1
|
Hsieh WC, Shaikh AY, Perera JDR, Thadke SA, Ly DH. Synthesis of ( R)- and ( S)-Fmoc-Protected Diethylene Glycol Gamma PNA Monomers with High Optical Purity. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1276-1287. [PMID: 30608165 PMCID: PMC11104511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A robust synthetic route has been developed for preparing optically pure, Fmoc-protected diethylene glycol-containing ( R)- and ( S)-γPNA monomers. The strategy involves the application of 9-(4-bromophenyl)-9-fluorenyl as a temporary, safety-catch protecting group for the suppression of epimerization in the O-alkylation and reductive amination steps. The optical purities of the final monomers were determined to be greater than 99.5% ee, as assessed by 19F-NMR and HPLC. The new synthetic methodology is well-suited for large-scale monomer production, with most synthetic steps providing excellent chemical yields without the need for chromatographic purification other than a simple workup and precipitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Che Hsieh
- Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD) and Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ashif Y. Shaikh
- Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD) and Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - J. Dinithi R. Perera
- Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD) and Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Shivaji A. Thadke
- Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD) and Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Danith H. Ly
- Institute for Biomolecular Design and Discovery (IBD) and Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haldar S, Kumar S, Kolet SP, Patil HS, Kumar D, Kundu GC, Thulasiram HV. One-Pot Fluorescent Labeling Protocol for Complex Hydroxylated Bioactive Natural Products. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10192-202. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401559t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Haldar
- Chemical
Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- National
Center for Cell Science, Pune-411007, India
| | - Swati P. Kolet
- Chemical
Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India
| | - Harshal S. Patil
- Chemical
Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- National
Center for Cell Science, Pune-411007, India
| | | | - Hirekodathakallu V. Thulasiram
- Chemical
Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune-411008, India
- CSIR-Institute
of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, New Delhi-110007, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sundararaju B, Achard M, Sharma GVM, Bruneau C. Ruthenium-catalyzed selective N ,N-diallylation- and N ,N ,O-triallylation of free amino acids. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3906-9. [PMID: 19763288 DOI: 10.1039/b911097f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective N ,N-diallylation and N ,N, O-triallylation of free amino acids in the presence of catalytic amounts of RuCp*(MeCN)(3)PF(6) is reported. The crucial influence of the solvent makes these allylation reactions selectively possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basker Sundararaju
- UMR6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes, Sciences chimiques de Rennes, Catalyse et Organométalliques, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cini E, Lampariello LR, Rodriquez M, Taddei M. Synthesis and application in SPPS of a stable amino acid isostere of palmitoyl cysteine. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
5
|
Abstract
Many important signaling proteins require the posttranslational addition of fatty acid chains for their proper subcellular localization and function. One such modification is the addition of palmitoyl moieties by enzymes known as palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs). Substrates for PATs include C-terminally farnesylated proteins, such as H- and N-Ras, as well as N-terminally myristoylated proteins, such as many Src-related tyrosine kinases. The molecular and biochemical characterization of PATs has been hindered by difficulties in developing effective methods for the analysis of PAT activity. In this study, we describe the use of cell-permeable, fluorescently labeled lipidated peptides that mimic the PAT recognition domains of farnesylated and myristoylated proteins. These PAT substrate mimetics are accumulated by SKOV3 cells in a saturable and time-dependent manner. Although both peptides are rapidly palmitoylated, the SKOV3 cells have a greater capacity to palmitoylate the myristoylated peptide than the farnesylated peptide. Confocal microscopy indicated that the palmitoylated peptides colocalized with Golgi and plasma membrane markers, whereas the corresponding nonpalmitoylatable peptides accumulated in the Golgi but did not traffic to the plasma membrane. Overall, these studies indicate that the lipidated peptides provide useful cellular probes for quantitative and compartmentalization studies of protein palmitoylation in intact cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah M. Draper
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Zuping Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Charles D. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ducker CE, Draper JM, Xia Z, Smith CD. In vitro and cellular assays for palmitoyl acyltransferases using fluorescent lipidated peptides. Methods 2006; 40:166-70. [PMID: 17012028 PMCID: PMC2892119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation is emerging as an important post-translational modification in development as well as in the establishment and progression of diseases such as cancer. This chapter describes the use of fluorescent lipidated peptides to characterize palmitoyl acyltransferase (PAT) activities in vitro and in intact cells. The peptides mimic two motifs that are enzymatically palmitoylated, i.e. C-terminal farnesyl and N-terminal myristoyl sequences. These substrate peptides can be separated from the palmitoylated product peptides by reversed-phase HPLC, detected and quantified by the fluorescence of their NBD label. Through these methods, the activities of PATs toward these alternate substrates in isolated membranes or intact cells can be quantified. The in vitro assay has been used to characterize human PATs and to identify inhibitors of these enzymes. The cellular assay has been useful in elucidating the kinetics of protein palmitoylation by PATs in situ, and the sub-cellular distribution of the palmitoylated products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Ducker
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, P.O. Box 916, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jeremiah M. Draper
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Zuping Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Charles D. Smith
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, P.O. Box 916, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 843 792 9588. (C.D. Smith)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang X, Dixon S, Kurth MJ, Lam KS. Traceless solid-phase synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-6-nitro-3,4-dihydro-1H-quinoline-2-ones. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Varner AS, Ducker CE, Xia Z, Zhuang Y, De Vos ML, Smith CD. Characterization of human palmitoyl-acyl transferase activity using peptides that mimic distinct palmitoylation motifs. Biochem J 2003; 373:91-9. [PMID: 12670300 PMCID: PMC1223475 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2002] [Revised: 03/07/2003] [Accepted: 04/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The covalent attachment of palmitate to proteins commonly occurs on cysteine residues near either N-myristoylated glycine residues or C-terminal farnesylated cysteine residues. It therefore seems likely that multiple palmitoyl-acyl transferase (PAT) activities exist to recognize and modify these distinct palmitoylation motifs. To evaluate this possibility, two synthetic peptides representing these palmitoylation motifs, termed MyrGCK(NBD) and FarnCNRas(NBD), were used to characterize PAT activity under a variety of conditions. The human tumour cell lines MCF-7 and Hep-G2 each demonstrated high levels of PAT activity towards both peptides. In contrast, normal mouse fibroblasts (NIH/3T3 cells) demonstrated PAT activity towards the myristoylated substrate peptide but not the farnesylated peptide, while ras -transformed NIH/3T3 cells were able to palmitoylate the FarnCNRas(NBD) peptide. The kinetic parameters for PAT activity were determined using membranes from MCF-7 cells, and indicated that the K (m) values for palmitoyl-CoA were identical for PAT activity towards the two substrate peptides; however, the K (m) for MyrGCK(NBD) was 5-fold lower than the K (m) for FarnCNRas(NBD). PAT activity towards the two substrate peptides was dose-dependently inhibited by 2-bromopalmitate and 3-(1-oxo-hexadecyl)oxiranecarboxamide (16C; IC(50) values of approx. 4 and 1.3 microM, respectively); however, 2-bromopalmitate was found to be uncompetitive with respect to palmitoyl-CoA, whereas 16C was competitive. To seek additional evidence for multiple PATs, the effects of altering the assay conditions on the palmitoylation of MyrGCK(NBD) and FarnCNRas(NBD) were compared. PAT activity towards the two peptide substrates was modulated similarly by changing the ionic strength or incubation temperature, or by the addition of dithiothreitol. In contrast, the enzymic palmitoylation of the two peptides was differentially affected by N -ethylmaleimide and thermal denaturation. Overall, these data demonstrate that the enzymic palmitoylation of farnesyl- and myristoyl-containing peptide substrates can be differentiated, suggesting that multiple motif-specific PATs exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Varner
- Department of Pharmacology, H078, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Varner AS, De Vos ML, Creaser SP, Peterson BR, Smith CD. A fluorescence-based high performance liquid chromatographic method for the characterization of palmitoyl acyl transferase activity. Anal Biochem 2002; 308:160-7. [PMID: 12234477 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although protein palmitoylation is essential for targeting many important signaling proteins to the plasma membrane, the mechanism by which palmitoylation occurs is uncharacterized, since the enzyme(s) responsible for this modification remain unidentified. To study palmitoyl acyl transferase (PAT) activity, we developed an in vitro palmitoylation (IVP) assay using a fluorescently labeled substrate peptide, mimicking the N-terminal palmitoylation motif of proteins such as non-receptor Src-related tyrosine kinases. The palmitoylated and non-palmitoylated forms of the peptide were resolved by reverse-phase HPLC and detected by fluorescence. The method was optimized for PAT activity using lysates from the MCF-7 and Hep-G2 human tumor cell lines. The PAT activity was inhibited by boiling, reducing the incubation temperature, or adding 10 microM 2-bromopalmitate, a known palmitoylation inhibitor. This IVP assay provides the first method that is suitable to study all facets of the palmitoylation reaction, including peptide palmitoylation by PAT(s), depalmitoylation by thioesterases, and evaluation of potential palmitoylation inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Varner
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|