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Bloß D, Trinter F, Unger I, Zindel C, Honisch C, Viehmann J, Kiefer N, Marder L, Küstner-Wetekam C, Heikura E, Cederbaum LS, Björneholm O, Hergenhahn U, Ehresmann A, Hans A. X-ray radiation damage cycle of solvated inorganic ions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4594. [PMID: 38816362 PMCID: PMC11139941 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
X-ray-induced damage is one of the key topics in radiation chemistry. Substantial damage is attributed to low-energy electrons and radicals emerging from direct inner-shell photoionization or produced by subsequent processes. We apply multi-electron coincidence spectroscopy to X-ray-irradiated aqueous solutions of inorganic ions to investigate the production of low-energy electrons (LEEs) in a predicted cascade of intermolecular charge- and energy-transfer processes, namely electron-transfer-mediated decay (ETMD) and interatomic/intermolecular Coulombic decay (ICD). An advanced coincidence technique allows us to identify several LEE-producing steps during the decay of 1s vacancies in solvated Mg2+ ions, which escaped observation in previous non-coincident experiments. We provide strong evidence for the predicted recovering of the ion's initial state. In natural environments the recovering of the ion's initial state is expected to cause inorganic ions to be radiation-damage hot spots, repeatedly producing destructive particles under continuous irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bloß
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Florian Trinter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Isaak Unger
- Chemical and Biomolecular Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christina Zindel
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Carolin Honisch
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Johannes Viehmann
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Nils Kiefer
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Lutz Marder
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Catmarna Küstner-Wetekam
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Emilia Heikura
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olle Björneholm
- Chemical and Biomolecular Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Ehresmann
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Andreas Hans
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.
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2
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Mudryk K, Lee C, Tomaník L, Malerz S, Trinter F, Hergenhahn U, Neumark DM, Slavíček P, Bradforth S, Winter B. How Does Mg 2+(aq) Interact with ATP (aq)? Biomolecular Structure through the Lens of Liquid-Jet Photoemission Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38802319 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Liquid-jet photoemission spectroscopy (LJ-PES) allows for a direct probing of electronic structure in aqueous solutions. We show the applicability of the approach to biomolecules in a complex environment, exploring site-specific information on the interaction of adenosine triphosphate in the aqueous phase (ATP(aq)) with magnesium (Mg2+(aq)), highlighting the synergy brought about by the simultaneous analysis of different regions in the photoelectron spectrum. In particular, we demonstrate intermolecular Coulombic decay (ICD) spectroscopy as a new and powerful addition to the arsenal of techniques for biomolecular structure investigation. We apply LJ-PES assisted by electronic-structure calculations to study ATP(aq) solutions with and without dissolved Mg2+. Valence photoelectron data reveal spectral changes in the phosphate and adenine features of ATP(aq) due to interactions with the divalent cation. Chemical shifts in Mg 2p, Mg 2s, P 2p, and P 2s core-level spectra as a function of the Mg2+/ATP concentration ratio are correlated to the formation of [Mg(ATP) 2]6-(aq), [MgATP]2-(aq), and [Mg2ATP](aq) complexes, demonstrating the element sensitivity of the technique to Mg2+-phosphate interactions. The most direct probe of the intermolecular interactions between ATP(aq) and Mg2+(aq) is delivered by the emerging ICD electrons following ionization of Mg 1s electrons. ICD spectra are shown to sensitively probe ligand exchange in the Mg2+-ATP(aq) coordination environment. In addition, we report and compare P 2s data from ATP(aq) and adenosine mono- and diphosphate (AMP(aq) and ADP(aq), respectively) solutions, probing the electronic structure of the phosphate chain and the local environment of individual phosphate units in ATP(aq). Our results provide a comprehensive view of the electronic structure of ATP(aq) and Mg2+-ATP(aq) complexes relevant to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions that are central to bioenergetics in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Mudryk
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chin Lee
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lukáš Tomaník
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastian Malerz
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen Bradforth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Marie A, Loos PF. Reference Energies for Valence Ionizations and Satellite Transitions. J Chem Theory Comput 2024. [PMID: 38776293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Upon ionization of an atom or a molecule, another electron (or more) can be simultaneously excited. These concurrently generated states are called "satellites" (or shakeup transitions) as they appear in ionization spectra as higher-energy peaks with weaker intensity and larger width than the main peaks associated with single-particle ionizations. Satellites, which correspond to electronically excited states of the cationic species, are notoriously challenging to model using conventional single-reference methods due to their high excitation degree compared to the neutral reference state. This work reports 42 satellite transition energies and 58 valence ionization potentials (IPs) of full configuration interaction quality computed in small molecular systems. Following the protocol developed for the quest database [Véril, M.; Scemama, A.; Caffarel, M.; Lipparini, F.; Boggio-Pasqua, M.; Jacquemin, D.; and Loos, P.-F. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Comput. Mol. Sci. 2021, 11, e1517], these reference energies are computed using the configuration interaction using a perturbative selection made iteratively (CIPSI) method. In addition, the accuracy of the well-known coupled-cluster (CC) hierarchy (CC2, CCSD, CC3, CCSDT, CC4, and CCSDTQ) is gauged against these new accurate references. The performances of various approximations based on many-body Green's functions (GW, GF2, and T-matrix) for IPs are also analyzed. Their limitations in correctly modeling satellite transitions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marie
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31062, France
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4
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Koga M, Kang DH, Heim ZN, Meyer P, Erickson BA, Haldar N, Baradaran N, Havenith M, Neumark DM. Extreme ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of adenine, adenosine and adenosine monophosphate in a liquid flat jet. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13106-13117. [PMID: 38629206 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using an extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) probe pulse was used to investigate the UV photoinduced dynamics of adenine (Ade), adenosine (Ado), and adenosine-5-monophosphate (AMP) in a liquid water jet. In contrast to previous studies using UV probe pulses, the XUV pulse at 21.7 eV can photoionize all excited states of a molecule, allowing for full relaxation pathways to be addressed after excitation at 4.66 eV. This work was carried out using a gas-dynamic flat liquid jet, resulting in considerably enhanced signal compared to a cylindrical jet. All three species decay on multiple time scales that are assigned based on their decay associated spectra; the fastest decay of ∼100 fs is assigned to ππ* decay to the ground state, while a smaller component with a lifetime of ∼500 fs is attributed to the nπ* state. An additional slower channel in Ade is assigned to the 7H Ade conformer, as seen previously. This work demonstrates the capability of XUV-TRPES to disentangle non-adiabatic dynamics in an aqueous solution in a state-specific manner and represents the first identification of the nπ* state in the relaxation dynamics of adenine and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Koga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Do Hyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Zachary N Heim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Philipp Meyer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Germany
| | - Blake A Erickson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Neal Haldar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Negar Baradaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Martina Havenith
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Germany
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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5
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Vila FD, Rehr JJ, Kowalski K, Peng B. RT-EOM-CCSD Calculations of Inner and Outer Valence Ionization Energies and Spectral Functions. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:1796-1801. [PMID: 38422509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a standard experimental method for material characterization, but its interpretation can be hampered by its reliance on standard materials. To facilitate the study of unknown systems, theoretical methods are desirable. Here, we present a real-time equation-of-motion coupled cluster (RT-EOM-CC) approach for valence PES, extending our core-level development. We demonstrate that RT-EOM-CC yields ionization energies and spectral functions in good agreement with experimental and CI-based results, even for some more correlated cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando D Vila
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John J Rehr
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Karol Kowalski
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Battelle, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, K8-91, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bo Peng
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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6
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Li S, Lu L, Bhattacharyya S, Pearce C, Li K, Nienhuis ET, Doumy G, Schaller RD, Moeller S, Lin MF, Dakovski G, Hoffman DJ, Garratt D, Larsen KA, Koralek JD, Hampton CY, Cesar D, Duris J, Zhang Z, Sudar N, Cryan JP, Marinelli A, Li X, Inhester L, Santra R, Young L. Attosecond-pump attosecond-probe x-ray spectroscopy of liquid water. Science 2024; 383:1118-1122. [PMID: 38359104 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn6059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Attosecond-pump/attosecond-probe experiments have long been sought as the most straightforward method for observing electron dynamics in real time. Although there has been much success with overlapped near-infrared femtosecond and extreme ultraviolet attosecond pulses combined with theory, true attosecond-pump/attosecond-probe experiments have been limited. We used a synchronized attosecond x-ray pulse pair from an x-ray free-electron laser to study the electronic response to valence ionization in liquid water through all x-ray attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (AX-ATAS). Our analysis showed that the AX-ATAS response is confined to the subfemtosecond timescale, eliminating any hydrogen atom motion and demonstrating experimentally that the 1b1 splitting in the x-ray emission spectrum is related to dynamics and is not evidence of two structural motifs in ambient liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Lixin Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Swarnendu Bhattacharyya
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolyn Pearce
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Kai Li
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Physics and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Gilles Doumy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - R D Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - S Moeller
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - M-F Lin
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - G Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - D J Hoffman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - D Garratt
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Kirk A Larsen
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - J D Koralek
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - C Y Hampton
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - D Cesar
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Duris
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Sudar
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - James P Cryan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - A Marinelli
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ludger Inhester
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linda Young
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Physics and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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7
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Tal A, Bischoff T, Pasquarello A. Absolute energy levels of liquid water from many-body perturbation theory with effective vertex corrections. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2311472121. [PMID: 38427604 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311472121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the importance of addressing the Γ vertex and thus going beyond the GW approximation for achieving the energy levels of liquid water in many-body perturbation theory. In particular, we consider an effective vertex function in both the polarizability and the self-energy, which does not produce any computational overhead compared with the GW approximation. We yield the band gap, the ionization potential, and the electron affinity in good agreement with experiment and with a hybrid functional description. The achieved electronic structure and dielectric screening further lead to a good description of the optical absorption spectrum, as obtained through the solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation. In particular, the experimental peak position of the exciton is accurately reproduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Tal
- Chaire de Simulation à l'Echelle Atomique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bischoff
- Chaire de Simulation à l'Echelle Atomique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alfredo Pasquarello
- Chaire de Simulation à l'Echelle Atomique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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8
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Prisle NL. Surfaces of Atmospheric Droplet Models Probed with Synchrotron XPS on a Liquid Microjet. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:177-187. [PMID: 38156821 PMCID: PMC10795169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusThe atmosphere is a key part of the earth system comprising myriad chemical species in all basic forms of matter. Ubiquitous nano- and microscopic aerosol particles and cloud droplets suspended in the air play crucial roles in earth's climate and the formation of air pollution. Surfaces are a prominent part of aerosols and droplets, due to the high surface area to bulk volume ratios, but very little is known about their specific properties. Many atmospheric compounds are surface-active, leading to enhanced surface concentrations in aqueous solutions. Their distribution between the surface and bulk may determine heterogeneous chemistry and many other properties of aerosol and cloud droplets, but has not been directly observed.We used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to obtain direct molecular-level information on the surface composition and structure of aqueous solutions of surface-active organics as model systems for atmospheric aerosol and cloud droplets. XPS is a vacuum-based technique enabled for volatile aqueous organic samples by the application of a high-speed liquid microjet. In combination with brilliant synchrotron X-rays, the chemical specificity of XPS allows distinction between elements in different chemical states and positions within molecular structures. We used core-level C 1s and N 1s signals to identify the alkyl and hydrophilic groups of atmospheric carboxylic acids, alkyl-amines, and their conjugate acids and bases. From this, we infer changes in the orientation of surface-adsorbed species and quantify their relative abundances in the surface. XPS-derived surface enrichments of the organics follow trends expected from their surface activities and we observed a preferential orientation at the surface with the hydrophobic alkyl chains pointing increasingly outward from the solution at higher concentrations. This provides a first direct experimental observation of well-established concepts of surface adsorption and confirms the soundness of the method.We mapped relative abundances of conjugate acid-base pairs in the aqueous solution surfaces from the respective intensities of distinctive XPS signals. For each pair, the protonation equilibrium was significantly shifted toward the neutral form in the surface, compared to the bulk solution, across the full pH range. This represents an apparent shift of the pKa in the surface, which may be toward either higher or lower pH, depending on whether the acid or base form of the pair is the neutral species. The surface shifts are broadly consistent with the relative differences in surface enrichment of the individual acid and base conjugates in binary aqueous solutions, with additional contributions from nonideal interactions in the surface. In aqueous mixtures of surface-active carboxylate anions with ammonium salts at near-neutral pH, we found that the conjugate carboxylic acids were further strongly enhanced. This occurs as the coadsorption of weakly basic carboxylate anions and weakly acidic ammonium cations forms ion-pair surface layers with strongly enhanced local abundances, increasing the probability of net proton transfer according to Le Chatelier's principle. The effect is stronger when the evaporation of ammonia from the surface further contributes to irreversibly perturb the protonation equilibrium, leaving a surplus of carboxylic acid. These surface-specific effects may profoundly influence atmospheric chemistry mediated by aqueous aerosols and cloud droplets but are currently not taken into account in atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nønne L. Prisle
- Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu 90014, Finland
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9
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Ismail I, Ferté A, Penent F, Guillemin R, Peng D, Marchenko T, Travnikova O, Inhester L, Taïeb R, Verma A, Velasquez N, Kukk E, Trinter F, Koulentianos D, Mazza T, Baumann TM, Rivas DE, Ovcharenko Y, Boll R, Dold S, De Fanis A, Ilchen M, Meyer M, Goldsztejn G, Li K, Doumy G, Young L, Sansone G, Dörner R, Piancastelli MN, Carniato S, Bozek JD, Püttner R, Simon M. Alternative Pathway to Double-Core-Hole States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:253201. [PMID: 38181353 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.253201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Excited double-core-hole states of isolated water molecules resulting from the sequential absorption of two x-ray photons have been investigated. These states are formed through an alternative pathway, where the initial step of core ionization is accompanied by the shake-up of a valence electron, leading to the same final states as in the core-ionization followed by core-excitation pathway. The capability of the x-ray free-electron laser to deliver very intense, very short, and tunable light pulses is fully exploited to identify the two different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyas Ismail
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Anthony Ferté
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Francis Penent
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Renaud Guillemin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Dawei Peng
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tatiana Marchenko
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Oksana Travnikova
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ludger Inhester
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard Taïeb
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Abhishek Verma
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Nicolas Velasquez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Edwin Kukk
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Florian Trinter
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimitris Koulentianos
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Boll
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Simon Dold
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Markus Ilchen
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Gildas Goldsztejn
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay ISMO, UMR CNRS 8214, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Kai Li
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Gilles Doumy
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Linda Young
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Giuseppe Sansone
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Dörner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maria Novella Piancastelli
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Stéphane Carniato
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - John D Bozek
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Ralph Püttner
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Simon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
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10
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He L, Tomaník L, Malerz S, Trinter F, Trippel S, Belina M, Slavíček P, Winter B, Küpper J. Specific versus Nonspecific Solvent Interactions of a Biomolecule in Water. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10499-10508. [PMID: 37970807 PMCID: PMC10683073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Solvent interactions, particularly hydration, are vital in chemical and biochemical systems. Model systems reveal microscopic details of such interactions. We uncover a specific hydrogen-bonding motif of the biomolecular building block indole (C8H7N), tryptophan's chromophore, in water: a strong localized N-H···OH2 hydrogen bond, alongside unstructured solvent interactions. This insight is revealed from a combined experimental and theoretical analysis of the electronic structure of indole in aqueous solution. We recorded the complete X-ray photoemission and Auger spectrum of aqueous-phase indole, quantitatively explaining all peaks through ab initio modeling. The efficient and accurate technique for modeling valence and core photoemission spectra involves the maximum-overlap method and the nonequilibrium polarizable-continuum model. A two-hole electron-population analysis quantitatively describes the Auger spectra. Core-electron binding energies for nitrogen and carbon highlight the specific interaction with a hydrogen-bonded water molecule at the N-H group and otherwise nonspecific solvent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanhai He
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, China
| | - Lukáš Tomaník
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastian Malerz
- Molecular
Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Molecular
Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße
1, 60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Trippel
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität
Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee
149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michal Belina
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bernd Winter
- Molecular
Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität
Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee
149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Department
of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Pugini M, Credidio B, Walter I, Malerz S, Trinter F, Stemer D, Hergenhahn U, Meijer G, Wilkinson I, Winter B, Thürmer S. How to measure work functions from aqueous solutions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9574-9588. [PMID: 37712029 PMCID: PMC10498509 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01740k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent application of concepts from condensed-matter physics to photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) of volatile, liquid-phase systems has enabled the measurement of electronic energetics of liquids on an absolute scale. Particularly, vertical ionization energies, VIEs, of liquid water and aqueous solutions, both in the bulk and at associated interfaces, can now be accurately, precisely, and routinely determined. These IEs are referenced to the local vacuum level, which is the appropriate quantity for condensed matter with associated surfaces, including liquids. In this work, we connect this newly accessible energy level to another important surface property, namely, the solution work function, eΦliq. We lay out the prerequisites for and unique challenges of determining eΦ of aqueous solutions and liquids in general. We demonstrate - for a model aqueous solution with a tetra-n-butylammonium iodide (TBAI) surfactant solute - that concentration-dependent work functions, associated with the surface dipoles generated by the segregated interfacial layer of TBA+ and I- ions, can be accurately measured under controlled conditions. We detail the nature of surface potentials, uniquely tied to the nature of the flowing-liquid sample, which must be eliminated or quantified to enable such measurements. This allows us to refer aqueous-phase spectra to the Fermi level and to quantitatively assign surfactant-concentration-dependent spectral shifts to competing work function and electronic-structure effects, where the latter are typically associated with solute-solvent interactions in the bulk of the solution which determine, e.g., chemical reactivity. The present work describes the extension of liquid-jet PES to quantitatively access concentration-dependent surface descriptors that have so far been restricted to solid-phase measurements. Correspondingly, these studies mark the beginning of a new era in the characterization of the interfacial electronic structure of aqueous solutions and liquids more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pugini
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Bruno Credidio
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Irina Walter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Malerz
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Dominik Stemer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Institute for Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
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12
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Christensen EG, Steele RP. Structural, Thermodynamic, and Spectroscopic Evolution in the Hydration of Copper(II) Ions, Cu 2+(H 2O) 2-8. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6660-6676. [PMID: 37552878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase clusters of the hydrated Cu(II) cation with 2-8 water molecules were investigated using ab initio quantum chemistry. Isomer structures, energies, and vibrational spectra were computed across this size range, yielding a qualitative picture of this ion as an intact Cu2+ hydrate that also partially oxidizes the surrounding water network at equilibrium. At sufficient cluster sizes, these ion hydrates also become thermodynamically preferred over competitive Cu(II) hydroxide hydrates. Competitive coordination environments were found to exist at some cluster sizes, due to both hydrogen-bonding and d-orbital chemical effects, and the dominant coordination number was found in some cases to be temperature-dependent. Clear spectral signatures of the ion's coordination environment were computed to exist at each cluster size, which should make experimental verification of these computational predictions straightforward. Through comparison to recent studies of hydrated CuOH+, the effective charge on the metal center was shown to converge to approximately +1.5 in both cases, despite qualitatively different behavior of their radical spin densities. Therefore, nominally Cu(II) ions exhibit considerable electronic, chemical, and structural flexibility. The electronic origins of this flexibility─including key roles played by the water network itself─are investigated in this work and should provide a conceptual foundation for future studies of copper-based, water-oxidation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ryan P Steele
- Department of Chemistry and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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13
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Yin Z, Chang YP, Balčiūnas T, Shakya Y, Djorović A, Gaulier G, Fazio G, Santra R, Inhester L, Wolf JP, Wörner HJ. Femtosecond proton transfer in urea solutions probed by X-ray spectroscopy. Nature 2023; 619:749-754. [PMID: 37380782 PMCID: PMC10371863 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Proton transfer is one of the most fundamental events in aqueous-phase chemistry and an emblematic case of coupled ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics1,2. Disentangling electronic and nuclear dynamics on the femtosecond timescales remains a formidable challenge, especially in the liquid phase, the natural environment of biochemical processes. Here we exploit the unique features of table-top water-window X-ray absorption spectroscopy3-6 to reveal femtosecond proton-transfer dynamics in ionized urea dimers in aqueous solution. Harnessing the element specificity and the site selectivity of X-ray absorption spectroscopy with the aid of ab initio quantum-mechanical and molecular-mechanics calculations, we show how, in addition to the proton transfer, the subsequent rearrangement of the urea dimer and the associated change of the electronic structure can be identified with site selectivity. These results establish the considerable potential of flat-jet, table-top X-ray absorption spectroscopy7,8 in elucidating solution-phase ultrafast dynamics in biomolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Yin
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Yi-Ping Chang
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
- European XFEL, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tadas Balčiūnas
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- GAP-Biophotonics, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yashoj Shakya
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Fazio
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Inhester
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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14
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Reshetnyak I, Lorin A, Pasquarello A. Many-body screening effects in liquid water. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2705. [PMID: 37169764 PMCID: PMC10175292 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The screening arising from many-body excitations is a crucial quantity for describing absorption and inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) of materials. Similarly, the electron screening plays a critical role in state-of-the-art approaches for determining the fundamental band gap. However, ab initio studies of the screening in liquid water have remained limited. Here, we use a combined analysis based on the Bethe-Salpeter equation and time-dependent density functional theory. We first show that absorption spectra at near-edge energies are insufficient to assess the accuracy by which the screening is described. Next, when the energy range under scrutiny is extended, we instead find that the IXS spectra are highly sensitive and allow for the selection of the optimal theoretical scheme. This leads to good agreement with experiment over a large range of transferred energies and momenta, and enables establishing the elusive fundamental band gap of liquid water at 9.3 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Reshetnyak
- Chaire de Simulation à l'Echelle Atomique (CSEA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Lorin
- Chaire de Simulation à l'Echelle Atomique (CSEA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alfredo Pasquarello
- Chaire de Simulation à l'Echelle Atomique (CSEA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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15
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Ponzi A, Rosa M, Kladnik G, Unger I, Ciavardini A, Di Nardi L, Viola E, Nicolas C, Došlić N, Goldoni A, Lanzilotto V. Inequivalent Solvation Effects on the N 1s Levels of Self-Associated Melamine Molecules in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:3016-3025. [PMID: 36972466 PMCID: PMC10084451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
This work shows how the N 1s photoemission (PE) spectrum of self-associated melamine molecules in aqueous solution has been successfully rationalized using an integrated computational approach encompassing classical metadynamics simulations and quantum calculations based on density functional theory (DFT). The first approach allowed us to describe interacting melamine molecules in explicit waters and to identify dimeric configurations based on π-π and/or H-bonding interactions. Then, N 1s binding energies (BEs) and PE spectra were computed at the DFT level for all structures both in the gas phase and in an implicit solvent. While pure π-stacked dimers show gas-phase PE spectra almost identical to that of the monomer, those of the H-bonded dimers are sensibly affected by NH···NH or NH···NC interactions. Interestingly, the solvation suppresses all of the non-equivalences due to the H-bonds yielding similar PE spectra for all dimers, matching very well our measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Ponzi
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Rosa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Gregor Kladnik
- Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- IOM-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Isaak Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Lorys Di Nardi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Elisa Viola
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Nađa Došlić
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra Synchrotron, Micro & Nano Carbon Laboratory, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Valeria Lanzilotto
- IOM-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Elettra Synchrotron, Micro & Nano Carbon Laboratory, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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16
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Dupuy R, Thürmer S, Richter C, Buttersack T, Trinter F, Winter B, Bluhm H. Core-Level Photoelectron Angular Distributions at the Liquid-Vapor Interface. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:215-223. [PMID: 36695522 PMCID: PMC9910046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusPhotoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a powerful tool for the investigation of liquid-vapor interfaces, with applications in many fields from environmental chemistry to fundamental physics. Among the aspects that have been addressed with PES is the question of how molecules and ions arrange and distribute themselves within the interface, that is, the first few nanometers into solution. This information is of crucial importance, for instance, for atmospheric chemistry, to determine which species are exposed in what concentration to the gas-phase environment. Other topics of interest include the surface propensity of surfactants, their tendency for orientation and self-assembly, as well as ion double layers beneath the liquid-vapor interface. The chemical specificity and surface sensitivity of PES make it in principle well suited for this endeavor. Ideally, one would want to access complete atomic-density distributions along the surface normal, which, however, is difficult to achieve experimentally for reasons to be outlined in this Account. A major complication is the lack of accurate information on electron transport and scattering properties, especially in the kinetic-energy regime below 100 eV, a pre-requisite to retrieving the depth information contained in photoelectron signals.In this Account, we discuss the measurement of the photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) as a way to obtain depth information. Photoelectrons scatter with a certain probability when moving through the bulk liquid before being expelled into a vacuum. Elastic scattering changes the electron direction without a change in the electron kinetic energy, in contrast to inelastic scattering. Random elastic-scattering events usually lead to a reduction of the measured anisotropy as compared to the initial, that is, nascent PAD. This effect that would be considered parasitic when attempting to retrieve information on photoionization dynamics from nascent liquid-phase PADs can be turned into a powerful tool to access information on elastic scattering, and hence probing depth, by measuring core-level PADs. Core-level PADs are relatively unaffected by effects other than elastic scattering, such as orbital character changes due to solvation. By comparing a molecule's gas-phase angular anisotropy, assumed to represent the nascent PAD, with its liquid-phase anisotropy, one can estimate the magnitude of elastic versus inelastic scattering experienced by photoelectrons on their way to the surface from the site at which they were generated. Scattering events increase with increasing depth into solution, and thus it is possible to correlate the observed reduction in angular anisotropy with the depth below the surface along the surface normal.We will showcase this approach for a few examples. In particular, our recent works on surfactant molecules demonstrated that one can indeed probe atomic distances within these molecules with a high sensitivity of ∼1 Å resolution along the surface normal. We were also able to show that the anisotropy reduction scales linearly with the distance along the surface normal within certain limits. The limits and prospects of this technique are discussed at the end, with a focus on possible future applications, including depth profiling at solid-vapor interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Dupuy
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany,
| | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto606-8502, Japan
| | - Clemens Richter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Tillmann Buttersack
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany,Institut
für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität
Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
1, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany,
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17
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The Boundary between Two Modes of Gas Evolution: Oscillatory (H2 and O2) and Conventional Redox (O2 Only), in the Hydrocarbon/H2O2/Cu(II)/CH3CN System. HYDROGEN 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrogen4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During the oxidation of hydrocarbons using hydrogen peroxide solutions, the evolution of gaseous oxygen is a side and undesirable process, in which the consumption of the oxidizer is not associated with the formation of target products. Therefore, no attention is paid to the systematic study of the chemical composition of the gas and the mechanisms of its formation. Filling this gap, the authors discovered a number of new, previously unidentified, interesting facts concerning both gas evolution and the oxidation of hydrocarbons. In a 33% H2O2/Cu2Cl4·2DMG/CH3CN system, where DMG is dimethylglyoxime (Butane-2,3-dione dioxime), and is at 50 °C, evidence of significant evolution of gaseous hydrogen, along with the evolution of gaseous oxygen was found. In the authors’ opinion, which requires additional verification, the ratio of gaseous hydrogen and oxygen in the discussed catalytic system can reach up to 1:1. The conditions in which only gaseous oxygen is formed are selected. Using a number of oxidizable hydrocarbons with the first adiabatic ionization potentials (AIPs) of a wide range of values, it was found that the first stage of such a process of evolving only gaseous oxygen was the single electron transfer from hydrogen peroxide molecules to trinuclear copper clusters with the formation, respectively, of hydrogen peroxide radical cations H2O2•+ and radical anions Cu3Cl5•− (AIP = 5 eV). When the conditions for the implementation of such a single electron transfer mechanism are exhausted, the channel of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide molecules into gaseous hydrogen and oxygen is switched on, which is accompanied by the transition of the system to an oscillatory mode of gas evolution. In some cases, the formation of additional amounts of gaseous products is provided by the catalytically activated decomposition of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen after the complete consumption of hydrogen peroxide molecules in the reaction of gaseous oxygen evolution. The adiabatic electron affinity of various forms of copper molecules involved in chemical processes is calculated by the density functional theory method.
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18
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Winter B, Thürmer S, Wilkinson I. Absolute Electronic Energetics and Quantitative Work Functions of Liquids from Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:77-85. [PMID: 36599420 PMCID: PMC9850918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy (LJ-PES) enabled a breakthrough in the experimental study of the electronic structure of liquid water, aqueous solutions, and volatile liquids more generally. The novelty of this technique, dating back over 25 years, lies in stabilizing a continuous, micron-diameter LJ in a vacuum environment to enable PES studies. A key quantity in PES is the most probable energy associated with vertical promotion of an electron into vacuum: the vertical ionization energy, VIE, for neutrals and cations, or vertical detachment energy, VDE, for anions. These quantities can be used to identify species, their chemical states and bonding environments, and their structural properties in solution. The ability to accurately measure VIEs and VDEs is correspondingly crucial. An associated principal challenge is the determination of these quantities with respect to well-defined energy references. Only with recently developed methods are such measurements routinely and generally viable for liquids. Practically, these methods involve the application of condensed-matter concepts to the acquisition of photoelectron (PE) spectra from liquid samples, rather than solely relying on molecular-physics treatments that have been commonly implemented since the first LJ-PES experiments. This includes explicit consideration of the traversal of electrons to and through the liquid's surface, prior to free-electron detection. Our approach to measuring VIEs and VDEs with respect to the liquid vacuum level specifically involves detecting the lowest-energy electrons emitted from the sample, which have barely enough energy to surmount the surface potential and accumulate in the low-energy tail of the liquid-phase spectrum. By applying a sufficient bias potential to the liquid sample, this low-energy spectral tail can generally be exposed, with its sharp, low-energy cutoff revealing the genuine kinetic-energy-zero in a measured spectrum, independent of any perturbing intrinsic or extrinsic potentials in the experiment. Together with a precisely known ionizing photon energy, this feature enables the straightforward determination of VIEs or VDEs, with respect to the liquid-phase vacuum level, from any PE feature of interest. Furthermore, by additionally determining solution-phase VIEs and VDEs with respect to the common equilibrated energy level in condensed matter, the Fermi level─the generally implemented reference energy in solid-state PES─solution work functions, eΦ, and liquid-vacuum surface dipole effects can be quantified. With LJs, the Fermi level can only be properly accessed by controlling unwanted surface charging and all other extrinsic potentials, which lead to energy shifts of all PE features and preclude access to accurate electronic energetics. More specifically, conditions must be engineered to minimize all undesirable potentials, while maintaining the equilibrated, intrinsic (contact) potential difference between the sample and apparatus. The establishment of these liquid-phase, accurate energy-referencing protocols importantly enables VIE and VDE determinations from near-arbitrary solutions and the quantitative distinction between bulk electronic structure and interfacial effects. We will review and exemplify these protocols for liquid water and several exemplary aqueous solutions here, with a focus on the lowest-ionization- or lowest-detachment-energy PE peaks, which importantly relate to the oxidative stabilities of aqueous-phase species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Winter
- Molecular
Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan,
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Institute
of Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany,
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19
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Abstract
Knowledge of the electronic structure of an aqueous solution is a prerequisite to understanding its chemical and biological reactivity and its response to light. One of the most direct ways of determining electronic structure is to use photoelectron spectroscopy to measure electron binding energies. Initially, photoelectron spectroscopy was restricted to the gas or solid phases due to the requirement for high vacuum to minimize inelastic scattering of the emitted electrons. The introduction of liquid-jets and their combination with intense X-ray sources at synchrotrons in the late 1990s expanded the scope of photoelectron spectroscopy to include liquids. Liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy is now an active research field involving a growing number of research groups. A limitation of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of aqueous solutions is the requirement to use solutes with reasonably high concentrations in order to obtain photoelectron spectra with adequate signal-to-noise after subtracting the spectrum of water. This has excluded most studies of organic molecules, which tend to be only weakly soluble. A solution to this problem is to use resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectroscopy with ultraviolet (UV) light pulses (hν ≲ 6 eV). However, the development of UV liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy has been hampered by a lack of quantitative understanding of inelastic scattering of low kinetic energy electrons (≲5 eV) and the impact on spectral lineshapes and positions.In this Account, we describe the key steps involved in the measurement of UV photoelectron spectra of aqueous solutions: photoionization/detachment, electron transport of low kinetic energy electrons through the conduction band, transmission through the water-vacuum interface, and transport through the spectrometer. We also explain the steps we take to record accurate UV photoelectron spectra of liquids with excellent signal-to-noise. We then describe how we have combined Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering and spectral inversion with molecular dynamics simulations of depth profiles of organic solutes in aqueous solution to develop an efficient and widely applicable method for retrieving true UV photoelectron spectra of aqueous solutions. The huge potential of our experimental and spectral retrieval methods is illustrated using three examples. The first is a measurement of the vertical detachment energy of the green fluorescent protein chromophore, a sparingly soluble organic anion whose electronic structure underpins its fluorescence and photooxidation properties. The second is a measurement of the vertical ionization energy of liquid water, which has been the subject of discussion since the first X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement in 1997. The third is a UV photoelectron spectroscopy study of the vertical ionization energy of aqueous phenol which demonstrates the possibility of retrieving true photoelectron spectra from measurements with contributions from components with different concentration profiles.
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20
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Shirani J, Farraj SA, Yuan S, Bevan KH. First-principles redox energy estimates under the condition of satisfying the general form of Koopmans’ theorem: An atomistic study of aqueous iron. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:184110. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0098476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we explore the relative accuracy to which a hybrid functional, in the context of density functional theory, may predict redox properties under the constraint of satisfying the general form of Koopmans’ theorem. Taking aqueous iron as our model system within the framework of first-principles molecular dynamics, direct comparison between computed single-particle energies and experimental ionization data is assessed by both (1) tuning the degree of hybrid exchange, to satisfy the general form of Koopmans’ theorem, and (2) ensuring the application of finite-size corrections. These finite-size corrections are benchmarked through classical molecular dynamics calculations, extended to large atomic ensembles, for which good convergence is obtained in the large supercell limit. Our first-principles findings indicate that while precise quantitative agreement with experimental ionization data cannot always be attained for solvated systems, when satisfying the general form of Koopmans’ theorem via hybrid functionals, theoretically robust estimates of single-particle redox energies are most often arrived at by employing a total energy difference approach. That is, when seeking to employ a value of exact exchange that does not satisfy the general form of Koopmans’ theorem, but some other physical metric, the single-particle energy estimate that would most closely align with the general form of Koopmans’ theorem is obtained from a total energy difference approach. In this respect, these findings provide important guidance for the more general comparison of redox energies computed via hybrid functionals with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Shirani
- Division of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Sinan Abi Farraj
- Division of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Shuaishuai Yuan
- Division of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Kirk H. Bevan
- Division of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
- Centre for the Physics of Materials, Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2T8, Canada
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21
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Yang H, Gladich I, Boucly A, Artiglia L, Ammann M. Orcinol and resorcinol induce local ordering of water molecules near the liquid-vapor interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:1277-1291. [PMID: 36561553 PMCID: PMC9648629 DOI: 10.1039/d2ea00015f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Resorcinol and orcinol are simple members of the family of phenolic compounds present in particulate matter in the atmosphere; they are amphiphilic in nature and thus surface active in aqueous solution. Here, we used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to probe the concentration of resorcinol (benzene-1,3-diol) and orcinol (5-methylbenzene-1,3-diol) at the liquid-vapor interface of aqueous solutions. Qualitatively consistent surface propensity and preferential orientation was obtained by molecular dynamics simulations. Auger electron yield near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy was used to probe the hydrogen bonding (HB) structure, indicating that the local structure of water molecules near the surface of the resorcinol and orcinol solutions tends towards a larger fraction of tetrahedrally coordinated molecules than observed at the liquid-vapor interface of pure water. The order parameter obtained from the molecular dynamics simulations confirm these observations. This effect is being discussed in terms of the formation of an ordered structure of these molecules at the surface leading to patterns of hydrated OH groups with distances among them that are relatively close to those in ice. These results suggest that the self-assembly of phenolic species at the aqueous solution-air interface could induce freezing similar to the case of fatty alcohol monolayers and, thus, be of relevance for ice nucleation in the atmosphere. We also attempted at looking at the changes of the O 1b1, 3a2 and 1b2 molecular orbitals of liquid water, which are known to be sensitive to the HB structure as well, in response to the presence of resorcinol and orcinol. However, these changes remained negligible within uncertainty for both experimentally obtained valence spectra and theoretically calculated density of states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut5232 VilligenSwitzerland,Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich8092 ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Ivan Gladich
- Qatar Environment & Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa UniversityP.O. Box 34110DohaQatar
| | - Anthony Boucly
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut5232 VilligenSwitzerland,Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut5232 VilligenSwitzerland
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut5232 VilligenSwitzerland,Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut5232 VilligenSwitzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut5232 VilligenSwitzerland
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22
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Carravetta V, Gomes AHDA, Marinho RDRT, Öhrwall G, Ågren H, Björneholm O, de Brito AN. An atomistic explanation of the ethanol-water azeotrope. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:26037-26045. [PMID: 36268753 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03145k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol and water form an azeotropic mixture at an ethanol molecular percentage of ∼91% (∼96% by volume), which prohibits ethanol from being further purified via distillation. Aqueous solutions at different concentrations in ethanol have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. We performed cylindrical micro-jet photoelectron spectroscopy, excited by synchrotron radiation, 70 eV above C1s ionization threshold, providing optimal atomic-scale surface-probing. Large model systems have been employed to simulate, by molecular dynamics, slabs of the aqueous solutions and obtain an atomistic description of both bulk and surface regions. We show how the azeotropic behaviour results from an unexpected concentration-dependence of the surface composition. While ethanol strongly dominates the surface and water is almost completely depleted from the surface for most mixing ratios, the different intermolecular bonding patterns of the two components cause water to penetrate to the surface region at high ethanol concentrations. The addition of surface water increases its relative vapour pressure, giving rise to the azeotropic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Carravetta
- CNR-IPCF, Institute of Chemical and Physical Processes, via G. Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Anderson Herbert de Abreu Gomes
- Dept. of Applied Physics, Institute of Physics "Gleb Wataghin", Campinas University, CEP: 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil. .,Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research on Energy and Materials (CNPEM), PO Box 6192, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dos Reis Teixeira Marinho
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Bahia, 40.170-115, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Institute of Physics, Brasilia University (UnB), 70.919-970, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Gunnar Öhrwall
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Ågren
- Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Björneholm
- Division of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arnaldo Naves de Brito
- Dept. of Applied Physics, Institute of Physics "Gleb Wataghin", Campinas University, CEP: 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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23
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Scholz M, Fortune WG, Tau O, Fielding HH. Accurate Vertical Ionization Energy of Water and Retrieval of True Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectra of Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6889-6895. [PMID: 35862937 PMCID: PMC9358712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) photoelectron spectroscopy provides a direct way of measuring valence electronic structure; however, its application to aqueous solutions has been hampered by a lack of quantitative understanding of how inelastic scattering of low-energy (<5 eV) electrons in liquid water distorts the measured electron kinetic energy distributions. Here, we present an efficient and widely applicable method for retrieving true UV photoelectron spectra of aqueous solutions. Our method combines Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering and spectral inversion, with molecular dynamics simulations of depth profiles of organic solutes in aqueous solution. Its application is demonstrated for both liquid water, and aqueous solutions of phenol and phenolate, which are ubiquitous biologically relevant structural motifs.
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24
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Renault JP, Huart L, Milosavljević AR, Bozek JD, Palaudoux J, Guigner JM, Marichal L, Leroy J, Wien F, Hervé Du Penhoat MA, Nicolas C. Electronic Structure and Solvation Effects from Core and Valence Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Serum Albumin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158227. [PMID: 35897833 PMCID: PMC9331649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a liquid jet is used to investigate the electronic structure of a solvated protein, yielding insight into charge transfer mechanisms in biological systems in their natural environment. No structural damage was observed in BSA following X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in a liquid jet sample environment. Carbon and nitrogen atoms in different chemical environments were resolved in the X-ray photoelectron spectra of both solid and solvated BSA. The calculations of charge distributions demonstrate the difficulty of assigning chemical contributions in complex systems in an aqueous environment. The high-resolution X-ray core electron spectra recorded are unchanged upon solvation. A comparison of the valence bands of BSA in both phases is also presented. These bands display a higher sensitivity to solvation effects. The ionization energy of the solvated BSA is determined at 5.7 ± 0.3 eV. Experimental results are compared with theoretical calculations to distinguish the contributions of various molecular components to the electronic structure. This comparison points towards the role of water in hole delocalization in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Renault
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (L.H.); (L.M.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.-P.R.); (C.N.)
| | - Lucie Huart
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (L.H.); (L.M.); (J.L.)
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91192 Saint Aubin, France; (A.R.M.); (J.D.B.); (F.W.)
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, 75252 Paris, France; (J.-M.G.); (M.-A.H.D.P.)
| | | | - John D. Bozek
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91192 Saint Aubin, France; (A.R.M.); (J.D.B.); (F.W.)
| | - Jerôme Palaudoux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7614, 75252 Paris, France;
| | - Jean-Michel Guigner
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, 75252 Paris, France; (J.-M.G.); (M.-A.H.D.P.)
| | - Laurent Marichal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (L.H.); (L.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Jocelyne Leroy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (L.H.); (L.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Frank Wien
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91192 Saint Aubin, France; (A.R.M.); (J.D.B.); (F.W.)
| | - Marie-Anne Hervé Du Penhoat
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MNHN, 75252 Paris, France; (J.-M.G.); (M.-A.H.D.P.)
| | - Christophe Nicolas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91192 Saint Aubin, France; (A.R.M.); (J.D.B.); (F.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.-P.R.); (C.N.)
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25
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Attosecond spectroscopy of size-resolved water clusters. Nature 2022; 609:507-511. [PMID: 35820616 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electron dynamics in water are of fundamental importance for a broad range of phenomena1-3, but their real-time study faces numerous conceptual and methodological challenges4-6. Here, we introduce attosecond size-resolved cluster spectroscopy and build up a molecular-level understanding of the attosecond electron dynamics in water. We measure the effect that the addition of single water molecules has on the photoionization time delays7-9 of water clusters. We find a continuous increase of the delay for clusters containing up to 4-5 molecules and little change towards larger clusters. We show that these delays are proportional to the spatial extension of the created electron hole, which first increases with cluster size and then partially localizes through the onset of structural disorder that is characteristic of large clusters and bulk liquid water. These results suggest a previously unknown sensitivity of photoionization delays to electron-hole delocalization and indicate a direct link between electronic structure and attosecond photoionization dynamics. Our results offer novel perspectives for studying electron/hole delocalization and its attosecond dynamics.
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26
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Vila FD, Rehr JJ, Pathak H, Peng B, Panyala A, Mutlu E, Bauman NP, Kowalski K. Real-time equation-of-motion CC cumulant and CC Green's function simulations of photoemission spectra of water and water dimer. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:044101. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0099192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly developed coupled-cluster (CC) methods enable simulations of ionization potentials and spectral functions of molecular systems in a wide range of energy scales ranging from core-binding to valence. This paper discusses results obtained with the real-time equation-of-motion CC cumulant approach (RT-EOM-CC), and CC Green's function (CCGF) approaches in applications to the water and water dimer molecules. We compare the ionization potentials obtained with these methods for the valence region with the results obtained with the CCSD(T) formulation as a difference of energies for N and N-1 electron systems. All methods show good agreement with each other. They also agree well with experiment, with errors usually below 0.1 eV for the ionization potentials.We also analyze unique features of the spectral functions, associated with the position of satellite peaks, obtained with the RT-EOM-CC and CCGF methods employing single and double excitations, as a function of the monomer OH bond length and the proton transfer coordinate in the dimer. Finally, we analyze the impact of the basis set effects on the quality of calculated ionization potentials and find that the basis set effects are less pronounced for the augmented-type sets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John J. Rehr
- Department of Physics, University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences, United States of America
| | - Himadri Pathak
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, United States of America
| | - Bo Peng
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, United States of America
| | - Ajay Panyala
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, United States of America
| | - Erdal Mutlu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, United States of America
| | | | - Karol Kowalski
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, United States of America
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27
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Signorell R, Winter B. Photoionization of the aqueous phase: clusters, droplets and liquid jets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13438-13460. [PMID: 35510623 PMCID: PMC9176186 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00164k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This perspective article reviews specific challenges associated with photoemission spectroscopy of bulk liquid water, aqueous solutions, water droplets and water clusters. The main focus lies on retrieving accurate energetics and photoelectron angular information from measured photoemission spectra, and on the question how these quantities differ in different aqueous environments. Measured photoelectron band shapes, vertical binding energies (ionization energies), and photoelectron angular distributions are influenced by various phenomena. We discuss the influences of multiple energy-dependent electron scattering in aqueous environments, and we discuss different energy referencing methods, including the application of a bias voltage to access absolute energetics of solvent and solute. Recommendations how to account for or minimize the influence of electron scattering are provided. The example of the hydrated electron in different aqueous environments illustrates how one can account for electron scattering, while reliable methods addressing parasitic potentials and proper energy referencing are demonstrated for ionization from the outermost valence orbital of neat liquid water. This perspective article reviews specific challenges associated with photoemission spectroscopy of bulk liquid water, aqueous solutions, water droplets and water clusters.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Winter
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institute der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14196 Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Tang F, Li Z, Zhang C, Louie SG, Car R, Qiu DY, Wu X. Many-body effects in the X-ray absorption spectra of liquid water. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201258119. [PMID: 35561212 PMCID: PMC9171919 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201258119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceIn X-ray absorption spectroscopy, an electron-hole excitation probes the local atomic environment. The interpretation of the spectra requires challenging theoretical calculations, particularly in a system like liquid water, where quantum many-body effects and molecular disorder play an important role. Recent advances in theory and simulation make possible new calculations that are in good agreement with experiment, without recourse to commonly adopted approximations. Based on these calculations, the three features observed in the experimental spectra are unambiguously attributed to excitonic effects with different characteristic correlation lengths, which are distinctively affected by perturbations of the underlying H-bond structure induced by temperature changes and/or by isotopic substitution. The emerging picture of the water structure is fully consistent with the conventional tetrahedral model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujie Tang
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Zhenglu Li
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Roberto Car
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Diana Y. Qiu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Xifan Wu
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
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29
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Koval NE, Koval P, Da Pieve F, Kohanoff J, Artacho E, Emfietzoglou D. Inelastic scattering of electrons in water from first principles: cross sections and inelastic mean free path for use in Monte Carlo track-structure simulations of biological damage. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 35619995 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.d51c5b057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Modelling the inelastic scattering of electrons in water is fundamental, given their crucial role in biological damage. In Monte Carlo track-structure (MC-TS) codes used to assess biological damage, the energy loss function (ELF), from which cross sections are extracted, is derived from different semi-empirical optical models. Only recently have first ab initio results for the ELF and cross sections in water become available. For benchmarking purpose, in this work, we present ab initio linear-response time-dependent density functional theory calculations of the ELF of liquid water. We calculated the inelastic scattering cross sections, inelastic mean free paths, and electronic stopping power and compared our results with recent calculations and experimental data showing a good agreement. In addition, we provide an in-depth analysis of the contributions of different molecular orbitals, species and orbital angular momenta to the total ELF. Moreover, we present single-differential cross sections computed for each molecular orbital channel, which should prove useful for MC-TS simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Koval
- Simune Atomistics SL, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fabiana Da Pieve
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA-IASB, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jorge Kohanoff
- Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
- Instituto de Fusion Nuclear 'Guillermo Velarde', Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Artacho
- CIC Nanogune BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center DIPC, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Dimitris Emfietzoglou
- Medical Physics Laboratory, University of Ioannina Medical School, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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30
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Koval NE, Koval P, Da Pieve F, Kohanoff J, Artacho E, Emfietzoglou D. Inelastic scattering of electrons in water from first principles: cross sections and inelastic mean free path for use in Monte Carlo track-structure simulations of biological damage. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:212011. [PMID: 35619995 PMCID: PMC9115040 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.212011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Modelling the inelastic scattering of electrons in water is fundamental, given their crucial role in biological damage. In Monte Carlo track-structure (MC-TS) codes used to assess biological damage, the energy loss function (ELF), from which cross sections are extracted, is derived from different semi-empirical optical models. Only recently have first ab initio results for the ELF and cross sections in water become available. For benchmarking purpose, in this work, we present ab initio linear-response time-dependent density functional theory calculations of the ELF of liquid water. We calculated the inelastic scattering cross sections, inelastic mean free paths, and electronic stopping power and compared our results with recent calculations and experimental data showing a good agreement. In addition, we provide an in-depth analysis of the contributions of different molecular orbitals, species and orbital angular momenta to the total ELF. Moreover, we present single-differential cross sections computed for each molecular orbital channel, which should prove useful for MC-TS simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Koval
- Simune Atomistics SL, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fabiana Da Pieve
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy BIRA-IASB, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jorge Kohanoff
- Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
- Instituto de Fusion Nuclear ‘Guillermo Velarde’, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Artacho
- CIC Nanogune BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center DIPC, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Dimitris Emfietzoglou
- Medical Physics Laboratory, University of Ioannina Medical School, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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31
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Suchan J, Kolafa J, Slavíček P. Electron-induced fragmentation of water droplets: Simulation study. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:144303. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0088591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport of free electrons in a water environment is still poorly understood. We show that additional insight can be brought about by investigating fragmentation patterns of finite-size particles upon electron impact ionization. We have developed a composite protocol aiming to simulate fragmentation of water clusters by electrons with kinetic energies in the range of up to 100 eV. The ionization events for atomistically described molecular clusters are identified by a kinetic Monte Carlo procedure. We subsequently model the fragmentation with classical molecular dynamics simulations, calibrated by non-adiabatic quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations of the ionization process. We consider one-electron ionizations, energy transfer via electronic excitation events, elastic scattering, and also the autoionization events through intermolecular Coulombic decay. The simulations reveal that larger water clusters are often ionized repeatedly, which is the cause of substantial fragmentation. After losing most of its energy, low-energy electrons further contribute to fragmentation by electronic excitations. The simultaneous measurement of cluster size distribution before and after the ionization represents a sensitive measure of the energy transferred into the system by an incident electron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Suchan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kolafa
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
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32
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Gopakumar G, Muchová E, Unger I, Malerz S, Trinter F, Öhrwall G, Lipparini F, Mennucci B, Céolin D, Caleman C, Wilkinson I, Winter B, Slavíček P, Hergenhahn U, Björneholm O. Probing aqueous ions with non-local Auger relaxation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8661-8671. [PMID: 35356960 PMCID: PMC9007223 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00227b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-local analogues of Auger decay are increasingly recognized as important relaxation processes in the condensed phase. Here, we explore non-local autoionization, specifically Intermolecular Coulombic Decay (ICD), of a series of aqueous-phase isoelectronic cations following 1s core-level ionization. In particular, we focus on Na+, Mg2+, and Al3+ ions. We unambiguously identify the ICD contribution to the K-edge Auger spectrum. The different strength of the ion-water interactions is manifested by varying intensities of the respective signals: the ICD signal intensity is greatest for the Al3+ case, weaker for Mg2+, and absent for weakly-solvent-bound Na+. With the assistance of ab initio calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, we provide a microscopic understanding of the non-local decay processes. We assign the ICD signals to decay processes ending in two-hole states, delocalized between the central ion and neighbouring water. Importantly, these processes are shown to be highly selective with respect to the promoted water solvent ionization channels. Furthermore, using a core-hole-clock analysis, the associated ICD timescales are estimated to be around 76 fs for Mg2+ and 34 fs for Al3+. Building on these results, we argue that Auger and ICD spectroscopy represents a unique tool for the exploration of intra- and inter-molecular structure in the liquid phase, simultaneously providing both structural and electronic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geethanjali Gopakumar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Eva Muchová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Isaak Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Malerz
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Florian Trinter
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gunnar Öhrwall
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Filippo Lipparini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Denis Céolin
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, Paris, France
| | - Carl Caleman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Department of Locally-Sensitive & Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic.
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Olle Björneholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
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33
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Gladich I, Chen S, Yang H, Boucly A, Winter B, van Bokhoven JA, Ammann M, Artiglia L. Liquid-Gas Interface of Iron Aqueous Solutions and Fenton Reagents. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2994-3001. [PMID: 35344351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fenton chemistry, involving the reaction between Fe2+ and hydrogen peroxide, is well-known due to its applications in the mineralization of extremely stable molecules. Different mechanisms, influenced by the reaction conditions and the solvation sphere of iron ions, influence the fate of such reactions. Despite the huge amount of effort spent investigating such processes, a complete understanding is still lacking. This work combines photoelectron spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to investigate the solvation and reactivity of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in aqueous solutions. The reaction with hydrogen peroxide, both in homogeneous Fenton reagents and at the liquid-vapor interface, illustrates that both ions are homogeneously distributed in solutions and exhibit an asymmetric octahedral coordination to water in the case of Fe2+. No indications of differences in the reaction mechanism between the liquid-vapor interface and the bulk of the solutions have been found, suggesting that Fe3+ and hydroxyl radicals are the only intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Gladich
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Dorsoduro, Calle Crosera, 30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Huanyu Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Boucly
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Winter
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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34
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Zhang P, Perry C, Luu TT, Matselyukh D, Wörner HJ. Intermolecular Coulombic Decay in Liquid Water. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:133001. [PMID: 35426704 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.133001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the first observation of intermolecular Coulombic decay (ICD) in liquid water following inner-valence ionization. By combining a monochromatized tabletop high-harmonic source with a liquid microjet, we record electron-electron coincidence spectra at two photon energies that identify the ICD electrons, together with the photoelectrons originating from the 2a_{1} inner-valence band of liquid water. Our results confirm the importance of ICD as a source of low-energy electrons in bulk liquid water and provide quantitative results for modeling the velocity distribution of the slow electrons that are thought to dominate radiation damage in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Zhang
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Conaill Perry
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tran Trung Luu
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, SAR Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Danylo Matselyukh
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Jakob Wörner
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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Mi D, Xu J, Zhang Y, Zhu T, Ouyang J, Dong X, Chingin K. Formation of protonated water-hydrogen clusters in an ion trap mass spectrometer at room temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7180-7184. [PMID: 35128554 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04516d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protonated water-hydrogen clusters [H+(H2O)n·m(H2)] present an interesting model for fundamental water research, but their formation and isolation presents considerable experimental challenges. Here, we report the detection of [H+(H2O)n·m(H2)] (2 ≤ n ≤ 3, m ≤ 2) clusters alongside protonated water clusters H+(H2O)n (2 ≤ n ≤ 3) in a linear ion trap mass spectrometer under two different experimental conditions: (1) when water vapor was ionized by +5.5 kV ambient corona discharge in front of the mass spectrometer inlet; (2) when isolated H+(H2O)n clusters were exposed to H2 gas inside the linear trap. Chemical assignment of [H+(H2O)n·m(H2)] clusters was confirmed using reference experiments with isotopically labeled water and deuterium. Also, the formation of H2 gas in the corona discharge area was indicated by a flame test. Overall, our findings clearly indicate that [H+(H2O)n·m(H2)] clusters can be produced at room temperature through the association of protonated water clusters H+(H2O)n with H2 gas, without any cooling necessary. A mechanism for the formation of the protonated water-hydrogen complexes was proposed. Our results also suggest that the association of water ions with H2 gas may play a notable role in corona discharge ionization processes, such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and may be partially responsible for the stabilization of reactive radical species occasionally reported in corona discharge ionization experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Mi
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Junqiang Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Tenggao Zhu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Jiewen Ouyang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Dong
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
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36
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Takahashi O, Yamamura R, Tokushima T, Harada Y. Interpretation of the X-Ray Emission Spectra of Liquid Water through Temperature and Isotope Dependence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:086002. [PMID: 35275678 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.086002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The interpretation of x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) spectra in terms of their sensitivity to the hydrogen bonding and the consequent microheterogeneity in liquid water has been debated over a decade. To shed a light on this problem, we report the theoretical reproduction of the debated 1b_{1} peaks observed in the XES spectra of liquid water using semiclassical Kramers-Heisenberg formula. The essence of the temperature and isotope dependence of the 1b_{1} double peaks is explained by molecular dynamics simulations including full vibrational (O─H stretching, bending, and) modes, rotational combined with the density functional theory and core-hole induced dynamics. Some inconsistencies exist with the experimental XES profile, which illustrates the need to employ a more precise theoretical calculations for both geometry sampling and electronic structure using a more sophisticated procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Takahashi
- Basic Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamamura
- Department of Chemistry, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takashi Tokushima
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Fotongatan 2, 224 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yoshihisa Harada
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Organization, University of Tokyo, Sayo-cho, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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37
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Pelimanni E, Saak CM, Michailoudi G, Prisle N, Huttula M, Patanen M. Solvent and cosolute dependence of Mg surface enrichment in submicron aerosol particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:2934-2943. [PMID: 35060587 PMCID: PMC8809137 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04953d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The formation of multicomponent aerosol particles from precursor solution droplets often involves segregation and surface enrichment of the different solutes, resulting in non-homogeneous particle structures and diverse morphologies. In particular, these effects can have a significant influence on the chemical composition of the particle-vapor interface. In this work, we investigate the bulk/surface partitioning of inorganic ions, Na+, Mg2 +, Ca2 +, Cl- and Br-, in atomiser-generated submicron aerosols using synchrotron radiation based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Specifically, the chemical compositions of the outermost few nm thick surface layers of non-supported MgCl2/CaCl2 and NaBr/MgBr2 particles are determined. It is found that in MgCl2/CaCl2 particles, the relative abundance of the two species in the particle surface correlates well with their mixing ratio in the parent aqueous solution. In stark contrast, extreme surface enrichment of Mg2 + is observed in NaBr/MgBr2 particles formed from both aqueous and organic solution droplets, indicative of core-shell structures. Structural properties and hydration state of the particles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eetu Pelimanni
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Box 3000, 90014, Finland.
| | - Clara-Magdalena Saak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Vienna, Department of Physical Chemistry, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georgia Michailoudi
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Box 3000, 90014, Finland.
| | - Nønne Prisle
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Box 3000, 90014, Finland.
- Center for Atmospheric Research, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P. O. Box 4500, 90014, Finland
| | - Marko Huttula
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Box 3000, 90014, Finland.
| | - Minna Patanen
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Box 3000, 90014, Finland.
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38
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Shinotsuka H, Tanuma S, Powell CJ. Calculations of electron inelastic mean free paths. XIII. Data for 14 organic compounds and water over the 50 eV to 200 keV range with the relativistic full Penn algorithm. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shinotsuka
- Materials Data Platform Center National Institute for Materials Science Ibaraki Japan
| | - Shigeo Tanuma
- Materials Data Platform Center National Institute for Materials Science Ibaraki Japan
| | - Cedric J. Powell
- Associate, Materials Measurement Science Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg MD USA
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39
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Malerz S, Haak H, Trinter F, Stephansen AB, Kolbeck C, Pohl M, Hergenhahn U, Meijer G, Winter B. A setup for studies of photoelectron circular dichroism from chiral molecules in aqueous solution. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:015101. [PMID: 35104975 DOI: 10.1063/5.0072346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a unique experimental design that enables the measurement of photoelectron circular dichroism (PECD) from chiral molecules in aqueous solution. The effect is revealed from the intensity difference of photoelectron emission into a backward-scattering angle relative to the photon propagation direction when ionizing with circularly polarized light of different helicity. This leads to asymmetries (normalized intensity differences) that depend on the handedness of the chiral sample and exceed the ones in conventional dichroic mechanisms by orders of magnitude. The asymmetry is largest for photon energies within several electron volts above the ionization threshold. A primary aim is to explore the effect of hydration on PECD. The modular and flexible design of our experimental setup EASI (Electronic structure from Aqueous Solutions and Interfaces) also allows for detection of more common photoelectron angular distributions, requiring distinctively different detection geometries and typically using linearly polarized light. A microjet is used for liquid-sample delivery. We describe EASI's technical features and present two selected experimental results, one based on synchrotron-light measurements and the other performed in the laboratory, using monochromatized He-II α radiation. The former demonstrates the principal effectiveness of PECD detection, illustrated for prototypic gas-phase fenchone. We also discuss the first data from liquid fenchone. In the second example, we present valence photoelectron spectra from liquid water and NaI aqueous solution, here obtained from a planar-surface microjet (flatjet). This new development features a more favorable symmetry for angle-dependent photoelectron measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Malerz
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Haak
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne B Stephansen
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Kolbeck
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marvin Pohl
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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40
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Chen S, Artiglia L, Orlando F, Edebeli J, Kong X, Yang H, Boucly A, Corral Arroyo P, Prisle N, Ammann M. Impact of Tetrabutylammonium on the Oxidation of Bromide by Ozone. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2021; 5:3008-3021. [PMID: 34825122 PMCID: PMC8607506 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of ozone with sea-salt derived bromide is relevant for marine boundary layer atmospheric chemistry. The oxidation of bromide by ozone is enhanced at aqueous interfaces. Ocean surface water and sea spray aerosol are enriched in organic compounds, which may also have a significant effect on this reaction at the interface. Here, we assess the surface propensity of cationic tetrabutylammonium at the aqueous liquid-vapor interface by liquid microjet X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the effect of this surfactant on ozone uptake to aqueous bromide solutions. The results clearly indicate that the positively charged nitrogen group in tetrabutylammonium (TBA), along with its surface activity, leads to an enhanced interfacial concentration of both bromide and the bromide ozonide reaction intermediate. In parallel, off-line kinetic experiments for the same system demonstrate a strongly enhanced ozone loss rate in the presence of TBA, which is attributed to an enhanced surface reaction rate. We used liquid jet XPS to obtain detailed chemical composition information from the aqueous-solution-vapor interface of mixed aqueous solutions containing bromide or bromide and chloride with and without TBA surfactant. Core level spectra of Br 3d, C 1s, Cl 2p, N 1s, and O 1s were used for this comparison. A model was developed to account for the attenuation of photoelectrons by the carbon-rich layer established by the TBA surfactant. We observed that the interfacial density of bromide is increased by an order of magnitude in solutions with TBA. The salting-out of TBA in the presence of 0.55 M sodium chloride is apparent. The increased interfacial bromide density can be rationalized by the association constants for bromide and chloride to form ion-pairs with TBA. Still, the interfacial reactivity is not increasing simply proportionally with the increasing interfacial bromide concentration in response to the presence of TBA. The steady state concentration of the bromide ozonide intermediate increases by a smaller degree, and the lifetime of the intermediate is 1 order of magnitude longer in the presence of TBA. Thus, the influence of cationic surfactants on the reactivity of bromide depends on the details of the complex environment at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Chen
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute
of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, ETH
Zürich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Orlando
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jacinta Edebeli
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute
of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, ETH
Zürich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xiangrui Kong
- Center
for Atmospheric Research, University of
Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Huanyu Yang
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute
of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, ETH
Zürich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Boucly
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Corral Arroyo
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Nønne Prisle
- Center
for Atmospheric Research, University of
Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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41
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Longetti L, Barillot TR, Puppin M, Ojeda J, Poletto L, van Mourik F, Arrell CA, Chergui M. Ultrafast photoelectron spectroscopy of photoexcited aqueous ferrioxalate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25308-25316. [PMID: 34747432 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02872c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of metal-organic compounds in solution is determined by both intra- and inter-molecular relaxation processes after photoexcitation. Understanding its prime mechanisms is crucial to optimise the reactive paths and control their outcome. Here we investigate the photoinduced dynamics of aqueous ferrioxalate ([FeIII(C2O4)3]3-) upon 263 nm excitation using ultrafast liquid phase photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). The initial step is found to be a ligand-to-metal electron transfer, occuring on a time scale faster than our time resolution (≲30 fs). Furthermore, we observe that about 25% of the initially formed ferrous species population are lost in ∼2 ps. Cast in the contest of previous ultrafast infrared and X-ray spectroscopic studies, we suggest that upon prompt photoreduction of the metal centre, the excited molecules dissociate in <140 fs into the pair of CO2 and [(CO2)FeII(C2O4)2]3- fragments, with unity quantum yield. About 25% of these pairs geminately recombine in ∼2 ps, due to interaction with the solvent molecules, reforming the ground state of the parent ferric molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Longetti
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - T R Barillot
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - M Puppin
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - J Ojeda
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - L Poletto
- National Research Council of Italy - Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnologies (CNR-IFN), via Trasea 7, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - F van Mourik
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - C A Arrell
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - M Chergui
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science, ISIC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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42
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Zhang C, Tang F, Chen M, Xu J, Zhang L, Qiu DY, Perdew JP, Klein ML, Wu X. Modeling Liquid Water by Climbing up Jacob's Ladder in Density Functional Theory Facilitated by Using Deep Neural Network Potentials. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11444-11456. [PMID: 34533960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Within the framework of Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT), the ability to provide good predictions of water properties by employing a strongly constrained and appropriately normed (SCAN) functional has been extensively demonstrated in recent years. Here, we further advance the modeling of water by building a more accurate model on the fourth rung of Jacob's ladder with the hybrid functional, SCAN0. In particular, we carry out both classical and Feynman path-integral molecular dynamics calculations of water with the SCAN0 functional and the isobaric-isothermal ensemble. To generate the equilibrated structure of water, a deep neural network potential is trained from the atomic potential energy surface based on ab initio data obtained from SCAN0 DFT calculations. For the electronic properties of water, a separate deep neural network potential is trained by using the Deep Wannier method based on the maximally localized Wannier functions of the equilibrated trajectory at the SCAN0 level. The structural, dynamic, and electric properties of water were analyzed. The hydrogen-bond structures, density, infrared spectra, diffusion coefficients, and dielectric constants of water, in the electronic ground state, are computed by using a large simulation box and long simulation time. For the properties involving electronic excitations, we apply the GW approximation within many-body perturbation theory to calculate the quasiparticle density of states and bandgap of water. Compared to the SCAN functional, mixing exact exchange mitigates the self-interaction error in the meta-generalized-gradient approximation and further softens liquid water toward the experimental direction. For most of the water properties, the SCAN0 functional shows a systematic improvement over the SCAN functional. However, some important discrepancies remain. The H-bond network predicted by the SCAN0 functional is still slightly overstructured compared to the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Zhang
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Fujie Tang
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Mohan Chen
- HEDPS, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianhang Xu
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Linfeng Zhang
- Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Diana Y Qiu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - John P Perdew
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Michael L Klein
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States.,Institute for Computational Molecular Science, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Xifan Wu
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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43
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Bin Mohd Yusof MS, Debnath T, Loh ZH. Observation of intra- and intermolecular vibrational coherences of the aqueous tryptophan radical induced by photodetachment. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:134306. [PMID: 34624987 DOI: 10.1063/5.0067335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the photodetachment of amino acids in aqueous solution is pertinent to the understanding of elementary processes that follow the interaction of ionizing radiation with biological matter. In the case of tryptophan, the tryptophan radical that is produced by electron ejection also plays an important role in numerous redox reactions in biology, although studies of its ultrafast molecular dynamics are limited. Here, we employ femtosecond optical pump-probe spectroscopy to elucidate the ultrafast structural rearrangement dynamics that accompany the photodetachment of the aqueous tryptophan anion by intense, ∼5-fs laser pulses. The observed vibrational wave packet dynamics, in conjunction with density functional theory calculations, identify the vibrational modes of the tryptophan radical, which participate in structural rearrangement upon photodetachment. Aside from intramolecular vibrational modes, our results also point to the involvement of intermolecular modes that drive solvent reorganization about the N-H moiety of the indole sidechain. Our study offers new insight into the ultrafast molecular dynamics of ionized biomolecules and suggests that the present experimental approach can be extended to investigate the photoionization- or photodetachment-induced structural dynamics of larger biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shafiq Bin Mohd Yusof
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Tushar Debnath
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhi-Heng Loh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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44
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Credidio B, Pugini M, Malerz S, Trinter F, Hergenhahn U, Wilkinson I, Thürmer S, Winter B. Quantitative electronic structure and work-function changes of liquid water induced by solute. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:1310-1325. [PMID: 34604895 PMCID: PMC8768487 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancement in quantitative liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy enables the accurate determination of the absolute-scale electronic energetics of liquids and species in solution. The major objective of the present work is the determination of the absolute lowest-ionization energy of liquid water, corresponding to the 1b1 orbital electron liberation, which is found to vary upon solute addition, and depends on the solute concentration. We discuss two prototypical aqueous salt solutions, NaI(aq) and tetrabutylammonium iodide, TBAI(aq), with the latter being a strong surfactant. Our results reveal considerably different behavior of the liquid water 1b1 binding energy in each case. In the NaI(aq) solutions, the 1b1 energy increases by about 0.3 eV upon increasing the salt concentration from very dilute to near-saturation concentrations, whereas for TBAI the energy decreases by about 0.7 eV upon formation of a TBAI surface layer. The photoelectron spectra also allow us to quantify the solute-induced effects on the solute binding energies, as inferred from concentration-dependent energy shifts of the I− 5p binding energy. For NaI(aq), an almost identical I− 5p shift is found as for the water 1b1 binding energy, with a larger shift occurring in the opposite direction for the TBAI(aq) solution. We show that the evolution of the water 1b1 energy in the NaI(aq) solutions can be primarily assigned to a change of water's electronic structure in the solution bulk. In contrast, apparent changes of the 1b1 energy for TBAI(aq) solutions can be related to changes of the solution work function which could arise from surface molecular dipoles. Furthermore, for both of the solutions studied here, the measured water 1b1 binding energies can be correlated with the extensive solution molecular structure changes occurring at high salt concentrations, where in the case of NaI(aq), too few water molecules exist to hydrate individual ions and the solution adopts a crystalline-like phase. We also comment on the concentration-dependent shape of the second, 3a1 orbital liquid water ionization feature which is a sensitive signature of water–water hydrogen bond interactions. Significant differences are observed in liquid-water's lowest electron binding energy with increasing solute concentration in archetypal aqueous solutions. For NaI(aq) and TBAI(aq), the energy changes extend to +0.3 eV and −0.7 eV, respectively.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Credidio
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany. .,Institute for Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Pugini
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Malerz
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Florian Trinter
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany. .,Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Department of Locally-Sensitive & Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Bernd Winter
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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45
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Seymour JM, Gousseva E, Large AI, Clarke CJ, Licence P, Fogarty RM, Duncan DA, Ferrer P, Venturini F, Bennett RA, Palgrave RG, Lovelock KRJ. Experimental measurement and prediction of ionic liquid ionisation energies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20957-20973. [PMID: 34545382 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02441h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) valence electronic structure provides key descriptors for understanding and predicting IL properties. The ionisation energies of 60 ILs are measured and the most readily ionised valence state of each IL (the highest occupied molecular orbital, HOMO) is identified using a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and synchrotron resonant XPS. A structurally diverse range of cations and anions were studied. The cation gave rise to the HOMO for nine of the 60 ILs presented here, meaning it is energetically more favourable to remove an electron from the cation than the anion. The influence of the cation on the anion electronic structure (and vice versa) were established; the electrostatic effects are well understood and demonstrated to be consistently predictable. We used this knowledge to make predictions of both ionisation energy and HOMO identity for a further 516 ILs, providing a very valuable dataset for benchmarking electronic structure calculations and enabling the development of models linking experimental valence electronic structure descriptors to other IL properties, e.g. electrochemical stability. Furthermore, we provide design rules for the prediction of the electronic structure of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Seymour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
| | | | - Alexander I Large
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK. .,Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Coby J Clarke
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Peter Licence
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | - Pilar Ferrer
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | | | - Roger A Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
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46
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Bin Mohd Yusof MS, Lim YL, Loh ZH. Ultrafast vibrational wave packet dynamics of the aqueous tyrosyl radical anion induced by photodetachment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18525-18534. [PMID: 34581329 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02975d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ultrafast dynamics triggered by the photodetachment of the tyrosinate dianion in aqueous environment shed light on the elementary processes that accompany the interaction of ionizing radiation with biological matter. Photodetachment of the tryosinate dianion yields the tyrosyl radical anion, an important intermediate in biological redox reactions, although the study of its ultrafast dynamics is limited. Here, we utilize femtosecond optical pump-probe spectroscopy to investigate the ultrafast structural reorganization dynamics that follow the photodetachment of the tyrosinate dianion in aqueous solution. Photodetachment of the tyrosinate dianion leads to vibrational wave packet motion along seven vibrational modes that are coupled to the photodetachment process. The vibrational modes are assigned with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our results offer a glimpse of the elementary dynamics of ionized biomolecules and suggest the possibility of extending this approach to investigate the ionization-induced structural rearrangement of other aromatic amino acids and larger biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shafiq Bin Mohd Yusof
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Yong Liang Lim
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Zhi-Heng Loh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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47
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Malerz S, Mudryk K, Tomaník L, Stemer D, Hergenhahn U, Buttersack T, Trinter F, Seidel R, Quevedo W, Goy C, Wilkinson I, Thürmer S, Slavíček P, Winter B. Following in Emil Fischer's Footsteps: A Site-Selective Probe of Glucose Acid-Base Chemistry. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6881-6892. [PMID: 34328745 PMCID: PMC8381351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c04695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy was applied to determine the first acid dissociation constant (pKa) of aqueous-phase glucose while simultaneously identifying the spectroscopic signature of the respective deprotonation site. Valence spectra from solutions at pH values below and above the first pKa reveal a change in glucose's lowest ionization energy upon the deprotonation of neutral glucose and the subsequent emergence of its anionic counterpart. Site-specific insights into the solution-pH-dependent molecular structure changes are also shown to be accessible via C 1s photoelectron spectroscopy. The spectra reveal a considerably lower C 1s binding energy of the carbon site associated with the deprotonated hydroxyl group. The occurrence of photoelectron spectral fingerprints of cyclic and linear glucose prior to and upon deprotonation are also discussed. The experimental data are interpreted with the aid of electronic structure calculations. Our findings highlight the potential of liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy to act as a site-selective probe of the molecular structures that underpin the acid-base chemistry of polyprotic systems with relevance to environmental chemistry and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Malerz
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Mudryk
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukáš Tomaník
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Stemer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tillmann Buttersack
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Seidel
- Operando
Interfacial Photochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilson Quevedo
- Operando
Interfacial Photochemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Goy
- Centre for
Molecular Water Science (CMWS), Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Department
of Locally-Sensitive & Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz
1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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48
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Bruce JP, Zhang K, Balasubramani SG, Haines AR, Galhenage RP, Voora VK, Furche F, Hemminger JC. Exploring the Solvation of Acetic Acid in Water Using Liquid Jet X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Core Level Electron Binding Energy Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8862-8868. [PMID: 34339193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liquid jet X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate changes in the local electronic structure of acetic acid in the bulk of aqueous solutions induced by solvation effects. These effects manifest themselves as shifts in the difference in the carbon 1s binding energy (ΔBE) between the methyl and carboxyl carbons of acetic acid. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations, coupled with correlated electronic structure calculations of the first solvation sphere, provide insight into the number of water molecules directly interacting with the carboxyl group that are required to match the ΔBE from the photoelectron spectroscopy experiments. This comparison shows that a single water molecule in the first solvation shell describes the photoelectron ΔBE of acetic acid while at least 20 water molecules are required for the conjugate base, acetate, in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared P Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Kimberly Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | | | - Amanda R Haines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Randima P Galhenage
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Vamsee K Voora
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - John C Hemminger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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49
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Thürmer S, Malerz S, Trinter F, Hergenhahn U, Lee C, Neumark DM, Meijer G, Winter B, Wilkinson I. Accurate vertical ionization energy and work function determinations of liquid water and aqueous solutions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10558-10582. [PMID: 34447550 PMCID: PMC8356740 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01908b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The absolute-scale electronic energetics of liquid water and aqueous solutions, both in the bulk and at associated interfaces, are the central determiners of water-based chemistry. However, such information is generally experimentally inaccessible. Here we demonstrate that a refined implementation of the liquid microjet photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) technique can be adopted to address this. Implementing concepts from condensed matter physics, we establish novel all-liquid-phase vacuum and equilibrated solution–metal-electrode Fermi level referencing procedures. This enables the precise and accurate determination of previously elusive water solvent and solute vertical ionization energies, VIEs. Notably, this includes quantification of solute-induced perturbations of water's electronic energetics and VIE definition on an absolute and universal chemical potential scale. Defining and applying these procedures over a broad range of ionization energies, we accurately and respectively determine the VIE and oxidative stability of liquid water as 11.33 ± 0.03 eV and 6.60 ± 0.08 eV with respect to its liquid-vacuum-interface potential and Fermi level. Combining our referencing schemes, we accurately determine the work function of liquid water as 4.73 ± 0.09 eV. Further, applying our novel approach to a pair of exemplary aqueous solutions, we extract absolute VIEs of aqueous iodide anions, reaffirm the robustness of liquid water's electronic structure to high bulk salt concentrations (2 M sodium iodide), and quantify reference-level dependent reductions of water's VIE and a 0.48 ± 0.13 eV contraction of the solution's work function upon partial hydration of a known surfactant (25 mM tetrabutylammonium iodide). Our combined experimental accomplishments mark a major advance in our ability to quantify electronic–structure interactions and chemical reactivity in liquid water, which now explicitly extends to the measurement of absolute-scale bulk and interfacial solution energetics, including those of relevance to aqueous electrochemical processes. A generalised liquid-phase photoelectron spectroscopy approach is reported, allowing accurate, absolute energy scale ionisation energies of liquid water and aqueous solutions, as well as liquid water's work function to be reported.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Thürmer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Sebastian Malerz
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany .,Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Chin Lee
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany .,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Daniel M Neumark
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Department of Locally-Sensitive & Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
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50
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Pérez Ramírez L, Boucly A, Saudrais F, Bournel F, Gallet JJ, Maisonhaute E, Milosavljević AR, Nicolas C, Rochet F. The Fermi level as an energy reference in liquid jet X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of aqueous solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16224-16233. [PMID: 34304262 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01511g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To advance the understanding of key electrochemical and photocatalytic processes that depend on the electronic structure of aqueous solutions, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy has become an invaluable tool, especially when practiced with liquid microjet setups. Determining vertical ionization energies referenced to the vacuum level, and binding energies referenced to the Fermi level, including the much-coveted reorganization energy of the oxidized species of a redox couple, requires that energy levels be properly defined. The present paper addresses specifically how the vacuum level "just outside the surface" can be known through the energy position of the rising edge of the secondary electrons, and how the Fermi level reference is uniquely determined via the introduction of a redox couple. Taking the case of the ferricyanide/ferrocyanide and ferric/ferrous couples, this study also tackles issues related to the electrokinetic effects inherent to the production of a liquid jet in a vacuum, which has become the standard water sample environment for photoemission experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pérez Ramírez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Matière et Rayonnement, UMR 7614, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
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