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Khalymbadzha IA, Fatykhov RF, Butorin II, Sharapov AD, Potapova AP, Muthipeedika NJ, Zyryanov GV, Melekhin VV, Tokhtueva MD, Deev SL, Kukhanova MK, Mochulskaya NN, Tsurkan MV. Bioinspired Pyrano[2,3- f]chromen-8-ones: Ring C-Opened Analogues of Calanolide A: Synthesis and Anti-HIV-1 Evaluation. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:44. [PMID: 38248618 PMCID: PMC10813249 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized a series of bioinspired pyrano[2,3-f]coumarin-based Calanolide A analogs with anti-HIV activity. The design of these new calanolide analogs involved incorporating nitrogen heterocycles or aromatic groups in lieu of ring C, effectively mimicking and preserving their bioactive properties. Three directions for the synthesis were explored: reaction of 5-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-10-propyl-2H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-8-one with (i) 1,2,4-triazines, (ii) sulfonylation followed by Suzuki cross-coupling with (het)aryl boronic acids, and (iii) aminomethylation by Mannich reaction. Antiviral assay of the synthesized compounds showed that compound 4 has moderate activity against HIV-1 on enzymes and poor activity on the cell model. A molecular docking study demonstrates a good correlation between in silico and in vitro HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) activity of the compounds when docked to the nonnucleoside RT inhibitor binding site, and alternative binding modes of the considered analogs of Calanolide A were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A. Khalymbadzha
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (R.F.F.); (I.I.B.); (A.D.S.); (A.P.P.); (N.J.M.); (G.V.Z.); (V.V.M.); (M.D.T.); (S.L.D.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Ramil F. Fatykhov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (R.F.F.); (I.I.B.); (A.D.S.); (A.P.P.); (N.J.M.); (G.V.Z.); (V.V.M.); (M.D.T.); (S.L.D.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Ilya I. Butorin
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (R.F.F.); (I.I.B.); (A.D.S.); (A.P.P.); (N.J.M.); (G.V.Z.); (V.V.M.); (M.D.T.); (S.L.D.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Ainur D. Sharapov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (R.F.F.); (I.I.B.); (A.D.S.); (A.P.P.); (N.J.M.); (G.V.Z.); (V.V.M.); (M.D.T.); (S.L.D.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Anastasia P. Potapova
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (R.F.F.); (I.I.B.); (A.D.S.); (A.P.P.); (N.J.M.); (G.V.Z.); (V.V.M.); (M.D.T.); (S.L.D.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Nibin Joy Muthipeedika
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (R.F.F.); (I.I.B.); (A.D.S.); (A.P.P.); (N.J.M.); (G.V.Z.); (V.V.M.); (M.D.T.); (S.L.D.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (R.F.F.); (I.I.B.); (A.D.S.); (A.P.P.); (N.J.M.); (G.V.Z.); (V.V.M.); (M.D.T.); (S.L.D.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Vsevolod V. Melekhin
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (R.F.F.); (I.I.B.); (A.D.S.); (A.P.P.); (N.J.M.); (G.V.Z.); (V.V.M.); (M.D.T.); (S.L.D.); (N.N.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Ural State Medical University, 620028 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Maria D. Tokhtueva
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (R.F.F.); (I.I.B.); (A.D.S.); (A.P.P.); (N.J.M.); (G.V.Z.); (V.V.M.); (M.D.T.); (S.L.D.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Sergey L. Deev
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (R.F.F.); (I.I.B.); (A.D.S.); (A.P.P.); (N.J.M.); (G.V.Z.); (V.V.M.); (M.D.T.); (S.L.D.); (N.N.M.)
| | | | - Nataliya N. Mochulskaya
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Ural Federal University, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (R.F.F.); (I.I.B.); (A.D.S.); (A.P.P.); (N.J.M.); (G.V.Z.); (V.V.M.); (M.D.T.); (S.L.D.); (N.N.M.)
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Synthesis, insecticidal activities and DFT study of pyrimidin-4-amine derivatives containing the 1,2,4-oxadiazole motif. Front Chem Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-021-2091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Liu XH, Wen YH, Cheng L, Xu TM, Wu NJ. Design, Synthesis, and Pesticidal Activities of Pyrimidin-4-amine Derivatives Bearing a 5-(Trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole Moiety. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6968-6980. [PMID: 34137594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is important to discover new pesticides with new modes of action because of the increasing evolution of pesticide resistance. In this study, a series of novel pyrimidin-4-amine derivatives containing a 5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole moiety were designed and synthesized. Their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Bioassays indicated that the 29 compounds synthesized possessed excellent insecticidal activity against Mythimna separata, Aphis medicagini, and Tetranychus cinnabarinus and fungicidal activity against Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Among these pyrimidin-4-amine compounds, 5-chloro-N-(2-fluoro-4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)-6-(1-fluoroethyl)pyrimidin-4-amine (U7) and 5-bromo-N-(2-fluoro-4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)benzyl)-6-(1-fluoroethyl) pyrimidin-4-amine(U8) had broad-spectrum insecticidal and fungicidal activity. The LC50 values were 3.57 ± 0.42, 4.22 ± 0.47, and 3.14 ± 0.73 mg/L for U7, U8, and flufenerim against M. separata, respectively. The EC50 values were 24.94 ± 2.13, 30.79 ± 2.21, and 3.18 ± 0.21 mg/L for U7, U8, and azoxystrobin against P. cubensis, respectively. The AChE enzymatic activity testing revealed that the enzyme activities of compounds U7, U8, and flufenerim are 0.215, 0.184, and 0.184 U/mg prot, respectively. The molecular docking results of compounds U7, U8, and flufenerim with the AChE model demonstrated the opposite docking mode between compound U7 or U8 and positive control flufenerim in the active site of AChE. The structure-activity relationships are also discussed. This work provided excellent pesticide for further optimization. Density functional theory analysis can potentially be used to design more active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hai Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yong-Hui Wen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Zhejiang Base of National Southern Pesticide Research Centre, Zhejiang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Long Cheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Zhejiang Base of National Southern Pesticide Research Centre, Zhejiang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Tian-Ming Xu
- Zhejiang Base of National Southern Pesticide Research Centre, Zhejiang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Ning-Jie Wu
- Zhejiang Base of National Southern Pesticide Research Centre, Zhejiang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Hangzhou 310023, China
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Erhardt H, Kunz KA, Kirsch SF. Thermolysis of Geminal Diazides: Reagent-Free Synthesis of 3-Hydroxypyridines. Org Lett 2016; 19:178-181. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hellmuth Erhardt
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Kevin A. Kunz
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan F. Kirsch
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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Jasselin-Hinschberger A, Comoy C, Chartoire A, Fort Y. Elaboration of Furopyridine Scaffolds. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yan R, Li X, Yang X, Kang X, Xiang L, Huang G. A novel one-pot method for the synthesis of substituted furopyridines: iodine-mediated oxidation of enaminones by tandem metal-free cyclization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2573-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08834d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel iodine-mediated oxidative tandem cyclization reaction of simple enaminones has been developed for the synthesis of substituted furopyridines through C–C/C–N/C–O bond formation in a one-pot procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Xiaoni Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Xing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Likui Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
| | - Guosheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
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Ivetac A, Swift SE, Boyer PL, Diaz A, Naughton J, Young JAT, Hughes SH, McCammon JA. Discovery of novel inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase through virtual screening of experimental and theoretical ensembles. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 83:521-31. [PMID: 24405985 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are potent anti-HIV chemotherapeutics. Although there are FDA-approved NNRTIs, challenges such as the development of resistance have limited their utility. Here, we describe the identification of novel NNRTIs through a combination of computational and experimental approaches. Based on the known plasticity of the NNRTI binding pocket (NNIBP), we adopted an ensemble-based virtual screening strategy: coupling receptor conformations from 10 X-ray crystal structures with 120 snapshots from a total of 480 ns of molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories. A screening library of 2864 National Cancer Institute (NCI) compounds was built and docked against the ensembles in a hierarchical fashion. Sixteen diverse compounds were tested for their ability to block HIV infection in human tissue cultures using a luciferase-based reporter assay. Three promising compounds were further characterized, using a HIV-1 RT-based polymerase assay, to determine the specific mechanism of inhibition. We found that 2 of the three compounds inhibited the polymerase activity of RT (with potency similar to the positive control, the FDA-approved drug nevirapine). Through a computational approach, we were able to discover two compounds which inhibit HIV replication and block the activity of RT, thus offering the potential for optimization into mature inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ivetac
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0365, USA
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Boyer J, Arnoult E, Médebielle M, Guillemont J, Unge J, Jochmans D. Difluoromethylbenzoxazole Pyrimidine Thioether Derivatives: A Novel Class of Potent Non-Nucleoside HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7974-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200766b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Boyer
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de
Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
(ICBMS), UMR CNRS-UCBL-INSA, Equipe “Synthèse de Molécules
d’Intérêt Thérapeutique (SMITH)”,
Bâtiment Curien, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622
Villeurbanne, France
| | - Eric Arnoult
- Chemistry
Lead Antimicrobial Research, Janssen-Cilag/Tibotec, Campus de Maigremont BP615,
F-27106 Val de Reuil Cedex, France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut de
Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
(ICBMS), UMR CNRS-UCBL-INSA, Equipe “Synthèse de Molécules
d’Intérêt Thérapeutique (SMITH)”,
Bâtiment Curien, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622
Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jérôme Guillemont
- Chemistry
Lead Antimicrobial Research, Janssen-Cilag/Tibotec, Campus de Maigremont BP615,
F-27106 Val de Reuil Cedex, France
| | - Johan Unge
- MAX-lab, Lund University, P.O. Box 118,
SE-221 00
Lund, Sweden
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Tibotec-Virco BVBA, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, BE-2340 Beerse, Belgium
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Purification and characterization of an NADH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Candida maris for the synthesis of optically active 1-(pyridyl)ethanol derivatives. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75:1055-60. [PMID: 21670533 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel (R)-specific alcohol dehydrogenase (AFPDH) produced by Candida maris IFO10003 was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-Toyopearl, and Phenyl-Toyopearl, and characterized. The relative molecular mass of the native enzyme was found to be 59,900 by gel filtration, and that of the subunit was estimated to be 28,900 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results suggest that the enzyme is a homodimer. It required NADH as a cofactor and reduced various kinds of carbonyl compounds, including ketones and aldehydes. AFPDH reduced acetylpyridine derivatives, β-keto esters, and some ketone compounds with high enantioselectivity. This is the first report of an NADH-dependent, highly enantioselective (R)-specific alcohol dehydrogenase isolated from a yeast. AFPDH is a very useful enzyme for the preparation of various kinds of chiral alcohols.
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Zhan P, Chen X, Li D, Fang Z, De Clercq E, Liu X. HIV-1 NNRTIs: structural diversity, pharmacophore similarity, and implications for drug design. Med Res Rev 2011; 33 Suppl 1:E1-72. [PMID: 21523792 DOI: 10.1002/med.20241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) nowadays represent very potent and most promising anti-AIDS agents that specifically target the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). However, the effectiveness of NNRTI drugs can be hampered by rapid emergence of drug-resistant viruses and severe side effects upon long-term use. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel, highly potent NNRTIs with broad spectrum antiviral activity and improved pharmacokinetic properties, and more efficient strategies that facilitate and shorten the drug discovery process would be extremely beneficial. Fortunately, the structural diversity of NNRTIs provided a wide space for novel lead discovery, and the pharmacophore similarity of NNRTIs gave valuable hints for lead discovery and optimization. More importantly, with the continued efforts in the development of computational tools and increased crystallographic information on RT/NNRTI complexes, structure-based approaches using a combination of traditional medicinal chemistry, structural biology, and computational chemistry are being used increasingly in the design of NNRTIs. First, this review covers two decades of research and development for various NNRTI families based on their chemical scaffolds, and then describes the structural similarity of NNRTIs. We have attempted to assemble a comprehensive overview of the general approaches in NNRTI lead discovery and optimization reported in the literature during the last decade. The successful applications of medicinal chemistry strategies, crystallography, and computational tools for designing novel NNRTIs are highlighted. Future directions for research are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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Chartoire A, Comoy C, Fort Y. Toolbox for Regioselective Lithiations of Furo[2,3-c]pyridine. J Org Chem 2010; 75:2227-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902666w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Chartoire
- Groupe Synthèse Organométallique et Réactivité, SRSMC, Nancy-Université, CNRS, B.P. 239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Corinne Comoy
- Groupe Synthèse Organométallique et Réactivité, SRSMC, Nancy-Université, CNRS, B.P. 239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Yves Fort
- Groupe Synthèse Organométallique et Réactivité, SRSMC, Nancy-Université, CNRS, B.P. 239, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Nichols SE, Domaoal RA, Thakur VV, Tirado-Rives J, Anderson KS, Jorgensen WL. Discovery of wild-type and Y181C mutant non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors using virtual screening with multiple protein structures. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:1272-9. [PMID: 19374380 DOI: 10.1021/ci900068k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To discover non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs) that are effective against both wild-type (WT) virus and variants that encode the clinically troublesome Tyr181Cys (Y181C) RT mutation, virtual screening by docking was carried out using three RT structures and more than 2 million commercially available compounds. Two of the structures are for WT-virus with different conformations of Tyr181, while the third structure incorporates the Y181C modification. Eventually nine compounds were purchased and assayed. Three of the compounds show low-micromolar antiviral activity toward either or both the wild-type and Y181C HIV-1 strains. The study illustrates a viable protocol to seek anti-HIV agents with enhanced resistance profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Nichols
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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Cho CH, Neuenswander B, Lushington GH, Larock RC. Parallel synthesis of a multi-substituted benzo[b]furan library. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:941-7. [PMID: 18937516 DOI: 10.1021/cc800120y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solution-phase parallel synthesis of a 121-member library of multi-substituted benzo[ b]furans is described. 2,3,5-Trisubstituted benzo[ b]furans have been prepared by the palladium-catalyzed substitution of 3-iodobenzofurans by Suzuki-Miyaura, carbonylative Suzuki, Sonogashira, Heck, and carboalkoxylation chemistry. The 3-iodobenzofurans are readily prepared in good to excellent yields by the palladium/copper-catalyzed cross-coupling of various o-iodoanisoles and terminal alkynes, followed by electrophilic cyclization with ICl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Hee Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin T. Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Alonso F, Beletskaya IP, Yus M. Transition-metal-catalyzed addition of heteroatom-hydrogen bonds to alkynes. Chem Rev 2005; 104:3079-159. [PMID: 15186189 DOI: 10.1021/cr0201068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1370] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Cironi P, Tulla-Puche J, Barany G, Albericio F, Alvarez M. Solid-Phase Syntheses of Furopyridine and Furoquinoline Systems. Org Lett 2004; 6:1405-8. [PMID: 15101753 DOI: 10.1021/ol049762f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Syntheses of 2-substituted furo[3,2-b]pyridines and furo[3,2-h]quinolines have been achieved for the first time in the solid-phase mode. The central enabling steps involved concomitant deprotection/cyclization promoted by the mild base K(2)CO(3). Reactions were monitored "in situ" in real time by a variety of spectroscopic techniques, which allowed full and accurate control of progress in these syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cironi
- Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona Scientific Park, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Matsugi M, Itoh K, Nojima M, Hagimoto Y, Kita Y. A novel separation technique of diastereomeric esters of pyridylethanols by extraction: formal total synthesis of PNU-142721, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fayol A, Zhu J. Synthesis of Polysubstituted 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydrofuro[2,3-c]pyridines by a Novel Multicomponent Reaction. Org Lett 2003; 6:115-8. [PMID: 14703364 DOI: 10.1021/ol036167p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A novel three-component synthesis of tetrahydrofuro[2,3-c]pyridines from readily accessible starting materials is described. Simply heating a toluene solution of an aminopentynoate, an aldehyde, and an alpha-isocyanoacetamide in the presence of ammonium chloride provided the 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-c]pyridines in good to excellent yield. The fused ring system is produced in this one-pot process by the concomitant formation of five chemical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Fayol
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Matsugi M, Itoh K, Nojima M, Hagimoto Y, Kita Y. Optical resolution of (±)-1-furo[2,3-c]pyridin-5-yl-ethanol using extraction technique: formal total synthesis of PNU-142721, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00612-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Virtually all the compounds that are currently used or are subject of advanced clinical trials for the treatment of HIV infections, belong to one of the following classes: (i) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): i.e., zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir, emtricitabine and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTIs) (i.e., tenofovir disoproxil fumarate); (ii) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): i.e., nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz, emivirine; and (iii) protease inhibitors (PIs): i.e., saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir, and lopinavir. In addition to the reverse transcriptase and protease reaction, various other events in the HIV replicative cycle can be considered as potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention: (i) viral adsorption, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 (polysulfates, polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, polyoxometalates, polynucleotides, and negatively charged albumins); (ii) viral entry, through blockade of the viral coreceptors CXCR4 (i.e., bicyclam (AMD3100) derivatives) and CCR5 (i.e., TAK-779 derivatives); (iii) virus-cell fusion, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp41 (T-20, T-1249); (iv) viral assembly and disassembly, through NCp7 zinc finger-targeted agents [2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides (DIBAs), azadicarbonamide (ADA)]; (v) proviral DNA integration, through integrase inhibitors such as 4-aryl-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid derivatives; (vi) viral mRNA transcription, through inhibitors of the transcription (transactivation) process (flavopiridol, fluoroquinolones). Also, various new NRTIs, NNRTIs, and PIs have been developed that possess, respectively: (i) improved metabolic characteristics (i.e., phosphoramidate and cyclosaligenyl pronucleotides by-passing the first phosphorylation step of the NRTIs), (ii) increased activity ["second" or "third" generation NNRTIs ( i.e., TMC-125, DPC-083)] against those HIV strains that are resistant to the "first" generation NNRTIs, or (iii), as in the case of PIs, a different, modified peptidic (i.e., azapeptidic (atazanavir)) or non-peptidic scaffold (i.e., cyclic urea (mozenavir), 4-hydroxy-2-pyrone (tipranavir)). Non-peptidic PIs may be expected to inhibit HIV mutant strains that have become resistant to peptidomimetic PIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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24
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Abstract
Virtually all the compounds that are currently used, or are subject of advanced clinical trials, for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, belong to one of the following classes: (i) nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): i.e. zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI), zalcitabine (ddC), stavudine (d4T), lamivudine (3TC), abacavir (ABC), emtricitabine [(-)FTC], tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; (ii) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): i.e. nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz, emivirine; and (iii) protease inhibitors (PIs): i.e. saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir and lopinavir. In addition to the reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease reaction, various other events in the HIV replicative cycle can be considered as potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention: (i) viral adsorption, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 (polysulfates, polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, polyoxometalates, polynucleotides, and negatively charged albumins); (ii) viral entry, through blockade of the viral coreceptors CXCR4 [bicyclam (AMD3100) derivatives] and CCR5 (TAK-779 derivatives); (iii) virus-cell fusion, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp41 (T-20, T-1249); (iv) viral assembly and disassembly, through NCp7 zinc finger-targeted agents [2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides (DIBAs), azadicarbonamide (ADA)]; (v) proviral DNA integration, through integrase inhibitors such as 4-aryl-2,4-dioxobutanoic acid derivatives; (vi) viral mRNA transcription, through inhibitors of the transcription (transactivation) process (flavopiridol, fluoroquinolones). Also, various new NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs have been developed that possess, respectively: (i) improved metabolic characteristics (i.e. phosphoramidate and cyclosaligenyl pronucleotides by-passing the first phosphorylation step of the NRTIs), (ii) increased activity ["second" or "third" generation NNRTIs (i.e. TMC-125, DPC-083)] against those HIV strains that are resistant to the "first" generation NNRTIs, or (iii) as in the case of PIs, a different, nonpeptidic scaffold [i.e. cyclic urea (mozenavir), 4-hydroxy-2-pyrone (tipranavir)]. Nonpeptidic PIs may be expected to inhibit HIV mutant strains that have become resistant to peptidomimetic PIs. Given the multitude of molecular targets with which anti-HIV agents can interact, one should be cautious in extrapolating the mode of action of these agents from cell-free enzymatic assays to intact cells. Two examples in point are L-chicoric acid and the nonapeptoid CGP64222, which were initially described as an integrase inhibitor or Tat antagonist, respectively, but later shown to primarily act as virus adsorption/entry inhibitors, the latter through blockade of CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven, Belgium.
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25
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Arcadi A, Cacchi S, Di Giuseppe S, Fabrizi G, Marinelli F. Electrophilic cyclization of o-acetoxy- and o-benzyloxyalkynylpyridines: an easy entry into 2,3-disubstituted furopyridines. Org Lett 2002; 4:2409-12. [PMID: 12098259 DOI: 10.1021/ol0261581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] 2,3-Disubstituted furo[3,2-b]pyridines, 2,3-disubstituted furo[2,3-b]pyridines, and 2,3-disubstituted furo[2,3-c]pyridines are readily prepared under mild conditions via the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of 1-alkynes with o-iodoacetoxy- or o-iodobenzyloxypyridines, followed by electrophilic cyclization by I(2) or by PdCl(2) under a balloon of carbon monoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Arcadi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Ingegneria Chimica e Materiali della Facoltà di Scienze, Università di L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito Due, I-67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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26
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Abstract
Virtually all the compounds that are currently used, or under advanced clinical trial, for the treatment of HIV infections, belong to one of the following classes: (i) nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): i.e. zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir, emtricitabine, tenofovir (PMPA) disoproxil fumarate; (ii) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): i.e. nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz, emivirine; and (iii) protease inhibitors (PIs): i.e. saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir and amprenavir. In addition, various other events in the HIV replicative cycle are potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention: (i) viral adsorption, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120; (ii) viral entry, through blockade of the viral coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5; (iii) virus-cell fusion; (iv) viral assembly and disassembly; (v) proviral DNA integration; (vi) viral mRNA transcription. Also, new NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs have been developed that possess respectively improved metabolic characteristics, or increased activity against NNRTI-resistant HIV strains or, as in the case of PIs, a different, non-peptidic scaffold. Given the multitude of molecular targets with which anti-HIV agents can interact, one should be cautious in extrapolating from cell-free enzymatic assays to the mode of action of these agents in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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27
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Chan JH, Hong JS, Hunter RN, Orr GF, Cowan JR, Sherman DB, Sparks SM, Reitter BE, Andrews CW, Hazen RJ, St Clair M, Boone LR, Ferris RG, Creech KL, Roberts GB, Short SA, Weaver K, Ott RJ, Ren J, Hopkins A, Stuart DI, Stammers DK. 2-Amino-6-arylsulfonylbenzonitriles as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of HIV-1. J Med Chem 2001; 44:1866-82. [PMID: 11384233 DOI: 10.1021/jm0004906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-amino-5-arylthiobenzonitriles (1) was found to be active against HIV-1. Structural modifications led to the sulfoxides (2) and sulfones (3). The sulfoxides generally showed antiviral activity against HIV-1 similar to that of 1. The sulfones, however, were the most potent series of analogues, a number having activity against HIV-1 in the nanomolar range. Structural-activity relationship (SAR) studies suggested that a meta substituent, particularly a meta methyl substituent, invariably increased antiviral activities. However, optimal antiviral activities were manifested by compounds where both meta groups in the arylsulfonyl moiety were substituted and one of the substituents was a methyl group. Such a disubstitution led to compounds 3v, 3w, 3x, and 3y having IC50 values against HIV-1 in the low nanomolar range. When gauged for their broad-spectrum antiviral activity against key non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) related mutants, all the di-meta-substituted sulfones 3u-z and the 2-naphthyl analogue 3ee generally showed single-digit nanomolar activity against the V106A and P236L strains and submicromolar to low nanomolar activity against strains E138K, V108I, and Y188C. However, they showed a lack of activity against the K103N and Y181C mutant viruses. The elucidation of the X-ray crystal structure of the complex of 3v (739W94) in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase showed an overlap in the binding domain when compared with the complex of nevirapine in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. The X-ray structure allowed for the rationalization of SAR data and potencies of the compounds against the mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Chan
- Glaxo Wellcome, Inc., 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Virtually all the compounds that are currently used, or under advanced clinical trial, for the treatment of HIV infections, belong to one of the following classes: (i) nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), (ii) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and (iii) protease inhibitors (PIs). In addition to the reverse transcriptase and protease step, various other events in the HIV replicative cycle are potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention: (i) viral adsorption, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 (polysulphates, polysulphonates, polyoxometalates, zintevir, negatively charged albumins); (ii) viral entry, through blockade of the viral coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5 [bicyclams (AMD3100), polyphemusins (T22), TAK-779]; (iii) virus-cell fusion, through binding to the viral glycoprotein gp41 [T-20 (DP-178), siamycins, betulinic acid derivatives]; (iv) viral assembly and disassembly, through NCp7 zinc finger-targeted agents [2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides (DIBAs), azadicarbonamide (ADA)]; (v) proviral DNA integration, through integrase inhibitors such as L-chicoric acid; (vi) viral mRNA transcription, through inhibitors of the transcription (transactivation) process (peptoid CGP64222, fluoroquinolone K-12, Streptomyces product EM2487). Also, in recent years new NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs have been developed that possess, respectively, improved metabolic characteristics (i.e. phosphoramidate and cyclosaligenyl pronucleotides of d4T), or increased activity against NNRTI-resistant HIV strains, or, in the case of PIs, a different, non-peptidic scaffold. Given the multitude of molecular targets with which anti-HIV agents can interact, one should be cautious in extrapolating from cell-free enzymatic assays to the mode of action of these agents in intact cells. A number of compounds (i.e. zintevir and L-chicoric acid, on the one hand; and CGP64222 on the other hand) have recently been found to interact with virus-cell binding and viral entry in contrast to their proposed modes of action targeted at the integrase and transactivation process, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Genin MJ, Biles C, Keiser BJ, Poppe SM, Swaney SM, Tarpley WG, Yagi Y, Romero DL. Novel 1,5-diphenylpyrazole nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors with enhanced activity versus the delavirdine-resistant P236L mutant: lead identification and SAR of 3- and 4-substituted derivatives. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1034-40. [PMID: 10715167 DOI: 10.1021/jm990383f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Through computationally directed broad screening, a novel 1, 5-diphenylpyrazole (DPP) class of HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) has been discovered. Compound 2 (PNU-32945) was found to have good activity versus wild-type (IC(50) = 2.3 microM) and delavirdine-resistant P236L (IC(50) = 1.1 microM) reverse transcriptase (RT). Also, PNU-32945 has an ED(50) for inhibition of viral replication in cell cultures of 0.1 microM and was shown to be noncytotoxic with a CC(50) > 10 microM. Structure-activity relationship studies on the 3- and 4-positions of PNU-32945 led to interesting selectivity and activity within the class. In particular, the 3-hydroxyethyl-4-ethyl congener 29 is a potent inhibitor of the P236L mutant (IC(50) = 0.65 microM), whereas it is essentially inactive versus the wild-type enzyme (IC(50) > 50 microM). Furthermore, this compound was significantly more active versus the P236L mutant than delavirdine. The synthesis and RT inhibitory activity of various 3- and 4-substituted analogues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Genin
- Combinatorial and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Infectious Diseases Research, Discovery Technologies, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Since the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) was identified as the etiologic agent of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) has been the subject of intensive study. The reverse transcription entails the transition of the single-stranded viral RNA into double-stranded proviral DNA, which is then integrated into the host chromosome. Therefore, the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase plays a pivotal role in the life cycle of the virus and is consequently an interesting target for anti-HIV drug therapy. In the first section, we describe the complex process of reverse transcription and the different activities involved in this process. We then highlight the structure-function relationship of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, which is of great importance for a better understanding of resistance development, a major problem in anti-AIDS therapies. Finally, we summarize the mechanisms of HIV resistance toward various RT inhibitors and the implications thereof for the current anti-HIV drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jonckheere
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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31
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Chapter 16. Recent developments in antiretroviral therapies. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(00)35017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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32
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Pedersen OS, Pedersen EB. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: the NNRTI boom. Antivir Chem Chemother 1999; 10:285-314. [PMID: 10628805 DOI: 10.1177/095632029901000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are promising drugs for the treatment of HIV when used in combination with other anti-HIV drugs such as nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors and protease inhibitors. The first generation of NNRTIs have, however, suffered from the rapid development of resistance. This review discusses the properties of the FDA-approved NNRTI drugs and focuses on the recent efforts being made to produce second generation inhibitors that circumvent this resistance problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University
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33
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Genin MJ, Poel TJ, May PD, Kopta LA, Yagi Y, Olmsted RA, Friis JM, Voorman RL, Adams WJ, Thomas RC, Romero DL. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of the (alkylamino)piperidine-containing BHAP class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: effect of 3-alkylpyridine ring substitution. J Med Chem 1999; 42:4140-9. [PMID: 10514284 DOI: 10.1021/jm990051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of resistance to currently approved HIV therapies has continued to fuel research efforts to improve the metabolic stability and spectrum of activity of the (alkylamino)piperidine-containing bis(heteroaryl)piperazine (AAP-BHAP) class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The synthesis of analogues in which the usual 3-alkylamino substituent on the pyridine ring is replaced by a 3-alkyl substituent led to compounds which retained activity against recombinant P236L and wild-type (WT) reverse transcriptase (RT), while inhibition of the Y181C mutant RT was reduced relative to the activity of the 3-alkylamino-substituted congeners. Testing of representative analogues in an in vitro liver microsome assay indicated that the alkyl substituent would not appreciably improve the metabolic stability of the AAP-BHAP template. In vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of three compounds confirmed these results in that high systemic clearances were observed. Nevertheless, one compound (13), PNU-103657, possessed oral bioavailability in rats approaching that of the structurally related NNRTI drug delavirdine which is currently on the market for the treatment of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Genin
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Infectious Diseases Research, Discovery Technologies, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA
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34
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Chapter 6.2 Six-membered ring systems: Diazines and benzo derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(99)80016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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35
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De Clercq E. Perspectives of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in the therapy of HIV-1 infection. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1999; 54:26-45. [PMID: 10321027 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(98)00103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have, in addition to the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs), gained a definitive place in the treatment of HIV-1 infections. Starting from the HEPT and TIBO derivatives, more than thirty structurally different classes of compounds have been identified as NNRTIs, that is compounds that are specifically inhibitory to HIV-1 replication and targeted at the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Two NNRTIs (nevirapine and delavirdine) have been formally licensed for clinical use and several others are (or have been) in preclinical and/or clinical development [tivirapine (TIBO R-86183), loviride (alpha-APA R89439), thiocarboxanilide UC-781, HEPT derivative MKC-442, quinoxaline HBY 097, DMP 266 (efavirenz), PETT derivatives (trovirdine, PETT-4, PETT-5) and the dichlorophenylthio(pyridyl)imidazole derivative S-1153]. The NNRTIs interact with a specific 'pocket' site of HIV-1 RT that is closely associated with, but distinct from, the NRTI binding site. NNRTIs are notorious for rapidly eliciting resistance due to mutations of the amino acids surrounding the NNRTI-binding site. However, the emergence of resistant HIV strains can be circumvented if the NNRTIs, preferably in combination with other anti-HIV agents, are used from the start at sufficiently high concentrations. In vitro, this procedure has been shown to 'knock-out' virus replication and to prevent resistance from arising. In vivo, various triple-drug combinations containing NNRTIs, NRTIs and/or PIs may result in an effective viral suppression and ensuing immune recovery. However, this so-called HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) may also fail, and this necessitates the design of new and more effective drugs and drug cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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36
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Wishka DG, Graber DR, Seest EP, Dolak LA, Han F, Watt W, Morris J. Stereoselective Synthesis of Furo[2,3-c]pyridine Pyrimidine Thioethers, A New Class of Potent HIV-1 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9810359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donn G. Wishka
- Medicinal Chemistry and Structural, Analytical & Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
| | - David R. Graber
- Medicinal Chemistry and Structural, Analytical & Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
| | - Eric P. Seest
- Medicinal Chemistry and Structural, Analytical & Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
| | - Lester A. Dolak
- Medicinal Chemistry and Structural, Analytical & Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
| | - Fusen Han
- Medicinal Chemistry and Structural, Analytical & Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
| | - William Watt
- Medicinal Chemistry and Structural, Analytical & Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
| | - Joel Morris
- Medicinal Chemistry and Structural, Analytical & Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
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