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Madaoui M, Datta D, Wassarman K, Zlatev I, Egli M, Ross BS, Manoharan M. A Chemical Approach to Introduce 2,6-Diaminopurine and 2-Aminoadenine Conjugates into Oligonucleotides without Need for Protecting Groups. Org Lett 2022; 24:6111-6116. [PMID: 35973215 PMCID: PMC9425559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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We report a simple, postsynthetic strategy for synthesis
of oligonucleotides
containing 2,6-diaminopurine nucleotides and 2-aminoadenine conjugates
using 2-fluoro-6-amino-adenosine. The strategy allows introduction
of 2,6-diaminopurine and other 2-amino group-containing ligands. The
strongly electronegative 2-fluoro deactivates 6-NH2 obviating
the need for any protecting group on adenine, and simple aromatic
nucleophilic substitution of fluorine makes reaction with aqueous
NH3 or R-NH2 feasible at the 2-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimouna Madaoui
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Dhrubajyoti Datta
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kelly Wassarman
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ivan Zlatev
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Bruce S Ross
- Ross Chemistry Consulting, El Granada, California 94018, United States
| | - Muthiah Manoharan
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, 675 West Kendall Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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2
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Lartia R, Vallée C, Defrancq E. Post-synthetic transamination at position N4 of cytosine in oligonucleotides assembled with routinely used phosphoramidites. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:9632-9638. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy for the efficient and cheap post-modification of oligonucleotides at internal position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Lartia
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- CNRS
- DCM UMR5250
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
| | - Coelio Vallée
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- CNRS
- DCM UMR5250
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
| | - Eric Defrancq
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes
- CNRS
- DCM UMR5250
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
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3
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Kokatla HP, Lakshman MK. Two-step, one-pot synthesis of inosine, guanosine, and 2'-deoxyguanosine O6-ethers via intermediate O6-(benzotriazol-1-yl) derivatives. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY 2012; Chapter 1:Unit1.26. [PMID: 22700333 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0126s49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for the etherification at the O(6)-position of silyl-protected inosine, guanosine, and 2'-deoxyguanosine is described. Typically, a THF solution of the silylated nucleoside is treated with 1H-benzotriazol-1-yloxy-tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) and Cs(2)CO(3) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Conversion to the O(6)-(benzotriazol-1-yl) ethers occurs within about 10 min for inosine, and within about 60 min for guanosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine. Then, for reaction with alcohols, the reaction mixture is evaporated and the O(6)-(benzotriazol-1-yl) ether is treated with Cs(2)CO(3) and an appropriate alcohol, at room temperature. On the other hand, for reaction with phenols, Cs(2)CO(3) and the appropriate phenol are added to the reaction mixture without evaporation, and the reaction is carried out at 70°C. Subsequently, workup, isolation, and purification lead to the requisite O(6)-alkyl or O(6)-aryl ethers in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Prasad Kokatla
- The City College and The City University of New York, New York City, NY, USA
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4
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Kawashima E, Ohba Y, Terui Y, Kamaike K. Synthesis and evaluation of oligonucleotide-conjugated pyrrole polyamide-2'-deoxyguanosine hybrids as novel gene expression control compounds. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 30:850-72. [PMID: 22060551 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.607145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA oligonucleotide-conjugated pyrrole polyamide-2'-deoxyguanosine hybrids were synthesized and examined as novel gene expression control compounds. The T(m) values and circular dichroism spectral analyses showed that the oligonucleotide-conjugated hybrids possess high DNA recognition and a very high binding affinity for DNA that includes the pyrrole polyamide binding sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Kawashima
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Abstract
Stille Coupling is a versatile C-C bond forming reaction with high functional group tolerance under mild conditions. Our on column synthesis concept for RNA modification is based on the incorporation of iodo substituted nucleotide precursors to RNA during automated standard solid phase synthesis via TBDMS-, TC-, and ACE- protecting group strategies. Subsequently, the RNA, still bound on solid support, is ready for orthogonal postsynthetic functionalization via Stille cross-couplings utilizing the advantages of solid phase synthesis. Several monomer test reactions were employed with 2-iodo adenosine and 5-iodo uridine and organostannanes as coupling partners under different conditions, changing the catalyst/ligand system, temperature, and reaction time as well as conventional heating and microwave irradiation. Finally, Stille cross-couplings under optimized conditions were transferred to fully protected 5-mer and 12-mer RNA oligonucleotides on-column. Deprotection and cleavage from solid support resulted in site-specifically labeled oligonucleotides. Derivatizations via Stille cross-couplings were performed initially with vinyltributylstannane as well as later with 2-furanyl-, 2-thiophene-, and benzothiophene-2-tributylstannanes yielding fluorescently functionalized RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wicke
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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6
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Arico JW, Calhoun AK, McLaughlin LW. Preparation of the 2′-Deoxynucleosides of 2,6-Diaminopurine and Isoguanine by Direct Glycosylation. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1360-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902616s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W. Arico
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - Amy K. Calhoun
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
| | - Larry W. McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467
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7
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Bae S, Chaturvedi S, Lakshman MK. O
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‐(Benzotriazol‐1‐yl)inosine Derivatives for C6 Modification of Purine Nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; Chapter 1:Unit 1.22. [PMID: 19319856 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0122s36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suyeal Bae
- The City College and The City University of New York New York
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8
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Bae S, Lakshman MK. A Novel Polymer Supported Approach to Nucleoside Modification. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3707-13. [PMID: 18429630 DOI: 10.1021/jo702558n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suyeal Bae
- The City College and The City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031-9198
| | - Mahesh K. Lakshman
- The City College and The City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031-9198
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9
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Delaney JC, Essigmann JM. Biological properties of single chemical-DNA adducts: a twenty year perspective. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:232-52. [PMID: 18072751 PMCID: PMC2821157 DOI: 10.1021/tx700292a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The genome and its nucleotide precursor pool are under sustained attack by radiation, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, chemical carcinogens, hydrolytic reactions, and certain drugs. As a result, a large and heterogeneous population of damaged nucleotides forms in all cells. Some of the lesions are repaired, but for those that remain, there can be serious biological consequences. For example, lesions that form in DNA can lead to altered gene expression, mutation, and death. This perspective examines systems developed over the past 20 years to study the biological properties of single DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. Delaney
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - John M. Essigmann
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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10
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Kojima N, Sugino M, Mikami A, Ohtsuka E, Komatsu Y. Generation of an abasic site in an oligonucleotide by using acid-labile 1-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine and its application to postsynthetic modification. Org Lett 2006; 7:709-12. [PMID: 15704931 DOI: 10.1021/ol0474498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new convenient method for generation of an abasic site at the 3'-terminus of an oligonucleotide. This method uses a 1-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine residue, which easily undergoes depurination under acidic conditions. The abasic site of the oligonucleotide can be further modified with external functional groups. We report herein the chemical stability of 1-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine in the oligodeoxynucleotide and the application to the postsynthetic modification of an oligonucleotide by utilizing the chemical property of 1-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine. [Structure: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshi Kojima
- Research Institute of Genome-based Biofactory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology (AIST Hokkaido), 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan
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11
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Janeba Z, Lin X, Robins MJ. Functionalization of guanosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine at C6: a modified Appel process and S(N)Ar displacement of imidazole. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2004; 23:137-47. [PMID: 15043142 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120027823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of sugar-protected 2-N-trityl derivatives of guanosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine with imidazole/triphenylphosphine/iodine/ethyldiisopropylamine gives the corresponding 6-(imidazol-1-yl)-2-(tritylamino)purine nucleosides. S(N)Ar displacement of the imidazole moiety with nucleophiles provides 2-amino-6-substituted-purine nucleosides and 2'-deoxynucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatko Janeba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602-5700, USA
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12
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Neeley WL, Henderson PT, Essigmann JM. Efficient Synthesis of DNA Containing the Guanine Oxidation-Nitration Product 5-Guanidino-4-nitroimidazole: Generation by a Postsynthetic Substitution Reaction. Org Lett 2004; 6:245-8. [PMID: 14723539 DOI: 10.1021/ol036188j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A convertible nucleoside was synthesized and used to prepare the 2'-deoxynucleoside of 5-guanidino-4-nitroimidazole, a putative in vivo product of the reaction of peroxynitrite with guanine. The convertible nucleoside was incorporated into an oligodeoxynucleotide by the phosphoramidite method and converted postsynthetically to yield an oligodeoxynucleotide containing 5-guanidino-4-nitroimidazole at a specific site. The oligodeoxynucleotide was inserted into a viral genome. Melting temperature analysis revealed that duplexes containing 5-guanidino-4-nitroimidazole were greatly destabilized relative to unmodified duplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Neeley
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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13
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Lakshman MK. Palladium-catalyzed C–N and C–C cross-couplings as versatile, new avenues for modifications of purine 2′-deoxynucleosides. J Organomet Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(02)01267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Shi X, Fettinger J, Cai M, Davis J. Enantiomeric Self-Recognition: Cation-Templated Formation of Homochiral Isoguanosine Pentamers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20000901)112:17<3254::aid-ange3254>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Shi X, Fettinger JC, Cai M, Davis JT. Enantiomeric Self-Recognition: Cation-Templated Formation of Homochiral Isoguanosine Pentamers This research was sponsored by the Separations and Analysis Program, Chemical Sciences Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy. J.D. thanks the Dreyfus Foundation for a Teacher-Scholar Award. We thank Professors Giovanni Gottarelli and Steve Rokita for helpful discussions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:3124-3127. [PMID: 11028054 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20000901)39:17<3124::aid-anie3124>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 (USA)
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16
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Fidanza JA, McGall GH. High-density nucleoside analog probe arrays for enhanced hybridization. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1999; 18:1293-5. [PMID: 10474218 DOI: 10.1080/07328319908044695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA probe arrays were synthesized with analogs of 2,6-diaminopurine and 2'-O-methyl-thymidine in place of A and T. AT-rich GeneChip test arrays containing 14-mer or 20-mer analog probes improved hybridization to fluorescently-labeled RNA sequences under stringent conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Fidanza
- Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
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17
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Wallis MP, Mahmood N, Fraser W. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of C4-modified pyrimidine nucleosides. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1999; 54:83-9. [PMID: 10321033 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(98)00107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One-pot syntheses provided a series of triazole- and pentafluorophenyloxy-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides. Most of the compounds in the series displayed anti-HIV activities but none as potent as AZT 2. 1-(beta-D-Erythro-pentofuranosyl)-4-pentafluorophenyloxy-2(1H)-pyr imidinone 14 was the most potent and the most selective compound in the series with EC50 = 1.6 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Wallis
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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18
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Kim HY, Nechev L, Zhou L, Tamura P, Harris CM, Harris TM. Synthesis and adduction of fully deprotected oligodeoxynucleotides containing 6-chloropurine. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)01462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Wenska G, Skalski B, Insinska M, Paszyc S, Verrall R. Ground and excited state prototropic behavior of 1-(purin-6-yl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(97)00076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Lakshman MK, Zajc B. A Rapid, High-Yield Method for 5′-Hydroxyl Protection in Very Reactive and Amino Group Modified Nucleosides Using Dimethoxytrityl Tetrafluoroborate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319608002032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Recent achievements in photochemistry of some components and analogues of nucleic acids. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(95)04234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Wenska G, Skalski B, Paszyc S, Gdaniec Z. Photochemistry of N-(pyrimidin-2-one-4-yl)pyridinium derivatives. The ring contraction of pyrimidinone into imidazolinone. CAN J CHEM 1995. [DOI: 10.1139/v95-270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions (λ > 300 nm) of N-(1-methylpyrimidin-2-one)-and N-(1,5-dimethyl-pyrimidin-2-one)pyridinium chlorides were studied in deoxygenated aqueous solution at various pH's. Only the former compound was found to be reactive under these conditions to give pyrimidine ring contraction photoproducts 1-methyl-4-imidazolin-2-one and 1-methyl-4-imidazolin-2-one-5-carboxyaldehyde, with pH-dependent chemical yields. The photochemical pyrimidine ring contraction reaction does not occur for other photochemically reactive pyrimidin-2-ones bearing 3-methylimidazolium-1,1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, or imidazol-1-yl as substituents at the C-4 position. The suggested mechanism of the reaction involves the addition of water to the pyrimidinone part of the N-(1-methylpyrimidin-2-one)pyridinium salt in the excited triplet state as the primary photochemical step. Addition of alcohol to the pyridinium ring was found to be the major reaction under irradiation of N-(1-methylpyrimidin-2-one-4-yl)pyridinium chloride in methanol. Keywords: photochemistry, N-(pyrimidin-2-one-4-yl)pyridinium compounds, pyrimidine ring contraction, 1-substituted-4-imidazolin-2-ones, 4-imidazolin-2-one-5-carboxyaldehydes.
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23
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Mullah B, Andrus A, Zhao H, Jones RA. Oxidative conversion of N-dimethylformamidine nucleosides to N-cyano nucleosides. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00816-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Wallis MP, Spiers ID, Schwalbe CH, Fraser W. Direct synthesis, substitution, and structure of 1-(2′-deoxyβ-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-4-pentafluorophenylpyrimidin-2H-one. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Fluorescent nucleoside derivatives: Luminescence study of 4-dimethylaminopyridinium chloride derived from guanosine. J Fluoresc 1994; 4:283-6. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01881440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/1993] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Coleman RS, Kesicki EA, Arthur JC, Cotham WE. Analysis of post-synthetically modified oligodeoxynucleotides by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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27
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Nucleosides and nucleotides. 127. A novel and convenient post-synthetic modification method for the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides carrying amino linkers at the 5-position of 2′-deoxyuridine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)80145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Synthesis of N-(2-deoxy-β-d-ribosyl) 4-thiomethylindole: A purine surrogate for incorporation into oligonucleotides. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)91816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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30
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Czuchajowski L, Palka A, Morra M, Wandrekar V. Porphyrinyl-nucleosides containing fluorinated nucleobases. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)73921-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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