1
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Wang Y, Young CM, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. Probing Regio- and Enantioselectivity in the Formal [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of C(1)-Alkyl Ammonium Enolates with β- and α,β-Substituted Trifluoromethylenones. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37184337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The isothiourea-catalyzed regio- and enantioselective formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of C(1)-alkyl and C(1)-unsubstituted ammonium enolates with β- and α,β-substituted trifluoromethylenones has been developed. In all cases, preferential [2 + 2]-cycloaddition over the alternative [4 + 2]-cycloaddition is observed, giving β-lactones with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity (34 examples, up to >95:5 dr, >99:1 er). The regioselectivity of the process was dictated by the nature of the substituents on both reaction components. Solely [2 + 2] cycloaddition products are observed when using α,β-substituted trifluoromethylenones or α-trialkylsilyl acetic acid derivatives; both [2 + 2] and [4 + 2] cycloaddition products are observed when using β-substituted trifluoromethylenones and α-alkyl-α-trialkylsilyl acetic acids as reactants, with the [2 + 2] cycloaddition as the major reaction product. The beneficial role of the α-silyl substituent within the acid component in this protocol has been demonstrated by control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Wang
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Claire M Young
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, U.K
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2
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Ibrahim AA, Wei PH, Harzmann GD, Nalla D, Mondal M, Wheeler KA, Kerrigan NJ. Phosphine-catalyzed stereoselective dimerizations of ketenes. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Zhu JL, Tsai YT. Rhodium-Catalyzed Aerobic Decomposition of 1,3-Diaryl-2-diazo-1,3-diketones: Mechanistic Investigation and Application to the Synthesis of Benzils. J Org Chem 2021; 86:813-828. [PMID: 33395740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of 1,3-diaryl-2-diazo-1,3-diketones to 1,2-daryl-1,2-diketones (benzils) is reported based on a rhodium(II)-catalyzed aerobic decomposition process. The reaction occurs at ambient temperatures and can be catalyzed by a few dirhodium carboxylates (5 mol %) under a balloon pressure of oxygen. Moreover, an oxygen atom from the O2 reagent is shown to be incorporated into the product, and this is accompanied by the extrusion of a carbonyl unit from the starting materials. Mechanistically, it is proposed that the decomposition may proceed via the interaction of a ketene intermediate resulting from a Wolff rearrangement of the carbenoid, with a rhodium peroxide or peroxy radical species generated upon the activation of molecular oxygen. The proposed mechanism has been supported by the results from a set of controlled experiments. By using this newly developed strategy, a large array of benzil derivatives as well as 9,10-phenanthrenequinone were synthesized from the corresponding diazo substrates in varying yields. On the other hand, the method did not allow the generation of benzocyclobutene-1,2-dione from 2-diazo-1,3-indandione because of the difficulty of inducing the initial rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Liang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, ROC
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4
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Liu XT, Liu TT, Xu HL, Chen QX, Wang Q. Inhibitory kinetics and bioactivities of Nuciferine and Methyl Ganoderate on Mucor miehei lipase and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1719-1728. [PMID: 32971170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, inhibitory kinetics of Nuciferine and Methyl Ganoderate extrated from Lotus Leaves and Ganoderma lucidum on Mucor miehei Lipase were studied first. The molecular structure of Nuciferine and Methyl Ganoderate were determined. The inhibitory effects of two extracts on lipase were reversible, with the IC50 values of 0.194 and 0.332 mg/mL, respectively. The inhibition kinetic analysis by Lineweaver-Burk plots showed that they were a mixed-type inhibitor of lipase, with inhibition constants KI of 0.16 and 0.29 mg/mL, and KIS of 0.36 and 0.49 mg/mL, respectively. Results of spectral analysis showed that the UV absorption and the molecule fluorescence spectrum of the lipase hydrolyzate were significantly decreased after the inhibitor was added. The molecular docking further suggested that the interaction site between the active substance and inhibitor was located in an α-helix and a β-sheet of the lipase, and the lipase active site was interfered by the inhibitor near the cap structure. In addition, the proliferation and differentiation of 3 T3-L1 preadipocytes were inhibited by two extracts. Total triglycerides and cholesterol were significantly reduced in the cells. The results confirmed that Nuciferine and Methyl Ganoderate can be used as potential obesity treatment drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tian Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hui-Long Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Qing-Xi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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5
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Barrios Antúnez DJ, Greenhalgh MD, Brueckner AC, Walden DM, Elías-Rodríguez P, Roberts P, Young BG, West TH, Slawin AMZ, Ha-Yeon Cheong P, Smith AD. Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of perfluoroalkyl-substituted β-lactones via a concerted asynchronous [2 + 2] cycloaddition: a synthetic and computational study. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6162-6173. [PMID: 31360423 PMCID: PMC6585878 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00390h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The enantioselective preparation of a range of perfluoroalkyl-substituted β-lactones through an isothiourea (HyperBTM) catalysed reaction using symmetric anhydrides as ammonium enolate precursors and perfluoroalkylketones (RF = CF3, C2F5, C4F9) is reported. Following optimisation, high diastereo- and enantioselectivity was observed for β-lactone formation using C2F5- and C4F9-substituted ketones at room temperature (26 examples, up to >95 : 5 dr and >99 : 1 er), whilst -78 °C was necessary for optimal dr and er with CF3-substituted ketones (11 examples, up to >95 : 5 dr and >99 : 1 er). Derivatisation of the β-lactones through ring-opening, as well as a two-step conversion to give perfluoroalkyl-substituted oxetanes, is demonstrated without loss of stereochemical integrity. Density functional theory computations, alongside 13C natural abundance KIE studies, have been used to probe the reaction mechanism with a concerted asynchronous [2 + 2]-cycloaddition pathway favoured over a stepwise aldol-lactonisation process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark D Greenhalgh
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Alexander C Brueckner
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , 153 Gilbert Hall , Corvallis , Oregon 97333 , USA .
| | - Daniel M Walden
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , 153 Gilbert Hall , Corvallis , Oregon 97333 , USA .
| | - Pilar Elías-Rodríguez
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Patrick Roberts
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Benjamin G Young
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Engineering , Biola University , 315 Lim Center , La Mirada , California 90639 , USA
| | - Thomas H West
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , 153 Gilbert Hall , Corvallis , Oregon 97333 , USA .
| | - Andrew D Smith
- EaStCHEM , School of Chemistry , University of St Andrews , North Haugh , St Andrews , KY16 9ST , UK .
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6
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Dedaki C, Kokotou MG, Mouchlis VD, Limnios D, Lei X, Mu CT, Ramanadham S, Magrioti V, Dennis EA, Kokotos G. β-Lactones: A Novel Class of Ca 2+-Independent Phospholipase A 2 (Group VIA iPLA 2) Inhibitors with the Ability To Inhibit β-Cell Apoptosis. J Med Chem 2019; 62:2916-2927. [PMID: 30798607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (GVIA iPLA2) has gained increasing interest recently as it has been recognized as a participant in biological processes underlying diabetes development and autoimmune-based neurological disorders. The development of potent GVIA iPLA2 inhibitors is of great importance because only a few have been reported so far. We present a novel class of GVIA iPLA2 inhibitors based on the β-lactone ring. This functionality in combination with a four-carbon chain carrying a phenyl group at position-3 and a linear propyl group at position-4 of the lactone ring confers excellent potency. trans-3-(4-Phenylbutyl)-4-propyloxetan-2-one (GK563) was identified as being the most potent GVIA iPLA2 inhibitor ever reported ( XI(50) 0.0000021, IC50 1 nM) and also one that is 22 000 times more active against GVIA iPLA2 than GIVA cPLA2. It was found to reduce β-cell apoptosis induced by proinflammatory cytokines, raising the possibility that it can be beneficial in countering autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dedaki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | - Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | | | - Carol T Mu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | | | - Victoria Magrioti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, San Diego , California 92093-0601 , United States
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771 , Greece
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7
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Santucci P, Dedaki C, Athanasoulis A, Gallorini L, Munoz A, Canaan S, Cavalier J, Magrioti V. Synthesis of Long‐Chain β‐Lactones and Their Antibacterial Activities against Pathogenic Mycobacteria. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:349-358. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Santucci
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479 Marseille France
| | - Christina Dedaki
- Department of ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Alexandros Athanasoulis
- Department of ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Laura Gallorini
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479 Marseille France
| | - Anaïs Munoz
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479 Marseille France
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479 Marseille France
| | | | - Victoria Magrioti
- Department of ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Athens 15771 Greece
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8
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Jiang H, Gan T, Zhang J, Ma Q, Liang Y, Zhao Y. The Structures and Bioactivities of Fatty Acid Synthase Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:7081-7101. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190507105022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS or FASN) is a vital enzyme which catalyzes
the de novo synthesis of long chain fatty acids. A number of studies have recently been reported
that FAS was combined targets for the discovery of anti-obesity and anti-cancer drugs. Great interest
has been developed in finding novel FAS inhibitors, and result in more than 200 inhibitors being
reported.
Methods:
The reported research literature about the FAS inhibitors was collected and analyzedsised
through major databases including Web of Science, and PubMed. Then the chemical stractures,
FAS inhibitory activities, and Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) were summarized
focused on all these reported FAS inhibitors.
Results:
The 248 FAS inhibitors, which were reported during the past 20 years, could be divided
into thiolactone, butyrolactone and butyrolactam, polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and other
structures, in view of their structure characteristics. And the SAR of high inhibitory structures of
each type was proposed in this paper.
Conclusion:
A series of synthetic quinolinone derivatives show strongest inhibitory activity in the
reported FAS inhibitors. Natural polyphenols, existing in food and herbs, show more adaptive in
medicine exploration because of their safety and efficiency. Moreover, screening the FAS inhibitors
from microorganism and marine natural products could be the hot research directions in the
future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Tian Gan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jiasui Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Qingyun Ma
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yan Liang
- School of Kinesiology and Health, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Youxing Zhao
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
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9
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Abstract
The hallmark of nucleophilic phosphine catalysis is the initial nucleophilic addition of a phosphine to an electrophilic starting material, producing a reactive zwitterionic intermediate, generally under mild conditions. In this Review, we classify nucleophilic phosphine catalysis reactions in terms of their electrophilic components. In the majority of cases, these electrophiles possess carbon-carbon multiple bonds: alkenes (section 2), allenes (section 3), alkynes (section 4), and Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) alcohol derivatives (MBHADs; section 5). Within each of these sections, the reactions are compiled based on the nature of the second starting material-nucleophiles, dinucleophiles, electrophiles, and electrophile-nucleophiles. Nucleophilic phosphine catalysis reactions that occur via the initial addition to starting materials that do not possess carbon-carbon multiple bonds are collated in section 6. Although not catalytic in the phosphine, the formation of ylides through the nucleophilic addition of phosphines to carbon-carbon multiple bond-containing compounds is intimately related to the catalysis and is discussed in section 7. Finally, section 8 compiles miscellaneous topics, including annulations of the Hüisgen zwitterion, phosphine-mediated reductions, iminophosphorane organocatalysis, and catalytic variants of classical phosphine oxide-generating reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yi Chiao Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Zhanhu Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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10
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Mukherjee S, Biju AT. Recent Advances in the Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized β-Lactones. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2333-2349. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Mukherjee
- Organic Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India
| | - Akkattu T. Biju
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
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11
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Bhaskararao B, Jindal G, Sunoj RB. Exploring the Mechanism and Stereoselectivity in Chiral Cinchona-Catalyzed Heterodimerization of Ketenes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13449-13458. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bangaru Bhaskararao
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai,
Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Garima Jindal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 3620 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai,
Mumbai 400076, India
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12
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Menendez JA, Lupu R. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) as a therapeutic target in breast cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:1001-1016. [PMID: 28922023 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1381087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ten years ago, we put forward the metabolo-oncogenic nature of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in breast cancer. Since the conception of this hypothesis, which provided a model to explain how FASN is intertwined with various signaling networks to cell-autonomously regulate breast cancer initiation and progression, FASN has received considerable attention as a therapeutic target. However, despite the ever-growing evidence demonstrating the involvement of FASN as part of the cancer-associated metabolic reprogramming, translation of the basic science-discovery aspects of FASN blockade to the clinical arena remains a challenge. Areas covered: Ten years later, we herein review the preclinical lessons learned from the pharmaceutical liabilities of the first generation of FASN inhibitors. We provide an updated view of the current development and clinical testing of next generation FASN-targeted drugs. We also discuss new clinico-molecular approaches that should help us to convert roadblocks into roadways that will propel forward our therapeutic understanding of FASN. Expert opinion: With the recent demonstration of target engagement and early signs of clinical activity with the first orally available, selective, potent and reversible FASN inhibitor, we can expect Big pharma to revitalize their interest in lipogenic enzymes as well-credentialed targets for oncology drug development in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- a ProCURE (Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance) , Metabolism & Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology , Girona , Spain.,b Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI) , Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià , Girona , Spain
| | - Ruth Lupu
- c Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA.,d Mayo Clinic Cancer Center , Rochester , MN , USA
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13
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Malapit CA, Luvaga IK, Caldwell DR, Schipper NK, Howell AR. Rh-Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Aryl and Alkenyl Boronic Acids to α-Methylene-β-lactones: Stereoselective Synthesis of trans-3,4-Disubstituted β-Lactones. Org Lett 2017; 19:4460-4463. [PMID: 28809569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A one-step preparation of 3,4-disubstituted β-lactones through Rh-catalyzed conjugate addition of aryl or alkenyl boronic acids to α-methylene-β-lactones is described. The operationally simple, stereoselective transformation provides a broad range of β-lactones from individual α-methylene-β-lactone templates. This methodology allowed for a direct, final-step C-3 diversification of nocardiolactone, an antimicrobial natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060 United States
| | - Irungu K Luvaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060 United States
| | - Donald R Caldwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060 United States
| | - Nicholas K Schipper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060 United States
| | - Amy R Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060 United States
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14
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Angeles TS, Hudkins RL. Recent advances in targeting the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway using fatty acid synthase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:1187-1199. [PMID: 27701891 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1245286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated lipogenesis has been associated with a variety of diseases including obesity, cancer and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Fatty acid synthase (FASN) plays a pivotal role in de novo lipogenesis, making this multi-catalytic protein an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Recently, the first FASN inhibitor successfully advanced through the drug development process and entered clinical evaluation in oncology. Areas covered: This review discusses the biological roles of FASN in three prominent disease areas: cancer, obesity-related disorders and NAFLD. Recent advances in drug discovery strategies and design of newer FASN inhibitors are also highlighted. Expert opinion: Despite the abundance of evidence linking the lipogenic pathway to cancer, progression of FASN-targeted molecules has been rather slow and challenging and no compounds have moved past the preclinical phase. The landscape has recently changed with the recent advancement of the first FASN inhibitor into clinical evaluation for solid tumors. Needless to say, the successful translation into the clinical setting will open opportunities for expanding the therapeutic utility of FASN inhibitors not just in oncology but in other diseases associated with elevated lipogenesis such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma S Angeles
- a Discovery and Product Development , Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, Inc ., West Chester , PA , USA
| | - Robert L Hudkins
- a Discovery and Product Development , Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, Inc ., West Chester , PA , USA
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15
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Chen S, Ibrahim AA, Peraino NJ, Nalla D, Mondal M, Van Raaphorst M, Kerrigan NJ. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Ketene Heterodimer β-Lactones: Scope and Limitations. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7824-37. [PMID: 27490092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this article we describe extensive studies of the catalytic asymmetric heterodimerization of ketenes to give ketene heterodimer β-lactones. The optimal catalytic system was determined to be a cinchona alkaloid derivative (TMS-quinine or Me-quinidine). The desired ketene heterodimer β-lactones were obtained in good to excellent yields (up to 90%), with excellent levels of enantioselectivity (≥90% ee for 33 Z and E isomer examples), good to excellent (Z)-olefin isomer selectivity (≥90:10 for 20 examples), and excellent regioselectivity (only one regioisomer formed). Full details of catalyst development studies, catalyst loading investigations, substrate scope exploration, protocol innovations (including double in situ ketene generation for 7 examples), and an application to a cinnabaramide A intermediate are described. The addition of lithium perchlorate (1-2 equiv) as an additive to the alkaloid catalyst system was found to favor formation of the E isomer of the ketene heterodimer. Ten examples were formed with moderate to excellent (E)-olefin isomer selectivity (74:25 to 97:3) and with excellent enantioselectivity (84-98% ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University , 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
| | - Ahmad A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University , 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
| | - Nicholas J Peraino
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University , 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
| | - Divya Nalla
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University , 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
| | - Mukulesh Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University , 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
| | - Maxwell Van Raaphorst
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University , 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
| | - Nessan J Kerrigan
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University , 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
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16
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Hill TK, Davis AL, Wheeler FB, Kelkar SS, Freund EC, Lowther WT, Kridel SJ, Mohs AM. Development of a Self-Assembled Nanoparticle Formulation of Orlistat, Nano-ORL, with Increased Cytotoxicity against Human Tumor Cell Lines. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:720-8. [PMID: 26824142 PMCID: PMC4783219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN), the enzyme that catalyzes de novo synthesis of fatty acids, is expressed in many cancer types. Its potential as a therapeutic target is well recognized, but inhibitors of FASN have not yet been approved for cancer therapy. Orlistat (ORL), an FDA-approved lipase inhibitor, is also an effective inhibitor of FASN. However, ORL is extremely hydrophobic and has low systemic uptake after oral administration. Thus, new strategies are required to formulate ORL for cancer treatment as a FASN inhibitor. Here, we report the development of a nanoparticle (NP) formulation of ORL using amphiphilic bioconjugates that are derived from hyaluronic acid (HA), termed Nano-ORL. The NPs were loaded with up to 20 wt % weight of ORL at greater than 95% efficiency. The direct inhibition of the human recombinant thioesterase domain of FASN by ORL extracted from Nano-ORL was similar to that of stock ORL. Nano-ORL demonstrated a similar ability to inhibit cellular FASN activity when compared to free ORL, as demonstrated by analysis of (14)C-acetate incorporation into lipids. Nano-ORL treatment also disrupted mitochondrial function similarly to ORL by reducing adenosine triphosphate turnover in MDA-MB-231 and LNCaP cells. Nano-ORL demonstrated increased potency compared to ORL toward prostate and breast cancer cells. Nano-ORL decreased viability of human prostate and breast cancer cell lines to 55 and 57%, respectively, while free ORL decreased viability to 71 and 79% in the same cell lines. Moreover, Nano-ORL retained cytotoxic activity after a 24 h preincubation in aqueous conditions. Preincubation of ORL dramatically reduced the efficacy of ORL as indicated by high cell viability (>85%) in both breast and prostate cell lines. These data demonstrate that NP formulation of ORL using HA-derived polymers retains similar levels of FASN, lipid synthesis, and ATP turnover inhibition while significantly improving the cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner K. Hill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Amanda L. Davis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Frances B. Wheeler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Sneha S. Kelkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Erica C. Freund
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - W. Todd Lowther
- Center for Structural Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
- Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Steven J. Kridel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
- Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Aaron M. Mohs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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17
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Mineeva IV. Asymmetric syntheses of the lactone core of tetrahydrolipstatin and tetrahydroesterastin and of the oriental hornet Vespa Orientalis pheromone. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428015060044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Chen S, Ibrahim AA, Mondal M, Magee AJ, Cruz AJ, Wheeler KA, Kerrigan NJ. Asymmetric Synthesis of Deoxypropionate Derivatives via Catalytic Hydrogenolysis of Enantioenriched Z-Ketene Heterodimers. Org Lett 2015; 17:3248-51. [PMID: 26103052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A diastereoselective approach to deoxypropionate derivatives through Pd/C-catalyzed hydrogenolysis of enantioenriched ketene heterodimers is described. Catalytic hydrogenolysis of the Z-isomer of ketene heterodimers facilitates access to anti-deoxypropionate derivatives (10 examples with dr 7:1 to >20:1). Transfer of chirality from the Z-ketene heterodimer to an acid product was good to excellent in most cases (78-99% ee for 12 examples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Chen
- †Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
| | - Ahmad A Ibrahim
- †Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
| | - Mukulesh Mondal
- †Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
| | - Anthony J Magee
- †Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
| | - Adam J Cruz
- †Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
| | - Kraig A Wheeler
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Avenue, Charleston, Illinois 61920-3099, United States
| | - Nessan J Kerrigan
- †Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
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19
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Odens H, Lowther T, Kridel S, Watts L, Filipponi L, Schmitt J. Inhibition of the thioesterase activity of human fatty acid synthase by 1,4- and 9,10-diones. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 62:933-6. [PMID: 25177021 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c13-00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is the enzyme that synthesizes fatty acids de novo in human cells. Although FASN is generally expressed at low levels in most normal tissues, its expression is highly upregulated in many cancers. Consistent with this notion, inhibition of FASN activity has demonstrated potential to halt proliferation and induce cell death in vitro and to block tumor growth in vivo. Consequently, FASN is widely recognized as a valuable therapeutic target. In this report, we describe a variety of 1,4-quinones and 9,10-anthraquinones, including several natural compounds and some newly synthesized compounds, that potently inhibit the thioesterase (TE) domain of FASN. Inhibition of recombinant TE activity, inhibition of cellular FASN, and cytotoxicity in human prostate cancer cell lines and normal fibroblasts, is shown for the most potent inhibitors. Collectively, the data illustrate the novel inhibitory capacity of the 1,4-quinone and 9,10-anthraquinone pharmacophores against FASN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Odens
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine
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20
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Camara K, Kamat SS, Lasota CC, Cravatt BF, Howell AR. Combining cross-metathesis and activity-based protein profiling: new β-lactone motifs for targeting serine hydrolases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:317-21. [PMID: 25541002 PMCID: PMC4279111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
β-Lactones are a privileged structural motif as enzyme inhibitors and chemical probes, particularly for the inhibition of enzymes from the serine hydrolase class. Herein, we demonstrate that cross-metathesis (CM) of α-methylene-β-lactones offers rapid access to structurally diverse, previously unexplored β-lactones. Combining this approach with competitive activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) identified lead β-lactone inhibitors/probes for several serine hydrolases, including disease-associated enzymes and enzymes of uncharacterized function. The structural diversity afforded by the α-methylene-β-lactone scaffold thus expands the landscape of serine hydrolases that can be targeted by small-molecule inhibitors and should further the functional characterization of enzymes from this class through the optimization of target-selective probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaddy Camara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, United States
| | - Siddhesh S Kamat
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92307, United States
| | - Celina C Lasota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, United States
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92307, United States.
| | - Amy R Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, United States.
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21
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Clark JM, Nimlos MR, Robichaud DJ. Bimolecular Decomposition Pathways for Carboxylic Acids of Relevance to Biofuels. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:501-16. [PMID: 25513721 DOI: 10.1021/jp509285n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jared M. Clark
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013
Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Mark R. Nimlos
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013
Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - David J. Robichaud
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013
Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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22
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Fako VE, Wu X, Pflug B, Liu JY, Zhang JT. Repositioning proton pump inhibitors as anticancer drugs by targeting the thioesterase domain of human fatty acid synthase. J Med Chem 2014; 58:778-84. [PMID: 25513712 PMCID: PMC4306520 DOI: 10.1021/jm501543u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Fatty acid synthase (FASN), the enzyme
responsible for de novo
synthesis of free fatty acids, is up-regulated in many cancers. FASN
is essential for cancer cell survival and contributes to drug resistance
and poor prognosis. However, it is not expressed in most nonlipogenic
normal tissues. Thus, FASN is a desirable target for drug discovery.
Although different FASN inhibitors have been identified, none has
successfully moved into clinical use. In this study, using in silico
screening of an FDA-approved drug database, we identified proton pump
inhibitors (PPIs) as effective inhibitors of the thioesterase activity
of human FASN. Further investigation showed that PPIs inhibited proliferation
and induced apoptosis of cancer cells. Supplementation of palmitate,
the end product of FASN catalysis, rescued cancer cells from PPI-induced
cell death. These findings provide new evidence for the mechanism
by which this FDA-approved class of compounds may be acting on cancer
cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie E Fako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ‡Department of Medicine, and §IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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23
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Mulzer M, Coates GW. Carbonylation of cis-Disubstituted Epoxides to trans-β-Lactones: Catalysts Displaying Steric and Contrasteric Regioselectivity. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11851-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501899e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mulzer
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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24
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Ketenes as Privileged Synthons in the Syntheses of Heterocyclic Compounds. Part 1. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800170-7.00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Mulzer M, Ellis WC, Lobkovsky EB, Coates GW. Enantioenriched β-lactone and aldol-type products from regiodivergent carbonylation of racemic cis-epoxides. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00075g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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26
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Yang Z, Li S, Zhang Z, Xu J. Base-switched annuloselectivity in the reactions of ethyl malonyl chloride and imines. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:9822-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01454e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The [2 + 2] and [2 + 2 + 2] annuloselectivity in the reactions of ethyl malonyl chloride with imines was controlled by different bases, providing a simple synthesis of β-lactam-3-carboxylates and 2,3-dihydro-1,3-oxazin-4-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Siqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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27
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Christopher A, Brandes D, Kelly S, Minehan TG. Low temperature n-butyllithium-induced [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement/electrophile trapping reactions of allyl-1,1-dichlorovinyl ethers. Synthesis of β-, γ- and δ-lactones. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:7658-61. [PMID: 24114116 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41777h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of allyl-1,1-dichlorovinyl ethers with n-BuLi at -78 °C, followed by quenching with ketones, epoxides, and oxetanes, leads to highly substituted β-, γ-, and δ-lactones in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Christopher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91330, USA.
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28
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Mulzer M, Whiting BT, Coates GW. Regioselective Carbonylation of trans-Disubstituted Epoxides to β-Lactones: A Viable Entry into syn-Aldol-Type Products. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:10930-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405151n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mulzer
- Baker Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Bryan T. Whiting
- Baker Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Baker Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853-1301, United States
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29
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Douglas J, Taylor JE, Churchill G, Slawin AMZ, Smith AD. NHC-Promoted Asymmetric β-Lactone Formation from Arylalkylketenes and Electron-Deficient Benzaldehydes or Pyridinecarboxaldehydes. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3925-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4003079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Douglas
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - James E. Taylor
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Gwydion Churchill
- AstraZeneca, Process Research and Development, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
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30
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31
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Ibrahim AA, Nalla D, Van Raaphorst M, Kerrigan NJ. Catalytic Asymmetric Heterodimerization of Ketenes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2942-5. [PMID: 22283567 DOI: 10.1021/ja211678m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A. Ibrahim
- Department
of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200
North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United
States
| | - Divya Nalla
- Department
of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200
North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United
States
| | - Maxwell Van Raaphorst
- Department
of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200
North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United
States
| | - Nessan J. Kerrigan
- Department
of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200
North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United
States
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32
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Zhao C, Mitchell TA, Vallakati R, Pérez LM, Romo D. Mechanistic Investigations of the ZnCl2-Mediated Tandem Mukaiyama Aldol Lactonization: Evidence for Asynchronous, Concerted Transition States and Discovery of 2-Oxopyridyl Ketene Acetal Variants. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3084-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ja209163w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cunxiang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and #Laboratory for Molecular Simulation, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box
4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - T. Andrew Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and #Laboratory for Molecular Simulation, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box
4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Ravikrishna Vallakati
- Department of Chemistry and #Laboratory for Molecular Simulation, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box
4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Lisa M. Pérez
- Department of Chemistry and #Laboratory for Molecular Simulation, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box
4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Daniel Romo
- Department of Chemistry and #Laboratory for Molecular Simulation, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box
4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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33
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Aubry S, Aubert G, Cresteil T, Crich D. Synthesis and biological investigation of the β-thiolactone and β-lactam analogs of tetrahydrolipstatin. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:2629-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06976h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanley N Abramson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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35
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Nguyen H, Ma G, Gladysheva T, Fremgen T, Romo D. Bioinspired total synthesis and human proteasome inhibitory activity of (-)-salinosporamide A, (-)-homosalinosporamide A, and derivatives obtained via organonucleophile promoted bis-cyclizations. J Org Chem 2011; 76:2-12. [PMID: 21047113 PMCID: PMC5546919 DOI: 10.1021/jo101638r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A full account of concise, enantioselective syntheses of the anticancer agent (-)-salinosporamide A and derivatives, including (-)-homosalinosporamide, that was inspired by biosynthetic considerations is described. The brevity of the synthetic strategy stems from a key bis-cyclization of a β-keto tertiary amide, which retains optical purity enabled by A(1,3)-strain rendering slow epimerization relative to the rate of bis-cyclization. Optimization studies of the key bis-cyclization, enabled through byproduct isolation and characterization, are described that ultimately allowed for a gram scale synthesis of a versatile bicyclic core structure with a high degree of stereoretention. An optimized procedure for zincate generation by the method of Knochel, generally useful for the synthesis of salino A derivatives, led to dramatic improvements in side-chain attachment and a novel diastereomer of salino A. The versatility of the described strategy is demonstrated by the synthesis of designed derivatives including (-)-homosalinosporamide A. Inhibition of the human 20S and 26S proteasome by these derivatives using an enzymatic assay are also reported. The described total synthesis of salino A raises interesting questions regarding how biosynthetic enzymes leading to the salinosporamides proceeding via optically active β-keto secondary amides, are able to maintain the stereochemical integrity at the labile C2 stereocenter or if a dynamic kinetic resolution is operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA
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36
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Wei PH, Ibrahim AA, Mondal M, Nalla D, Harzmann GD, Tedeschi FA, Wheeler KA, Kerrigan NJ. Mechanistic studies of the phosphine-catalyzed homodimerization of ketoketenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Greszler SN, Malinowski JT, Johnson JS. Remote stereoinduction in the acylation of fully substituted enolates: tandem Reformatsky/quaternary Claisen condensations of silyl glyoxylates and β-lactones. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:17393-5. [PMID: 21087044 DOI: 10.1021/ja108848d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reformatsky reagents react sequentially with silyl glyoxylates and β-lactones to give highly functionalized Claisen condensation products. A heretofore undocumented instance of stereochemical 1,4-induction results in efficient transmission of β-lactone stereochemistry to the emerging fully substituted stereocenter. Second-stage transformations reveal that the five heteroatom-containing functionalities embedded within the products are entirely chemo-differentiated, a circumstance that permits rapid assembly of the leustroducsin B core substructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Greszler
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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38
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Flavin R, Zadra G, Loda M. Metabolic alterations and targeted therapies in prostate cancer. J Pathol 2010; 223:283-94. [PMID: 21125681 DOI: 10.1002/path.2809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells synthesize de novo large amounts of fatty acids and cholesterol, irrespective of the circulating lipid levels and benefit from this increased lipid synthesis in terms of growth advantage, self-survival and drug resistance. Key lipogenic alterations that commonly occur in prostate cancer include over-expression of the enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN) and deregulation of the 5-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). FASN is a key metabolic enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of palmitate from the condensation of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA de novo and plays a central role in energy homeostasis, by converting excess carbon intake into fatty acids for storage. AMPK functions as a central metabolic switch that governs glucose and lipid metabolism. Recent interest has focused on the potential of targeting metabolic pathways that may be altered during prostate tumorigenesis and progression. Several small molecule inhibitors of FASN have now been described or in development for therapeutic use; in addition, drugs that directly or indirectly induce AMPK activation have potential benefit in prostate cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Flavin
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ibrahim AA, Wei PH, Harzmann GD, Kerrigan NJ. Josiphos-Catalyzed Asymmetric Homodimerization of Ketoketenes. J Org Chem 2010; 75:7901-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101867m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A. Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
| | - Pei-Hsun Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
| | - Gero D. Harzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
| | - Nessan J. Kerrigan
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477, United States
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40
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Flavin R, Peluso S, Nguyen PL, Loda M. Fatty acid synthase as a potential therapeutic target in cancer. Future Oncol 2010; 6:551-62. [PMID: 20373869 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a key enzyme involved in neoplastic lipogenesis. Overexpression of FASN is common in many cancers, and accumulating evidence suggests that it is a metabolic oncogene with an important role in tumor growth and survival, making it an attractive target for cancer therapy. Early small-molecule FASN inhibitors such as cerulenin, C75 and orlistat have been shown to induce apoptosis in several cancer cell lines and to induce tumor growth delay in several cancer xenograft models but their mechanism is still not well understood. These molecules suffer from pharmacological limitations and weight loss as a side effect that prevent their development as systemic drugs. Several potent inhibitors have recently been reported that may help to unravel and exploit the full potential of FASN as a target for cancer therapy in the near future. Furthermore, novel sources of FASN inhibitors, such as green tea and dietary soy, make both dietary manipulation and chemoprevention potential alternative modes of therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Flavin
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Asymmetric aldol reactions are a powerful method for the construction of carbon-carbon bonds in an enantioselective fashion. Historically this reaction has been performed in a stoichiometric fashion to control the various aspects of chemo-, diastereo-, regio- and enantioselectivity, however, a more atom economical approach would unite high selectivity with the use of only a catalytic amount of a chiral promoter. This critical review documents the development of direct catalytic asymmetric aldol methodologies, including organocatalytic and metal-based strategies. New methods have improved the reactivity, selectivity and substrate scope of the direct aldol reaction and enabled the synthesis of complex molecular targets (357 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA.
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42
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Aronica LA, Mazzoni C, Caporusso AM. Synthesis of functionalised β-lactones via silylcarbocyclisation/desilylation reactions of propargyl alcohols. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.10.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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43
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Ibrahim AA, Smith SM, Henson S, Kerrigan NJ. Synthesis of 1,3-diketones through ring-opening of ketoketene dimer β-lactones. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.09.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Duffy RJ, Morris KA, Vallakati R, Zhang W, Romo D. Asymmetric synthesis, structure, and reactivity of unexpectedly stable spiroepoxy-beta-lactones including facile conversion to tetronic acids: application to (+)-maculalactone A. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4772-81. [PMID: 19453152 DOI: 10.1021/jo900499e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of small spirocyclic heterocycles, spiroepoxy-beta-lactones (1,4-dioxaspiro[2.3]-hexan-5-ones), is described that exhibit a number of interesting reactivity patterns. These spiroheterocycles, including an optically active series, are readily synthesized by epoxidation of ketene dimers (4-alkylidene-2-oxetanones) available from homo- or heteroketene dimerization. An analysis of bond lengths in these systems by X-ray crystallography and comparison to data for known spirocycles and those determined computationally suggest that anomeric effects in these systems may be more pronounced due to their rigidity and may contribute to their surprising stability. The synthetic utility of spiroepoxy-beta-lactones was explored, and one facile rearrangement identified under several conditions provides a three-step route from acid chlorides to optically active tetronic acids, ubiquitous heterocycles in bioactive natural products. The addition of various nucleophiles to these spirocycles leads primarily to addition at C5 and C2. The utility of an optically active spiroepoxy-beta-lactone was demonstrated in the concise, enantioselective synthesis of the antifouling agent, (+)-maculalactone A, which proceeds in five steps from hydrocinnamoyl chloride by way of a tetronic acid intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Duffy
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA
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45
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Duffy RJ, Morris KA, Romo D. Synthesis of Unusually Strained Spiro Ring Systems and Their Exploits in Synthesis. Tetrahedron 2009; 65:5879-5892. [PMID: 20640036 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Duffy
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, TX 7784
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46
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Paull DH, Weatherwax A, Lectka T. Catalytic, asymmetric reactions of ketenes and ketene enolates. Tetrahedron 2009; 65:3771-6803. [PMID: 21494417 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Paull
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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47
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Ibrahim AA, Harzmann GD, Kerrigan NJ. Organocatalytic Dimerization of Ketoketenes. J Org Chem 2009; 74:1777-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8024785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A. Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477
| | - Gero D. Harzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477
| | - Nessan J. Kerrigan
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, 2200 North Squirrel Road, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4477
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48
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Lv H, Zhang YR, Huang XL, Ye S. Asymmetric Dimerization of Disubstituted Ketenes Catalyzed by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Richardson RD, Ma G, Oyola Y, Zancanella M, Knowles LM, Cieplak P, Romo D, Smith JW. Synthesis of novel beta-lactone inhibitors of fatty acid synthase. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5285-96. [PMID: 18710210 DOI: 10.1021/jm800321h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is necessary for growth and survival of tumor cells and is a promising drug target for oncology. Here, we report on the syntheses and activity of novel inhibitors of the thioesterase domain of FAS. Using the structure of orlistat as a starting point, which contains a beta-lactone as the central pharmacophore, 28 novel congeners were synthesized and examined. Structural features such as the length of the alpha- and beta-alkyl chains, their chemical composition, and amino ester substitutions were altered and the resulting compounds explored for inhibitory activity toward the thioesterase domain of FAS. Nineteen congeners show improved potency for FAS in biochemical assays relative to orlistat. Three of that subset, including the natural product valilactone, also display an increased potency in inducing tumor cell death and improved solubility compared to orlistat. These findings support the idea that an orlistat congener can be optimized for use in a preclinical drug design and for clinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn D Richardson
- NCI Cancer Center, The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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