1
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Gao ZG, Auchampach JA, Jacobson KA. Species dependence of A 3 adenosine receptor pharmacology and function. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:523-550. [PMID: 36538251 PMCID: PMC9763816 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to fully understand pharmacological differences between G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) species homologues are generally not pursued in detail during the drug development process. To date, many GPCRs that have been successfully targeted are relatively well-conserved across species in amino acid sequence and display minimal variability of biological effects. However, the A3 adenosine receptor (AR), an exciting drug target for a multitude of diseases associated with tissue injury, ischemia, and inflammation, displays as little as 70% sequence identity among mammalian species (e.g., rodent vs. primate) commonly used in drug development. Consequently, the pharmacological properties of synthetic A3AR ligands vary widely, not only in binding affinity, selectivity, and signaling efficacy, but to the extent that some function as agonists in some species and antagonists in others. Numerous heterocyclic antagonists that have nM affinity at the human A3AR are inactive or weakly active at the rat and mouse A3ARs. Positive allosteric modulators, including the imidazo [4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine derivative LUF6000, are only active at human and some larger animal species that have been evaluated (rabbit and dog), but not rodents. A3AR agonists evoke systemic degranulation of rodent, but not human mast cells. The rat A3AR undergoes desensitization faster than the human A3AR, but the human homologue can be completely re-sensitized and recycled back to the cell surface. Thus, comprehensive pharmacological evaluation and awareness of potential A3AR species differences are critical in studies to further understand the basic biological functions of this unique AR subtype. Recombinant A3ARs from eight different species have been pharmacologically characterized thus far. In this review, we describe in detail current knowledge of species differences in genetic identity, G protein-coupling, receptor regulation, and both orthosteric and allosteric A3AR pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
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2
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Zaki YH, El-Gendey MS, Fouad SA, Mohamed HS, Amer HH. Utility of Pyrimidine Thione Derivatives in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Heterocyclic Compounds. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2049324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser H. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanity Studies at Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Al Quwayiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa S. El-Gendey
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Taif University, Turabah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sawsan A. Fouad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Girls), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussein S. Mohamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (RIMAB), Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
- Basic Sciences Department, Higher Technological Institute in Beni-Suef, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Hamada H. Amer
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Taif University, Turabah, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Pharmacological characterization of DPTN and other selective A 3 adenosine receptor antagonists. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:737-746. [PMID: 34713378 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (AR) is emerging as an attractive drug target. Antagonists are proposed for the potential treatment of glaucoma and asthma. However, currently available A3AR antagonists are potent in human and some large animals, but weak or inactive in mouse and rat. In this study, we re-synthesized a previously reported A3AR antagonist, DPTN, and evaluated its affinity and selectivity at human, mouse, and rat ARs. We showed that DPTN, indeed, is a potent A3AR antagonist for all three species tested, albeit a little less selective for mouse and rat A3AR in comparison to the human A3AR. DPTN's Ki values at respective A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors were (nM) 162, 121, 230, and 1.65 (human); 411, 830, 189, and 9.61 (mouse); and 333, 1147, 163, and 8.53 (rat). Its antagonist activity at both human and mouse A3ARs was confirmed in a cyclic AMP functional assay. Considering controversial use of currently commercially available A3AR antagonists in rats and mice, we also re-examined other commonly used and selective A3AR antagonists under the same experimental conditions. The Ki values of MRS1523 were shown to be 43.9, 349, and 216 nM at human, mouse, and rat A3ARs, respectively. MRS1191 and MRS1334 showed incomplete inhibition of [125I]I-AB-MECA binding to mouse and rat A3ARs, while potent human A3AR antagonists, MRS1220, MRE3008F20, PSB10, PSB-11, and VUF5574 were largely inactive. Thus, we demonstrated that DPTN and MRS1523 are among the only validated A3AR antagonists that can be possibly used (at an appropriate concentration) in mouse or rat to confirm an A3AR-related mechanism or function.
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4
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Federico S, Margiotta E, Moro S, Kachler S, Klotz KN, Spalluto G. Potent and selective A 3 adenosine receptor antagonists bearing aminoesters as heterobifunctional moieties. RSC Med Chem 2020; 12:254-262. [PMID: 34046614 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00380h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A3 adenosine receptors were found to have a role in different pathological states, such as glaucoma, renal fibrosis, neuropathic pain and cancer. Consequently, it is important to utilize any molecular tool which could help to study these conditions. In the present study we continue our search for potent A3 adenosine receptor ligands which could be successively conjugated to other molecules with the aim of obtaining more potent (e.g. allosteric ligand conjugation) or detectable ligands (e.g. fluorescent molecule or biotin conjugation). Specifically, different aminoester moieties were introduced at the 5 position of the pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine core. The ester functionalization represents the candidate for the subsequent conjugation. All the reported compounds are potent hA3 adenosine receptor antagonists and some of them exhibited high selectivity against the other adenosine receptors. The main structural terms of ligand recognition and selectivity were disclosed by molecular modelling studies. Molecular docking results led to the characterization of an alternative binding mode for antagonists at the orthosteric binding site of the hA3 adenosine receptor, evaluated and assessed by classical molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Enrico Margiotta
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova via Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Cagliari Cittadella Universitaria S.P. Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700 09042 Monserrato (CA), Cagliari Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova via Marzolo 5 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Sonja Kachler
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg Versbacher Strasse 9 97078 Würzburg Germany
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg Versbacher Strasse 9 97078 Würzburg Germany
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste Via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
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5
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Luo J, Chen P, Song C. An Overview of the Synthesis of Pyrazolotriazolopyrimidine Compounds. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x16666190723124839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolotriazolopyrimidines are an important class of nitrogen-containing heterocycles
that can act as a charismatic target and exhibit diverse pharmacological activities. These compounds
have received much attention because they are an attractive scaffold for the preparation of adenosine
receptor antagonists. Herein, we focus on an overview of the synthesis of these compounds with the
aim of assisting in the discovery of new pyrazolotriazolopyrimidine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Luo
- Analytical and Testing Center, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Puqing Chen
- Analytical and Testing Center, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Chonghu Song
- Analytical and Testing Center, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
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6
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Federico S, Margiotta E, Moro S, Kozma E, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Spalluto G. Conjugable A 3 adenosine receptor antagonists for the development of functionalized ligands and their use in fluorescent probes. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111886. [PMID: 31787357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Compounds able to simultaneously bind a biological target and be conjugated to a second specific moiety are attractive tools for the development of multi-purpose ligands useful as multi-target ligands, receptor probes or drug delivery systems, with both therapeutic and diagnostic applications. The human A3 adenosine receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor involved in many physio-pathological conditions, e.g. cancer and inflammation, thus representing a promising research target. In this work, two series of conjugable hA3AR antagonists, based on the pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine nucleus, were developed. The introduction of an aromatic ring at the 5 position of the scaffold, before (phenylacetamido moiety) or after (1,2,3-triazole obtained by click chemistry) the conjugation is aimed to increase affinity and selectivity towards the hA3AR receptor. As expected, conjugable compounds showed good affinity towards the hA3AR. In order to prove their potential in the development of hA3AR ligands for different purposes, compounds were also functionalized with fluorescent probes. Unfortunately, conjugation decreased affinity and selectivity for the target as compared to the hA2AAR. Computational studies identified specific non-conserved residues of the extracellular loops which constitute a structural barrier able to discriminate between ligands, giving insights into the rational development of new highly selective ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgeri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Enrico Margiotta
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Eszter Kozma
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università Degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgeri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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7
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Jacobson KA, Merighi S, Varani K, Borea PA, Baraldi S, Tabrizi MA, Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Ciancetta A, Tosh DK, Gao ZG, Gessi S. A 3 Adenosine Receptors as Modulators of Inflammation: From Medicinal Chemistry to Therapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1031-1072. [PMID: 28682469 PMCID: PMC5756520 DOI: 10.1002/med.21456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (A3 AR) subtype is a novel, promising therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis, as well as liver cancer. A3 AR is coupled to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, leading to modulation of transcription. Furthermore, A3 AR affects functions of almost all immune cells and the proliferation of cancer cells. Numerous A3 AR agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators have been reported, and their structure-activity relationships (SARs) have been studied culminating in the development of potent and selective molecules with drug-like characteristics. The efficacy of nucleoside agonists may be suppressed to produce antagonists, by structural modification of the ribose moiety. Diverse classes of heterocycles have been discovered as selective A3 AR blockers, although with large species differences. Thus, as a result of intense basic research efforts, the outlook for development of A3 AR modulators for human therapeutics is encouraging. Two prototypical selective agonists, N6-(3-Iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA; CF101) and 2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA; CF102), have progressed to advanced clinical trials. They were found safe and well tolerated in all preclinical and human clinical studies and showed promising results, particularly in psoriasis and RA, where the A3 AR is both a promising therapeutic target and a biologically predictive marker, suggesting a personalized medicine approach. Targeting the A3 AR may pave the way for safe and efficacious treatments for patient populations affected by inflammatory diseases, cancer, and other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Romeo Romagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Dilip K. Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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8
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Yu J, Ahn S, Kim HJ, Lee M, Ahn S, Kim J, Jin SH, Lee E, Kim G, Cheong JH, Jacobson KA, Jeong LS, Noh M. Polypharmacology of N 6-(3-Iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA) and Related A 3 Adenosine Receptor Ligands: Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) γ Partial Agonist and PPARδ Antagonist Activity Suggests Their Antidiabetic Potential. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7459-7475. [PMID: 28799755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A3 adenosine receptor (AR) ligands including A3 AR agonist, N6-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (1a, IB-MECA) were examined for adiponectin production in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). In this model, 1a significantly increased adiponectin production, which is associated with improved insulin sensitivity. However, A3 AR antagonists also promoted adiponectin production in hBM-MSCs, indicating that the A3 AR pathway may not be directly involved in the adiponectin promoting activity. In a target deconvolution study, their adiponectin-promoting activity was significantly correlated to their binding activity to both peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) γ and PPARδ. They functioned as both PPARγ partial agonists and PPARδ antagonists. In the diabetic mouse model, 1a and its structural analogues A3 AR antagonists significantly decreased the serum levels of glucose and triglyceride, supporting their antidiabetic potential. These findings indicate that the polypharmacophore of these compounds may provide therapeutic insight into their multipotent efficacy against various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University , 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University , 26-21 Kongreung-2-dong, Hwarangro-815, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
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9
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Guo D, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Kinetic Aspects of the Interaction between Ligand and G Protein-Coupled Receptor: The Case of the Adenosine Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:38-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Federico S, Ciancetta A, Porta N, Redenti S, Pastorin G, Cacciari B, Klotz KN, Moro S, Spalluto G. 5,7-Disubstituted-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazines as pharmacological tools to explore the antagonist selectivity profiles toward adenosine receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 108:529-541. [PMID: 26717203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship of new 5,7-disubstituted-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazines as adenosine receptors (ARs) antagonists has been explored. The introduction of a benzylamino group at C5 with a free amino group at C7 increases the affinity toward all the ARs subtypes (10: KihA1 = 94.6 nM; KihA2A = 1.11 nM; IC50hA2B = 2214 nM; KihA3 = 30.8 nM). Replacing the free amino group at C7 with a phenylureido moiety yields a potent and quite selective hA2A AR antagonist (14: hA2A AR Ki = 1.44 nM; hA1/hA2A = 216.0; hA3/hA2A = 20.6). This trend diverges from the analysis on the pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine series previously reported. With the help of an in silico receptor-driven approach, we have rationalized these observations and elucidated from a molecular point of view the role of the benzylamino group at C5 in determining affinity toward the hA2A AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Porta
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Redenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
| | - Barbara Cacciari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Karl Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxicologie, Universität of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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11
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Baraldi PG, Baraldi S, Saponaro G, Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Romagnoli R, Ruggiero E, Vincenzi F, Borea PA, Varani K. One-pot reaction to obtain N,N'-disubstituted guanidines of pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine scaffold as human A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5355-60. [PMID: 26046697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we describe an extension SAR study of pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine nucleus as A3AR antagonist. Our initial aim was to replace the phenylcarbamoyl moiety at the 5 position of PTP nucleus with a thiourea functionality to evaluate the contribution of new structural modification against the A3AR. The synthesized 12-25 were not characterized by the predicted side chain but by a 1,3-disubstituted guanidine and are shown to be interesting A3AR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Saponaro
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Romeo Romagnoli
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Ruggiero
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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12
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Borea PA, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Merighi S, Gessi S. The A3 adenosine receptor: history and perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:74-102. [PMID: 25387804 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By general consensus, the omnipresent purine nucleoside adenosine is considered a major regulator of local tissue function, especially when energy supply fails to meet cellular energy demand. Adenosine mediation involves activation of a family of four G protein-coupled adenosine receptors (ARs): A(1), A(2)A, A(2)B, and A(3). The A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) is the only adenosine subtype to be overexpressed in inflammatory and cancer cells, thus making it a potential target for therapy. Originally isolated as an orphan receptor, A(3)AR presented a twofold nature under different pathophysiologic conditions: it appeared to be protective/harmful under ischemic conditions, pro/anti-inflammatory, and pro/antitumoral depending on the systems investigated. Until recently, the greatest and most intriguing challenge has been to understand whether, and in which cases, selective A(3) agonists or antagonists would be the best choice. Today, the choice has been made and A(3)AR agonists are now under clinical development for some disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, glaucoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. More specifically, the interest and relevance of these new agents derives from clinical data demonstrating that A(3)AR agonists are both effective and safe. Thus, it will become apparent in the present review that purine scientists do seem to be getting closer to their goal: the incorporation of adenosine ligands into drugs with the ability to save lives and improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
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13
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Li M, Zhao BX. Progress of the synthesis of condensed pyrazole derivatives (from 2010 to mid-2013). Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:311-40. [PMID: 25104650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Condensed pyrazole derivatives are important heterocyclic compounds due to their excellent biological activities and have been widely applied in pharmaceutical and agromedical fields. In recent years, numerous condensed pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized and advanced to clinic studies with various biological activities. In this review, we summarized the reported synthesis methods of condensed pyrazole derivatives from 2010 until now. All compounds are divided into three parts according to the rings connected to pyrazole-ring, i.e. [5, 5], [5,F 6], and [5, 7]-condensed pyrazole derivatives. The biological activities and applications in pharmaceutical fields are briefly introduced to offer an orientation for the design and synthesis of condensed pyrazole derivatives with good biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Bao-Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
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14
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Descriptors requirement for QSAR analysis of pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidine derivative as human A3 receptor antagonists: design of novel furan derivatives and validation by docking. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Synthesis of 6-hydrazino-3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and its application for the construction of a pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine system. Russ Chem Bull 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-013-0172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Federico S, Ciancetta A, Sabbadin D, Paoletta S, Pastorin G, Cacciari B, Klotz KN, Moro S, Spalluto G. Exploring the directionality of 5-substitutions in a new series of 5-alkylaminopyrazolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine as a strategy to design novel human a(3) adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9654-68. [PMID: 23098605 DOI: 10.1021/jm300899q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of new 5-alkylaminopyrazolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines as antagonists of the A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) was explored with the principal aim to establish the directionality of 5-substitutions inside the orthosteric binding site of the A(3) AR. All the synthesized compounds showed affinity for the hA(3) AR from nanomolar to subnanomolar range. In particular, the most potent and selective antagonist presents an (S) α-phenylethylamino moiety at the 5 position (26, K(i) hA(3) = 0.3 nM). Using an in silico receptor-driven approach, we have determined the most favorable orientation of the substitutions at the 5 position of the pyrazolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine (PTP) scaffold, opening the possibility for further derivatizations aimed at directing the N(5) position toward the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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17
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Gütschow M, Schlenk M, Gäb J, Paskaleva M, Alnouri MW, Scolari S, Iqbal J, Müller CE. Benzothiazinones: A Novel Class of Adenosine Receptor Antagonists Structurally Unrelated to Xanthine and Adenine Derivatives. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3331-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300029s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gütschow
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Bonn, Germany
| | - Miriam Schlenk
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gäb
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Bonn, Germany
| | - Minka Paskaleva
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohamad Wessam Alnouri
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Bonn, Germany
| | - Silvia Scolari
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter
Bonn, University of Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Bonn, Germany
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18
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Cheong SL, Federico S, Venkatesan G, Mandel AL, Shao YM, Moro S, Spalluto G, Pastorin G. The A3 adenosine receptor as multifaceted therapeutic target: pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, and in silico approaches. Med Res Rev 2011; 33:235-335. [PMID: 22095687 DOI: 10.1002/med.20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is an ubiquitous local modulator that regulates various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating four membrane receptors, namely A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3). Among these G protein-coupled receptors, the A(3) subtype is found mainly in the lung, liver, heart, eyes, and brain in our body. It has been associated with cerebroprotection and cardioprotection, as well as modulation of cellular growth upon its selective activation. On the other hand, its inhibition by selective antagonists has been reported to be potentially useful in the treatment of pathological conditions including glaucoma, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. In this review, we focused on the pharmacology and the therapeutic implications of the human (h)A(3) adenosine receptor (AR), together with an overview on the progress of hA(3) AR agonists, antagonists, allosteric modulators, and radioligands, as well as on the recent advances pertaining to the computational approaches (e.g., quantitative structure-activity relationships, homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations) applied to the modeling of hA(3) AR and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Lee Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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19
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Pyrazolo derivatives as potent adenosine receptor antagonists: an overview on the structure-activity relationships. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011; 2011:480652. [PMID: 25954519 PMCID: PMC4411897 DOI: 10.1155/2011/480652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades, medicinal chemistry research towards potent and selective antagonists of human adenosine receptors (namely, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) has been evolving rapidly. These antagonists are deemed therapeutically beneficial in several pathological conditions including neurological and renal disorders, cancer, inflammation, and glaucoma. Up to this point, many classes of compounds have been successfully synthesized and identified as potent human adenosine receptor antagonists. In this paper, an overview of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) profiles of promising nonxanthine pyrazolo derivatives is reported and discussed. We have emphasized the SAR for some representative structures such as pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo-[1,5-c]pyrimidines; pyrazolo-[3,4-c] or -[4,3-c]quinolines; pyrazolo-[4,3-d]pyrimidinones; pyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidines and pyrazolo-[1,5-a]pyridines. This overview not only clarifies the structural requirements deemed essential for affinity towards individual adenosine receptor subtypes, but it also sheds light on the rational design and optimization of existing structural templates to allow us to conceive new, more potent adenosine receptor antagonists.
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20
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Federico S, Paoletta S, Cheong SL, Pastorin G, Cacciari B, Stragliotto S, Klotz KN, Siegel J, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Moro S, Spalluto G. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines as human A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonists with improved water solubility. J Med Chem 2011; 54:877-89. [PMID: 21214204 PMCID: PMC3578427 DOI: 10.1021/jm101349u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine derivatives related to ZM241385 as antagonists of the A(2A) adenosine receptor (AR) was explored through the synthesis of analogues substituted at the 5 position. The A(2A) AR X-ray structure was used to propose a structural basis for the activity and selectivity of the analogues and to direct the synthetic design strategy to provide access to solvent-exposed regions. Thus, we have identified a point of substitution for the attachment of solubilizing groups to enhance both aqueous solubility and physicochemical properties, maintaining potent interactions with the A(2A) AR and, in some cases, receptor subtype selectivity. Among the most potent and selective novel compounds were a long-chain ether-containing amine congener 20 (K(i) 11.5 nM) and its urethane-protected derivative 14 (K(i) 17.8 nM). Compounds 20 and 31 (K(i) 11.5 and 16.9 nM, respectively) were readily water-soluble up to 10 mM. The analogues were docked in the crystallographic structure of the hA(2A) AR and in a homology model of the hA(3) AR, and the per residue electrostatic and hydrophobic contributions to the binding were assessed and stabilizing factors were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Paoletta
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Siew Lee Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
| | - Barbara Cacciari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Stragliotto
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Karl Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie, Universität of Würzburg, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Siegel
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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21
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Riyadh SM, Farghaly TA, Gomha SM. Novel polyazaheterocyclic systems: Synthesis, antitumor, and antimicrobial activities. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1721-8. [PMID: 21116773 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of new polyazaheterocyclic ring systems was synthesized via the reaction of enaminone 5 with active methylene compounds, hydrazine hydrate, hydroxylamine, and heterocyclic amines. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were substantiated on the basis of spectral data and elemental analyses. The antitumor activity of the enaminone 5 against the human breast cell line MCF-7, the liver carcinoma cell line HEPG2-1, and HELA cells was determined. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of some selected products was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed M Riyadh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt
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22
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23
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Pastorin G, Federico S, Paoletta S, Corradino M, Cateni F, Cacciari B, Klotz KN, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Spalluto G, Moro S. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of a new series of 5,7-disubstituted-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine derivatives as adenosine receptor antagonists: A preliminary inspection of ligand-receptor recognition process. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2524-36. [PMID: 20304654 PMCID: PMC3106415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new series of triazolotriazines variously substituted at the C5 and N7 (5-25) positions was synthesized and fully characterized at the four adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes. In particular, arylacetyl or arylcarbamoyl moieties were introduced at the N7 position, which enhanced affinity at the hA(2B) and hA(3) ARs, respectively, when utilized on the pyrazolo-triazolopyrimidine nucleus as we reported in the past. In general, compounds with a free amino group at the 7 position (5, 6), showed good affinity at the rat (r) A(2A) AR (range 18.3-96.5nM), while the introduction of a phenylcarbamoyl moiety at the N7 position (12, 19, 24) slightly increased the affinity at the hA(3) AR (range 311-633nM) with respect to the unsubstituted derivatives. The binding profiles of the synthesized analogues seemed to correlate with the substitutions at the C5 and N7 positions. At the hA(2B) AR, derivative 5, which contained a free amino group at the 7 position, was the most potent (EC(50) 3.42microM) and could represent a starting point for searching new non-xanthine hA(2B) AR antagonists. Molecular models of the rA(2A) and hA(3) ARs were constructed by homology to the recently reported crystallographic structure of the hA(2A) AR. A preliminary receptor-driven structure-activity relationship (SAR) based on the analysis of antagonist docking has been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Block S4, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Paoletta
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Corradino
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Cateni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Barbara Cacciari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section (MRS), Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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24
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Ghotekar BK, Jachak MN, Toche RB. New one-step synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and pyrazolo[1,5-a]quinazoline derivatives via multicomponent reactions. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Chapter 13 Recent Advances in Adenosine Receptor (AR) Ligands in Pulmonary Diseases. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(09)04413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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26
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Miwatashi S, Arikawa Y, Matsumoto T, Uga K, Kanzaki N, Imai YN, Ohkawa S. Synthesis and biological activities of 4-phenyl-5-pyridyl-1,3-thiazole derivatives as selective adenosine A3 antagonists. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:1126-37. [PMID: 18670113 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the potency of an adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) antagonist as an anti-asthmatic drug, a novel series of 4-phenyl-5-pyridyl-1,3-thiazole derivatives was synthesized and evaluated in human adenosine A1, A2A and A3 receptor and rat adenosine A3 receptor binding assays. From investigation of the SAR study, compound 7af was identified as a highly potent human and rat A3AR antagonist. This compound inhibited IB-MECA-induced plasma protein extravasation in the skin of rats and showed good oral absorption. Also, compound 7af significantly inhibited antigen-induced hyper-responsiveness to acetylcholine in actively sensitized Brown Norway rats. These results show that 4-phenyl-5-pyridyl-1,3-thiazole derivatives are potential candidates to enable the evaluation of A3AR antagonists. Further evaluation of this class of compounds may afford a novel anti-inflammatory agent such as an anti-asthmatic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Miwatashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
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27
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Priego EM, Pérez-Pérez MJ, von Frijtag Drabbe Kuenzel JK, de Vries H, Ijzerman AP, Camarasa MJ, Martín-Santamaría S. Selective human adenosine A3 antagonists based on pyrido[2,1-f]purine-2,4-diones: novel features of hA3 antagonist binding. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:111-9. [PMID: 18000937 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Based on our previous results on the potent antagonist effect of 1H,3H-pyrido[2,1-f]purine-2,4-diones at the human A(3) adenosine receptor, new series of this family of compounds have been synthesized and evaluated in radioligand binding studies against the human A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) receptors. A remarkable improvement in potency, and most noticeable, in selectivity has been achieved, as exemplified by the 3-cyclopropylmethyl-8-methoxy-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H,3H-pyrido[2,1-f]purine-2,4-dione (10) that combines a very high affinity at hA(3) (K(i)=2.24 nM), with lack of affinity for the A(1), A(2A), and A(2B) receptors. On the basis of the published hA(3) receptor model (PDB 1OEA), molecular modeling studies, including molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, have been performed to depict the binding mode of the 1 H,3H-pyrido[2,1-f]purine-2,4-diones and to justify the selectivity against the other adenosine receptors. These studies have led to novel features of the cavity where our antagonists are bound so that the cavity is lined by the hydrogen-bonded Gln 167-Asn 250 pair and by the highly conserved Phe 168.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-María Priego
- Instituto de Química Médica, C.S.I.C. Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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28
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González MP, Terán C, Teijeira M. Search for new antagonist ligands for adenosine receptors from QSAR point of view. How close are we? Med Res Rev 2008; 28:329-71. [PMID: 17668454 DOI: 10.1002/med.20108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In view of the large libraries of nucleoside analogues that are now being handled in organic synthesis, the identification of drug biological activity is advisable prior to synthesis and this can be achieved by employing predictive biological property methods. In this sense, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) or docking approaches have emerged as promising tools. Although a large number of in silico approaches have been described in the literature for the prediction of different biological activities, the use of QSAR applications to develop adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists is not common as for the case of the antibiotics and anticancer compounds for instance. The intention of this review is to summarize the present knowledge concerning computational predictions of new molecules as adenosine receptor antagonists.
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29
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Pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidines as adenosine receptor antagonists: Effect of the N-5 bond type on the affinity and selectivity at the four adenosine receptor subtypes. Purinergic Signal 2007; 4:39-46. [PMID: 18368532 PMCID: PMC2245997 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-007-9058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, many efforts have been made to search for potent and selective human A3 adenosine antagonists. In particular, one of the most promising human A3 adenosine receptor antagonists is represented by the pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidine family. This class of compounds has been strongly investigated from the point of view of structure-activity relationships. In particular, it has been observed that fundamental requisites for having both potency and selectivity at the human A3 adenosine receptors are the presence of a small substituent at the N8 position and an unsubstitued phenyl carbamoyl moiety at the N5 position. In this study, we report the role of the N5-bond type on the affinity and selectivity at the four adenosine receptor subtypes. The observed structure-activity relationships of this class of antagonists are also exhaustively rationalized using the recently published ligand-based homology modeling approach.
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30
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Cacciari B, Bolcato C, Spalluto G, Klotz KN, Bacilieri M, Deflorian F, Moro S. Pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidines as adenosine receptor antagonists: A complete structure-activity profile. Purinergic Signal 2007; 3:183-93. [PMID: 18404432 PMCID: PMC2096643 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 5 years, many efforts have been conducted searching potent and selective human A(3) adenosine antagonists. In this field several different classes of compounds, possessing very good affinity (nM range) and with a broad range of selectivity, have been proposed. Recently, our group synthesized a new series of pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidines bearing different substitutions at the N(5) and N(8) positions, which have been described as highly potent and selective human A(3) adenosine receptor antagonists. The present review summarizes available data and provides an overview of the structure-activity relationships found for this class of human A(3) adenosine receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cacciari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17–19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Bolcato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Karl-Norbet Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Bacilieri
- Molecular Modeling Section, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Deflorian
- Molecular Modeling Section, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Saiga K, Tokunaka K, Ichimura E, Toyoda E, Abe F, Yoshida M, Furukawa H, Nose M, Ono M. NK026680, a novel suppressant of dendritic cell function, prevents the development of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody in SCG/Kj mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:3707-15. [PMID: 17075885 DOI: 10.1002/art.22187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE NK026680 is a newly identified type of immunosuppressive agent that inhibits dendritic cell (DC) functions and consequently reduces the mortality of mice with experimental acute graft-versus-host disease. This study was undertaken to evaluate NK026680 suppression of DC functions in preventing development of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) and perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) in SCG/Kj mice. METHODS Oral administration of NK026680 to SCG/Kj mice began when mice were 8-10 weeks old, before the onset of disease, and continued for 56 days. The efficacy of NK026680 was evaluated using the mortality of mice, the results of urinalysis, histopathologic evaluation for glomerular injury, and immunofluorescence staining for the detection of immune complex (IC) deposition in glomeruli, and by assessing lymphadenopathy and measuring autoantibody titers. RESULTS Oral administration of NK026680 at a dosage of 25 mg/kg once daily or 50 mg/kg once daily significantly suppressed 1) spontaneous mortality, 2) proteinuria and hematuria, 3) blood urea nitrogen levels, 4) glomerular damage characterized histopathologically, 5) IC deposition in glomeruli, 6) the development of pANCA and anti-DNA antibodies, and 7) lymphadenopathy. CONCLUSION The newly identified DC inhibitor, NK026680, prevented the onset of RPGN, autoantibody production, and lymphadenopathy in SCG/Kj mice, suggesting a crucial role for DC function in these autoimmune phenotypes. NK026680 may be a potent immunosuppressive agent for the treatment of ANCA-associated renovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Saiga
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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Jachak MN, Avhale AB, Medhane VJ, Toche RB. A convenient route for the synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, pyrazolo[3,4-b][1,6]naphthyridine and pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoline derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570430506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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New heterocyclic ligands for the adenosine receptors P1 and for the ATP receptors P2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:185-202. [PMID: 15784237 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 07/08/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine and adenine nucleotides induce various cellular responses through activation of P1 and P2 receptors. P1 receptors preferentially recognize adenosine and four different G protein-coupled receptors (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) subtypes) have been identified. On the other hand, P2 receptors are activated by adenine and/or uridine nucleotides and classified into two families: ionotropic P2X and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. In this article, we summarize our studies which led to development of new potent and selective heterocyclic ligands for the adenosine receptors P1 and for the ATP receptors P2X(7).
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Jung KY, Kim SK, Gao ZG, Gross AS, Melman N, Jacobson KA, Kim YC. Structure-activity relationships of thiazole and thiadiazole derivatives as potent and selective human adenosine A3 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:613-23. [PMID: 14738972 PMCID: PMC8611645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-aminothiazole and 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-aminothiadiazole derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated as selective antagonists for human adenosine A3 receptors. A methoxy group in the 4-position of the phenyl ring and N-acetyl or propionyl substitutions of the aminothiazole and aminothiadiazole templates displayed great increases of binding affinity and selectivity for human adenosine A3 receptors. The most potent A3 antagonist of the present series, N-[3-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-[1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl]-acetamide (39) exhibiting a Ki value of 0.79 nM at human adenosine A3 receptors, showed antagonistic property in a functional assay of cAMP biosynthesis involved in one of the signal transduction pathways of adenosine A3 receptors. Molecular modeling study of conformation search and receptor docking experiments to investigate the dramatic differences of binding affinities between two regioisomers of thiadiazole analogues, (39) and (42), suggested possible binding mechanisms in the binding pockets of adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Young Jung
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery, Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Ariel S. Gross
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Neli Melman
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810, USA
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery, Department of Life Science, Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, South Korea
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +82-62-970-2502; fax: +82-62-970-2484;
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36
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Klotz KN, Kachler S, Lambertucci C, Vittori S, Volpini R, Cristalli G. 9-Ethyladenine derivatives as adenosine receptor antagonists: 2- and 8-substitution results in distinct selectivities. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2003; 367:629-34. [PMID: 12734636 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-003-0749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2002] [Accepted: 03/21/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
9-Ethyladenine was used as the basis for a series of non-xanthine adenosine receptor antagonists at human adenosine receptors. The adenine-based compounds were substituted in 2- or 8-position with a variety of side chains including some aryl or arylalkynyl groups previously tested as 2-substituents in adenosine and 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) for their effect on agonist affinity. The affinity of the novel compounds was tested in radioligand binding assays (A1, A2A and A3) and inhibition of NECA-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity (A2B) in membranes prepared from CHO cells stably transfected with the respective human receptor subtype. High affinity antagonists were identified for A1 (9-ethyl-8-phenyl-9H-adenine, compound 2; 6-(1-butylamino)-9-ethyl-8-phenyl-9H-purine, compound 3), A2A (8-ethoxy-9-ethyladenine; compound 8) and A3 (9-ethyl-8-phenylethynyl-9H-adenine, compound 5) with selectivities versus other receptor subtypes in the range of 10 to 600. These results demonstrate that adenine is a useful template for further development of high-affinity antagonists with distinct receptor selectivity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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37
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Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Fruttarolo F, Bovero A, Avitabile B, Preti D, Romagnoli R, Merighi S, Gessi S, Varani K, Borea PA. Recent developments in the field of A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Merighi S, Baraldi PG, Gessi S, Iannotta V, Klotz KN, Leung E, Mirandola P, Tabrizi MA, Varani K, Borea PA. Adenosine receptors and human melanoma. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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39
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Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Bovero A, Avitabile B, Preti D, Fruttarolo F, Romagnoli R, Varani K, Borea PA. Recent developments in the field of A2A and A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2003; 38:367-82. [PMID: 12750024 DOI: 10.1016/s0223-5234(03)00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the last years adenosine receptors have been extensively studied, and mainly at present we understand the importance of A(2A) and A(3) adenosine receptors. A(2A) selective adenosine receptors antagonists are promising new drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, while A(3) selective adenosine receptors antagonists have been postulated as novel anti-inflammatory and antiallergic agents; recent studies also indicated a possible employment of these derivatives as antitumour agents. Lately different classes of compounds have been identified as potent A(2A) and A(3) antagonists. In this article we report the past and present efforts which led to development of more potent and selective A(2A) and A(3) antagonists. Our group has mainly worked on the pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine nucleus both as A(2A) and A(3) antagonists, aiming to improve the affinity, selectivity and the hydrophilic profile. In fact, we have synthesised several compounds endowed with high affinity and selectivity versus A(2A) adenosine receptors, as 2, 2a-c (K(i)A(2A)=0.12-0.19 nM), or A(3) adenosine receptors, as 4p (K(i)A(3)=0.01 nM) and 4q (K(i)A(3)=0.04 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100, Ferrara, Italy.
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40
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Englert M, Quitterer U, Klotz KN. Effector coupling of stably transfected human A3 adenosine receptors in CHO cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64:61-5. [PMID: 12106606 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CHO cells stably transfected with adenosine receptors are widely utilized models for binding and functional studies. The effector coupling of human A3 adenosine receptors expressed in such a cellular model was characterized. Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein was confirmed and exhibited a pharmacological profile in accordance with agonist binding data. The agonist potency was dependent on the assay system utilized to measure cyclase inhibition. Agonists were more potent in a cell-based assay than in experiments where cyclase inhibition was measured in a membrane preparation suggesting that receptor-effector coupling might be more efficient in intact cells. In addition to the modulation of cyclase activity, stimulation of A3 receptors elicited a Ca2+ response in CHO cells with agonist potencies corresponding to the values for the whole cell cAMP assay. The Ca2+ signal was completely eliminated by pertussis toxin treatment suggesting that it is mediated via betagamma release from a heterotrimeric G protein of the Gi/o family. These results show that cAMP and Ca2+ signaling characteristics of the A3 adenosine receptor are comparable to the ones found for the A1 subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Englert
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, Würzburg, Germany
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41
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Saki M, Tsumuki H, Nonaka H, Shimada J, Ichimura M. KF26777 (2-(4-bromophenyl)-7,8-dihydro-4-propyl-1H-imidazo[2,1-i]purin-5(4H)-one dihydrochloride), a new potent and selective adenosine A3 receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 444:133-41. [PMID: 12063073 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)01662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the biochemical and pharmacological properties of a new adenosine A(3) receptor antagonist, KF26777 (2-(4-bromophenyl)-7,8-dihydro-4-propyl-1H-imidazo[2,1-i]purin-5(4H)-one dihydrochloride). This compound was characterized using N(6)-(4-amino-3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide ([125I]AB-MECA) or [35S]guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPgammaS) binding to membranes from human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells expressing human adenosine A(3) receptors. KF26777 showed a K(i) value of 0.20+/-0.038 nM for human adenosine A(3) receptors labeled with [125I]AB-MECA and possessed 9000-, 2350- and 3100-fold selectivity vs. human adenosine A(1), A(2A) and A(2B) receptors, respectively. The inhibitory mode of binding was competitive. KF26777 inhibited the binding of [35S]GTPgammaS stimulated by 1 microM 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA). The IC(50) value was 270+/-85 nM; the compound had no effect on basal activity. Dexamethasone treatment for HL-60 cells, human promyelocytic leukemia, up-regulated functional adenosine A(3) receptors expression, and resulted in the enhanced elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) via the adenosine A(3) receptor. KF26777 antagonized this [Ca(2+)](i) mobilization induced by Cl-IB-MECA, with a K(B) value of 0.42+/-0.14 nM. These results indicate that KF26777 is a highly potent and selective antagonist of the human adenosine A(3) receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Saki
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., 1188 Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka 411-8731, Japan
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42
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van Muijlwijk-Koezen JE, Timmerman H, Ijzerman AP. The adenosine A3 receptor and its ligands. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2002; 38:61-113. [PMID: 11774799 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J E van Muijlwijk-Koezen
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacochemistry, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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43
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Merighi S, Varani K, Gessi S, Cattabriga E, Iannotta V, Ulouglu C, Leung E, Borea PA. Pharmacological and biochemical characterization of adenosine receptors in the human malignant melanoma A375 cell line. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:1215-26. [PMID: 11704641 PMCID: PMC1573044 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The present work characterizes, from a pharmacological and biochemical point of view, adenosine receptors in the human malignant melanoma A375 cell line. 2. Adenosine receptors were detected by RT - PCR experiments. A1 receptors were characterized using [3H]-DPCPX binding with a KD of 1.9+/-0.2 nM and Bmax of 23+/-7 fmol x mg(-1) of protein. A2A receptors were studied with [3H]-SCH 58261 binding and revealed a KD of 5.1+/-0.2 nM and a Bmax of 220+/-7 fmol x mg(-1) of protein. A3 receptors were studied with the new A3 adenosine receptor antagonist [3H]-MRE 3008F20, the only A3 selective radioligand currently available. Saturation experiments revealed a single high affinity binding site with KD of 3.3+/-0.7 nM and Bmax of 291+/-50 fmol x mg(-1) of protein. 3. The pharmacological profile of radioligand binding on A375 cells was established using typical adenosine ligands which displayed a rank order of potency typical of the different adenosine receptor subtype. 4. Thermodynamic data indicated that radioligand binding to adenosine receptor subtypes in A375 cells was entropy- and enthalpy-driven. 5. In functional assays the high affinity A2A agonists HE-NECA, CGS 21680 and A2A - A2B agonist NECA were able to increase cyclic AMP accumulation in A375 cells whereas A3 agonists Cl-IB-MECA, IB-MECA and NECA were able to stimulate Ca2+ mobilization. In conclusion, all these data indicate, for the first time, that adenosine receptors with a pharmacological and biochemical profile typical of the A1, A2A, A2B and A3 receptor subtype are present on A375 melanoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Merighi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Centro Nazionale Di Eccellenza Per Lo Sviluppo Di Metodologie Innovative Per Lo Studio Ed Il Trattamento Delle Patologie Infiammatorie, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Centro Nazionale Di Eccellenza Per Lo Sviluppo Di Metodologie Innovative Per Lo Studio Ed Il Trattamento Delle Patologie Infiammatorie, Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Centro Nazionale Di Eccellenza Per Lo Sviluppo Di Metodologie Innovative Per Lo Studio Ed Il Trattamento Delle Patologie Infiammatorie, Italy
| | - Elena Cattabriga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Centro Nazionale Di Eccellenza Per Lo Sviluppo Di Metodologie Innovative Per Lo Studio Ed Il Trattamento Delle Patologie Infiammatorie, Italy
| | - Valeria Iannotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Centro Nazionale Di Eccellenza Per Lo Sviluppo Di Metodologie Innovative Per Lo Studio Ed Il Trattamento Delle Patologie Infiammatorie, Italy
| | - Canan Ulouglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Gazi University, Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Edward Leung
- King Pharmaceuticals, Cary, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Centro Nazionale Di Eccellenza Per Lo Sviluppo Di Metodologie Innovative Per Lo Studio Ed Il Trattamento Delle Patologie Infiammatorie, Italy
- Author for correspondence:
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Gessi S, Varani K, Merighi S, Morelli A, Ferrari D, Leung E, Baraldi PG, Spalluto G, Borea PA. Pharmacological and biochemical characterization of A3 adenosine receptors in Jurkat T cells. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:116-26. [PMID: 11522603 PMCID: PMC1572937 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2001] [Revised: 05/24/2001] [Accepted: 06/25/2001] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The present work was devoted to the study of A3 adenosine receptors in Jurkat cells, a human leukemia line. 2. The A3 subtype was found by means of RT-PCR experiments and characterized by using the new A3 adenosine receptor antagonist [3H]-MRE 3008F20, the only A3 selective radioligand currently available. Saturation experiments revealed a single high affinity binding site with K(D) of 1.9+/-0.2 nM and B(max) of 1.3+/-0.1 pmol mg(-1) of protein. 3. The pharmacological profile of [3H]-MRE 3008F20 binding on Jurkat cells was established using typical adenosine ligands which displayed a rank order of potency typical of the A3 subtype. 4. Thermodynamic data indicated that [3H]-MRE 3008F20 binding to A3 subtype in Jurkat cells was entropy- and enthalpy-driven, according with that found in cells expressing the recombinant human A3 subtype. 5. In functional assays the high affinity A3 agonists Cl-IB-MECA and IB-MECA were able to inhibit cyclic AMP accumulation and stimulate Ca(2+) release from intracellular Ca(2+) pools followed by Ca(2+) influx. 6. The presence of the other adenosine subtypes was investigated in Jurkat cells. A1 receptors were characterized using [3H]-DPCPX binding with a K(D) of 0.9+/-0.1 nM and B(max) of 42+/-3 fmol mg(-1) of protein. A2A receptors were studied with [3H]-SCH 58261 binding and revealed a K(D) of 2.5+/-0.3 nM and a B(max) of 1.4+/-0.2 pmol mg(-1) of protein. 7. In conclusion, by means of the first antagonist radioligand [3H]-MRE 3008F20 we could demonstrate the existence of functional A3 receptors on Jurkat cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Morelli
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Davide Ferrari
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Edward Leung
- King Pharmaceutical Research, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Italy
- University of Ferrara, ‘Centro Nazionale di Eccellenza per lo Sviluppo di Metodologie Innovative per lo Studio ed il Trattamento delle Patologie Infiammatorie'
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Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Romagnoli R, Klotz KN, Spalluto G, Varani K, Gessi S, Merighi S, Borea PA. Pyrazolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives as adenosine receptor ligands: A starting point for searching A2B adenosine receptor antagonists. Drug Dev Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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46
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Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Romagnoli R, Spalluto G, Varani K, Gessi S, Merighi S, Borea PA. Pyrazolo[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine derivatives: A new pharmacological tool for the characterization of the human A3 adenosine receptor. Drug Dev Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, I-44100, Ferrara, Italy.
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Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Romagnoli R, Merighi S, Varani K, Borea PA, Spalluto G. A(3) adenosine receptor ligands: history and perspectives. Med Res Rev 2000; 20:103-28. [PMID: 10723024 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1128(200003)20:2<103::aid-med1>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine regulates many physiological functions through specific cell membrane receptors. On the basis of pharmacological studies and molecular cloning, four different adenosine receptors have been identified and classified as A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3). These adenosine receptors are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. While adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptor subtypes have been pharmacologically characterized through the use of selective ligands, the A(3) adenosine receptor subtype is presently under study in order to better understand its physio-pathological functions. Activation of adenosine A(3) receptors has been shown to stimulate phospholipase C and D and to inhibit adenylate cyclase. Activation of A(3) adenosine receptors also causes the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine from mast cells. These mediators are responsible for processes such as inflammation and hypotension. It has also been suggested that the A(3) receptor plays an important role in brain ischemia, immunosuppression, and bronchospasm in several animal models. Based on these results, highly selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonists and/or antagonists have been indicated as potential drugs for the treatment of asthma and inflammation, while highly selective agonists have been shown to possess cardioprotective effects. The updated material related to this field of research has been rationalized and arranged in order to offer an overview of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universitá di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Abstract
Monitor provides an insight into the latest developments in drug discovery through brief synopses of recent presentations and publications together with expert commentaries on the latest technologies. There are two sections: Molecules summarizes the chemistry and the pharmacological significance and biological relevance of new molecules reported in the literature and on the conference scene; Profiles offers commentary on promising lines of research, emerging molecular targets, novel technology, advances in synthetic and separation techniques and legislative issues.
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