1
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Hsu TW, Fang JM. Advances and prospects of analytic methods for bacterial transglycosylation and inhibitor discovery. Analyst 2024; 149:2204-2222. [PMID: 38517346 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01968c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The cell wall is essential for bacteria to maintain structural rigidity and withstand external osmotic pressure. In bacteria, the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan. Lipid II is the basic unit for constructing highly cross-linked peptidoglycan scaffolds. Transglycosylase (TGase) is the initiating enzyme in peptidoglycan synthesis that catalyzes the ligation of lipid II moieties into repeating GlcNAc-MurNAc polysaccharides, followed by transpeptidation to generate cross-linked structures. In addition to the transglycosylases in the class-A penicillin-binding proteins (aPBPs), SEDS (shape, elongation, division and sporulation) proteins are also present in most bacteria and play vital roles in cell wall renewal, elongation, and division. In this review, we focus on the latest analytical methods including the use of radioactive labeling, gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, fluorescence labeling, probing undecaprenyl pyrophosphate, fluorescence anisotropy, ligand-binding-induced tryptophan fluorescence quenching, and surface plasmon resonance to evaluate TGase activity in cell wall formation. This review also covers the discovery of TGase inhibitors as potential antibacterial agents. We hope that this review will give readers a better understanding of the chemistry and basic research for the development of novel antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Wei Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Jim-Min Fang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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2
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Wang Y, Liang Z, Zheng Y, Leung ASL, Yan SC, So PK, Leung YC, Wong WL, Wong KY. Rational structural modification of the isatin scaffold to develop new and potent antimicrobial agents targeting bacterial peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18122-18130. [PMID: 35480164 PMCID: PMC9033243 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02119b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of isatin derivatives bearing three different substituent groups at the N-1, C-3 and C-5 positions of the isatin scaffold were systematically designed and synthesized to study the structure-activity relationship of their inhibition of bacterial peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase (PGT) activity and antimicrobial susceptibility against S. aureus, E. coli and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA (BAA41)) strains. The substituents at these sites are pointing towards three different directions from the isatin scaffold to interact with the amino acid residues in the binding pocket of PGT. Comparative studies of their structure-activity relationship allow us to gain better understanding of the direction of the substituents that contribute critical interactions leading to inhibition activity against the bacterial enzyme. Our results indicate that the modification of these sites is able to maximize the antimicrobial potency and inhibitory action against the bacterial enzyme. Two compounds show good antimicrobial potency (MIC = 3 μg mL-1 against S. aureus and MRSA; 12-24 μg mL-1 against E. coli). Results of the inhibition study against the bacterial enzyme (E. coli PBP 1b) reveal that some compounds are able to achieve excellent in vitro inhibitions of bacterial enzymatic activity (up to 100%). The best half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) observed among the new compounds is 8.9 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Zhiguang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Alan Siu-Lun Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Siu-Cheong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Pui-Kin So
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yun-Chung Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Wing-Leung Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Kwok-Yin Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hunghom Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
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3
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Pogodin PV, Lagunin AA, Rudik AV, Druzhilovskiy DS, Filimonov DA, Poroikov VV. AntiBac-Pred: A Web Application for Predicting Antibacterial Activity of Chemical Compounds. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:4513-4518. [PMID: 31661960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of new antibacterial agents is a never-ending task of medicinal chemistry. Every new drug brings significant improvement to patients with bacterial infections, but prolonged usage of antibacterials leads to the emergence of resistant strains. Therefore, novel active structures with new modes of action are required. We describe a web application called AntiBac-Pred aimed to help users in the rational selection of the chemical compounds for experimental studies of antibacterial activity. This application is developed using antibacterial activity data available in ChEMBL and PASS software. It allows users to classify chemical structures of interest into growth inhibitors or noninhibitors of 353 different bacteria strains, including both resistant and nonresistant ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Pogodin
- Department for Bioinformatics , Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC) , Moscow 119121 , Russia
| | - Alexey A Lagunin
- Department for Bioinformatics , Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC) , Moscow 119121 , Russia.,Department of Bioinformatics , Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University , Moscow 117997 , Russia
| | - Anastasia V Rudik
- Department for Bioinformatics , Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC) , Moscow 119121 , Russia
| | - Dmitry S Druzhilovskiy
- Department for Bioinformatics , Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC) , Moscow 119121 , Russia
| | - Dmitry A Filimonov
- Department for Bioinformatics , Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC) , Moscow 119121 , Russia
| | - Vladimir V Poroikov
- Department for Bioinformatics , Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC) , Moscow 119121 , Russia
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4
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Chen X, Wong CH, Ma C. Targeting the Bacterial Transglycosylase: Antibiotic Development from a Structural Perspective. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1493-1504. [PMID: 31283163 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the major threats to human life nowadays is widespread antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections by targeting their essential pathways, such as the biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls. Bacterial transglycosylase, particularly glycosyltransferase family 51 (GT51), is one critical player in the cell wall biosynthesis and has long been known as a promising yet challenging target for antibiotic development. Here, we review the structural studies of this protein and summarize recent progress in developing its specific inhibitors, including synthetic substrate analogs and novel compounds identified from high-throughput screens. A detailed analysis of the protein-ligand interface has also provided us with valuable insights into the future antibiotic development against the bacterial transglycosylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Che Ma
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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5
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Helal AM, Sayed AM, Omara M, Elsebaei MM, Mayhoub AS. Peptidoglycan pathways: there are still more! RSC Adv 2019; 9:28171-28185. [PMID: 35530449 PMCID: PMC9071014 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04518j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of 3rd and 4th generations of currently existing classes of antibiotics has not hindered bacterial resistance, which is escalating at an alarming global level. This review follows WHO recommendations through implementing new criteria for newly discovered antibiotics. These recommendations focus on abandoning old scaffolds and hitting new targets. In light of these recommendations, this review discusses seven bacterial proteins that no commercial antibiotics have targeted yet, alongside their reported chemical scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Helal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Cairo 11884 Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Cairo 11884 Egypt
| | - Mariam Omara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Cairo 11884 Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Elsebaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Cairo 11884 Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman S Mayhoub
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Cairo 11884 Egypt
- University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology Giza Egypt
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6
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Oldenkamp HF, Vela Ramirez JE, Peppas NA. Re-evaluating the importance of carbohydrates as regenerative biomaterials. Regen Biomater 2019; 6:1-12. [PMID: 30740237 PMCID: PMC6362819 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rby023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi F Oldenkamp
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Julia E Vela Ramirez
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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7
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Wang X, Krasnova L, Wu KB, Wu WS, Cheng TJ, Wong CH. Towards new antibiotics targeting bacterial transglycosylase: Synthesis of a Lipid II analog as stable transition-state mimic inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2708-2712. [PMID: 29602680 PMCID: PMC6182773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Described here is the asymmetric synthesis of iminosugar 2b, a Lipid II analog, designed to mimic the transition state of transglycosylation catalyzed by the bacterial transglycosylase. The high density of functional groups, together with a rich stereochemistry, represents an extraordinary challenge for chemical synthesis. The key 2,6-anti- stereochemistry of the iminosugar ring was established through an iridium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic amination. The developed synthetic route is suitable for the synthesis of focused libraries to enable the structure-activity relationship study and late-stage modification of iminosugar scaffold with variable lipid, peptide and sugar substituents. Compound 2b showed 70% inhibition of transglycosylase from Acinetobacter baumannii, providing a basis for further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA
| | - Larissa Krasnova
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA
| | - Kevin Binchia Wu
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA
| | - Wei-Shen Wu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2 Academia Road, Taipei, Nankang 115, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jen Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2 Academia Road, Taipei, Nankang 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA; Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2 Academia Road, Taipei, Nankang 115, Taiwan.
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8
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Liu Y, Padmanabhan J, Cheung B, Liu J, Chen Z, Scanley BE, Wesolowski D, Pressley M, Broadbridge CC, Altman S, Schwarz UD, Kyriakides TR, Schroers J. Combinatorial development of antibacterial Zr-Cu-Al-Ag thin film metallic glasses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26950. [PMID: 27230692 PMCID: PMC4882501 DOI: 10.1038/srep26950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallic alloys are normally composed of multiple constituent elements in order to achieve integration of a plurality of properties required in technological applications. However, conventional alloy development paradigm, by sequential trial-and-error approach, requires completely unrelated strategies to optimize compositions out of a vast phase space, making alloy development time consuming and labor intensive. Here, we challenge the conventional paradigm by proposing a combinatorial strategy that enables parallel screening of a multitude of alloys. Utilizing a typical metallic glass forming alloy system Zr-Cu-Al-Ag as an example, we demonstrate how glass formation and antibacterial activity, two unrelated properties, can be simultaneously characterized and the optimal composition can be efficiently identified. We found that in the Zr-Cu-Al-Ag alloy system fully glassy phase can be obtained in a wide compositional range by co-sputtering, and antibacterial activity is strongly dependent on alloy compositions. Our results indicate that antibacterial activity is sensitive to Cu and Ag while essentially remains unchanged within a wide range of Zr and Al. The proposed strategy not only facilitates development of high-performing alloys, but also provides a tool to unveil the composition dependence of properties in a highly parallel fashion, which helps the development of new materials by design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Liu
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA
| | - Jagannath Padmanabhan
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA
| | - Bettina Cheung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA
| | - Jingbei Liu
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA
| | - B Ellen Scanley
- Department of Physics, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, Connecticut 06515, USA
| | - Donna Wesolowski
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520, USA
| | - Mariyah Pressley
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA
| | - Christine C Broadbridge
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.,Department of Physics, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, Connecticut 06515, USA
| | - Sidney Altman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520, USA
| | - Udo D Schwarz
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520, USA
| | - Themis R Kyriakides
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520, USA
| | - Jan Schroers
- Center for Research on Interface Structures and Phenomena, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven CT 06511, USA
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9
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Mesleh MF, Rajaratnam P, Conrad M, Chandrasekaran V, Liu CM, Pandya BA, Hwang YS, Rye PT, Muldoon C, Becker B, Zuegg J, Meutermans W, Moy TI. Targeting Bacterial Cell Wall Peptidoglycan Synthesis by Inhibition of Glycosyltransferase Activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 87:190-9. [PMID: 26358369 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan requires glycosyltransferase enzymes that transfer the disaccharide-peptide from lipid II onto the growing glycan chain. The polymerization of the glycan chain precedes cross-linking by penicillin-binding proteins and is essential for growth for key bacterial pathogens. As such, bacterial cell wall glycosyltransferases are an attractive target for antibiotic drug discovery. However, significant challenges to the development of inhibitors for these targets include the development of suitable assays and chemical matter that is suited to the nature of the binding site. We developed glycosyltransferase enzymatic activity and binding assays using the natural products moenomycin and vancomycin as model inhibitors. In addition, we designed a library of disaccharide compounds based on the minimum moenomycin fragment with peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase inhibitory activity and based on a more drug-like and synthetically versatile disaccharide building block. A subset of these disaccharide compounds bound and inhibited the glycosyltransferase enzymes, and these compounds could serve as chemical entry points for antibiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Mesleh
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Premraj Rajaratnam
- Alchemia Limited, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane Technology Park, Qld, 4113, Australia
| | - Mary Conrad
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Vasu Chandrasekaran
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Christopher M Liu
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Bhaumik A Pandya
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - You Seok Hwang
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Peter T Rye
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 11 Audubon Road, Wakefield, MA, 01880, USA
| | - Craig Muldoon
- Alchemia Limited, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane Technology Park, Qld, 4113, Australia
| | - Bernd Becker
- Alchemia Limited, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane Technology Park, Qld, 4113, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Alchemia Limited, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane Technology Park, Qld, 4113, Australia
| | - Wim Meutermans
- Alchemia Limited, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane Technology Park, Qld, 4113, Australia
| | - Terence I Moy
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 65 Hayden Avenue, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
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10
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Carbohydrate scaffolds as glycosyltransferase inhibitors with in vivo antibacterial activity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7719. [PMID: 26194781 PMCID: PMC4530474 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid rise of multi-drug-resistant bacteria is a global healthcare crisis, and new antibiotics are urgently required, especially those with modes of action that have low-resistance potential. One promising lead is the liposaccharide antibiotic moenomycin that inhibits bacterial glycosyltransferases, which are essential for peptidoglycan polymerization, while displaying a low rate of resistance. Unfortunately, the lipophilicity of moenomycin leads to unfavourable pharmacokinetic properties that render it unsuitable for systemic administration. In this study, we show that using moenomycin and other glycosyltransferase inhibitors as templates, we were able to synthesize compound libraries based on novel pyranose scaffold chemistry, with moenomycin-like activity, but with improved drug-like properties. The novel compounds exhibit in vitro inhibition comparable to moenomycin, with low toxicity and good efficacy in several in vivo models of infection. This approach based on non-planar carbohydrate scaffolds provides a new opportunity to develop new antibiotics with low propensity for resistance induction.
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11
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John F, Wittmann V. Orthogonally Protected Furanoid Sugar Diamino Acids for Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oligosaccharide Mimetics. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7477-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin John
- Fachbereich
Chemie and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (M. G. University), Kochi 682013, India
| | - Valentin Wittmann
- Fachbereich
Chemie and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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12
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Galley NF, O'Reilly AM, Roper DI. Prospects for novel inhibitors of peptidoglycan transglycosylases. Bioorg Chem 2014; 55:16-26. [PMID: 24924926 PMCID: PMC4126109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We examine key aspects of transglycosylase inhibitor design. Low to high throughput assays suitable for transglycosylase drug discovery. Existing chemical start points for transglycosylase active site targeting.
The lack of novel antimicrobial drugs under development coupled with the increasing occurrence of resistance to existing antibiotics by community and hospital acquired infections is of grave concern. The targeting of biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan component of the bacterial cell wall has proven to be clinically valuable but relatively little therapeutic development has been directed towards the transglycosylase step of this process. Advances towards the isolation of new antimicrobials that target transglycosylase activity will rely on the development of the enzymological tools required to identify and characterise novel inhibitors of these enzymes. Therefore, in this article, we review the assay methods developed for transglycosylases and review recent novel chemical inhibitors discovered in relation to both the lipidic substrates and natural product inhibitors of the transglycosylase step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola F Galley
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Amy M O'Reilly
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David I Roper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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13
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Barron S, Murphy PV. Synthesis of iminosugar derivatives presenting naphthyl and alkyl amine interacting groups and binding to somatostatin receptors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00074a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) derivatives, presenting a 2-naphthylmethyl and an alkyl amino side chain, from l-sorbose is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Barron
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | - Paul V. Murphy
- School of Chemistry
- National University of Ireland Galway
- Galway
- Ireland
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14
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Derouaux A, Sauvage E, Terrak M. Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase substrate mimics as templates for the design of new antibacterial drugs. Front Immunol 2013; 4:78. [PMID: 23543824 PMCID: PMC3608906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is an essential net-like macromolecule that surrounds bacteria, gives them their shape, and protects them against their own high osmotic pressure. PG synthesis inhibition leads to bacterial cell lysis, making it an important target for many antibiotics. The final two reactions in PG synthesis are performed by penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Their glycosyltransferase (GT) activity uses the lipid II precursor to synthesize glycan chains and their transpeptidase (TP) activity catalyzes the cross-linking of two glycan chains via the peptide side chains. Inhibition of either of these two reactions leads to bacterial cell death. β-lactam antibiotics target the transpeptidation reaction while antibiotic therapy based on inhibition of the GTs remains to be developed. Ongoing research is trying to fill this gap by studying the interactions of GTs with inhibitors and substrate mimics and utilizing the latter as templates for the design of new antibiotics. In this review we present an updated overview on the GTs and describe the structure-activity relationship of recently developed synthetic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Derouaux
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
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15
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Dumbre S, Derouaux A, Lescrinier E, Piette A, Joris B, Terrak M, Herdewijn P. Synthesis of Modified Peptidoglycan Precursor Analogues for the Inhibition of Glycosyltransferase. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9343-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ja302099u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shrinivas Dumbre
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adeline Derouaux
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Eveline Lescrinier
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - André Piette
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Bernard Joris
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Mohammed Terrak
- Centre d’Ingénierie
des Protéines, Université de Liège, Allée de la chimie, B6a, B-4000, Sart Tilman, Liège,
Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry,
Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Page MGP. The role of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria in antibiotic resistance: Ajax' shield or Achilles' heel? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:67-86. [PMID: 23090596 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28951-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been an enormous increase in our knowledge of the fundamental steps in the biosynthesis and assembly of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria as is peptidoglycan. Porins, efflux pumps and other transport proteins of the outer membrane are also present. It is clear that there are numerous essential proteins that have the potential to be targets for novel antimicrobial agents. Progress, however, has been slow. Much of the emphasis has been on cytoplasmic processes that were better understood earlier on, but have the drawback that two penetration barriers, with different permeability properties, have to be crossed. With the increased understanding of the late-stage events occurring in the periplasm, it may be possible to shift focus to these more accessible targets. Nevertheless, getting drugs across the outer membrane will remain a challenge to the ingenuity of the medicinal chemist.
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17
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Dube DH, Champasa K, Wang B. Chemical tools to discover and target bacterial glycoproteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:87-101. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01557a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Ostash B, Walker S. Moenomycin family antibiotics: chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, and biological activity. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1594-617. [PMID: 20730219 PMCID: PMC2987538 DOI: 10.1039/c001461n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The review (with 214 references cited) is devoted to moenomycins, the only known group of antibiotics that directly inhibit bacterial peptidoglycan glycosytransferases. Naturally occurring moenomycins and chemical and biological approaches to their derivatives are described. The biological properties of moenomycins and plausible mechanisms of bacterial resistance to them are also covered here, portraying a complete picture of the chemistry and biology of these fascinating natural products
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Ostash
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave., Armenise Bldg. 2, Rm 630, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Structural details of the glycosyltransferase step of peptidoglycan assembly. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2008; 18:534-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 07/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Chagnault V, Lalot J, Murphy P. Synthesis of Somatostatin Mimetics Based on 1‐Deoxynojirimycin. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1071-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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22
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Abstract
Drug discovery has long suffered from the difficulty of having to place pharmacophoric groups in just the right spatial arrangement to elicit the desired biological response. Although some molecule classes have been discovered that seem to be privileged structures for at least some drug-receptor interactions, there remains the challenge to design and synthesize molecules with high specific affinity to pharmacologically important targets. With their high density of stereochemical information and their relative rigidity, carbohydrates provide excellent platforms upon which to display a number of substituents in a sterically defined way, hence offering the opportunity to harness their unique features for the drug-discovery process. This review highlights the progress that has been made in the development of carbohydrate scaffolds for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Meutermans
- Alchemia Ltd., PO Box 6242, Upper Mt Gravatt, Qld 4122, Australia
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23
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Halliday J, McKeveney D, Muldoon C, Rajaratnam P, Meutermans W. Targeting the forgotten transglycosylases. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:957-67. [PMID: 16298347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Forty years ago, moenomycin was reported as a representative of a novel natural product class with strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive organisms. Moenomycin was developed as an antimicrobial growth promoter in animal feeds. Mechanistically, moenomycin acts via inhibition of the transglycosylation process at the final stage of the peptidoglycan biosynthesis, in particular through binding directly to the transglycosylase enzymes, thereby preventing polymerisation of lipid II into linear peptidoglycan. Despite moenomycin's success, no developments of direct transglycosylase enzyme inhibitors were reported for over 30 years, probably due to the complexities and uncertainties surrounding the transglycosylation process, in particular the number of enzymes involved in the process and their specific roles. The development of better research tools and an improved understanding of the transglycosylation process, together with the increasing threat presented by multidrug-resistant bacteria, have led to a resurfacing of interest in targeting the forgotten transglycosylases. In addition, several new generation glycopeptides in clinical development inhibit the transglycosylation process, adding further value to the approach. In this paper, we summarise some of the developments in the area of transglycosylase inhibitors over the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Halliday
- Alchemia Limited, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane Technology Park, Qld 4113, Australia
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Welzel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Germany.
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25
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Ostash B, Walker S. Bacterial transglycosylase inhibitors. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2006; 9:459-66. [PMID: 16118062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The spread of bacterial resistance to known antibiotics has inspired interest in previously under-exploited drug targets. The transglycosylation reaction remains a 'black box' in the generally well-studied process of bacterial peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which is a very attractive target for chemotherapeutic intervention. Here, we summarize recent progress in the study of bacterial transglycosylases and the compounds that inhibit them. The transglycosylation reaction is readily targeted by several different classes of natural products, implying that it should be possible to develop drugs that inhibit this process once efficient high-throughput screens and appropriate compound libraries have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Ostash
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Gouin SG, Murphy PV. Synthesis of Somatostatin Mimetics Based on the 1-Deoxymannojirimycin Scaffold. J Org Chem 2005; 70:8527-32. [PMID: 16209603 DOI: 10.1021/jo051454n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel synthesis of somatostatin mimetics based on the 1-deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ) scaffold has been developed. This involved development of a route suitable for the strategic grafting of pharmacophoric tryptophan and lysine side chains to the nitrogen atom of the piperidine ring and to the primary hydroxyl group of DMJ, respectively. The novel peptidomimetics were found to bind with higher affinity to sst4 receptors than to sst5 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien G Gouin
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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27
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Sicherl F, Wittmann V. Orthogonally Protected Sugar Diamino Acids as Building Blocks for Linear and Branched Oligosaccharide Mimetics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:2096-9. [PMID: 15736239 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sicherl
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Fach M 709, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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28
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Sicherl F, Wittmann V. Orthogonal geschützte Zuckerdiaminosäuren als Bausteine für lineare und verzweigte Oligosaccharidmimetika. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Joralemon MJ, Murthy KS, Remsen EE, Becker ML, Wooley KL. Synthesis, Characterization, and Bioavailability of Mannosylated Shell Cross-Linked Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:903-13. [PMID: 15132680 DOI: 10.1021/bm0344710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saccharide-functionalized shell cross-linked (SCK) polymer micelles designed as polyvalent nanoscaffolds for selective interactions with receptors on Gram negative bacteria were constructed from mixed micelles composed of poly(acrylic acid-b-methyl acrylate) and mannosylated poly(acrylic acid-b-methyl acrylate). The mannose unit was conjugated to the hydrophilic chain terminus of the amphiphilic diblock copolymer precursor, from which the SCK nanoparticles were derived, by the growth of the diblock copolymer from a mannoside functionalized atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator. Mixed micelle formation between the amphiphilic diblock copolymer and mannosylated amphiphilic diblock copolymer was followed by condensation-based cross-linking between the acrylic acid residues present in the periphery of the polymer micelles to afford SCK nanoparticles. SCKs presenting variable numbers of mannose functionalities were prepared from mixed micelles of controlled stoichiometric ratios of mannosylated and nonmannosylated diblock copolymers. The polymer micelles and SCKs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrophoretic light scattering, atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and analytical ultracentrifugation (AU). Surface availability and bioactivity of the mannose units were evaluated by interactions of the nanostructures with the model lectin Concanavalin A via DLS studies, with red blood cells (rabbit) via agglutination inhibition assays and with bacterial cells (E. coli) via TEM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisie J Joralemon
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA
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30
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Edwards AA, Ichihara O, Murfin S, Wilkes R, Whittaker M, Watkin DJ, Fleet GWJ. Tetrahydrofuran-Based Amino Acids as Library Scaffolds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 6:230-8. [PMID: 15002972 DOI: 10.1021/cc034054r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A furanose sugar amino acid (SAA) has been utilized as a library scaffold for the first time. Two furanose SAA scaffolds were examined to illustrate their potential for derivatization. The resulting 99-member library contained three orthogonal points of diversification that allowed easy access to ethers and carbamates from a hydroxyl moiety, a range of ureas from an azide (via an amine), and a range of amides from a methyl ester. The novel amide formation (by displacement of the methoxide from the methyl ester moiety) was achieved in good yield and purity with high structural confidence. Full characterization of several library intermediates (including a crystal structure) was obtained. The library was submitted for antibacterial screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A Edwards
- Dyson Perrins Laboratory, Oxford Centre for Molecular Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, U.K
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31
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Le GT, Abbenante G, Becker B, Grathwohl M, Halliday J, Tometzki G, Zuegg J, Meutermans W. Molecular diversity through sugar scaffolds. Drug Discov Today 2003; 8:701-9. [PMID: 12927513 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(03)02751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monosaccharides provide an excellent platform to tailor molecular diversity by appending desired substituents at selected positions around the sugar scaffold. The presence of five functionalized and stereo-controlled centres on the sugar scaffolds gives the chemist plenty of scope to custom design molecules to a pharmacophore model. This review focuses on the peptidomimetic developments in this area, as well as the concept of tailoring structural and functional diversity in a library using carbohydrate scaffolds and how this can lead to increased hit rates and rapid identification of leads, which has promising prospects for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Thanh Le
- Alchemia Pty Ltd, 3 Hi-Tech Court, Brisbane Technology Park, Eight Mile Plains QLD 4113, Australia.
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32
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Abstract
To address the worsening problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria there is an urgent need to develop new antibiotics. Comparative genomics and molecular genetics are being applied to produce lists of essential new targets for compound screening programmes. Combinatorial chemistry and structural biology are being applied to rapidly explore and optimize the interactions between lead compounds and their biological targets. Several compounds that have been identified from target-based screens are now in development, but technical and economic constraints might result in a trickle, rather than a flood, of new antibiotics onto the market in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diarmaid Hughes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Box 596, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
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33
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Grathwohl M, Drinnan N, Broadhurst M, West ML, Meutermans W. Solid-Phase Oligosaccharide Chemistry and Its Application to Library Synthesis. Methods Enzymol 2003; 369:248-67. [PMID: 14722958 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)69014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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35
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Abstract
The application of combinatorial chemistry to the synthesis of carbohydrate-based compound collections has received increased attention in recent years. New strategies for the solution-phase synthesis of oligosaccharide libraries have been reported, and the use of monosaccharides as scaffolds in the generation of combinatorial libraries has been described. Novel approaches to the assembly of carbohydrate-based antibiotics, such as aminoglycoside analogs and vancomycin derivatives, have also been disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Marcaurelle
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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36
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Abstract
This review focuses on target-based approaches for developing new chemical classes of antibacterial agents aimed at the bacterial cell wall. The clinical success of antibiotics such as beta-lactams and glycopeptides validates this chemotherapeutic strategy and emerging resistance to these agents warrants the development of new antibacterial drugs. Understanding the mechanism of action and resistance to beta-lactams and glycopeptides at a molecular level has supported the development of new agents that prevent transpeptidation and transglycosylation reactions of peptidoglycan polymerisation. The enzymes involved in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan structural unit have also been targeted for antibacterial discovery. The influence of bacterial genetics and genomics, structural biology, assay development and the properties of known inhibitors on these approaches will be discussed in the context of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Green
- Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 65 Hayden Ave., Lexington, MA 02421, USA.
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37
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Schweizer F. Glycosaminosäuren und ihre Verwendung als Bausteine in der kombinatorischen Synthese sowie ihre Bedeutung für die Wirkstoff-Forschung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20020118)114:2<240::aid-ange240>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Orain D, Ellard J, Bradley M. Protecting groups in solid-phase organic synthesis. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 4:1-16. [PMID: 11790135 DOI: 10.1021/cc0001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Orain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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39
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Sun B, Chen Z, Eggert US, Shaw SJ, LaTour JV, Kahne D. Hybrid glycopeptide antibiotics. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:12722-3. [PMID: 11741455 DOI: 10.1021/ja0166693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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40
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41
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42
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Abstract
Chemical tools have proven indispensable for studies in glycobiology. Synthetic oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates provide materials for correlating structure with function. Synthetic mimics of the complex assemblies found on cell surfaces can modulate cellular interactions and are under development as therapeutic agents. Small molecule inhibitors of carbohydrate biosynthetic and processing enzymes can block the assembly of specific oligosaccharide structures. Inhibitors of carbohydrate recognition and biosynthesis can reveal the biological functions of the carbohydrate epitope and its cognate receptors. Carbohydrate biosynthetic pathways are often amenable to interception with synthetic unnatural substrates. Such metabolic interference can block the expression of oligosaccharides or alter the structures of the sugars presented on cells. Collectively, these chemical approaches are contributing great insight into the myriad biological functions of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Bertozzi
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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43
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van Heijenoort J. Formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan. Glycobiology 2001; 11:25R-36R. [PMID: 11320055 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.3.25r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The main structural features of bacterial peptidoglycan are linear glycan chains interlinked by short peptides. The glycan chains are composed of alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc), all linkages between sugars being beta,1-->4. On the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane, two types of activities are involved in the polymerization of the peptidoglycan monomer unit: glycosyltransferases that catalyze the formation of the linear glycan chains and transpeptidases that catalyze the formation of the peptide cross-bridges. Contrary to the transpeptidation step, for which there is an abundant literature that has been regularly reviewed, the transglycosylation step has been studied to a far lesser extent. The aim of the present review is to summarize and evaluate the molecular and cellullar data concerning the formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of peptidoglycan. Early work concerned the use of various in vivo and in vitro systems for the study of the polymerization steps, the attachment of newly made material to preexisting peptidoglycan, and the mechanism of action of antibiotics. The synthesis of the glycan chains is catalyzed by the N-terminal glycosyltransferase module of class A high-molecular-mass penicillin-binding proteins and by nonpenicillin-binding monofunctional glycosyltransferases. The multiplicity of these activities in a given organism presumably reflects a variety of in vivo functions. The topological localization of the incorporation of nascent peptidoglycan into the cell wall has revealed that bacteria have at least two peptidoglycan-synthesizing systems: one for septation, the other one for elongation or cell wall thickening. Owing to its location on the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane and its specificity, the transglycosylation step is an interesting target for antibacterials. Glycopeptides and moenomycins are the best studied antibiotics known to interfere with this step. Their mode of action and structure-activity relationships have been extensively studied. Attempts to synthesize other specific transglycosylation inhibitors have recently been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Heijenoort
- Institut de Biochimie, Bat 430, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, F-91405, France
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44
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Seeberger PH, Haase WC. Solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis and combinatorial carbohydrate libraries. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4349-94. [PMID: 11749351 DOI: 10.1021/cr9903104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P H Seeberger
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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45
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Baizman ER, Branstrom AA, Longley CB, Allanson N, Sofia MJ, Gange D, Goldman RC. Antibacterial activity of synthetic analogues based on the disaccharide structure of moenomycin, an inhibitor of bacterial transglycosylase. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2000; 146 Pt 12:3129-3140. [PMID: 11101671 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-146-12-3129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Moenomycin is a natural product glycolipid that inhibits the growth of a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria. In Escherichia coli, moenomycin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis at the transglycosylation stage, causes accumulation of cell-wall intermediates, and leads to lysis and cell death. However, unlike Esc. coli, where 5-6 log units of killing are observed, 0-2 log units of killing occurred when Gram-positive bacteria were treated with similar multiples of the MIC. In addition, bulk peptidoglycan synthesis in intact Gram-positive cells was resistant to the effects of moenomycin. In contrast, synthetic disaccharides based on the moenomycin disaccharide core structure were identified that were bactericidal to Gram-positive bacteria, inhibited cell-wall synthesis in intact cells, and were active on both sensitive and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. These disaccharide analogues do not inhibit the formation of N:-acetylglucosamine-ss-1, 4-MurNAc-pentapeptide-pyrophosphoryl-undecaprenol (lipid II), but do inhibit the polymerization of lipid II into peptidoglycan in Esc. coli. In addition, cell growth was required for bactericidal activity. The data indicate that synthetic disaccharide analogues of moenomycin inhibit cell-wall synthesis at the transglycosylation stage, and that their activity on Gram-positive bacteria differs from moenomycin due to differential targeting of the transglycosylation process. Inhibition of the transglycosylation process represents a promising approach to the design of new antibacterial agents active on drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene R Baizman
- Advanced Medicine East Inc., 8 Clarke Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA1
| | | | | | - Nigel Allanson
- Advanced Medicine East Inc., 8 Clarke Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA1
| | - Michael J Sofia
- Advanced Medicine East Inc., 8 Clarke Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA1
| | - David Gange
- Advanced Medicine East Inc., 8 Clarke Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA1
| | - Robert C Goldman
- Advanced Medicine East Inc., 8 Clarke Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA1
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46
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Goldman RC, Baizman ER, Branstrom AA, Longley CB. Differential antibacterial activity of moenomycin analogues on gram-positive bacteria. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2251-4. [PMID: 11055331 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The moenomycin trisaccharide degradation product and synthetic disaccharide analogues based on the disaccharide core were bactericidal to gram-positive bacteria, inhibited lipid II polymerization, and inhibited cell wall synthesis in Enterococcus faecalis. Truncating moenomycin to the trisaccharide, and building upon the core disaccharide have both led to molecules possessing properties not shared with their respective parent structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Goldman
- Advanced Medicine, Inc., Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA.
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47
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Vogel S, Buchynskyy A, Stembera K, Richter K, Hennig L, Müller D, Welzel P, Maquin F, Bonhomme C, Lampilas M. Some selective reactions of moenomycin A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:1963-5. [PMID: 10987427 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of new moenomycin A derivatives have been prepared. Their antibiotic properties highlight the very specific recognition of moenomycin A at the transglycosylase binding site which is the basis of the transglycosylase inhibiting property of moenomycin A (4a).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vogel
- Universität Leipzig, Institut für Organische Chemie, Leipzig, Germany
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48
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Dolle RE. Comprehensive survey of combinatorial library synthesis: 1999. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 2:383-433. [PMID: 11029163 DOI: 10.1021/cc000055x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R E Dolle
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmacopeia, Inc., P.O. Box 5350, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5350, USA.
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49
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Abstract
Antibiotics--compounds that are literally 'against life'--are typically antibacterial drugs, interfering with some structure or process that is essential to bacterial growth or survival without harm to the eukaryotic host harbouring the infecting bacteria. We live in an era when antibiotic resistance has spread at an alarming rate and when dire predictions concerning the lack of effective antibacterial drugs occur with increasing frequency. In this context it is apposite to ask a few simple questions about these life-saving molecules. What are antibiotics? Where do they come from? How do they work? Why do they stop being effective? How do we find new antibiotics? And can we slow down the development of antibiotic-resistant superbugs?
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Affiliation(s)
- C Walsh
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Department, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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