1
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Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė A, Haberkant P, Kučiauskas D, Stein F, Čėnas N. Redox Proteomic Profile of Tirapazamine-Resistant Murine Hepatoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076863. [PMID: 37047836 PMCID: PMC10094930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide (tirapazamine, TPZ) and other heteroaromatic N-oxides (ArN→O) exhibit tumoricidal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal activities. Their action is attributed to the enzymatic single-electron reduction to free radicals that initiate the prooxidant processes. In order to clarify the mechanisms of aerobic mammalian cytotoxicity of ArN→O, we derived a TPZ-resistant subline of murine hepatoma MH22a cells (resistance index, 5.64). The quantitative proteomic of wild-type and TPZ-resistant cells revealed 5818 proteins, of which 237 were up- and 184 down-regulated. The expression of the antioxidant enzymes aldehyde- and alcohol dehydrogenases, carbonyl reductases, catalase, and glutathione reductase was increased 1.6-5.2 times, whereas the changes in the expression of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin reductase, and peroxiredoxins were less pronounced. The expression of xenobiotics conjugating glutathione-S-transferases was increased by 1.6-2.6 times. On the other hand, the expression of NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase was responsible for the single-electron reduction in TPZ and for the 2.1-fold decrease. These data support the fact that the main mechanism of action of TPZ under aerobic conditions is oxidative stress. The unchanged expression of intranuclear antioxidant proteins peroxiredoxin, glutaredoxin, and glutathione peroxidase, and a modest increase in the expression of DNA damage repair proteins, tend to support non-site-specific but not intranuclear oxidative stress as a main factor of TPZ aerobic cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių St. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Per Haberkant
- Proteomics Core Facility EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dalius Kučiauskas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Frank Stein
- Proteomics Core Facility EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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2
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Pomikło D, Bodzioch A, Kaszyński P. 3-Substituted Blatter Radicals: Cyclization of N-Arylguanidines and N-Arylamidines to Benzo[ e][1,2,4]triazines and PhLi Addition. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2999-3011. [PMID: 36802654 PMCID: PMC9990070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
A series of 3-amino- and 3-alkyl-substituted 1-phenyl-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yls was prepared in four steps involving N-arylation, cyclization of N-arylguanidines and N-arylamidines, reduction of the resulting N-oxides to benzo[e][1,2,4]triazines, and subsequent addition of PhLi followed by aerial oxidation. The resulting seven C(3)-substituted benzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yls were analyzed by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods augmented with density functional theory (DFT) methods. Electrochemical data were compared to DFT results and correlated with substituent parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Pomikło
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bodzioch
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, 37132 Murfreesboro, Tennessee, United States
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3
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Wang X, Yu J, Xu M, Mao H, Shan Y, Lv X, Zhou L. Metal-Free [5 + 1] Cycloaddition-Aromatization of Benzotriazoles and Sulfur Ylides to Construct 1,2,4-Benzotriazines. Org Lett 2022; 24:5896-5901. [PMID: 35929849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is a novel [5 + 1] cycloaddition-aromatization of benzotriazoles and sulfur ylides to efficiently construct 1,2,4-benzotriazine derivates with good yield. This new protocol does not employ any transition metal reagent and enables the cycloaddition by cleavage of the N-N single bond. The use of inexpensive and readily available starting materials, a broad substrate scope, mild reaction conditions, metal-free, and versatile functionalization of the 1,2,4-benzotriazines make this strategy more attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Jinhang Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Mengjiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Hui Mao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Shan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lv
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
| | - Liejin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P. R. China
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4
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Wu W, Fan S, Li T, Fang L, Chu B, Zhu J. Cobalt-Catalyzed, Directed Intermolecular C-H Bond Functionalization for Multiheteroatom Heterocycle Synthesis: The Case of Benzotriazine. Org Lett 2021; 23:5652-5657. [PMID: 34259531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed, directed intermolecular C-H bond functionalization is synthetically useful but heavily underexplored in multiheteroatom heterocycle synthesis. Herein we report a cobalt catalytic method for the formation of a three-nitrogen-bearing benzotriazine scaffold via the coupling of arylhydrazine and oxadiazolone. This synthetic protocol features a low-cost base metal catalyst, a maximum number of heteroatoms built into a heterocycle, a distinct synthetic logic for benzotriazines, a superior step economy, and a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuaixin Fan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tielei Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lili Fang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Benfa Chu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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5
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Wang R, Zhang M, Wang W, Wang X, Yuan Y, Li J. Synthesis, crystal structure and calculation of oxides of 2-methylamino-3-methyl quinoxaline. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė A, Šarlauskas J, Misevičienė L, Marozienė A, Jonušienė V, Lesanavičius M, Čėnas N. Aerobic Cytotoxicity of Aromatic N-Oxides: The Role of NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase (NQO1). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228754. [PMID: 33228195 PMCID: PMC7699506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatives of tirapazamine and other heteroaromatic N-oxides (ArN→O) exhibit tumoricidal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal activities, which are typically attributed to bioreductive activation and free radical generation. In this work, we aimed to clarify the role of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) in ArN→O aerobic cytotoxicity. We synthesized 9 representatives of ArN→O with uncharacterized redox properties and examined their single-electron reduction by rat NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase (P-450R) and Plasmodium falciparum ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (PfFNR), and by rat NQO1. NQO1 catalyzed both redox cycling and the formation of stable reduction products of ArN→O. The reactivity of ArN→O in NQO1-catalyzed reactions did not correlate with the geometric average of their activity towards P-450R- and PfFNR, which was taken for the parameter of their redox cycling efficacy. The cytotoxicity of compounds in murine hepatoma MH22a cells was decreased by antioxidants and the inhibitor of NQO1, dicoumarol. The multiparameter regression analysis of the data of this and a previous study (DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184602) shows that the cytotoxicity of ArN→O (n = 18) in MH22a and human colon carcinoma HCT-116 cells increases with the geometric average of their reactivity towards P-450R and PfFNR, and with their reactivity towards NQO1. These data demonstrate that NQO1 is a potentially important target of action of heteroaromatic N-oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių St. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Jonas Šarlauskas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Lina Misevičienė
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Audronė Marozienė
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Violeta Jonušienė
- Institute of Biosciences of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Mindaugas Lesanavičius
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (L.M.); (A.M.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-5-223-4392
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7
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Zhao J, Diaz-Dussan D, Jiang Z, Peng YY, White J, Duan W, Narain R, Hao X, Kong L. Facile Preparation of Macromolecular Prodrugs for Hypoxia-Specific Chemotherapy. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1687-1692. [PMID: 35617071 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAPs) have emerged as important candidates for chemotherapy due to their efficient killing of hypoxic cancer cells. Traditional small molecule agents, such as tirapazamine (TPZ) and its derivatives, have shown unsatisfactory therapeutic effect in clinical trials due to poor bioavailability in hypoxic tumor regions. Herein, an amphiphilic macromolecular prodrug with hypoxia-specific activity, named as hypoxia-activated macromolecular prodrug (HAMP), is prepared from poly{[poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate]-st-(methacrylic acid)} [poly(PEGMA-st-MAA)], containing pendant TPZ residues. This polymer can self-assemble in an aqueous system into ∼37 nm sized nanoparticles. In vitro experiments indicated that HAMP shows 5× higher cytotoxicity to hypoxic cancer cells as compared to normoxic cancer cells. Therefore, the developed HAMP can be concurrently used with other therapeutic agents as a highly efficient hypoxia-activated agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Zhao
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, CSIRO, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Diana Diaz-Dussan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85th Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhiqiang Jiang
- CSIRO Manufacturing, CSIRO, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Yi-Yang Peng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85th Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jacinta White
- CSIRO Manufacturing, CSIRO, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 116 Street and 85th Avenue, Edmonton T6G 2G6, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaojuan Hao
- CSIRO Manufacturing, CSIRO, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Lingxue Kong
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
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8
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Mikhal’chenko LV, Nasybullina DV, Leonova MY, Syroeshkin MA, Gul’tyai VP. Electroreduction of Derivatives of N,N'-Dioxides of Phenazine and Quinoxaline in Nonaqueous Media and in the Presence of Proton Donors of Medium Strength. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193520040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė A, Šarlauskas J, Jonušienė V, Marozienė A, Misevičienė L, Yantsevich AV, Čėnas N. Kinetics of Flavoenzyme-Catalyzed Reduction of Tirapazamine Derivatives: Implications for Their Prooxidant Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184602. [PMID: 31533349 PMCID: PMC6769651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatives of tirapazamine and other heteroaromatic N-oxides (ArN→O) exhibit promising antibacterial, antiprotozoal, and tumoricidal activities. Their action is typically attributed to bioreductive activation and free radical generation. In this work, we aimed to clarify the mechanism(s) of aerobic mammalian cell cytotoxicity of ArN→O performing the parallel studies of their reactions with NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductase (P-450R), adrenodoxin reductase/adrenodoxin (ADR/ADX), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1); we found that in P-450R and ADR/ADX-catalyzed single-electron reduction, the reactivity of ArN→O (n = 9) increased with their single-electron reduction midpoint potential (E17), and correlated with the reactivity of quinones. NQO1 reduced ArN→O at low rates with concomitant superoxide production. The cytotoxicity of ArN→O in murine hepatoma MH22a and human colon adenocarcinoma HCT-116 cells increased with their E17, being systematically higher than that of quinones. The cytotoxicity of both groups of compounds was prooxidant. Inhibitor of NQO1, dicoumarol, and inhibitors of cytochromes P-450 α-naphthoflavone, isoniazid and miconazole statistically significantly (p < 0.02) decreased the toxicity of ArN→O, and potentiated the cytotoxicity of quinones. One may conclude that in spite of similar enzymatic redox cycling rates, the cytotoxicity of ArN→O is higher than that of quinones. This is partly attributed to ArN→O activation by NQO1 and cytochromes P-450. A possible additional factor in the aerobic cytotoxicity of ArN→O is their reductive activation in oxygen-poor cell compartments, leading to the formation of DNA-damaging species similar to those forming under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Nemeikaitė-Čėnienė
- State Research Institute Center for Innovative Medicine, Santariškių St. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Jonas Šarlauskas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Violeta Jonušienė
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Audronė Marozienė
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Lina Misevičienė
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Aliaksei V Yantsevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, NAS of Belarus, Kuprevicha 5/2, BY-220072 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Department of Xenobiotics Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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10
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Bodzioch A, Pomikło D, Celeda M, Pietrzak A, Kaszyński P. 3-Substituted Benzo[e][1,2,4]triazines: Synthesis and Electronic Effects of the C(3) Substituent. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6377-6394. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bodzioch
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Dominika Pomikło
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Anna Pietrzak
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, Łódź University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Kaszyński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
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11
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Shen X, Gates KS. Enzyme-Activated Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species from Heterocyclic N-Oxides under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions and Its Relevance to Hypoxia-Selective Prodrugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:348-361. [PMID: 30817135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic one-electron reduction of heterocyclic N-oxides can lead to the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species via several different chemical pathways. These reactions may be relevant to hypoxia-selective anticancer drugs, antimicrobial agents, and unwanted toxicity of heterocylic nitrogen compounds.
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12
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Shen X, Laber CH, Sarkar U, Galazzi F, Johnson KM, Mahieu NG, Hillebrand R, Fuchs-Knotts T, Barnes CL, Baker GA, Gates KS. Exploiting the Inherent Photophysical Properties of the Major Tirapazamine Metabolite in the Development of Profluorescent Substrates for Enzymes That Catalyze the Bioreductive Activation of Hypoxia-Selective Anticancer Prodrugs. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3126-3131. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Sarkar U, Hillebrand R, Johnson KM, Cummings AH, Phung NL, Rajapakse A, Zhou H, Willis JR, Barnes CL, Gates KS. Application of Suzuki-Miyaura and Buchwald-Hartwig Cross-coupling Reactions to the Preparation of Substituted 1,2,4-Benzotriazine 1-Oxides Related to the Antitumor Agent Tirapazamine. J Heterocycl Chem 2017; 54:155-160. [PMID: 28439141 DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxides display the ability to selectively kill the oxygen-poor cells found in solid tumors. As a result, there is a desire for synthetic routes that afford access to substituted 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-oxides that can be used as direct precursors in the synthesis of 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxides. Here we describe the use of Suzuki-Miyaura and Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reactions for the construction of various 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-oxide analogs bearing substituents at the 3-, 6-, and 7-positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjal Sarkar
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Roman Hillebrand
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Andrea H Cummings
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Ngoc Linh Phung
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Anuruddha Rajapakse
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Haiying Zhou
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Jordan R Willis
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Charles L Barnes
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Kent S Gates
- University of Missouri, Department of Chemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211.,University of Missouri, Department of Biochemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
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14
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Ahmadinejad N, Tari MT. Substitution effect on thermochemical properties of gas-phase tirapazamine by density functional theory. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024415110023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Makki MST, Abdel-Rahman RM, Aqlan FM. Synthesis of Fluorinated Heterobicyclic Nitrogen Systems Containing 1,2,4-Triazine Moiety as CDK2 Inhibition Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ijoc.2015.53020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Johnson K, Parsons ZD, Barnes CL, Gates KS. Toward hypoxia-selective DNA-alkylating agents built by grafting nitrogen mustards onto the bioreductively activated, hypoxia-selective DNA-oxidizing agent 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (tirapazamine). J Org Chem 2014; 79:7520-31. [PMID: 25029663 PMCID: PMC4136725 DOI: 10.1021/jo501252p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tirapazamine (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide) is a heterocyclic di-N-oxide that undergoes enzymatic deoxygenation selectively in the oxygen-poor (hypoxic) cells found in solid tumors to generate a mono-N-oxide metabolite. This work explored the idea that the electronic changes resulting from the metabolic deoxygenation of tirapazamine analogues might be exploited to activate a DNA-alkylating species selectively in hypoxic tissue. Toward this end, tirapazamine analogues bearing nitrogen mustard units were prepared. In the case of the tirapazamine analogue 18a bearing a nitrogen mustard unit at the 6-position, it was found that removal of the 4-oxide from the parent di-N-oxide to generate the mono-N-oxide analogue 17a did indeed cause a substantial increase in reactivity of the mustard unit, as measured by hydrolysis rates and DNA-alkylation yields. Hammett sigma values were measured to quantitatively assess the magnitude of the electronic changes induced by metabolic deoxygenation of the 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide heterocycle. The results provide evidence that the 1,2,4-benzotiazine 1,4-dioxide unit can serve as an oxygen-sensing prodrug platform for the selective unmasking of bioactive agents in hypoxic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
M. Johnson
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United
States
| | - Zachary D. Parsons
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United
States
| | - Charles L. Barnes
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United
States
| | - Kent S. Gates
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United
States
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17
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Singh HJ, Upadhyay MK, Sengupta SK. Theoretical studies on benzo[1,2,4]triazine-based high-energy materials. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2205. [PMID: 24691532 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations of 13 aminonitro compounds based on the benzo[1,2,4]triazine fused-ring system were performed. The geometries of all 13 species were optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. In order to refine the energy values, single-point energy calculations of the species were made at the B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,2p) level. The gas-phase heats of formation of the species considered were calculated using the atom equivalent method. Condensed-phase heats of formation were calculated utilizing the heats of sublimation of the designed molecules, as evaluated during the present study. With the help of the WFA program, crystal densities of the designed compounds were predicted using the geometry of the molecule optimized at the B3PW91/6-31G(d,p) level. The stabilities and impact sensitivities of all of the compounds are discussed in the present paper in terms of the bond dissociation energy (BDE) of the trigger linkage (the longest C-NO₂ bond) and the available free space per molecule (∆V) in the unit cell of each compound. A nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) study was performed to assess the aromaticities of the designed molecules, and the NICS(1) values determined 1 Å above and below the plane of the ring were found to be -7.9 to -10.5, respectively, for the benzene ring and -10.7 to -11.4, respectively, for the triazine ring in the designed fused-ring molecules, showing that both rings retain their aromaticities when undergoing substitution by nitro groups. Detonation parameters of the species were calculated, and the results suggest that the designed compounds possess comparable values to those of the commercial explosives TNT and RDX. Furthermore, results suggest that the designed compounds may be less sensitive than many nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives. Thus, the results obtained during the present study imply that the designed compounds may be used as safe explosive materials, and could be potential alternatives to TNT and RDX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Ji Singh
- Department of Chemistry, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273004, India,
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18
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Talebi Tari M, Ahmadinejad N. Theoretical 14N and 17O nuclear quadrupole resonance parameters for tirapazamine and related metabolites. Struct Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-014-0403-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Shen X, Rajapakse A, Gallazzi F, Junnotula V, Fuchs-Knotts T, Glaser R, Gates KS. Isotopic labeling experiments that elucidate the mechanism of DNA strand cleavage by the hypoxia-selective antitumor agent 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-di-N-oxide. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 27:111-8. [PMID: 24328261 DOI: 10.1021/tx400356y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxides are an important class of potential anticancer drugs that selectively kill the low-oxygen (hypoxic) cells found in solid tumors. These compounds undergo intracellular one-electron enzymatic reduction to yield an oxygen-sensitive drug radical intermediate that partitions forward, under hypoxic conditions, to generate a highly reactive secondary radical that causes cell killing DNA damage. Here, we characterized bioreductively activated, hypoxia-selective DNA-strand cleavage by 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide. We found that one-electron enzymatic activation of 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide under hypoxic conditions in the presence of the deuterium atom donor methanol-d4 produced nondeuterated mono-N-oxide metabolites. This and the results of other isotopic labeling studies provided evidence against the generation of atom-abstracting drug radical intermediates and are consistent with a DNA-damage mechanism involving the release of hydroxyl radical from enzymatically activated 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulong Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri , 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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20
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Radioiodination and biodistribution of NBNPQD (2-benzyl-1-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrido[4,3-b]quinoxaline 5,10-dioxide) in tumor bearing mice. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Cortés E, Méndez L, Mata EG, Abonia R, Quiroga J, Insuasty B. Synthesis of 3-aryl-1,2,4-benzotriazines via intramolecular cyclization of solid-supported o-hydrazidoanilines. Mol Divers 2012; 16:839-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-012-9400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Transferring oxygen isotopes to 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-oxides forming the corresponding 1,4-dioxides by using the HOF·CH3CN complex. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Kazmi N, Hossain MA, Phillips RM, Al-Mamun MA, Bass R. Avascular tumour growth dynamics and the constraints of protein binding for drug transportation. J Theor Biol 2012; 313:142-52. [PMID: 22974970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential for the use of in-silico models of disease in progression monitoring is becoming increasingly recognised, as well as its contribution to the development of complete curative processes. In this paper we report the development of a hybrid cellular automaton model to mimic the growth of avascular tumours, including the infusion of a bioreductive drug to study the effects of protein binding on drug transportation. The growth model is operated within an extracellular tumour microenvironment. An artificial Neural Network based scheme was implemented that modelled the behaviours of each cell (proliferation, quiescence, apoptosis and/or movement) based on the complex heterogeneous microenvironment; consisting of oxygen, glucose, hydrogen ions, inhibitory factors and growth factors. To validate the growth model results, we conducted experiments with multicellular tumour spheroids. These results showed good agreement with the predicted growth dynamics. The outcome of the avascular tumour growth model suggested that tumour microenvironments have a strong impact on cell behaviour. To address the problem of cellular proteins acting as resistive factors preventing efficient drug penetration, a bioreactive drug (tirapazamine) was added to the system. This allowed us to study the drug penetration through multicellular layers of tissue after its binding to cellular proteins. The results of the in vitro model suggested that the proteins reduce the toxicity of the drug, reducing its efficacy for the most severely hypoxic fractions furthest from a functional blood vessel. Finally this research provides a unique comparison of in vitro tumour growth with an intelligent in silico model to measure bioreductive drug availability inside tumour tissue through a set of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kazmi
- School of Computing, Engineering and Information Sciences, Northumbria University, UK.
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24
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Rajapakse A, Gates KS. Hypoxia-selective, enzymatic conversion of 6-nitroquinoline into a fluorescent helicene: pyrido[3,2-f]quinolino[6,5-c]cinnoline 3-oxide. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3531-7. [PMID: 22417220 DOI: 10.1021/jo3004748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regions of low oxygen concentration (hypoxia) occur in both normal human physiology and under pathophysiological conditions. Fluorescent probes for the direct imaging of cellular hypoxia could be useful tools that complement radiochemical imaging and immunohistochemical staining methods. In this work, we set out to characterize the hypoxia-selective enzymatic metabolism of a simple nitroaryl probe, 6-nitroquinoline (1). We envisioned that this compound might undergo hypoxia-selective, bioreductive conversion to the fluorescent product, 6-aminoquinoline (2). The probe 1 was, indeed, converted to a fluorescent product selectively under hypoxic conditions by the one-electron reducing enzyme NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase. However, inspection of the fluorescence spectrum and LC-MS analysis of the reaction mixture revealed that the expected product 2 was not formed. Rather, the 63-fold increase in fluorescence emission at 445 nm resulting from the hypoxic metabolism of 1 was due to formation of the azoxy-helicene product, pyrido[3,2-f]quinolino[6,5-c]cinnoline 3-oxide (4). The generation of 4 involves an unusual biaryl bond formation under reductive conditions. The mechanism of this process remains uncertain but could proceed via combination of a nitroaryl radical anion with a neutral nitrosoaryl radical, followed by tautomerization and intramolecular condensation between the resulting hydroxylamine and nitroso functional groups. Bioreductive metabolism of nitroaryl compounds represents a promising strategy for the selective delivery of cytotoxic agents and fluorescent markers to hypoxic tissue, but the results described here provide an important glimpse of the chemical complexity that can be associated with the enzymatic one-electron reduction of nitroaryl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuruddha Rajapakse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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25
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Yin J, Glaser R, Gates KS. On the reaction mechanism of tirapazamine reduction chemistry: unimolecular N-OH homolysis, stepwise dehydration, or triazene ring-opening. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:634-45. [PMID: 22390168 DOI: 10.1021/tx200546u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The initial steps of the activation of tirapazamine (TPZ, 1, 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-N,N-dioxide) under hypoxic conditions consist of the one-electron reduction of 1 to radical anion 2 and the protonation of 2 at O(N4) or O(N1) to form neutral radicals 3 and 4, respectively. There are some questions, however, as to whether radicals 3 and/or 4 will then undergo N-OH homolyses 3 → 5 + ·OH and 4 → 6 + ·OH or, alternatively, whether 3 and/or 4 may react by dehydration and form aminyl radicals via 3 → 11 + H(2)O and 4 → 12 + H(2)O or phenyl radicals via 3 → 17 + H(2)O. These outcomes might depend on the chemistry after the homolysis of 3 and/or 4, that is, dehydration may be the result of a two-step sequence that involves N-OH homolysis and formation of ·OH aggregates of 5 and 6 followed by H-abstraction within the ·OH aggregates to form hydrates of aminyls 11 and 12 or of phenyl 17. We studied these processes with configuration interaction theory, perturbation theory, and density functional theory. All stationary structures of OH aggregates of 5 and 6, of H(2)O aggregates of 11, 12, and 17, and of the transition state structures for H-abstraction were located and characterized by vibrational analysis and with methods of electron and spin-density analysis. The doublet radical 17 is a normal spin-polarized radical, whereas the doublet radicals 11 and 12 feature quartet instabilities. The computed reaction energies and activation barriers allow for dehydration in principle, but the productivity of all of these channels should be low for kinetic and dynamic reasons. With a view to plausible scenarios for the generation of latent aryl radical species without dehydration, we scanned the potential energy surfaces of 2-4 as a function of the (O)N1-Y (Y = C5a, N2) and (O)N4-Z (Z = C4a, C3) bond lengths. The elongation of any one of these bonds by 0.5 Å requires less than 25 kcal/mol, and this finding strongly suggests the possibility of bimolecular reactions of the spin-trap molecules with 2-4 concomitant with triazene ring-opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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26
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Yin J, Glaser R, Gates KS. Electron and spin-density analysis of tirapazamine reduction chemistry. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:620-33. [PMID: 22390194 DOI: 10.1021/tx2005458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tirapazamine (TPZ, 1, 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-N,N-dioxide), the radical anion 2 formed by one-electron reduction of 1, and neutral radicals 3 and 4 formed by protonation of 2 at O(N4) or O(N1), respectively, and their N-OH homolyses 3 → 5 + ·OH and 4 → 6 + ·OH have been studied with configuration interaction theory, perturbation theory, and density functional theory. A comprehensive comparative analysis is presented of structures and electronic structures and with focus on the development of an understanding of the spin-density distributions of the radical species. The skeletons of radicals 3 and 4 are distinctly nonplanar, several stereoisomeric structures are discussed, and there exists an intrinsic preference for 3 over 4. The N-oxides 1, 5, and 6 have closed-shell singlet ground states and low-lying, singlet biradical (SP-1, SP-6) or biradicaloid (SP-5) excited states. The doublet radicals 2, 3, and 4 are heavily spin-polarized. Most of the spin density of the doublet radicals 2, 3, and 4 is located in one (N,O)-region, and in particular, 3 and 4 are not C3-centered radicals. Significant amounts of spin density occur in both rings in the singlet biradical(oid) excited states of 1, 5, and 6. The dipole moment of the N2-C3(X) bond is large, and the nature of X provides a powerful handle to modulate the N2-C3 bond polarity with opposite effects on the two NO regions. Our studies show very low proton affinities of radical anion 2 and suggest that the pK(a) of radical [2+H] might be lower than 6. Implications are discussed regarding the formation of hydroxyl from 3 and/or 4, regarding the ability of 5 and 6 to react with carbon-centered radicals in a manner that ultimately leads to oxygen transfer, and regarding the interpretation of the EPR spectra of reduced TPZ species and of their spin-trap adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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27
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Chowdhury G, Sarkar U, Pullen S, Wilson WR, Rajapakse A, Fuchs-Knotts T, Gates KS. DNA strand cleavage by the phenazine di-N-oxide natural product myxin under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 25:197-206. [PMID: 22084973 DOI: 10.1021/tx2004213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic N-oxides are an interesting class of antitumor agents that selectively kill the hypoxic cells found in solid tumors. The hypoxia-selective activity of the lead compound in this class, tirapazamine, stems from its ability to undergo intracellular one-electron reduction to an oxygen-sensitive drug radical intermediate. In the presence of molecular oxygen, the radical intermediate is back-oxidized to the parent molecule. Under hypoxic conditions, the extended lifetime of the drug radical intermediate enables its conversion to a highly cytotoxic DNA-damaging intermediate via a "deoxygenative" mechanism involving the loss of oxygen from one of its N-oxide groups. The natural product myxin is a phenazine di-N-oxide that displays potent antibiotic activity against a variety of organisms under aerobic conditions. In light of the current view of heterocyclic N-oxides as agents that selectively operate under hypoxic conditions, it is striking that myxin was identified from Sorangium extracts based upon its antibiotic properties under aerobic conditions. Therefore, we set out to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological activity of myxin. We find that myxin causes bioreductively activated, radical-mediated DNA strand cleavage under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Our evidence indicates that strand cleavage occurs via a deoxygenative metabolism. We show that myxin displays potent cytotoxicity against the human colorectal cancer cell line HCT-116 under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions that is comparable to the cell-killing properties of tirapazamine under anaerobic conditions. This work sheds light on the processes by which the naturally occurring aromatic N-oxide myxin gains its potent antibiotic properties under aerobic conditions. Furthermore, these studies highlight the general potential for aromatic N-oxides to undergo highly cytotoxic deoxygenative metabolism following enzymatic one-electron reduction under aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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28
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ZHA DONG, LI LAICAI, ZHENG YAN, WANG XIN, TIAN ANMIN, WONG NINGBEW. THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE HYDROLYSIS MECHANISM OF METABOLIC PRODUCT FROM TIRAPAZAMINE'S UNDERGOING ENZYMATIC CATALYSIS. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633606002143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two different hydrolysis mechanisms of metabolic product from tirapazamine's enzymatic catalysis have been studied by density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/6-311+G(d) levels. The results indicate that the activation barrier of rate-controling step of Brown's model is smaller than that of Denny's model.
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Affiliation(s)
- DONG ZHA
- Department of Chemistry, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, People's Republic of China
| | - LAI-CAI LI
- Department of Chemistry, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, People's Republic of China
| | - YAN ZHENG
- Department of Chemistry, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, People's Republic of China
| | - XIN WANG
- Department of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - AN-MIN TIAN
- Department of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - NING-BEW WONG
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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29
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El-Gogary SR, Waly MA, Ibrahim IT, El-Sepelgy OZ. Synthesis and UV absorption of new conjugated quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives anticipated as tumor imaging and cytotoxic agents. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-010-0386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Ismail MM, Amin KM, Noaman E, Soliman DH, Ammar YA. New quinoxaline 1, 4-di-N-oxides: Anticancer and hypoxia-selective therapeutic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:2733-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Junnotula V, Rajapakse A, Arbillaga L, de Cerain AL, Solano B, Villar R, Monge A, Gates KS. DNA strand cleaving properties and hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity of 7-chloro-2-thienylcarbonyl-3-trifluoromethylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:3125-32. [PMID: 20371184 PMCID: PMC3268132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heterocyclic N-oxide, 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (tirapazamine, 1), shows promising antitumor activity in preclinical studies, but there is a continuing need to explore new compounds in this general structural category. In the work described here, we examined the properties of 7-chloro-2-thienylcarbonyl-3-trifluoromethylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide (9h). We find that 9h causes redox-activated, hypoxia-selective DNA cleavage that mirrors the lead compound, tirapazamine, in both mechanism and potency. Furthermore, we find that 9h displays hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines.
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32
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Mehibel M, Singh S, Chinje EC, Cowen RL, Stratford IJ. Effects of cytokine-induced macrophages on the response of tumor cells to banoxantrone (AQ4N). Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1261-9. [PMID: 19435866 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are found in many solid tumors and have often been shown to accumulate in the hypoxic regions surrounding areas of necrosis. TAMs are the major site of expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), a heme-containing homodimeric enzyme consisting of oxygenase and reductase domains. The latter has a high degree of sequence homology to cytochrome P450 reductase and a functional consequence of this is the ability of NOS, under hypoxic conditions, to activate the bioreductive drugs tirapazamine and RSU1069. Banoxantrone (AQ4N) is a bioreductive prodrug activated in hypoxia by an oxygen-dependent two-electron reductive process to yield the topoisomerase II inhibitor AQ4. A feature of this process is that the final product could potentially show bystander cell killing. Thus, in this study, we investigated the ability of inducible NOS (iNOS)-expressing TAMs to activate AQ4N and elicit toxicity in cocultured human tumor cells. Murine macrophages were induced to overexpress iNOS by treatment with a combination of cytokines, mixed with HT1080 and HCT116 human tumor cells, and the toxicity of AQ4N was determined under aerobic or hypoxic conditions. The aerobic toxicity of AQ4N toward tumor cells was not affected through coculturing with macrophages. However, under hypoxic conditions, the induction of iNOS activity in the macrophages was associated with an increase in AQ4N metabolism and a substantial increase in tumor cell toxicity, which was dependent on the proportion of macrophages in the culture. This study is the first demonstration of TAM-mediated prodrug activation to result in bystander killing of human tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Mehibel
- Experimental Oncology Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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33
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Junnotula V, Sarkar U, Sinha S, Gates KS. Initiation of DNA strand cleavage by 1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide antitumor agents: mechanistic insight from studies of 3-methyl-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:1015-24. [PMID: 19117394 PMCID: PMC2819123 DOI: 10.1021/ja8049645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The antitumor agent 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (tirapazamine, TPZ, 1) gains medicinal activity through its ability to selectively damage DNA in the hypoxic cells found inside solid tumors. This occurs via one-electron enzymatic reduction of TPZ to yield an oxygen-sensitive drug radical (2) that leads to oxidatively generated DNA damage under hypoxic conditions. Two possible mechanisms have been considered to account for oxidatively generated DNA damage by TPZ. First, homolysis of the N-OH bond in 2 may yield the well-known DNA-damaging agent, hydroxyl radical. Alternatively, it has been suggested that elimination of water from 2 generates a benzotriazinyl radical (4) as the ultimate DNA-damaging species. In the studies described here, the TPZ analogue 3-methyl-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (5) was employed as a tool to probe the mechanism of DNA damage within this new class of antitumor drugs. Initially, it was demonstrated that 5 causes redox-activated, hypoxia-selective oxidation of DNA and small organic substrates in a manner that is completely analogous to TPZ. This suggests that 5 and TPZ damage DNA by the same chemical mechanism. Importantly, the methyl substituent in 5 provides a means for assessing whether the putative benzotriazinyl intermediate 7 is generated following one-electron reduction. Two complementary isotopic labeling experiments provide evidence against the formation of the benzotriazinyl radical intermediate. Rather, a mechanism involving the release of hydroxyl radical from the activated drug radical intermediates can explain the DNA-cleaving properties of this class of antitumor drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatraman Junnotula
- University of Missouri–Columbia, Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Ujjal Sarkar
- University of Missouri–Columbia, Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Sarmistha Sinha
- University of Missouri–Columbia, Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Kent S. Gates
- University of Missouri–Columbia, Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 125 Chemistry Building, Columbia, MO 65211
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Synthesis and biological activity of 1-methyl-tryptophan-tirapazamine hybrids as hypoxia-targeting indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8661-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Abu-El-Halawah R, Ali BF, Ibrahim MM, Zahra JA, Frey W. 1,4-Dihydroxy-quinoxaline-2,3(1H,4H)-dione. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2008; 64:o571-2. [PMID: 21201914 PMCID: PMC2960817 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536808003784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C8H6N2O4, contains one half-molecule; a twofold rotation axis bisects the molecule. The quinoxaline ring is planar, which can be attributed to electron delocalization. In the crystal structure, intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into R22(10) motifs, leading to layers, which interact via phenyl–phenyl interactions (C⋯C distances in the range 3.238–3.521 Å).
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36
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Ligthart GBWL, Guo D, Spek AL, Kooijman H, Zuilhof H, Sijbesma RP. Ureidobenzotriazine Multiple H-Bonding Arrays: The Importance of Geometrical Details on the Stability of H-Bonds. J Org Chem 2007; 73:111-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo7019338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. B. W. L. Ligthart
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, The Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dawei Guo
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, The Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. L. Spek
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, The Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Kooijman
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, The Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, The Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, The Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands, and Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Chowdhury G, Junnotula V, Daniels JS, Greenberg MM, Gates KS. DNA strand damage product analysis provides evidence that the tumor cell-specific cytotoxin tirapazamine produces hydroxyl radical and acts as a surrogate for O(2). J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:12870-7. [PMID: 17900117 PMCID: PMC2821206 DOI: 10.1021/ja074432m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The compound 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (tirapazamine, TPZ) is a clinically promising anticancer agent that selectively kills the oxygen-poor (hypoxic) cells found in solid tumors. It has long been known that, under hypoxic conditions, TPZ causes DNA strand damage that is initiated by the abstraction of hydrogen atoms from the deoxyribose phosphate backbone of duplex DNA, but exact chemical mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Here we describe detailed characterization of sugar-derived products arising from TPZ-mediated strand damage. We find that the action of TPZ on duplex DNA under hypoxic conditions generates 5-methylene-2-furanone (6), oligonucleotide 3'-phosphoglycolates (7), malondialdehyde equivalents (8 or 9), and furfural (10). These results provide evidence that TPZ-mediated strand damage arises via hydrogen atom abstraction from both the most hindered (C1') and least hindered (C4' and C5') positions of the deoxyribose sugars in the double helix. The products observed are identical to those produced by hydroxyl radical. Additional experiments were conducted to better understand the chemical pathways by which TPZ generates the observed DNA-damage products. Consistent with previous work showing that TPZ can substitute for molecular oxygen in DNA damage reactions, it is found that, under anaerobic conditions, reaction of TPZ with a discrete, photogenerated C1'-radical in a DNA 2'-oligodeoxynucleotide cleanly generates the 2-deoxyribonolactone lesion (5) that serves as the precursor to 5-methylene-2-furanone (6). Overall, the results provide insight regarding the chemical structure of the DNA lesions that confront cellular repair, transcription, and replication machinery following exposure to TPZ and offer new information relevant to the chemical mechanisms underlying TPZ-mediated strand cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chowdhury
- University of Missouri–Columbia Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry 125 Chemistry Building Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Venkatraman Junnotula
- University of Missouri–Columbia Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry 125 Chemistry Building Columbia, MO 65211
| | - J. Scott Daniels
- University of Missouri–Columbia Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry 125 Chemistry Building Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Marc M. Greenberg
- Johns Hopkins University Department of Chemistry 3400 N. Charles St. Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Kent S. Gates
- University of Missouri–Columbia Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry 125 Chemistry Building Columbia, MO 65211
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: ; phone: (573) 882-6763; FAX: (573) 882-2754
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38
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Poole JS, Hadad CM, Platz MS, Fredin ZP, Pickard L, Levya Guerrero E, Kessler M, Chowdhury G, Kotandeniya D, Gates KS. Photochemical Electron Transfer Reactions of Tirapazamine¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0750339petrot2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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39
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Shi X, Mandel SM, Platz MS. On the mechanism of reaction of radicals with tirapazamine. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:4542-50. [PMID: 17381087 DOI: 10.1021/ja0647405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ketyl radicals produced by photolysis of ketones or di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) in alcohol solvents react rapidly with tirapazamine (TPZ). The acetone ketyl radical (ACOH) reacts with TPZ with an absolute second-order rate constant of (9.7 +/- 0.4) x 108 M-1 s-1. The reaction kinetics can be followed by monitoring the bleaching of TPZ absorption at 475 nm or the formation of a reaction product which absorbs at 320 and 410 nm. The ACOD radical reacts with TPZ in 2-propanol-OD with an absolute rate constant of (6.7 +/- 0.5) x 108 M-1 s-1, corresponding to a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of 1.4. Deuteration of the radical on carbon (ACOH-d6) retards the reaction of the radical with TPZ even further (absolute rate constant = (4.8 +/- 0.04) x 108 M-1 s-1). This result corresponds to a KIE of 2.0. Radicals derived from dioxane and diisopropyl ether by flash photolysis of DTBP in ethereal solvent react with TPZ more slowly than do ketyl radicals. It is concluded that ketyl radicals react, in part, with TPZ in organic solvents by transfer of a hydrogen atom from the OH and CH3 groups of the ketyl radical to the oxygen atom at the N4 position of TPZ to form acetone or acetone enol and a radical derivative of TPZ (TPZH). The latter species absorbs at 320 and 405 nm, has a lifetime of hundreds of microseconds in alcohol solvents, and decays by disproportionation to form TPZ and a reduced heterocycle. The reduced heterocycle eventually forms a desoxytirapazamine by a polar mechanism. The results are supported by density functional theory calculations. It is proposed that dioxanyl radical will also react, in part, with TPZ by transfer of a hydrogen atom from the carbon adjacent to the radical center to the oxygen atom at the N4 position of TPZ. This produces the enol ether and the previously mentioned TPZH radical. It is further posited that ether radicals react a bit more slowly than ketyl radicals because they lack the second mode of hydrogen transfer (from the OH group) that is present in the ACOH radical. Our data are permissive of the possibility that ether radicals add to TPZ at a rate that is competitive with beta-hydrogen atom transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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40
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Amin KM, Ismail MMF, Noaman E, Soliman DH, Ammar YA. New quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides. Part 1: Hypoxia-selective cytotoxins and anticancer agents derived from quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:6917-23. [PMID: 16843668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2006] [Revised: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic cells which are common feature of solid tumors are resistant to both anticancer drugs and radiation therapy. Thus, the identification of drugs with the selective toxicity toward hypoxic cells is an important target in anticancer chemotherapy. Tirapazamine has been shown to be an efficient and selective cytotoxin after bioreductive activation in hypoxic cells which is thought to be due to the presence of the 1,4-di-N-oxide. A new series of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides and fused quinoxaline di-N-oxides were synthesized and evaluated for hypoxic-cytotoxic activity on EAC cell line. Compound 10a was the most potent cytotoxin IC(50) 0.9 microg/mL, potency 75 microg/mL, and was approximately 15 times more selective cytotoxin (HCR>111) than 3-aminoquinoxaline-2-carbonitrile which has been used as a standard (HCR>7.5). Compounds 4 and 3a,b were more selective than the standard. In addition, antitumor activity against Hepg2 (liver) and U251 (brain) human cell lines was evaluated, compounds 9c and 8a were the most active against Hepg2 with IC(50) values 1.9 and 2.9 microg/mL, respectively, however, all the tested compounds were nontoxic against U251 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamelia M Amin
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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41
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Boyd M, Hay MP, Boyd PDW. Complete 1H, 13C and 15N NMR assignment of tirapazamine and related 1,2,4-benzotriazine N-oxides. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2006; 44:948-54. [PMID: 16900565 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
1H, 13C and 15N NMR measurements (1D and 2D including 1H--15N gs-HMBC) have been carried out on 3-amino-1, 2,4-benzotriazine and a series of N-oxides and complete assignments established. N-Oxidation at any position resulted in large upfield shifts of the corresponding N-1 and N-2 resonances and downfield shifts for N-4 with the exception of the 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1-oxide in which a small upfield shift of N-4 was observed. Density functional GIAO calculations of the 15N and 13C chemical shifts [B3LYP/6-31G(d)//B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)] gave good agreement with experimental values confirming the assignments. The combination of 13C and 15N NMR provides an unambiguous method for assigning the 1H and 13C resonances of N-oxides of 1,2,4-benzotriazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruta Boyd
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Anderson RF, Shinde SS, Hay MP, Denny WA. Potentiation of the cytotoxicity of the anticancer agent tirapazamine by benzotriazine N-oxides: the role of redox equilibria. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:245-9. [PMID: 16390153 DOI: 10.1021/ja0559101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tirapazamine (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide), the lead bioreductive drug with selective toxicity for hypoxic cells in tumors, is thought to act by forming an active oxidizing radical of high one-electron reduction potential, E(1), when reduced by reductases. It has a dual mechanism of action, both generating DNA radicals, following its one-electron reduction and subsequently oxidizing these DNA radicals to form labile cations or hydrolyzable lactones through transferring an O atom, resulting in DNA strand breaks. These parallel secondary reactions have been proposed to be also initiated by its two-electron reduced metabolite, the 1-oxide. We have used pulse radiolysis to show that the benzotriazinyl radical of a highly soluble analogue of tirapazamine, the 3-(N,N-dimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine) analogue, is able to oxidize tirapazamine itself. We have found that both tirapazamine and the 1-oxides are in equilibrium with their respective benzotriazinyl radicals, with high concentrations of the more soluble 1-oxide maintaining a high concentration of the more reactive oxidizing radical of tirapazamine. The one-electron reduction potentials, E(1), of the 1-oxides and related compounds have been measured and, together with the E(1) values of tirapazamine and the 2-nitroimidazole radiosensitizer, misonidazole, are shown to predict the published percentages of electron transfer. This radical chemistry study gives an insight into the mechanisms of the potentiation of radical damage, reported for DNA, that underlies the hypoxic cytotoxicity of electron affinic compounds. The E(1) values of the benzotriazinyl radicals of the benzotriazine compounds govern the position of the redox equilibria, which determine the amount of initial radical damage. The E(1) values of the 1,4-dioxides and 1-oxide compounds govern the degree of potentiation of the initial radical damage once formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
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Huxham LA, Kyle AH, Baker JHE, McNicol KL, Minchinton AI. Tirapazamine causes vascular dysfunction in HCT-116 tumour xenografts. Radiother Oncol 2006; 78:138-45. [PMID: 16455148 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tirapazamine is a hypoxic cytotoxin currently undergoing Phase II/III clinical evaluation in combination with radiation and chemotherapeutics for the treatment of non-hematological cancers. Tissue penetration studies using multicellular models have suggested that tirapazamine exposure may be limited to cells close to blood vessels. However, animal studies show tirapazamine enhances the anti-tumour activity of radiation and chemotherapy and clinical studies with tirapazamine, so far, are promising. To investigate this apparent paradox we examined the microregional effects of tirapazamine in vivo by mapping drug effects with respect to the position of blood vessels in tumour cryosections. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tirapazamine was administered i.p. to mice bearing HCT-116 tumours, which were excised at various times after treatment. Images of multiple-stained cryosections were overlaid to provide microregional information on the relative position of proliferating cells, hypoxia, perfusion and vasculature. RESULTS We observed extensive and permanent vascular dysfunction in a large proportion of tumours from mice treated with tirapazamine. In the affected tumours, blood flow ceased in the centrally located tumour vessels, leaving a rim of functional vessels around the periphery of the tumour. This vascular dysfunction commenced within 24 h after tirapazamine administration and the areas affected appeared to be replaced by necrosis over the following 24-48 h. CONCLUSIONS Because the majority of hypoxic cells are located in the center of tumours we propose that the activity of tirapazamine in vivo may be related to its effects on tumour vasculature and that its activity against hypoxic cells located distal to functional blood vessels may not be as important as previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey A Huxham
- Medical Biophysics Department, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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44
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Khodja M, Moulay S, Boutoumi H, Wilde H. Two-step syntheses of 3-methyl and 3-phenyl-1,2,4-benzotriazines. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Mellor HR, Snelling S, Hall MD, Modok S, Jaffar M, Hambley TW, Callaghan R. The influence of tumour microenvironmental factors on the efficacy of cisplatin and novel platinum(IV) complexes. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1137-46. [PMID: 16139250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin is an important treatment for many types of solid tumours, in particular non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Platinum(IV) complexes offer several advantages to cisplatin due to their requirement for reduction to the active platinum(II) form to elicit cytotoxicity. This should minimise non-specific effects and facilitate higher amounts of the active complexes reaching the target DNA. Hypoxia and a quiescent cell population are features of the tumour microenvironment known to lead to resistance to many chemotherapeutic agents. It is unclear how these microenvironmental factors will impact on the efficacy of novel platinum(IV) complexes. Consequently, the cytotoxicities of several platinum drugs were determined in monolayer and tumour spheroid cultures derived from NSCLC lines. Platinum(IV) reduction potential correlated well with cytotoxicity. The complex containing a chloro axial ligand demonstrated the greatest potency and the drug with the hydroxy ligand was the least effective. Although drug cytotoxicity was not enhanced under hypoxic conditions, both cisplatin and the platinum(IV) complexes retained full potency. In addition, all of the platinum drugs retained the ability to evoke apoptosis in quiescent cells. In summary, unlike many anticancer drugs, the platinum(IV) complexes retain cytotoxic potency under resistance-inducing tumour microenvironmental conditions and warrant further investigation as more selective alternatives to current platinum-based therapy for the treatment of solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Mellor
- Oxford Drug Resistance Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
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46
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Li LC, Zha D, Zhu YQ, Xu MH, Wong NB. Theoretical study of the mechanism of hydroxyl radical release from tirapazamine’s undergoing enzymatic catalysis. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Lunt SJ, Telfer BA, Fitzmaurice RJ, Stratford IJ, Williams KJ. Tirapazamine Administered as a Neoadjuvant to Radiotherapy Reduces Metastatic Dissemination. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:4212-6. [PMID: 15930359 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The level of hypoxia in primary tumors has been linked both clinically and experimentally to the incidence of metastases. This study was designed to address the effect of selectively targeting hypoxic cells in primary tumors on subsequent presentation of metastasis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The murine KHT model was used as a reproducible temporal and spatial onset of metastases is revealed following treatment of primary ( approximately 400 mm(3)) s.c. tumors with a 25 Gy radiation dose. The bioreductive drugs tirapazamine and RB6145 were administered in multiple doses before radiotherapy. RESULTS Fractionated treatment with both tirapazamine and RB6145 significantly reduced the hypoxic fraction of the primary tumor, as assessed by pimonidazole binding, and had no effect on the overall growth rate of the primary tumor. Excision assays showed an increased level of cell kill in tirapazamine-treated versus RB6145-treated tumors consistent with tirapazamine targeting hypoxic cells at a broader range of oxygen tensions than RB6145. Tirapazamine treatment significantly reduced the presentation of metastases following radiotherapy (P = 0.003 versus saline controls) whereas RB6145 had no effect. Local control rates increased from 20% to 32% and 50% when radiation was combined with RB6145 and tirapazamine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data provide direct evidence that selective targeting of hypoxic cells in primary tumors is a viable approach in the control of metastatic disease. The enhanced efficacy of tirapazamine versus RB6145 suggests that the radioresistant cells at intermediate oxygen tensions, conducive to targeting with tirapazamine but not with the more stringent bioreductive RB6145, predominate in terms of linking primary tumor hypoxia and metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jane Lunt
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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48
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Shi X, Poole JS, Emenike I, Burdzinski G, Platz MS. Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of the Excited Singlet States of Tirapazamine and Desoxytirapazamine. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:1491-6. [PMID: 16833470 DOI: 10.1021/jp0457040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Laser flash photolysis (LFP, 400 nm excitation) of the anti-cancer drug tirapazamine (TPZ) in acetonitrile produces the singlet excited-state S1 with lambda(max) = 544 nm. The lifetime of this state is 130 ps, in good agreement with the reported fluorescence lifetime. The excited state is reduced to the corresponding radical anion by KSCN or KI. The spectrum of the radical anion is in good agreement with previously reported pulse radiolysis studies and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. LFP of desoxytirapazamine (dTPZ) also produces the first excited singlet state, S1. The fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime (5.4 ns) of the dTPZ singlet excited state are both much greater than the corresponding values of TPZ. This is explained by DFT calculations that predict that cyclization of TPZ to form an oxaziridine is thermodynamically facile but that cyclization of dTPZ to form an oxadiaziridine is not. Thus, the S1 state of TPZ has a short lifetime and low fluorescence quantum yield due to ready cyclization whereas the cyclization of the S1 state of dTPZ is unimportant and does not limit either the fluorescence quantum yield or the fluorescence lifetime. This conclusion is confirmed by studies of dTPZ', an isomer of dTPZ containing the C=N-O moiety which has a low quantum yield and short fluorescence lifetime similar to that of TPZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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49
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Cowen RL, Williams KJ, Chinje EC, Jaffar M, Sheppard FCD, Telfer BA, Wind NS, Stratford IJ. Hypoxia targeted gene therapy to increase the efficacy of tirapazamine as an adjuvant to radiotherapy: reversing tumor radioresistance and effecting cure. Cancer Res 2004; 64:1396-402. [PMID: 14973055 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors are characterized by regions of hypoxia that are inherently resistant to both radiotherapy and some chemotherapy. To target this resistant population, bioreductive drugs that are preferentially toxic to tumor cells in a hypoxic environment are being evaluated in clinical trials; the lead compound, tirapazamine (TPZ), is being used in combination with cisplatin and/or with radiotherapy. Crucially, tumor response to TPZ is also dependent on the cellular complement of reductases. In particular, NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase (P450R) plays a major role in the metabolic activation of TPZ. In a gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) approach using adenoviral delivery, we have overexpressed human P450R specifically within hypoxic cells in tumors, with the aim of harnessing hypoxia as a trigger for both enzyme expression and drug metabolism. The adenovirus used incorporates the hypoxia-responsive element (HRE) from the lactate dehydrogenase gene in a minimal SV40 promoter context upstream of the cDNA for P450R. In a human tumor model in which TPZ alone does not potentiate radiotherapeutic outcome (HT1080 fibrosarcoma), we witnessed complete tumor regression when tumors were virally transduced before treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Cowen
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Coupland III Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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50
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Birincioglu M, Jaruga P, Chowdhury G, Rodriguez H, Dizdaroglu M, Gates KS. DNA base damage by the antitumor agent 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (tirapazamine). J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:11607-15. [PMID: 13129365 DOI: 10.1021/ja0352146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tirapazamine is a bioreductively activated DNA-damaging agent that selectively kills the hypoxic cells found in solid tumors. This compound shows clinical promise and is currently being examined in a variety of clinical trials, including several phase III studies. It is well established that DNA is an important cellular target for tirapazamine; however, the structural nature of the DNA damage inflicted by this drug remains poorly understood. As part of an effort to understand the chemical events responsible for the hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity of this drug, the studies reported here are designed to characterize tirapazamine-mediated damage to the genetic information stored in the heterocyclic base residues of double-stranded DNA. Here, we used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to characterize and quantify oxidative DNA base damage mediated by tirapazamine. A multiplicity of modified bases including 8,5'-cyclopurine-2'-deoxynucleoside tandem lesions were identified and quantified. The results provide the first detailed insight regarding the structural identity of the DNA base lesions caused by this drug. Interestingly, it appears that the hypoxic conditions under which tirapazamine operates, along with the unique chemical properties of the drug, yield a unique variety of DNA base damage that is dominated by formamidopyrimidine and 5-hydroxy-6-hydropyrimidine lesions. Importantly, the results suggest that tirapazamine may generate a set of poorly repaired, potentially cytotoxic DNA base lesions that block DNA transcription and replication. Overall, the results indicate that DNA base damage may contribute to the biological effects of tirapazamine in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Birincioglu
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8311, USA
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