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Hettiarachchi E, Grassian VH. Heterogeneous Reactions of Phenol on Different Components of Mineral Dust Aerosol: Formation of Oxidized Organic and Nitro-Phenolic Compounds. ACS ES&T AIR 2024; 1:259-272. [PMID: 38633204 PMCID: PMC11019555 DOI: 10.1021/acsestair.3c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Phenol, a common semi-volatile compound associated with different emissions including from plants and biomass burning, as well as anthropogenic emissions and its derivatives, are important components of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Gas and aqueous phase reactions of phenol, in the presence of photochemical drivers, are fairly well understood. However, despite observations showing aromatic content within SOA size and mass increases during dust episodes, the heterogeneous reactions of phenol with mineral dusts are poorly understood. In the current study, surface reactions of phenol at the gas/solid interface with different components of mineral dust including SiO2, α-Fe2O3, and TiO2 have been investigated. Whereas reversible surface adsorption of phenol occurs on SiO2 surfaces, for both α-Fe2O3 and TiO2 surfaces, phenol reacts to form a wide range of OH substituted aromatic products. For α-Fe2O3 surfaces that have been nitrated by gas-phase reactions of nitric acid prior to exposure to phenol, unique compounds form on the surface including nitro-phenolic compounds. Moreover, additional surface chemistry was observed when adsorbed nitro-phenolic products were exposed to gas-phase SO2 as a result of the formation of adsorbed nitrite from nitrate redox chemistry with adsorbed SO2. Overall, this study reveals the extensive chemistry as well as the complexity of reactions of prevalent organic compounds leading to the formation of SOA on mineral surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshani Hettiarachchi
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California San
Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California San
Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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2
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Hopkins DT, MacQuarrie S, Hawboldt KA. Removal of copper from sulfate solutions using biochar derived from crab processing by-product. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 303:114270. [PMID: 34906832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing metal demand is accelerating the mining and processing of minerals, however to ensure sustainable growth innovative approaches are required to better manage associated effluents. Biochar from the fast pyrolysis of residues from fishery and forestry operations has been studied as a low-cost, environmentally and economically friendly method for treating mine tailings and processing effluents. However, the bulk of the studies focus on terrestrial biomass (e.g. wood) and do not include potential inhibition/enhancement of adsorption due to pH controlling compounds. In this work biochar generated from snow crab (Chionoecetes Opilio) processing was studied as an adsorbent for copper solutions containing sulfate (a key compound in sulfide ore mining waters) with the objective of assessing adsorption capacity and the impact of sulfate on copper adsorption. The biochar, a porous structure comprised of calcite (CaCO3), was alkaline and has a negative zeta potential under neutral and basic conditions. The crab biochar removed over 99% of Cu2+ from a 100 mg/L solution (sourced as CuSO4) at a dosage of 5 g/L, which was higher than lignocellulosic biochar at the same biochar dosage. While metal adsorption can often be impacted at acidic conditions, Cu2+ adsorption was not impacted by initial acidic pH due to the biochar's buffering capacity. The Pseudo-Second Order (PSO) model fit the adsorption rate with maximum adsorption achieved in approximately 2 h. The maximum adsorption isotherm capacity was 184.8 ± 10.2 mg/g for Cu2+, much higher than existing commercial activated carbons and previously studied lignocellulosic biochars and followed the Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption mechanism responsible for removal of Cu2+ was found to be precipitation, in the form of the mineral posnjakite (Cu4[(OH)6SO4]·H2O). These results indicate for the first time that crab-based biochars are capable of adsorbing large quantities of Cu2+ from sulfate-rich solution, while also buffering solution pH, demonstrating promise as an acid mine drainage treatment for removal of harmful metals and reduction of acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Hopkins
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, A1B 3X5, Canada.
| | - Stephanie MacQuarrie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cape Breton University, Sydney, Nova Scotia, B1P 6L2, Canada
| | - Kelly A Hawboldt
- Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences, 230 Elizabeth Avenue, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, A1B 3X5, Canada
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3
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Rosati B, Paul A, Iversen EM, Massling A, Bilde M. Reconciling atmospheric water uptake by hydrate forming salts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1759-1767. [PMID: 32697206 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium and calcium chloride salts contribute to the global atmospheric aerosol burden via emission of sea spray and mineral dust. Their influence on aerosol hygroscopicity and cloud forming potential is important but uncertain with ambiguities between results reported in the literature. To address this, we have conducted measurements of the hygroscopic growth and critical supersaturation of dried, size selected nano-particles made from aqueous solution droplets of MgCl2 and CaCl2, respectively, and compare experimentally derived values with results from state-of-the-art thermodynamic modelling. It is characteristic of both MgCl2 and CaCl2 salts that they bind water in the form of hydrates under a range of ambient conditions. We discuss how hydrate formation affects the particles' water uptake and provide an expression for hydrate correction factors needed in calculations of hygroscopic growth factors, critical super-saturations, and derived κ values of particles containing hydrate forming salts. We demonstrate the importance of accounting for hydrate forming salts when predicting hygroscopic properties of sea spray aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Rosati
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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4
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Huynh HN, McNeill VF. Heterogeneous Chemistry of CaCO 3 Aerosols with HNO 3 and HCl. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3886-3895. [PMID: 32324406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Calcite (CaCO3) aerosols often serve as an idealized proxy for calcium-rich mineral dust. Their use has also previously been proposed for stratospheric solar radiation management (SSRM). Little is known about the heterogeneous chemistry of calcite aerosols with trace gases HNO3 and HCl and therefore their potential impact on stratospheric ozone (O3). Here we report the results of an experimental study of the uptake of HNO3 and HCl onto submicron CaCO3 particles in two different flow reactors. Products and reaction kinetics were observed by impacting aerosolized CaCO3 onto ZnSe windows, exposing them to the reagent gases at a wide range of concentrations, at 296 K and under dry conditions, and analyzing the particles before and after trace gas exposure using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A Ca(OH)(HCO3) termination layer was detected in the form of a HCO3- peak in the FTIR spectra, indicating a hydrated surface even under dry conditions. The results demonstrate the reaction of HNO3 with Ca(OH)(HCO3) to produce Ca(NO3)2, water, and CO2. HCl reacted with Ca(OH)(HCO3) to produce CaCl2 and also water and CO2. The depletion of the Ca(OH)(HCO3)/Ca(CO3) signal due to reaction with HNO3 or HCl followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. From the FTIR analysis, the reactive uptake coefficient for HNO3 was determined to be in the range of 0.013 ≤ γHNO3 ≤ 0.14, and that for HCl was 0.0011 ≤ γHCl ≤ 0.012 within the reported uncertainty. The reaction of HCl with airborne CaCO3 aerosols was also studied in an aerosol flow tube coupled with a quadrupole chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) under similar conditions to the FTIR study, and γHCl was determined to be 0.013 ± 0.001. Following previous modeling studies, these results suggest that the reactions of HCl and HNO3 with calcite in the stratosphere could ameliorate the potential for stratospheric solar radiation management to lead to stratospheric ozone depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han N Huynh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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5
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Abstract
Injecting sulfate aerosol into the stratosphere, the most frequently analyzed proposal for solar geoengineering, may reduce some climate risks, but it would also entail new risks, including ozone loss and heating of the lower tropical stratosphere, which, in turn, would increase water vapor concentration causing additional ozone loss and surface warming. We propose a method for stratospheric aerosol climate modification that uses a solid aerosol composed of alkaline metal salts that will convert hydrogen halides and nitric and sulfuric acids into stable salts to enable stratospheric geoengineering while reducing or reversing ozone depletion. Rather than minimizing reactive effects by reducing surface area using high refractive index materials, this method tailors the chemical reactivity. Specifically, we calculate that injection of calcite (CaCO3) aerosol particles might reduce net radiative forcing while simultaneously increasing column ozone toward its preanthropogenic baseline. A radiative forcing of -1 W⋅m-2, for example, might be achieved with a simultaneous 3.8% increase in column ozone using 2.1 Tg⋅y-1 of 275-nm radius calcite aerosol. Moreover, the radiative heating of the lower stratosphere would be roughly 10-fold less than if that same radiative forcing had been produced using sulfate aerosol. Although solar geoengineering cannot substitute for emissions cuts, it may supplement them by reducing some of the risks of climate change. Further research on this and similar methods could lead to reductions in risks and improved efficacy of solar geoengineering methods.
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Gao J, Xing H, Turner L, Steel K, Sedek M, Golding SD, Rudolph V. Pore-Scale Numerical Investigation on Chemical Stimulation in Coal and Permeability Enhancement for Coal Seam Gas Production. Transp Porous Media 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-016-0777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen JY, Yang CY, Chen PY. Synthesis of hierarchically porous structured CaCO3 and TiO2 replicas by sol-gel method using lotus root as template. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 67:85-97. [PMID: 27287102 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intensive attention has been put in mimicking the morphologies in nature owing to their uniqueness, complexity, and diversity. One of the effective approaches to mimic bio-morphologies is through biotemplating - the technique of using biological structures as template to reproduce intricate structure in other forms of materials. This work presents a facile sol-gel technique that can be widely used to convert various carbon-rich bio-structures into different materials. Lotus root, a biomorphic template with high porosity at varying length scales, was selected as the example to demonstrate this approach. The experiment was conducted by infiltrating precursors - titanium (IV) n-butoxide (TnBT) and acetic acid calcium solution - into the lotus root template under vacuum system, followed by calcination. After the treatment, the replicas were calcite CaCO3 and anatase TiO2. In both CaCO3 and TiO2 replicas, the intact structure of the template was preserved. In spite of the overall similarity of the CaCO3 and TiO2 lotus root replicas, some respective differences were found. TiO2 replica was covered with nanowire bundles of 100-200nm in diameter, formed by preferable crystallization of particles, while CaCO3 replica presented the gradient-distributed pores of 10-100μm, which greatly resembled the microstructure of lotus root template. In the BET result, TiO2 replica was mesoporous structure with pores centralizing in 3-4nm. On the other hand, CaCO3 replica had pores in a wider distribution ranging from micro to macro scale. In addition, the surface area was greatly enhanced in both cases. The synthesized materials with hierarchical biomorphic structures may have great potential for purification applications due to their large specific surface area, photocatalytic property, and high adsorption rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Yi Chen
- Material Science and Engineering Department, National Tsing-Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu30013, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ching-Yu Yang
- Material Science and Engineering Department, National Tsing-Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu30013, Taiwan ROC
| | - Po-Yu Chen
- Material Science and Engineering Department, National Tsing-Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu30013, Taiwan ROC.
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8
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Zhang R, Wang G, Guo S, Zamora ML, Ying Q, Lin Y, Wang W, Hu M, Wang Y. Formation of urban fine particulate matter. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3803-55. [PMID: 25942499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Song Guo
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Min Hu
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- #Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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9
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Hu Y, Lin J, Zhang S, Kong L, Fu H, Chen J. Identification of the typical metal particles among haze, fog, and clear episodes in the Beijing atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:369-380. [PMID: 25555257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For a better understanding of metal particle morphology and behaviors in China, atmospheric aerosols were sampled in the summer of 2012 in Beijing. The single-particle analysis shows various metal-bearing speciations, dominated by oxides, sulfates and nitrates. A large fraction of particles is soluble. Sources of Fe-bearing particles are mainly steel industries and oil fuel combustion, whereas Zn- and Pb-bearing particles are primarily contributed by waste incineration, besides industrial combustion. Other trace metal particles play a minor rule, and may come from diverse origins. Mineral dust and anthropogenic source like vehicles and construction activities are of less importance to metal-rich particles. Statistics of 1173 analyzed particles show that Fe-rich particles (48.5%) dominate the metal particles, followed by Zn-rich particles (34.9%) and Pb-rich particles (15.6%). Compared with the abundances among clear, haze and fog conditions, a severe metal pollution is identified in haze and fog episodes. Particle composition and elemental correlation suggest that the haze episodes are affected by the biomass burning in the southern regions, and the fog episodes by the local emission with manifold particle speciation. Our results show the heterogeneous reaction accelerated in the fog and haze episodes indicated by more zinc nitrate or zinc sulfate instead of zinc oxide or carbonate. Such information is useful in improving our knowledge of fine airborne metal particles on their morphology, speciation, and solubility, all of which will help the government introduce certain control to alleviate metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analysis Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Suanqin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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10
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Zhou L, Wang W, Gai Y, Ge M. Knudsen cell and smog chamber study of the heterogeneous uptake of sulfur dioxide on Chinese mineral dust. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:2423-2433. [PMID: 25499490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous uptake processes of sulfur dioxide on two types of Chinese mineral dust (Inner Mongolia desert dust and Xinjiang sierozem) were investigated using both Knudsen cell and smog chamber system. The temperature dependence of the uptake coefficients was studied over a range from 253 to 313 K using the Knudsen cell reactor, the initial uptake coefficients decreased with the increasing of temperature for these two mineral dust samples, whereas the steady state uptake coefficients of the Xinjiang sierozem increased with the temperature increasing, and these temperature dependence functions were obtained for the first time. In the smog chamber experiments at room temperature, the steady state uptake coefficients of SO2 decreased evidently with the increasing of sulfur dioxide initial concentration from 1.72 × 10¹² to 6.15 × 10¹² mol/cm³. Humid air had effect on the steady state uptake coefficients of SO₂onto Inner Mongolia desert dust. Consequences about the understanding of the uptake processes onto mineral dust samples and the environmental implication were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Weigang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yanbo Gai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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11
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Bernard J, Seidl M, Mayer E, Loerting T. Formation and stability of bulk carbonic acid (H2CO3) by protonation of tropospheric calcite. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:3087-91. [PMID: 22707186 PMCID: PMC3482932 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Bernard
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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Attwood AR, Greenslade ME. Deliquescence Behavior of Internally Mixed Clay and Salt Aerosols by Optical Extinction Measurements. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:4518-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2124026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Rae Attwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Parsons Hall, 23 Academic Way, Durham,
New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Margaret E. Greenslade
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Parsons Hall, 23 Academic Way, Durham,
New Hampshire 03824, United States
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13
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Krebs T, Nathanson GM. Reactions of HCl and D2O with molten alkali carbonates. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:482-9. [PMID: 21182318 DOI: 10.1021/jp107182d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The acidic oxide SO₂ and protic acid HCl are among the gases released in the combustion of coal and the incineration of municipal waste. They are typically removed by wet or dry scrubbing involving calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide. The molten alkali carbonate eutectic provides a liquid-state alternative that readily absorbs SO₂ and HCl and does not become covered with a passivating layer. Gas-liquid scattering experiments utilizing the eutectic mixture (44 mol % Li₂CO₃, 31 mol % Na₂CO₃, 25 mol % K₂CO₃) reveal that the reaction probability for HCl(g) + CO₃²⁻ → CO₂(g) + OH⁻ + Cl⁻ is 0.31 ± 0.02 at 683 K and rises to 0.39 at 783 K. Gaseous CO₂ is formed within 10⁻⁴ s or less, implying that the reaction takes place in a liquid depth of less than 1000 Å. When the melt is exposed to D₂O, the analogous reaction D₂O(g) + CO₃²⁻ → CO₂(g) + 2OD⁻ occurs too slowly to measure and no water uptake is observed. Together with previous studies of SO₂(g) + CO₃²⁻ → CO₂(g) + SO₃²⁻, these results demonstrate that molten carbonates efficiently remove both gaseous HCl and SO₂ while reacting at most weakly with water vapor. The experiments further highlight the remarkable ability of hot CO₃²⁻ ions to behave as a base in reactions with protic and Lewis acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Krebs
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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14
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Setyan A, Sauvain J, Guillemin M, Riediker M, Demirdjian B, Rossi MJ. Probing Functional Groups at the Gas–Aerosol Interface Using Heterogeneous Titration Reactions: A Tool for Predicting Aerosol Health Effects? Chemphyschem 2010; 11:3823-35. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ari Setyan
- Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (IST), Université de Lausanne et Université de Genève, Rue du Bugnon 21, CH‐1011 Lausanne (Switzerland)
- Current address: Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Jean‐Jacques Sauvain
- Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (IST), Université de Lausanne et Université de Genève, Rue du Bugnon 21, CH‐1011 Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Michel Guillemin
- Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (IST), Université de Lausanne et Université de Genève, Rue du Bugnon 21, CH‐1011 Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Michael Riediker
- Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (IST), Université de Lausanne et Université de Genève, Rue du Bugnon 21, CH‐1011 Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Benjamin Demirdjian
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), CNRS UPR 3118, Université de Marseille et Aix campus de Luminy, case 913, F‐13288 Marseille Cedex 9 (France)
| | - Michel J. Rossi
- Labor für Atmosphärenchemie (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), OFLA008, CH‐5232 Villigen PSI (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 56 310 45 25
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15
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Hedin N, Chen L, Laaksonen A. Sorbents for CO(2) capture from flue gas--aspects from materials and theoretical chemistry. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:1819-1841. [PMID: 20680200 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00042f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Predictions of future climate change have triggered a search for ways to reduce the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) assists this goal by reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and CO(2) adsorbents in particular can reduce the costs of CO(2) capture. Here, we review the nanoscale sorbent materials that have been developed and the theoretical basis for their function in CO(2) separation, particularly from N(2)-rich flue gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hedin
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Berzelii Center EXSELENT on Porous Materials, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm.
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16
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Abstract
Molecular beam scattering experiments are used to investigate reactions of SO(2) at the surface of a molten alkali carbonate eutectic at 683 K. We find that two-thirds of the SO(2) molecules that thermalize at the surface of the melt are converted to gaseous CO(2) via the reaction SO(2)(g) + CO(3)(2-) --> CO(2)(g) + SO(3)(-2). The CO(2) product is formed from SO(2) in less than 10(-6) s, implying that the reaction takes place in a shallow liquid region less than 100 A deep. The reaction probability does not vary between 683 and 883 K, further implying a compensation between decreasing SO(2) residence time in the near-interfacial region and increasing reactivity at higher temperatures. These results demonstrate the remarkable efficiency of SO(2) --> CO(2) conversion by molten carbonates, which appear to be much more reactive than dry calcium carbonate or wet slurries commonly used for flue gas desulfurization in coal-burning power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Krebs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706-1322
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17
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Croteau T, Bertram AK, Patey GN. Water Adsorption on Kaolinite Surfaces Containing Trenches. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2171-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp910045u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Croteau
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - A. K. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - G. N. Patey
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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18
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Croteau T, Bertram AK, Patey GN. Simulation of water adsorption on kaolinite under atmospheric conditions. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:7826-33. [PMID: 19514713 DOI: 10.1021/jp902453f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Grand canonical Monte Carlo calculations are employed to investigate water adsorption on kaolinite at 298 and 235 K. Both basal planes (the Al and Si surfaces) as well as two edge-like surfaces are considered. The general force field CLAYFF is used together with the SPC/E and TIP5P-E models for water. Problems that occur in single slab simulations due to arbitrary truncation of the point charge lattice are identified, and a working remedy is discussed. The edges and the Al surface adsorb water at subsaturation in the atmospherically relevant pressure range. The Si surface remains dry up to saturation. Both edges have a very strong affinity for water and adsorb continuously up to monolayer coverage. The Al surface has a weaker affinity for water but forms a subsaturation monolayer. On the Al surface, the monolayer is formed in an essentially sharp transition, and strong hysteresis is observed upon desorption. This indicates collective behavior among the water molecules which is not present for the edges. Binding energies of singly adsorbed water molecules at 10 K were determined to understand the differences in water uptake by the four kaolinite surfaces. Binding energies (SPC/E) of -21.6, -46.4, -73.5, and -94.1 kJ/mol, were determined for the Si surface, Al surface, unprotonated edge, and protonated edge, respectively. The water monolayer on the Al surface, particularly at 235 K, exhibits hexagonal patterns. However, the associated lattice parameters are not compatible with ice Ih. Water density and hydrogen bonding in the monolayers at both 298 and 235 K were also determined to better understand the structure of the adsorbed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Croteau
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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Sullivan RC, Moore MJK, Petters MD, Kreidenweis SM, Roberts GC, Prather KA. Timescale for hygroscopic conversion of calcite mineral particles through heterogeneous reaction with nitric acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7826-37. [DOI: 10.1039/b904217b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Villegas-Jiménez A, Mucci A, Paquette J. Proton/calcium ion exchange behavior of calcite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:8895-912. [DOI: 10.1039/b815198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vlasenko A, Huthwelker T, Gäggeler HW, Ammann M. Kinetics of the heterogeneous reaction of nitric acid with mineral dust particles: an aerosol flowtube study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:7921-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b904290n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hatch CD, Grassian VH. 10th Anniversary review: applications of analytical techniques in laboratory studies of the chemical and climatic impacts of mineral dust aerosol in the Earth's atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:919-34. [PMID: 18688461 DOI: 10.1039/b805153d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is clear that mineral dust particles can impact a number of global processes including the Earth's climate through direct and indirect climate forcing, the chemical composition of the atmosphere through heterogeneous reactions, and the biogeochemistry of the oceans through dust deposition. Thus, mineral dust aerosol links land, air, and oceans in unique ways unlike any other type of atmospheric aerosol. Quantitative knowledge of how mineral dust aerosol impacts the Earth's climate, the chemical balance of the atmosphere, and the biogeochemistry of the oceans will provide a better understanding of these links and connections and the overall impact on the Earth system. Advances in the applications of analytical laboratory techniques have been critical for providing valuable information regarding these global processes. In this mini review article, we discuss examples of current and emerging techniques used in laboratory studies of mineral dust chemistry and climate and potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D Hatch
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A. Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242;
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Liu Y, Gibson, Cain, Wang H, Grassian, Laskin A. Kinetics of Heterogeneous Reaction of CaCO3 Particles with Gaseous HNO3 over a Wide Range of Humidity. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:1561-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jp076169h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Liu
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, and Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1453
| | - Gibson
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, and Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1453
| | - Cain
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, and Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1453
| | - H. Wang
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, and Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1453
| | - Grassian
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, and Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1453
| | - A. Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, and Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1453
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Prather KA, Hatch CD, Grassian VH. Analysis of atmospheric aerosols. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2008; 1:485-514. [PMID: 20636087 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols represent an important component of the Earth's atmosphere. Because aerosols are composed of solid and liquid particles of varying chemical complexity, size, and phase, large challenges exist in understanding how they impact climate, health, and the chemistry of the atmosphere. Only through the integration of field, laboratory, and modeling analysis can we begin to unravel the roles atmospheric aerosols play in these global processes. In this article, we provide a brief review of the current state of the science in the analysis of atmospheric aerosols and some important challenges that need to be overcome before they can become fully integrated. It is clear that only when these areas are effectively bridged can we fully understand the impact that atmospheric aerosols have on our environment and the Earth's system at the level of scientific certainty necessary to design and implement sound environmental policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 92093-0314, USA.
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Patris N, Cliff SS, Quinn PK, Kasem M, Thiemens MH. Isotopic analysis of aerosol sulfate and nitrate during ITCT-2k2: Determination of different formation pathways as a function of particle size. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schuttlefield JD, Cox D, Grassian VH. An investigation of water uptake on clays minerals using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with quartz crystal microbalance measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prince AP, Kleiber P, Grassian VH, Young MA. Heterogeneous interactions of calcite aerosol with sulfur dioxide and sulfur dioxide–nitric acid mixtures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:3432-9. [PMID: 17664967 DOI: 10.1039/b703296j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous chemistry of sulfur dioxide with CaCO(3) (calcite) aerosol as a function of relative humidity (RH) has been studied under isolated particle conditions in an atmospheric reaction chamber using infrared absorption spectroscopy. The reaction of SO(2) with calcite produced gas phase CO(2) as a product in addition to the conversion of the particulate carbonate to sulfite. The reaction extent was found to increase with elevated RH, as has been observed for the similar reaction with HNO(3), but much higher relative humidities were needed to significantly enhance the reaction. Mixed experiments in which calcite aerosol was exposed to both HNO(3) and SO(2) were also performed. The overall reaction extent at a given relative humidity did not appear to be increased by having both reactant gases present. The role of carbonate aerosol as an atmospheric sink for sulfur dioxide and particulate nitrogen and sulfur correlations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Preszler Prince
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Preszler Prince A, Grassian VH, Kleiber P, Young MA. Heterogeneous conversion of calcite aerosol by nitric acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:622-34. [PMID: 17242744 DOI: 10.1039/b613913b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of nitric acid with calcite aerosol at varying relative humidities has been studied under suspended particle conditions in an atmospheric reaction chamber using infrared absorption spectroscopy. The reactant concentration in the chamber, as well as the appearance of gas phase products and surface adsorbed species, was spectroscopically monitored before and after mixing with CaCO(3) (calcite) particles. The interaction with HNO(3) was found to lead to gas phase CO(2) evolution and increased water uptake due to heterogeneous conversion of the carbonate to particulate nitrate. The reaction was enhanced as the relative humidity of the system was increased, especially at relative humidities above the reported deliquescence point of particulate Ca(NO(3))(2). The measured reaction extent demonstrates that the total calcite particulate mass is available for reaction with HNO(3) and the conversion process is not limited to the particle surface. The spectroscopy of the surface formed nitrate suggests a highly concentrated solution environment with a significant degree of ion pairing. The implications of the HNO(3) loss and the formation of the particulate nitrate product for atmospheric chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Preszler Prince
- Department of Chemistry, the Optical Science and Technology Center, and the Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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