1
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Jovaišaitė J, Kirschner S, Raišys S, Kreiza G, Baronas P, Juršėnas S, Wagner M. Diboraanthracene-Doped Polymer Systems for Colour-Tuneable Room-Temperature Organic Afterglow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215071. [PMID: 36413097 PMCID: PMC10107698 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Organic ultralong room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), or organic afterglow, is a unique phenomenon, gaining widespread attention due to its far-reaching application potential and fundamental interest. Here, two laterally expanded 9,10-dimesityl-dihydro-9,10-diboraanthracene (DBA) derivatives are demonstrated as excellent afterglow materials for red and blue-green light emission, which is traced back to persistent thermally activated delayed fluorescence and RTP. The lateral substitution of polycyclic DBA scaffold, together with weak transversal electron-donating mesityl groups, ensures the optimal molecular properties for (reverse) intersystem crossing and long-lived triplet states in a rigid poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix. The achieved afterglow emission quantum yields of up to 3 % and 15 %, afterglow lifetimes up to 0.8 s and 3.2 s and afterglow durations up to 5 s and 25 s (for red and blue-green emitters, respectively) are attributed to the properties of single molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina Jovaišaitė
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekis av. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sven Kirschner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt a. Main, Germany.,EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Steponas Raišys
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekis av. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Kreiza
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekis av. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Baronas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekis av. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Juršėnas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekis av. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438, Frankfurt a. Main, Germany
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2
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Pham TTD, Jung SJ, Oh CM, Yang JK, Lee D, Kidanemariam A, Muhammad A, Kim S, Shin TJ, Park J, Hwang IW, Park J. Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles: Photothermal and Photodynamic Capabilities According to Molecular Ordering in Their Assembly Structures. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Thuy Duong Pham
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Mok Oh
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyoung Yang
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dabin Lee
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Alemayehu Kidanemariam
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Arbanah Muhammad
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehoon Kim
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities & School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeHong Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Wook Hwang
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Intelligent Energy and Industry, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Republic of Korea
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Croizat G, Gregor A, Joniova J, Gerelli E, Wagnières G. Identification of excimer delayed fluorescence by Protoporphyrin IX: A novel access to local chromophore concentration? JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 229:112408. [PMID: 35294918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is a molecule produced in the mitochondria following the administration of its approved precursor, aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Strong light absorber at different wavelengths in the visible range, PpIX is extensively used as a photosensitizer (PS) for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). PpIX is also an ideal molecular probe for the quantification of the tissue oxygen partial pressure (pO2), as its delayed fluorescence (DF) is quenched by oxygen, creating a direct relationship between the DF lifetime and the pO2. A limitation of both techniques is the ignorance of the PpIX concentration in tissues when the pO2 is measured or during PDT. In this study, the prompt (PF) and delayed fluorescence of PpIX dissolved in DiMethylFormamide (DMF) were acquired, in absence of oxygen, at different PpIX concentrations. Measurements of the PpIX emission for different excitation energies and temperatures, as well as spectral considerations led to the conclusion that E-type (thermal) DF was the dominant DF mechanism at low PpIX excited states concentrations (density of absorbed energy Hε[PpIX] < 1 μJ. cm-3, H:excitation radiant exposure per pulse, ε: molar extinction coefficient at excitation wavelength) while P-type (Triplet Triplet Annihilation) DF took place at higher excited states concentrations (Hε[PpIX] > 10 μJ. cm-3). The gradual development of a strong, red-shifted structureless DF peak at 670 nm, invisible in the PF and absorption spectra, strongly points towards the first observation of PpIX excimer DF (EDF). It appears that, similarly to other aromatic molecules, PpIX excimers can be formed either by the encounter of two molecules in the first excited triplet state T1, or by the reaction of an excited singlet S1 with a triplet T1. Excimer DF could be beneficially used to determine the local concentration of PpIX, as the initial DF intensity ratio I0670/I0630 is linearly correlated with the local PpIX concentration, and thus rises up to the challenge of PpIX based pO2 measurement and PDT. This work could also pave the way for a fine comprehension of the production, diffusion and catabolization of PpIX in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Croizat
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, LIFMET, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Aurélien Gregor
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, LIFMET, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jaroslava Joniova
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, LIFMET, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Gerelli
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, LIFMET, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georges Wagnières
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, LIFMET, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Zhao S, Zhu Y, Li L, Guerchais V, Boixel J, Wong KMC. The switchable phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence of a new rhodamine-like dye through allenylidene formation in a cyclometallated platinum(ii) system. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11056-11064. [PMID: 34522303 PMCID: PMC8386667 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02787e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A new rhodamine-like alkyne-substituted ligand (Rhodyne) was designed to coordinate a cyclometallated platinum(ii) system. The chemo-induced “ON–OFF” switching capabilities on the spirolactone ring of the Rhodyne ligand with an end-capping platinum(ii) metal centre can modulate the interesting acetylide–allenylidene resonance. The long-lived 3IL excited state of Rhodyne in its ON state as an optically active opened form was revealed via steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy studies. Exceptional near-infrared (NIR) phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence based on a rhodamine-like structure were observed at room temperature for the first time. The position of the alkyne communication bridge attached to the platinum(ii) unit was found to vary the lead(ii)-ion binding mode and also the possible resonance structure for metal-mediated allenylidene formation. The formation of a proposed allenylidene resonance structure was suggested to rationalize these phenomena. A new rhodamine-like ligand (Rhodyne) was designed to coordinate a cyclometallated platinum(ii) system. Allenylidene formation could trigger NIR phosphorescence at 740 nm originating from Rhodyne 3IL, as well as delayed fluorescence at 620 nm.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunan Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 15001 China.,Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | | | | | - Keith Man-Chung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Blvd. Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
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5
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Scholz M, Croizat G, Pšenčík J, Dědic R, Nonell S, Wagnieres G. Understanding delayed fluorescence and triplet decays of Protoporphyrin IX under hypoxic conditions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:843-857. [PMID: 34216374 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitizers of singlet oxygen exhibit three main types of reverse intersystem-crossing (RISC): thermally activated, triplet-triplet annihilation, and singlet oxygen feedback. RISC can be followed by delayed fluorescence (DF) emission, which can provide important information about the excited state dynamics in the studied system. An excellent model example is a widely used clinical photosensitizer Protoporphyrin IX, which manifests all three mentioned types of RISC and DF. Here, we estimated rate constants of individual RISC and DF processes in Protoporphyrin IX in dimethylformamide, and we showed how these affect triplet decays and DF signals under diverse experimental conditions, such as a varying oxygen concentration or excitation intensity. This provided a basis for a general discussion on guidelines for a more precise analysis of long-lived signals. Furthermore, it has been found that PpIX photoproducts and potential transient excited complexes introduce a new overlapping delayed luminescence spectral band with a distinct lifetime. These findings are important for design of more accurate biological oxygen sensors and assays based on DF and triplet lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Scholz
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Center for Imaging Medicine, Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA. .,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Gauthier Croizat
- Laboratory for functional and metabolic imaging, LIFMET, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Pšenčík
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Dědic
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Georges Wagnieres
- Laboratory for functional and metabolic imaging, LIFMET, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Croizat G, Gregor A, Gerelli E, Joniova J, Scholz M, Wagnières G. A general framework for non-exponential delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence decay analysis, illustrated on Protoporphyrin IX. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 209:111887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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7
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Krishna A, Darshan V, Suresh CH, Narayanan Unni K, Varma RL. Solution processable carbazole derivatives for dopant free single molecule white electroluminescence by room temperature phosphorescence. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Chan KT, Tong GSM, To WP, Yang C, Du L, Phillips DL, Che CM. The interplay between fluorescence and phosphorescence with luminescent gold(i) and gold(iii) complexes bearing heterocyclic arylacetylide ligands. Chem Sci 2016; 8:2352-2364. [PMID: 28451340 PMCID: PMC5365001 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03775e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The photophysical properties of a series of gold(i) [LAu(C 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 CR)] (L = PCy3 (1a-4a), RNC (5a), NHC (6a)) and gold(iii) complexes [Au(C^N^C)(CCR)] (1b-4b) bearing heterocyclic arylacetylide ligands with narrow band-gap are compared. The luminescence of both series are derived from an intraligand transition localized on the arylacetylide ligand (ππ*(CCR)) but 1a-3a displayed prompt fluorescence (τPF = 2.7-12.0 ns) while 1b-3b showed mainly phosphorescence (τPh = 104-205 μs). The experimentally determined intersystem crossing (ISC) rate constants (kISC) are on the order of 106 to 108 s-1 for the gold(i) series (1a-3a) but 1010 to 1011 s-1 for the gold(iii) analogues (1b-3b). DFT/TDDFT calculations have been performed to help understand the difference in the kISC between the two series of complexes. Owing to the different oxidation states of the gold ion, the Au(i) complexes have linear coordination geometry while the Au(iii) complexes are square planar. It was found from DFT/TDDFT calculations that due to this difference in coordination geometries, the energy gap between the singlet and triplet excited states (ΔEST) with effective spin-orbit coupling (SOC) for Au(i) systems is much larger than that for the Au(iii) counterparts, thus resulting in the poor ISC efficiency for the former. Time-resolved spectroscopies revealed a minor contribution (<2.9%) of a long-lived delayed fluorescence (DF) (τDF = 4.6-12.5 μs) to the total fluorescence in 1a-3a. Attempts have been made to elucidate the mechanism for the origins of the DF: the dependence of the DF intensity with the power of excitation light reveals that triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) is the most probable mechanism for the DF of 1a while germinate electron-hole pair (GP) recombination accounts for the DF of 2a in 77 K glassy solution (MeOH/EtOH = 4 : 1). Both 4a and 4b contain a BODIPY moiety at the acetylide ligand and display only 1IL(ππ*) fluorescence with negligible phosphorescence being observed. Computational analyses attributed this observation to the lack of low-lying triplet excited states that could have effective SOC with the S1 excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaai Tung Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China . ;
| | - Glenna So Ming Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China . ;
| | - Wai-Pong To
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China . ;
| | - Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China . ;
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry , Institute of Molecular Functional Materials , Department of Chemistry , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China . ; .,Department of Chemistry , HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation , Shenzhen 518053 , China
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9
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Sarkar S, Gandla D, Venkatesh Y, Bangal PR, Ghosh S, Yang Y, Misra S. Graphene quantum dots from graphite by liquid exfoliation showing excitation-independent emission, fluorescence upconversion and delayed fluorescence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:21278-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01528j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Schematic representation of GQD formation from graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Sarkar
- Nanomaterials Laboratory
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division
- CSIR-IICT
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | - Dayakar Gandla
- Nanomaterials Laboratory
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division
- CSIR-IICT
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | - Yeduru Venkatesh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- Anusandhan Bhawan
- New Delhi-110001
- India
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division
| | - Prakriti Ranjan Bangal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- Anusandhan Bhawan
- New Delhi-110001
- India
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division
| | - Sutapa Ghosh
- Nanomaterials Laboratory
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division
- CSIR-IICT
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | - Yang Yang
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Division
- Rowan University
- Glassboro
- USA
| | - Sunil Misra
- Biology Division
- CSIR-IICT
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
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10
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Aydemir M, Haykır G, Türksoy F, Gümüş S, Dias FB, Monkman AP. Synthesis and investigation of intra-molecular charge transfer state properties of novel donor-acceptor-donor pyridine derivatives: the effects of temperature and environment on molecular configurations and the origin of delayed fluorescence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:25572-82. [PMID: 26372605 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03937a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) structured pyridine derivatives were synthesised and detailed photo-physical investigations were made using mainly steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy techniques at varying temperatures. The investigations showed that the molecules have solvent polarity and temperature dependent excited-state configurations, confirmed in two different polarity solvents (295-90 K), i.e. methyl cyclohexane (MCH) and 2-methyltetrahdrofurane (2-MeTHF). In MCH, the investigations revealed dual fluorescence over the temperature range of 295-90 K. At 295 K, the ground-state configuration of the molecules has a partially twisted geometry as determined by DFT calculation, yet the emission originates totally from a locally excited (LE) state, however once the temperature is lowered to 90 K, the twisted molecular configuration is stabilised, and the emission originates from a fully-relaxed intramolecular charge transfer state (ICT), this is contrary to the systems where structural reorganisation stabilises ICT and this is frozen out at low temperatures. The DFT calculations revealed different ground state molecular configurations due to the presence of different electron-donating groups, e.g. the molecule including anthracene groups has a near 90° twisted geometry whereas the triphenylamine including molecule has a pyramidal geometrical folding, therefore, the decrease in temperature restricts the donor degree of rotational freedom. In 2-MeTHF solution, the fluorescence spectrum of both molecules is always of ICT character, but gradually red-shifts through the fluid to glass transition temperature (∼135 K), in this case, the fluorescence occurs after structural and solvent-shell relaxations, however, upon cooling below 135 K, the spectra dramatically shift back to blue giving rise to strong emission from an ICT excited-state (but not the LE state) where the molecules have unrelaxed geometries. This significant change in the nature of the emitting species was explained with specific solvent-solute dynamic interactions in the vicinity of the solvation shell and the effect of thermal excitation of molecular vibrational modes of the C-C bond linking donor and acceptor units. Finally, we confirmed that the molecules have ICT ground-state geometry in the solid-state phase (spin-coated films), and the time-resolved decay dynamics were investigated comparing the spin-coated films (at RT and 25 K) and MCH solutions (at 295 K and 90 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Aydemir
- Institute of Photonic Materials, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 5US, UK.
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11
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Kuno S, Akeno H, Ohtani H, Yuasa H. Visible room-temperature phosphorescence of pure organic crystals via a radical-ion-pair mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:15989-95. [PMID: 26027521 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01203a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The afterglow of phosphorescent compounds can be distinguished from background fluorescence and scattered light by a time-resolved observation, which is a beneficial property for bioimaging. Phosphorescence emission accompanies spin-forbidden transitions from an excited singlet state through an excited triplet state to a ground singlet state. Since these intersystem crossings are facilitated usually by the heavy-atom effect, metal-free organic solids are seldom phosphorescent, although these solids have recently been refurbished as low-cost, eco-friendly phosphorescent materials. Here, we show that crystalline isophthalic acid exhibits room-temperature phosphorescence with an afterglow that lasts several seconds through a nuclear spin magnetism-assisted spin exchange of a radical ion pair. The obvious afterglow that facilitates a time-resolved detection and the unusual phosphorescence mechanism that enables emission intensification by nuclear spin managements are promising for exploiting the phosphorescence materials in novel applications such as bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Kuno
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 J2-10, Nagatsutacho, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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12
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Aydemir M, Jankus V, Dias FB, Monkman A. The key role of geminate electron-hole pair recombination in the delayed fluorescence in rhodamine 6G and ATTO-532. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:21543-9. [PMID: 25188793 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01675k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we investigate the delayed fluorescence (DF) phenomena in the widely used laser dye, rhodamine 6G, and its derivative ATTO-532 as a function of excitation energy using highly sensitive time-resolved gated nanosecond spectroscopy. Excitation with UV laser radiation results in delayed emission, which arises from singlet states created from geminate pair recombination, not triplet annihilation. For the first time the origins and photo-physical properties of delayed fluorescence in these highly fluorescent molecules are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Aydemir
- Durham University Physics Department, Photonic Materials Institute, Rochester Building, South Road, DH1 3LE, County Durham, UK.
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13
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Chen RA, Wang C, Li S, George TF. Carrier-Collision-Induced Formation of Charged Excitons and Ultrafast Dynamics Fluorescence Spectra. J Phys Chem A 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/jp310114s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Ai Chen
- Department
of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University,
Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department
of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University,
Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department
of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University,
Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Office of the Chancellor and Center for Nanoscience, Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Physics & Astronomy, University of Missouri—St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Thomas F. George
- Office of the Chancellor and Center for Nanoscience, Departments of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Physics & Astronomy, University of Missouri—St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
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14
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Kirkpatrick J, Keivanidis PE, Bruno A, Ma F, Haque SA, Yarstev A, Sundstrom V, Nelson J. Ultrafast Transient Optical Studies of Charge Pair Generation and Recombination in Poly-3-Hexylthiophene(P3ht):[6,6]Phenyl C61 Butyric Methyl Acid Ester (PCBM) Blend Films. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:15174-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205731f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Kirkpatrick
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Annalisa Bruno
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Saif A. Haque
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Arkady Yarstev
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundstrom
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Chowdury MAH, Monkman AP, Chawdhury N. Spectral investigation and laser action in solid films of fluorene-dibenzothiophene-s,s-dioxide co-polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-010-9542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chaudhuri D, Wettach H, van Schooten KJ, Liu S, Sigmund E, Höger S, Lupton JM. Tuning the Singlet-Triplet Gap in Metal-Free Phosphorescent π-Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chaudhuri D, Wettach H, van Schooten KJ, Liu S, Sigmund E, Höger S, Lupton JM. Tuning the Singlet-Triplet Gap in Metal-Free Phosphorescent π-Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:7714-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Garbugli M, Gambetta A, Schrader S, Virgili T, Lanzani G. Multi-photon non-linear photocurrent in organic photodiodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b908364b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Chen HL, Huang YF, Hsu CP, Lim TS, Kuo LC, Leung MK, Chao TC, Wong KT, Chen SA, Fann W. Direct Measurements of Intersystem Crossing Rates and Triplet Decays of Luminescent Conjugated Oligomers in Solutions. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:9424-30. [PMID: 17696510 DOI: 10.1021/jp0740651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to determine the relaxations of the photoexcited singlet state of two PPV and polyfluorene oligomers, (E,E)-1,4-bis[(2-benzyloxy)styryl]benzene (PVDOP) and ter(9,9'-spirobifluorene) (TSBF). The decay rates of different S1 relaxation channels, which include intersystem crossing (ISC), radiative, and nonradiative decay can be determined by the combination of photoacoustic calorimetry (PAC) and the time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) technique. The triplet state energy level is determined by the phosphorescence (Ph) spectra recorded at 77 K. The ISC yields are approximately 3% and 6% for PVDOP and TSBF, respectively. The T1 to S0 transition decay rate is acquired by PAC and photothermal beam deflection (PBD) measurements. The triplet state decay rate is 17 and 21 ms(-1) at room temperature. The Ph intensity decay at 77 K shows that the triplet state lifetime increases by 4 orders of magnitude, as compared to room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Liang Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Laquai F, Wegner G, Bässler H. What determines the mobility of charge carriers in conjugated polymers? PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2007; 365:1473-87. [PMID: 17428765 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2007.2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In a conjugated polymer, the mobility of charge carriers is not a well-defined coefficient of a particular material as it is in an inorganic crystalline semiconductor but depends on the time domain of detection. On a time-scale of typically 100 fs, the on-chain mobility is ultra-high and controlled by the electronic band width of the polymer chain. When a carrier hits a chain imperfection, subsequent mesoscopic on-chain motion is retarded and controlled by intrachain disorder to which the chain environment contributes. Macroscopic transport commences after a time when interchain carrier jumps become rate limiting. It is routinely probed by time-of-flight experiments and can be rationalized in terms of random walk within a rough energy landscape. Experimental signatures of the various modes of transport are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Laquai
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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21
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Wasserberg D, Marsal P, Meskers SCJ, Janssen RAJ, Beljonne D. Phosphorescence and triplet state energies of oligothiophenes. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:4410-5. [PMID: 16851510 DOI: 10.1021/jp0457085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorescence spectra of a series of small oligothiophenes (nT, n = 1-3) incorporating a variety of substituents, end cappers, and functional groups have been recorded for the first time using gated detection in combination with nanosecond excitation in frozen solution at 80 K. The vibrationally resolved emission spectra provide accurate estimates of the T(1) and S(1) levels, and the singlet-triplet energy gap. Theoretical quantum chemical calculations performed at the DFT (B3LYP/6-31G*) level reproduce all experimental trends accurately and provide quantitative description of the S(0)-T(1) energy difference. The geometry relaxation in the excited state shows that the "natural" size of the triplet exciton is about 3-4 thiophene units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Wasserberg
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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22
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Lehtivuori H, Lemmetyinen H, Tkachenko NV. Exciplex−Exciplex Energy Transfer and Annihilation in Solid Films of Porphyrin−Fullerene Dyads. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:16036-7. [PMID: 17165747 DOI: 10.1021/ja0662366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exciplex-exciplex annihilation was observed for the first time in porphyrin-fullerene molecular films. The films were prepared using Langmuir-Blodgett and drop casting methods. The exciplex-exciplex interactions were studied using femtosecond pump-probe method. The exciplex-exciplex annihilation can be seen as a fast (within few picoseconds) decay of the transient absorption at excitation densities higher than 0.4 mJ/cm2. Analysis of the excitation density dependences indicates that in average four dyads are involved in the exciplex-exciplex interaction, suggesting that an exciplex-exciplex energy transfer may precede the annihilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Lehtivuori
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Tampere University of Technology, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
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23
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Rothe C, Monkman A. Regarding the origin of the delayed fluorescence of conjugated polymers. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:244904. [PMID: 16396570 DOI: 10.1063/1.2140272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the first part of this work we revisit and reevaluate the experimental data that lead to the assignment of the origin of the delayed fluorescence (DF) to triplet-triplet annihilation for polyfluorene and to geminate pair recombination in the case of the ladder-type polyparaphenylene (MeLPPP); the ambiguity of this classification is unveiled. Next, new data about the DF of MeLPPP under applied electric field are presented. Here, the DF intensity completely recovers once the field is turned off, which rules out geminate pairs as the origin of the DF and in turn provides clear evidence of the triplet-triplet annihilation picture. Finally, we show and discuss how recombination of space charge layers may also give rise to electric field induced delayed fluorescence, whereby the formation of these space charge layers strongly depends on device configuration and purity of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Rothe
- Organic Electroactive Materials Group, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Berberan-Santos M, Bodunov E, Valeur B. Mathematical functions for the analysis of luminescence decays with underlying distributions: 2. Becquerel (compressed hyperbola) and related decay functions. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Virgili T, Marinotto D, Manzoni C, Cerullo G, Lanzani G. Ultrafast intrachain photoexcitation of polymeric semiconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 94:117402. [PMID: 15903887 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.117402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on excited state dynamics in isolated poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) chains obtained by embedding the polymer in an inert plastic matrix. Early events (<300 fs) of intrachain photophysics are detected by pump-probe spectroscopy using tunable UV 25-fs pump pulses and sub-10-fs visible probe pulses. We show that higher-lying optical states, reached by multiphoton transitions, give rise to on-chain charge separation on the ultrafast time scale. The intrachain charge pair decays geminately within 500 fs to the lowest singlet state. Characteristic time scales for internal conversion and intramolecular vibrational redistribution are also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Virgili
- IFN-CNR, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lupton
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany.
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