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Cadman LK, Mahon MF, Burrows AD. Inclusion of viologen cations leads to switchable metal-organic frameworks. Faraday Discuss 2021; 225:414-430. [PMID: 33104134 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O with the polycarboxylic acids 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2mbdc), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (H2bdc), 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (H3btc) and 4,4'-biphenyldicarboxylic acid (H2bpdc) in the presence of methyl viologen iodide ([MV]I2) in DMF gave anionic frameworks with methyl viologen species incorporated as counter-ions. When the reactions were carried out at 120 °C, the blue products [MV][Zn3(mbdc)4] (1-ht), [MV]0.44[H2MV]0.36[NMe2H2]0.4[Zn3(bdc)4]·0.6DMF (2-ht), [MV]0.5[Zn(btc)]·DMF (4-ht) and [MV][Zn4(bpdc)5]·8DMF·10H2O (5-ht) were formed, and these were shown to contain the radical cation [MV]˙+. In contrast, the same reactions carried out at 85 °C gave orange isostructural compounds containing the dication [MV]2+. Similar observations were made for reactions with ethyl viologen bromide. The compounds 1-ht, 2-ht and 4-ht contain similar framework topologies to analogues in which NMe2H2+ is the included cation. In contrast, 5-ht is based on a previously unreported interpenetrated network. Compound 2-ht contains the protonated species [H2MV]2+ in addition to [MV]˙+ and the crystal structure shows that the two rings in the former are staggered with respect to each other. This species is believed to form under the reaction conditions employed in the synthesis and the formation of [H2MV]2+ is suppressed by using an alternative approach in which methyl viologen is formed in situ from viologen diacetic acid. In the bdc-containing products, the radical cation is rapidly oxidised to the dication on exposure to air, as witnessed by the colour change from blue to orange. This change is reversed either by heating to 120 °C or exposure to UV radiation, both under nitrogen. This is in contrast to observations with the mbdc and btc analogues 1-ht and 4-ht, as in these compounds the blue colour persists for weeks. The difference can be related to the structures, with the channels present in 2-ht allowing oxygen to reach the radical cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Cadman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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2
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Szakács Z, Bojtár M, Hessz D, Rousseva S, Bitter I, Drahos L, Hilbers M, Zhang H, Kállay M, Kubinyi M. Strong ion pair charge transfer interaction of 1,8-naphthalimide–bipyridinium conjugates with basic anions – towards the development of a new type of turn-on fluorescent anion sensors. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00382g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride, acetate and benzoate anions reduce naphthalimide–viologen dyads into radicals, which is indicated by a strong fluorescence enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Szakács
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Márton Bojtár
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
| | - Dóra Hessz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
| | - Sylvia Rousseva
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - István Bitter
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Research Center for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- 1519 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Michiel Hilbers
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1090 GD Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Hong Zhang
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1090 GD Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Mihály Kállay
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Miklós Kubinyi
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics
- 1521 Budapest
- Hungary
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
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Wang Y, Cheng T, Sun J, Liu Z, Frasconi M, Goddard WA, Stoddart JF. Neighboring Component Effect in a Tri-stable [2]Rotaxane. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13827-13834. [PMID: 30253106 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The redox properties of cyclobis(paraquat- p-phenylene)cyclophane (CBPQT4+) render it a uniquely variable source of recognition in the context of mechanically interlocked molecules, through aromatic donor-acceptor interactions in its fully oxidized state (CPBQT4+) and radical-pairing interactions in its partially reduced state (CBPQT2(•+)). Although it is expected that the fully reduced neutral state (CBPQT(0)) might behave as a π-donating recognition unit, resulting in a dramatic change in its binding properties when compared with the other two redox states, its role in rotaxanes has not yet been investigated. To address this challenge, we report herein the synthesis of a tri-stable [2]rotaxane in which a CBPQT4+ ring is mechanically interlocked with a dumbbell component containing five recognition sites-(i) a bipyridinium radical cation (BIPY(•+)) located centrally along the axis of the dumbbell, straddled by (ii) two tetrafluorophenylene units linked to (iii) two triazole rings. In addition to the selective recognition between (iv) the CBPQT4+ ring and the triazole units, and (v) the CBPQT2(•+) ring and the reduced BIPY(•+) unit in the dumbbell component, investigations in solution have now confirmed the presence of additional non-covalent bonding interactions between the CBPQT(0) ring, acting as a donor in its neutral state, and the two tetrafluorophenylene acceptors in the dumbbell component. The unveiling of this piece of molecular recognition in a [2]rotaxane is reminiscent of the existence in much simpler, covalently linked, organic molecules of neighboring group participation (anchimeric assistance giving way to transannular interactions) in small-, medium-, and large-membered rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Tao Cheng
- Materials and Process Simulation Center , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Junling Sun
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Zhichang Liu
- School of Science , Westlake University , 18 Shilongshan Road , Hangzhou 310024 , China
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Padova , Via Marzolo 1 , Padova 35131 , Italy
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States.,Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis , Tianjin University , 92 Weijin Road , Nankai District, Tianjin 300072 , China.,School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia
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4
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Dye-Sensitized Molecular Charge Transfer Complexes: Magnetic and Conduction Properties in the Photoexcited States of Ni(dmit)2 Salts Containing Photosensitive Dyes. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry3020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Čížková M, Pospíšil L, Klepetářová B, Koval D, Teplý F. Linquats: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Linear Extended Diquats. Chemistry 2016; 22:12154-9. [PMID: 27405657 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report an innovative synthetic route to linear extended diquats (linquats). Our approach is short and efficient and features a highly modular reaction sequence based on two-fold quaternization followed by the key intramolecular [2+2+2] alkyne cycloaddition. The physico-chemical properties of four new linquats were characterized by spectroscopic methods, X-ray crystallography, and electrochemistry complemented by information obtained from DFT calculations. Electron deficient N-heteroaromatic cations with linear extended diquat motif with high electron affinities have been recently recognized as attractive n-type semiconductors for chemical and biological sensing. Their advantageous redox properties such as very fast reversible electron transfers make the title compounds interesting for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Čížková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Pospíšil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejškova 3, 182 23, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Klepetářová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Koval
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Teplý
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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6
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Frasconi M, Fernando IR, Wu Y, Liu Z, Liu WG, Dyar SM, Barin G, Wasielewski MR, Goddard WA, Stoddart JF. Redox Control of the Binding Modes of an Organic Receptor. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11057-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Frasconi
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Isurika R. Fernando
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wei-Guang Liu
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Scott M. Dyar
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Gokhan Barin
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William A. Goddard
- Materials
and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- NanoCentury
KAIST Institute and Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 373-1 Guseong Dong, Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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7
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Kahlfuss C, Métay E, Duclos MC, Lemaire M, Milet A, Saint-Aman E, Bucher C. Chemically and Electrochemically Triggered Assembly of Viologen Radicals: Towards Multiaddressable Molecular Switches. Chemistry 2014; 21:2090-106. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Fujisawa JI, Giorgi G. Lead-iodide nanowire perovskite with methylviologen showing interfacial charge-transfer absorption: a DFT analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:17955-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01553c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The band structure and ambipolar photocarrier-transport in organic–inorganic lead-iodide nanowire perovskite showing interfacial charge-transfer absorption were theoretically studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Fujisawa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST)
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO)
| | - Giacomo Giorgi
- Department of Chemical System Engineering
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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9
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Broggi J, Terme T, Vanelle P. Organic Electron Donors as Powerful Single-Electron Reducing Agents in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:384-413. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Broggi J, Terme T, Vanelle P. Organische Elektronendonoren als leistungsfähige Ein-Elektronen-Reduktionsmittel in der organischen Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Kumar R, Pillai RG, Pekas N, Wu Y, McCreery RL. Spatially Resolved Raman Spectroelectrochemistry of Solid-State Polythiophene/Viologen Memory Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14869-76. [DOI: 10.1021/ja304458s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
- National
Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada
| | - Rajesh G. Pillai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
- National
Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada
| | - Nikola Pekas
- National
Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada
| | - Yiliang Wu
- Xerox Research Centre of Canada, 2660 Speakman Drive Mississauga, Ontario,
L5K 2L1, Canada
| | - Richard L. McCreery
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
- National
Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada
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12
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Lestini E, Nikitin K, Stolarczyk JK, Fitzmaurice D. Electron Transfer and Switching in Rigid [2]Rotaxanes Adsorbed on TiO2 Nanoparticles. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:797-810. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Biedermann F, Rauwald U, Cziferszky M, Williams KA, Gann LD, Guo BY, Urbach AR, Bielawski CW, Scherman OA. Benzobis(imidazolium)-cucurbit[8]uril complexes for binding and sensing aromatic compounds in aqueous solution. Chemistry 2011; 16:13716-22. [PMID: 21058380 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The utilities of benzobis(imidazolium) salts (BBIs) as stable and fluorescent components of supramolecular assemblies involving the macrocyclic host, cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]), are described. CB[8] has the unusual ability to bind tightly and selectively to two different guests in aqueous media, typically methyl viologen (MV) as the first guest, followed by an indole, naphthalene, or catechol-containing second guest. Based on similar size, shape, and charge, tetramethyl benzobis(imidazolium) (MBBI) was identified as a potential alternative to MV that would increase the repertoire of guests for cucurbit[8]uril. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) studies showed that MBBI binds to CB[8] in a 1:1 ratio with an equilibrium association constant (K(a)) value of 5.7×10(5) M(-1), and that the resulting MBBI·CB[8] complex binds to a series of aromatic second guests with K(a) values ranging from 10(3) to 10(5) M(-1). These complexation phenomena were supported by mass spectrometry, which confirmed complex formation, and a series of NMR studies that showed the expected upfield perturbation of aromatic peaks and of the MBBI methyl peaks. Surprisingly, the binding behavior of MBBI is strikingly similar to that of MV, and yet MBBI offers a number of substantial advantages for many applications, including intrinsic fluorescence, high chemical stability, and broad synthetic tunability. Indeed, the intense fluorescence emission of the MBBI·CB[8] complex was quenched upon binding to the second guests, thus demonstrating the utility of MBBI as a component for optical sensing. Building on these favorable properties, the MBBI·CB[8] system was successfully applied to the sequence-selective recognition of peptides as well as the controlled disassembly of polymer aggregates in water. These results broaden the available guests for the cucurbit[n]uril family and demonstrate potentially new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Biedermann
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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14
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Sun S, Zhang R, Andersson S, Pan J, Zou D, Åkermark B, Sun L. Host−Guest Chemistry and Light Driven Molecular Lock of Ru(bpy)3−Viologen with Cucurbit[7−8]urils. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:13357-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp074582j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiguo Sun
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Organic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116012 Dalian, China, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Organic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116012 Dalian, China, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samir Andersson
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Organic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116012 Dalian, China, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jingxi Pan
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Organic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116012 Dalian, China, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dapeng Zou
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Organic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116012 Dalian, China, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Åkermark
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Organic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116012 Dalian, China, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Licheng Sun
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Organic Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116012 Dalian, China, and Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Porter WW, Vaid TP. Isolation and Characterization of Phenyl Viologen as a Radical Cation and Neutral Molecule. J Org Chem 2005; 70:5028-35. [PMID: 15960502 DOI: 10.1021/jo050328g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemical synthesis, isolation, and characterization of phenyl viologen (PV) as a dication, radical cation, and neutral species are described. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction of PV(2+)2Cl(-.)2H2O and PV(.+)PF(6)(-).pyridine reveals the expected differences in bond lengths and also a structural change from two coplanar central rings in PV(.+) to a twist of 36 degrees between the two central rings in PV(2+). The phenyl viologen radical cation exhibits behavior characteristic of many radical cations, including weak pi-dimerization in the solid state and reversible pi-dimerization in solution. Electrical conductivity measurements of neutral phenyl viologen, the first such measurements of a neutral viologen, reveal that it is a significantly better conductor than the radical cation. Differences in geometric relaxation during charge transfer offer a possible explanation for the higher conductivity of the neutral viologen.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Porter
- Center for Materials Innovation and Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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16
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Kim JY, Lee C, Park JW. The kinetics of neutral methyl viologen in acidic H2O+DMF mixed solutions studied by cyclic voltammetry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Laser activation voltammetry: selective removal of reduced forms of methyl viologen deposited on glassy carbon and boron-doped diamond electrodes. Anal Chem 2000; 72:2362-70. [PMID: 10857606 DOI: 10.1021/ac991392z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of high-intensity laser pulses on the reduction of methyl viologen at glassy carbon electrodes in aqueous solution is investigated using laser activation voltammetry (LAV) under both channel flow and no-flow conditions and compared with the effect of conventional variable-temperature voltammetry. The reduction proceeds in two consecutive one-electron steps, and the neutral two-electron-reduction product of methyl viologen is shown by voltammetry and in situ optical microscopy to form two types of deposits, amorphous and crystalline, on the electrode surface. Laser activation voltammetry using a 10 Hz pulsed Nd-YAG 532 nm laser is shown to remove the deposits from the electrode surface at different laser intensities: the amorphous material is more easily ablated than the crystalline deposit. By conventional variable-temperature voltammetry, it is shown that the two stripping peaks disappear as the temperature is increased. However, with conventional heating, the opposite ease of removal is detected compared to the case of laser activation voltammetry: the stripping response associated with the crystalline material disappears at lower temperatures compared to that for the amorphous material. In the presence of high-intensity laser pulses (>0.17 W cm(-2)), glassy carbon surfaces are damaged and the voltammetric characteristics become poor. It is shown that, by the employment of a thin-film boron-doped diamond electrode grown using a chemical vapor deposition procedure on a tungsten substrate, much higher laser intensities can be applied and well-defined LAV signals can be obtained without deactivation of the electrode.
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Akutagawa T, Saito G. Multiplex Proton-Transfer and Electron-Transfer Natures Based on the 2,2′-Bi-1H-imidazole System. I. Acid Dissociation Constants and Redox Properties in Solution. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1995. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.68.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Park JW, Kim JH, Hwang BK, Park KK. Photosensitized Two-electron Reduction of Viologen and the Reactivity of the Neutral Viologen. CHEM LETT 1994. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1994.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Engelman E, Evans DH. Investigation of the nature of electrodeposited neutral viologens formed by reduction of the dications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)80169-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shimada S, Obata Y, Nakagawa K, Tabuchi K. Photopolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate with Methyl Viologen-Na2S2O4-CCl4 in Aqueous-Organic, Two-Phase System. Polym J 1990. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.22.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Bifunctionalized polypyrrole modified electrodes containing reversible electron donor and acceptor moieties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(88)80103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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