stepanyan R, Fujiwara I, Bird JE, Riazuddin S, Riazuddin S, Ahmed ZM, Hinshaw JE, Sellers J, Bartles JR, Hammer JA, Richardson GP, Griffith AJ, Frolenkov GI, Friedman TB. Actin-bundling protein TRIOBP forms resilient rootlets of hair cell stereocilia essential for hearing. Cell 2010; 141:786-98. [PMID: 20510926 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inner ear hair cells detect sound through deflection of mechanosensory stereocilia. Each stereocilium is supported by a paracrystalline array of parallel actin filaments that are packed more densely at the base, forming a rootlet extending into the cell body. The function of rootlets and the molecules responsible for their formation are unknown. We found that TRIOBP, a cytoskeleton-associated protein mutated in human hereditary deafness DFNB28, is localized to rootlets. In vitro, purified TRIOBP isoform 4 protein organizes actin filaments into uniquely dense bundles reminiscent of rootlets but distinct from bundles formed by espin, an actin crosslinker in stereocilia. We generated mutant Triobp mice (Triobp(Deltaex8/Deltaex8)) that are profoundly deaf. Stereocilia of Triobp(Deltaex8/Deltaex8) mice develop normally but fail to form rootlets and are easier to deflect and damage. Thus, F-actin bundling by TRIOBP provides durability and rigidity for normal mechanosensitivity of stereocilia and may contribute to resilient cytoskeletal structures elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Kitajiri
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Warchol ME, Richardson GP. Expression of the Pax2 transcription factor is associated with vestibular phenotype in the avian inner ear. Dev Neurobiol 2009; 69:191-202. [PMID: 19130600 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The paired-domain transcription factor Pax2 is involved in many facets of inner ear development, but relatively little is known about the expression or function of Pax2 in the mature ear. In this study, we have used immunohistochemical methods to characterize the expression patterns of Pax2 in the sensory organs of inner ears from posthatch chicks. Immunoreactivity for Pax2 was observed in the nuclei of most hair cells and supporting cells in the vestibular organs. In contrast, Pax2 expression in the chick cochlea was limited to hair cells located in the very distal (low frequency) region. We then used organotypic cultures of the chick utricle to examine changes in Pax2 expression in response to ototoxic injury and during hair cell regeneration. Treatment with streptomycin resulted in the loss of most Pax2 immunoreactivity from the lumenal (hair cell) stratum of the utricle. During the early phases of regeneration, moderate Pax2 expression was maintained in the nuclei of proliferating supporting cells. Expression of Pax2 in the hair cell stratum recovered in parallel with hair cell regeneration. The results indicate that Pax2 continues to be expressed in the mature avian ear, and that its expression pattern is correlated with a vestibular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Warchol
- Fay and Carl Simons Center for the Biology of Hearing and Deafness, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Verpy E, Weil D, Leibovici M, Goodyear RJ, Hamard G, Houdon C, Lefèvre GM, Hardelin JP, Richardson GP, Avan P, Petit C. Stereocilin-deficient mice reveal the origin of cochlear waveform distortions. Nature 2008; 456:255-8. [PMID: 18849963 PMCID: PMC3338146 DOI: 10.1038/nature07380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although the cochlea is an amplifier and a remarkably sensitive and finely tuned detector of sounds, it also produces conspicuous mechanical and electrical waveform distortions1. These distortions reflect non-linear mechanical interactions within the cochlea. By allowing one tone to suppress another (masking effect), they contribute to speech intelligibility2. Tones can also combine to produce sounds with frequencies not present in the acoustic stimulus3. These sounds compose the otoacoustic emissions that are extensively used to screen hearing in newborns. As both cochlear amplification and distortion originate from the outer hair cells, one of the two types of sensory receptor cells, it has been speculated that they stem from a common mechanism. Here, the non-linearity underlying cochlear waveform distortions is shown to rely on the presence of stereocilin, a protein defective in a recessive form of human deafness4. Stereocilin was detected in association with horizontal top connectors5-7, lateral links that join adjacent stereocilia within the outer hair cell’s hair bundle, and these links were absent in stereocilin-null mutant mice. These mice become progressively deaf. At the onset of hearing, however, their cochlear sensitivity and frequency tuning were almost normal, although masking was much reduced and both acoustic and electrical waveform distortions were completely lacking. From this unique functional situation, we conclude that the main source of cochlear waveform distortions is a deflection-dependent hair bundle stiffness resulting from constraints imposed by the horizontal top connectors, and not from the intrinsic non-linear behaviour of the mechanoelectrical transducer channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Verpy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, F75015 Paris, France.
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van Aken AFJ, Atiba-Davies M, Marcotti W, Goodyear RJ, Bryant JE, Richardson GP, Noben-Trauth K, Kros CJ. TRPML3 mutations cause impaired mechano-electrical transduction and depolarization by an inward-rectifier cation current in auditory hair cells of varitint-waddler mice. J Physiol 2008; 586:5403-18. [PMID: 18801844 PMCID: PMC2655368 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.156992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPML3 (mucolipin-3) belongs to one of the transient-receptor-potential (TRP) ion channel families. Mutations in the Trpml3 gene cause disorganization of the stereociliary hair bundle, structural aberrations in outer and inner hair cells and stria vascularis defects, leading to deafness in the varitint-waddler (Va) mouse. Here we refined the stereociliary localization of TRPML3 and investigated cochlear hair cell function in varitint-waddler (Va(J)) mice carrying the TRPML3<I362T/A419P> mutations. Using a TRPML3-specific antibody we detected a approximately 68 kDa protein with near-equal expression levels in cochlea and vestibule of wild-type and Va(J) mutants. At postnatal days 3 and 5, we observed abundant localization of TRPML3 at the base of stereocilia near the position of the ankle links. This stereociliary localization domain was absent in Va(J) heterozygotes and homozygotes. Electrophysiological recordings revealed reduced mechano-electrical transducer currents in hair cells from Va(J)/+ and Va(J)/Va(J) mice. Furthermore, FM1-43 uptake and [(3)H]gentamicin accumulation were decreased in hair cells in cultured organs of Corti from Va(J)/+ and Va(J)/Va(J) mice. We propose that TRPML3 plays a critical role at the ankle-link region during hair-bundle growth and that an adverse effect of mutant TRPML3 on bundle development and mechano-electrical transduction is the main cause of hearing loss in Va(J)/+ mutant mice. Outer hair cells of Va(J)/Va(J) mice additionally had depolarized resting potentials due to an inwardly rectifying leak conductance formed by the mutant channels, leading over time to hair-cell degeneration and contributing to their deafness. Our findings argue against TRPML3 being a component of the hair-cell transducer channel.
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Nie L, Zhu J, Gratton MA, Liao A, Mu KJ, Nonner W, Richardson GP, Yamoah EN. Molecular identity and functional properties of a novel T-type Ca2+ channel cloned from the sensory epithelia of the mouse inner ear. J Neurophysiol 2008; 100:2287-99. [PMID: 18753322 DOI: 10.1152/jn.90707.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular identity of non-Cav1.3 channels in auditory and vestibular hair cells has remained obscure, yet the evidence in support of their roles to promote diverse Ca2+-dependent functions is indisputable. Recently, a transient Cav3.1 current that serves as a functional signature for the development and regeneration of hair cells has been identified in the chicken basilar papilla. The Cav3.1 current promotes spontaneous activity of the developing hair cell, which may be essential for synapse formation. Here, we have isolated and sequenced the full-length complementary DNA of a distinct isoform of Cav3.1 in the mouse inner ear. The channel is derived from alternative splicing of exon14, exon25A, exon34, and exon35. Functional expression of the channel in Xenopus oocytes yielded Ca2+ currents, which have a permeation phenotype consistent with T-type channels. However, unlike most multiion channels, the T-type channel does not exhibit the anomalous mole fraction effect, possibly reflecting comparable permeation properties of divalent cations. The Cav3.1 channel was expressed in sensory and nonsensory epithelia of the inner ear. Moreover, there are profound changes in the expression levels during development. The differential expression of the channel during development and the pharmacology of the inner ear Cav3.1 channel may have contributed to the difficulties associated with identification of the non-Cav1.3 currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Nie
- Center for Neuroscience, Program in Communication Science, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Ct., Davis, CA 95618, USA
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Abstract
This review focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the development of the sensory hair bundle, an apical specialisation of the hair cell that is essential for mechanotransduction. The structure, function and development of the hair bundle is described, with an emphasis on the properties and possible roles played by the different link types that interconnect the individual elements of the hair bundle - the multiple stereocilia and the single kinocilium. Studies of mouse and zebrafish mutants have revealed that several classes of molecule are required for the genesis and maintenance of hair-bundle structure. These include cell surface molecules that are associated with the different hair-bundle links, along with myosin motors, scaffolding proteins and an actin cross-linker. Finally we consider how differences in the form and shape of hair bundles within and between different sensory organs are generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri D Nayak
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, U.K
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48
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Phillips KR, Tong S, Goodyear R, Richardson GP, Cyr JL. Stereociliary myosin-1c receptors are sensitive to calcium chelation and absent from cadherin 23 mutant mice. J Neurosci 2006; 26:10777-88. [PMID: 17050716 PMCID: PMC6674754 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1847-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The identities of some of the constituents of the hair-cell transduction apparatus have been elucidated only recently. The molecular motor myosin-1c (Myo1c) functions in adaptation of the hair-cell response to sustained mechanical stimuli and is therefore an integral part of the transduction complex. Recent data indicate that Myo1c interacts in vitro with two other molecules proposed to be important for transduction: cadherin 23 (Cdh23), a candidate for the stereociliary tip link, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), which is abundant in the membranes of hair-cell stereocilia. It is not known, however, whether these interactions occur in hair cells. Using an in situ binding assay on saccular hair cells, we demonstrated previously that Myo1c interacts with molecules at stereociliary tips, the site of transduction, through sequences contained within its calmodulin (CaM)-binding neck domain, which can bind up to four CaM molecules. In the current study, we identify the second CaM-binding IQ domain as a region of Myo1c that mediates CaM-sensitive binding to stereociliary tips and to PIP2 immobilized on a solid support. Binding of Myo1c to stereociliary tips of cochlear and vestibular hair cells is disrupted by treatments that break tip links. In addition, Myo1c does not bind to stereocilia from mice whose hair cells lack Cdh23 protein despite the presence of PIP2 in the stereociliary membranes. Collectively, our data suggest that Myo1c and Cdh23 interact at the tips of hair-cell stereocilia and that this interaction is modulated by CaM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli R. Phillips
- Sensory Neuroscience Research Center and
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
| | - Song Tong
- Sensory Neuroscience Research Center and
- Otolaryngology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9303, and
| | - Richard Goodyear
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Guy P. Richardson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom
| | - Janet L. Cyr
- Sensory Neuroscience Research Center and
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
- Otolaryngology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9303, and
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49
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Ahmed ZM, Goodyear R, Riazuddin S, Lagziel A, Legan PK, Behra M, Burgess SM, Lilley KS, Wilcox ER, Riazuddin S, Griffith AJ, Frolenkov GI, Belyantseva IA, Richardson GP, Friedman TB. The tip-link antigen, a protein associated with the transduction complex of sensory hair cells, is protocadherin-15. J Neurosci 2006; 26:7022-34. [PMID: 16807332 PMCID: PMC6673907 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1163-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sound and acceleration are detected by hair bundles, mechanosensory structures located at the apical pole of hair cells in the inner ear. The different elements of the hair bundle, the stereocilia and a kinocilium, are interconnected by a variety of link types. One of these links, the tip link, connects the top of a shorter stereocilium with the lateral membrane of an adjacent taller stereocilium and may gate the mechanotransducer channel of the hair cell. Mass spectrometric and Western blot analyses identify the tip-link antigen, a hitherto unidentified antigen specifically associated with the tip and kinocilial links of sensory hair bundles in the inner ear and the ciliary calyx of photoreceptors in the eye, as an avian ortholog of human protocadherin-15, a product of the gene for the deaf/blindness Usher syndrome type 1F/DFNB23 locus. Multiple protocadherin-15 transcripts are shown to be expressed in the mouse inner ear, and these define four major isoform classes, two with entirely novel, previously unidentified cytoplasmic domains. Antibodies to the three cytoplasmic domain-containing isoform classes reveal that each has a different spatiotemporal expression pattern in the developing and mature inner ear. Two isoforms are distributed in a manner compatible for association with the tip-link complex. An isoform located at the tips of stereocilia is sensitive to calcium chelation and proteolysis with subtilisin and reappears at the tips of stereocilia as transduction recovers after the removal of calcium chelators. Protocadherin-15 is therefore associated with the tip-link complex and may be an integral component of this structure and/or required for its formation.
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McGee J, Goodyear RJ, McMillan DR, Stauffer EA, Holt JR, Locke KG, Birch DG, Legan PK, White PC, Walsh EJ, Richardson GP. The very large G-protein-coupled receptor VLGR1: a component of the ankle link complex required for the normal development of auditory hair bundles. J Neurosci 2006; 26:6543-53. [PMID: 16775142 PMCID: PMC2682555 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0693-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory hair bundles in the inner ear are composed of stereocilia that can be interconnected by a variety of different link types, including tip links, horizontal top connectors, shaft connectors, and ankle links. The ankle link antigen is an epitope specifically associated with ankle links and the calycal processes of photoreceptors in chicks. Mass spectrometry and immunoblotting were used to identify this antigen as the avian ortholog of the very large G-protein-coupled receptor VLGR1, the product of the Usher syndrome USH2C (Mass1) locus. Like ankle links, Vlgr1 is expressed transiently around the base of developing hair bundles in mice. Ankle links fail to form in the cochleae of mice carrying a targeted mutation in Vlgr1 (Vlgr1/del7TM), and the bundles become disorganized just after birth. FM1-43 [N-(3-triethylammonium)propyl)-4-(4-(dibutylamino)styryl) pyridinium dibromide] dye loading and whole-cell recordings indicate mechanotransduction is impaired in cochlear, but not vestibular, hair cells of early postnatal Vlgr1/del7TM mutant mice. Auditory brainstem recordings and distortion product measurements indicate that these mice are severely deaf by the third week of life. Hair cells from the basal half of the cochlea are lost in 2-month-old Vlgr1/del7TM mice, and retinal function is mildly abnormal in aged mutants. Our results indicate that Vlgr1 is required for formation of the ankle link complex and the normal development of cochlear hair bundles.
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MESH Headings
- Acoustic Stimulation/methods
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Chickens
- Cochlea/cytology
- Cochlea/growth & development
- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
- Electroretinography/methods
- Epitopes/immunology
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem/physiology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique/methods
- Hair Cells, Auditory/growth & development
- Hair Cells, Auditory/metabolism
- Hair Cells, Auditory/ultrastructure
- Immunoprecipitation/methods
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mass Spectrometry/methods
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Membrane Potentials/physiology
- Membrane Potentials/radiation effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron/methods
- Patch-Clamp Techniques/methods
- Pyridinium Compounds/pharmacokinetics
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacokinetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Retina/metabolism
- Retina/ultrastructure
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