1
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Esakki E, Vivek P, Sundar S. Influence on the efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell using Cd doped ZnO via solvothermal method. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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2
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Shah J, Shukla A, Kar M, Gupta G, Jain S, Kotnala RK. ZnO nanoflakes self-assembled from the water splitting process using a hydroelectric cell. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00094f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled ZnO nanoflakes grown at the zinc electrode of a hydroelectric cell by water splitting have been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Shah
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Abha Shukla
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Manoranjan Kar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna-801106, India
| | - Govind Gupta
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - Shipra Jain
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110012, India
| | - R. K. Kotnala
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi-110012, India
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3
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A photoanode with hierarchical nanoforest TiO 2 structure and silver plasmonic nanoparticles for flexible dye sensitized solar cell. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7552. [PMID: 33824366 PMCID: PMC8024298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to unique photovoltaic properties, the nanostructured morphologies of TiO2 on flexible substrate have been studied extensively in the recent years for applications in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Microstructured electrode materials with high surface area can facilitate rapid charge transport and thus improve the light-to-current conversion efficiency. Herein we present an improved photoanode with forest like photoactive TiO2 hierarchical microstructure using a simple and facile hydrothermal route. To utilize the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and hence increase the photon conversion efficiency, a plasmonic nanoparticle Ag has also been deposited using a very feasible photoreduction method. The branched structure of the photoanode increases the dye loading by filling the space between the nanowires, whereas Ag nanoparticles play the multiple roles of dye absorption and light scattering to increase the light-to-current conversion efficiency of the device. The branched structure provides a suitable matrix for the subsequent Ag deposition. They improve the charge collection efficiency by providing the preferential electron pathways. The high-density Ag nanoparticles deposited on the forest like structure also decrease the charge recombination and therefore improve the photovoltaic efficiency of the cells. As a result, the DSSC based on this novel photoanode shows remarkably higher photon conversion efficiency (ηmax = 4.0% and ηopt = 3.15%) compared to the device based on pristine nanowire or forest-like TiO2 structure. The flexibility of the device showed sustainable and efficient performance of the microcells.
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4
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Baek SE, Khang DY. Selective growth of ZnO nanorods by thickness contrast in In-doped ZnO quantum dots seed layer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:055602. [PMID: 33053521 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Selective growth of ZnO nanorods (NRs) have been demonstrated using thickness contrast in In-doped ZnO (IZO) quantum dot (QD) seed layer. The use of IZO QD as a seed layer has enabled the direct growth of ZnO NRs on soft substrates such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Depending on the annealing temperature, the seed layers show different grain sizes: as the annealing temperature increases, the seed grain size also increases accordingly. Interestingly, the hydrothermal growth of ZnO NRs has been found to depend on the seed grain size: the larger grain seed sample shows earlier start of growth compared to smaller seed grain counterpart. The same growth behavior has been found in the growth of ZnO NRs on seed layers having different thickness, due again to the difference in seed grain size. To advantageously exploit the observed growth behavior, the IZO QDs seed layers have been patterned by soft lithographic technique, which led to the formation of alternating thin/thick region periodically. On this patterned seed surface, the thin regions showed earlier start of NRs growth compared to thick regions, enabling the spatially selective growth of ZnO NRs. When applied for acetone gas sensors, the selectively grown sample showed better performance than the non-selectively grown counterpart. The low resistance in air, due to increased amount of chemisorbed oxygen, has been found to be responsible for the inferior sensor performance with non-selectively grown sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Eun Baek
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahl-Young Khang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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5
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Atanasova P, Dou M, Kousik SR, Bill J, Fyta M. Adsorption of azide-functionalized thiol linkers on zinc oxide surfaces. RSC Adv 2021; 11:5466-5478. [PMID: 35423087 PMCID: PMC8694732 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05127f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between organic molecules and a metal oxide surface is essential for an efficient surface modification and the formation of organic-inorganic hybrids with technological applications ranging from heterogeneous catalysis and biomedical templates up to functional nanoporous matrices. In this work, first-principles calculations supported by experiments are used to provide the microstructural characteristics of (101̄0) surfaces of zinc oxide single crystals modified by azide terminated hydrocarbons, which graft on the oxide through a thiol group. On the computational side, we evaluate the specific interactions between the surface and the molecules with the chemical formula N3(CH2) n SH, with n = 1, 3, 6, 9. We demonstrate that the molecules chemisorb on the bridge site of ZnO(101̄0). Upon adsorption, the N3(CH2) n SH molecules break the neutral (Zn δ+-O δ-) dimers on ZnO(101̄0) resulting in a structural distortion of the ZnO(101̄0) substrate. The energy decomposition analysis revealed that such structure distortion favors the adsorption of the molecules on the surface leading to a strong correlation between the surface distortion energy and the interaction energy of the molecule. An azide-terminated thiol with three methylene groups in the hydrocarbon chain N3(CH2)3SH was synthesized, and the assembly of this linker on ZnO surfaces was confirmed through atomic force microscopy. The bonding to the inorganic surface was examined via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Clear signatures of the organic components on the oxide substrates were observed underlying the successful realization of thiol-grafting on the metal oxide. Temperature-dependent and angle-resolved XPS were applied to examine the thermal stability and to determine the thickness of the grafted SAMs, respectively. We discuss the high potential of our hybrid materials in providing further functionalities towards heterocatalysis and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petia Atanasova
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart Heisenbergstr. 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Maofeng Dou
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart Allmandring 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Shravan R Kousik
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart Heisenbergstr. 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Joachim Bill
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart Heisenbergstr. 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Maria Fyta
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart Allmandring 3 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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6
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Harmer R, Fan H, Lloyd K, Doble S, Avenoso J, Yan H, Rego LGC, Gundlach L, Galoppini E. Synthesis and Properties of Perylene-Bridge-Anchor Chromophoric Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6330-6343. [PMID: 32654486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The quest to control chromophore/semiconductor properties to enable new technologies in energy and information science requires detailed understanding of charge carrier dynamics at the atomistic level, which can often be attained through the use of model systems. Perylene-bridge-anchor compounds are successful models for studying fundamental charge transfer processes on TiO2, which remains among the most commonly investigated and technologically important interfaces, mostly because of perylene's advantageous electronic and optical properties. Nonetheless, the ability to fully exploit synthetically the substitution pattern of perylene with linker (= bridge-anchor) units remains little explored. Here we developed 2,5-di-tert-butylperylene (DtBuPe)-bridge-anchor compounds with t-Bu group substituents to prevent π-stacking and one or two linker units in both the peri and ortho positions, by employing a combination of Friedel-Crafts alkylations, bromination, iridium-catalyzed borylation, and palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Photophysical characterization and computational analysis by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) were carried out on four DtBuPe acrylic acid derivatives with a single or a double linker in peri (12b), ortho (15b), peri,peri (18b), and ortho,ortho (21b). The energies of the unoccupied orbitals {LUMO, LUMO + 1, LUMO + 2} are strongly affected by the presence of a π-conjugated linker, resulting in a stabilization of these states and a red shift of their absorption and emission spectra, as well as the loss of vibronic structure in the spectrum of the peri,peri compound, consistent with the strong bonding character of this substitution pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Harmer
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Katherine Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Samantha Doble
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Joseph Avenoso
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Luis G C Rego
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, South Carolina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Lars Gundlach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Elena Galoppini
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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7
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Wang D, Wei W, Hu YH. Highly Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Composited Food Dyes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dafu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Yun Hang Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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8
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Lai FI, Yang JF, Hsu YC, Kuo SY. Enhanced omnidirectional light harvesting in dye-sensitized solar cells with periodic ZnO nanoflower photoelectrodes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 562:63-70. [PMID: 31837620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, two-dimensional ZnO nanoflower photoelectrodes were prepared using a chemical solution method and applied to dye-sensitised solar cells. By growing ZnO nanoflowers with different lengths on the photoelectrodes, the effects of the ZnO nanoflowers on the omnidirectional light-harvesting and broadband of dye-sensitised solar cells were investigated. According to the field emission scanning electron microscope and UV-Vis-NIR measurements of the prepared ZnO nanoflowers at different lengths, it can be determined that the amount of dye adsorption and degree of light scattering are affected by the lengths of the nanoflowers. A finite difference time-domain simulation was used to verify whether the degree of light scattering was affected by the lengths of the ZnO nanoflowers. In addition, the prepared ZnO nanoflower photoelectrodes of different lengths were applied to dye-sensitised solar cells. The photoelectric element efficiency, carrier life cycle, and element characteristics under wide-angle measurements were investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the monochromic incident photon-to-electronic conversion efficiency, and a solar simulator. At high angles, the difference in efficiency of multi-directional incident light was reduced from 46% to 12%, which effectively improved the capturing characteristics of the multi-directional incident light during light scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-I Lai
- Department of Electrical Engineering Program C, Yuan-Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li 32003, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Fu Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering Program C, Yuan-Ze University, 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chung-Li 32003, Taiwan; Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chao Hsu
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, No.5, Fuxing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Yi Kuo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, No.5, Fuxing Street, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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9
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Bai X, Sun B, Wang X, Zhang T, Hao Q, Ni BJ, Zong R, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Li H. Defective crystal plane-oriented induced lattice polarization for the photocatalytic enhancement of ZnO. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01966a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the photocatalytic reaction of defective ZnO systems was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Bai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Boxuan Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Xuyu Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Tianshuo Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Qiang Hao
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW)
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- University of Technology Sydney (UTS)
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW)
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- University of Technology Sydney (UTS)
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Ruilong Zong
- Department of Chemistry
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Beijing 100044
- China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Beijing 100044
- China
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10
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Bera KK, Chakraborty M, Chowdhury SR, Ray A, Das S, Bhattacharya SK. Significantly improved and synergistic effect of Pt–ZnO–Bi2O3 ternary hetero-junctions toward anode-catalytic oxidation of methanol in alkali. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Direct Growth of Flower-Shaped ZnO Nanostructures on FTO Substrate for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9080405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The proposed work reports that ZnO nanoflowers were grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates via a solution process at low temperature. The high purity and well-crystalline behavior of ZnO nanoflowers were established by X-ray diffraction. The morphological characteristics of ZnO nanoflowers were clearly revealed that the grown flower structures were in high density with 3D floral structure comprising of small rods assembled as petals. Using UV absorption and Raman spectroscopy, the optical and structural properties of the ZnO nanoflowers were studied. The photoelectrochemical properties of the ZnO nanoflowers were studied by utilizing as a photoanode for the manufacture of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The fabricated DSSC with ZnO nanoflowers photoanode attained reasonable overall conversion efficiency of ~1.40% and a short-circuit current density (JSC) of ~4.22 mA cm−2 with an open circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.615 V and a fill factor (FF) of ~0.54. ZnO nanostructures have given rise to possible utilization as an inexpensive and efficient photoanode materials for DSSCs.
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12
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Wang D, Zhang Y, Su M, Xu T, Yang H, Bi S, Zhang X, Fang Y, Zhao J. Design of Morphology-Controllable ZnO Nanorods/Nanopariticles Composite for Enhanced Performance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E931. [PMID: 31261653 PMCID: PMC6669986 DOI: 10.3390/nano9070931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A facile one-pot approach was developed for the synthesis of ZnO nanorods (NRs)/nanoparticles (NPs) architectures with controllable morphologies. The concrete state of existence of NPs and NRs could rationally be controlled through reaction temperature manipulation, i.e., reactions occured at 120, 140, 160, and 180 °C without stirring resulted in orderly aligned NRs, disordered but connected NRs/NPs, and relatively dispersed NRs/NPs with different sizes and lengths, respectively. The as-obained ZnO nanostructures were then applied to construct photoanodes of dye-sensitized solar cells, and the thicknesses of the resultant films were controlled for performance optimization. Under an optimized condition (i.e., with a film thickness of 14.7 µm), the device fabricated with the material synthesized at 160 °C exhibited the highest conversion efficiency of 4.30% with an elevated current density of 14.50 mA·cm-2 and an open circuit voltage of 0.567 V. The enhanced performance could be attributed to the coordination effects of the significantly enhanced dye absorption capability arising from the introduced NPs and the intrinsic fast electron transport property of NRs as confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongting Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yuting Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong Province, China
| | - Meng Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haizhou Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shiqing Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin 719000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xianxi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuzhen Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, Shandong Province, China
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13
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Mesoporous Au@ZnO flower-like nanostructure for enhanced formaldehyde sensing performance. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Sheng X, Xu T, Feng X. Rational Design of Photoelectrodes with Rapid Charge Transport for Photoelectrochemical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805132. [PMID: 30637813 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrode materials are the heart of photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, which hold great promise to address global energy and environmental issues by converting solar energy into electricity or chemical fuels. In recent decades, significant research efforts have been devoted to the design and construction of photoelectrodes for the efficient generation and utilization of charge carriers to boost PEC performance. Herein, insights from a literature study on the relationship between the architecture and charge dynamics of photoelectrodes are presented. After briefly introducing the fundamental theories of charge dynamics in nanostructured photoelectrodes, the development of photoelectrode design in 1D polycrystalline nanotube arrays, 1D single-crystalline nanowire arrays, and hierarchical and mesoporous nanowire arrays is reviewed with a focus on the interplay between architecture and charge transport properties. For each design, commonly used synthetic approaches and the corresponding charge transport properties are discussed. Subsequently, the applications of these photoelectrodes in PEC systems are summarized. In conclusion, future challenges in the rational design of photoelectrode architecture are presented. The basic relationships between the architectures and charge dynamics of photoelectrode materials discussed here are expected to provide pertinent guidance and a reference for future advanced material design targeting improved light energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Sheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, 60115, USA
| | - Xinjian Feng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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15
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Chiu WT, Chen CY, Chang TFM, Hashimoto T, Kurosu H, Sone M. Ni–P and TiO2 codeposition on silk textile via supercritical CO2 promoted electroless plating for flexible and wearable photocatalytic devices. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Shkir M, Arif M, Ganesh V, Manthrammel M, Singh A, Yahia I, Maidur SR, Patil PS, AlFaify S. Investigation on structural, linear, nonlinear and optical limiting properties of sol-gel derived nanocrystalline Mg doped ZnO thin films for optoelectronic applications. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Zhao L. Application of stepped light-induced transient measurements of photocurrent and photovoltage in charge-transfer mechanism characterization. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201800196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Jiangsu University; Zhenjiang P. R. China
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18
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Hu L, Yuan J, Ren Y, Wang Y, Yang JQ, Zhou Y, Zeng YJ, Han ST, Ruan S. Phosphorene/ZnO Nano-Heterojunctions for Broadband Photonic Nonvolatile Memory Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801232. [PMID: 29888554 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-performance photonic nonvolatile memory combining photosensing and data storage with low power consumption ensures the energy efficiency of computer systems. This study first reports in situ derived phosphorene/ZnO hybrid heterojunction nanoparticles and their application in broadband-response photonic nonvolatile memory. The photonic nonvolatile memory consistently exhibits broadband response from ultraviolet (380 nm) to near infrared (785 nm), with controllable shifts of the SET voltage. The broadband resistive switching is attributed to the enhanced photon harvesting, a fast exciton separation, as well as the formation of an oxygen vacancy filament in the nano-heterojunction. In addition, the device exhibits an excellent stability under air exposure compared with reported pristine phosphorene-based nonvolatile memory. The superior antioxidation capacity is believed to originate from the fast transfer of lone-pair electrons of phosphorene. The unique assembly of phosphorene/ZnO nano-heterojunctions paves the way toward multifunctional broadband-response data-storage techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Laser Engineering, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Laser Engineering, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yi Ren
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Qin Yang
- College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Jia Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Laser Engineering, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Su-Ting Han
- College of Electronic Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Shuangchen Ruan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Laser Engineering, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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19
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Hong YK, Cho G, Park Y, Oh SJ, Ha DH. Trioctylphosphine-assisted morphology control of ZnO nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:225602. [PMID: 29513266 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aab4c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the morphological change in colloidal ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized with trioctylphosphine (TOP). The addition of TOP to the synthesis causes an evolution in the shape of ZnO NPs to tadpole-like particles from quasi-spherical particles at 300 °C. The total length of the tadpole-like ZnO NPs can be modified by controlling the molar ratio of TOP to oleylamine (OLAM). The tadpole-like particles are elongated as the concentration of TOP increased but decreased when the addition of TOP is excessive. These tadpole-like ZnO NPs transform to quasi-spherical NPs regardless of the amount of TOP at a reaction time of 3 h at 300 °C. At 200 °C, the effect of TOP on the ZnO NP synthesis differs from that at 300 °C. The ZnO NPs synthesized by controlling the molar ratios of surfactant ligands (TOP:OLAM = 2:100 and 70:100) at 200 °C share similar amorphous structures, while a crystalline ZnO phase is formed when the reaction time is 3 h. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis shows that TOP influences the oxidation of ZnO and suggests that a combination of OLAM and TOP plays a role in controlling the shape of ZnO NPs. These results provide critical insights to the utilization of TOP for a shape controlling ligand in ZnO NPs and suggest a new route to design oxide NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kun Hong
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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20
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The role of ethanol-water solvent mixtures in N719 sensitization of electrodeposited ZnO nanorods. J Solid State Electrochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-018-3985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Golsheikh AM, Kamali KZ, Huang NM, Zak AK. Effect of calcination temperature on performance of ZnO nanoparticles for dye-sensitized solar cells. POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Effect of samarium doping on structural, optical and magnetic properties of vertically aligned ZnO nanorod arrays. J RARE EARTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1002-0721(17)61005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Dong JJ, Wu J, Hao HY, Xing J, Liu H, Gao H. Synthesis of ZnO Nanocrystals and Application in Inverted Polymer Solar Cells. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:529. [PMID: 28889363 PMCID: PMC5591783 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-2283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Controllable synthesis of various ZnO nanocrystals was achieved via a simple and cost-effective hydrothermal process. The morphology evolution of the ZnO nanostructures was well monitored by tuning hydrothermal growth parameters, such as solution concentration, reaction temperature, and surfactant. As-obtained ZnO nanocrystals with different morphologies, e.g., ZnO nanorods, nanotetrapods, nanoflowers, and nanocubes, were further introduced into the organic bulk heterojunction solar cells as the electron transport channel. It was found that the device performance was closely related to the morphology of the ZnO nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Dong
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Jian Wu
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Hui-Ying Hao
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Jie Xing
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Hua Gao
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083 China
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24
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Wan T, Ramakrishna S, Liu Y. Recent progress in electrospinning TiO2
nanostructured photo-anode of dye-sensitized solar cells. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wan
- College of Mechanical and Electric Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative; National University of Singapore; Singapore 11576 Singapore
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electric Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Appa Rao Sapala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sameer Dhawan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - V. Haridas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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26
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27
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Sasidharan S, Soman S, Pradhan SC, Unni KNN, Mohamed AAP, Nair BN, Saraswathy HUN. Fine tuning of compact ZnO blocking layers for enhanced photovoltaic performance in ZnO based DSSCs: a detailed insight using β recombination, EIS, OCVD and IMVS techniques. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03098j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin ZnO BLs preventing recombination enhancing photovoltaic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Sasidharan
- Materials Science and Technology Division
- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Suraj Soman
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi
- India
- Photosciences and Photonics
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
| | - Sourava Chandra Pradhan
- Photosciences and Photonics
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | - K. N. Narayanan Unni
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
- New Delhi
- India
- Photosciences and Photonics
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division
| | - Abdul Azeez Peer Mohamed
- Materials Science and Technology Division
- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
| | | | - Hareesh Unnikrishnan Nair Saraswathy
- Materials Science and Technology Division
- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST)
- Thiruvananthapuram-695019
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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28
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Kansara S, Gupta SK, Sonvane Y, Lukačević I. Modeling of diameter-dependent Fe and Co ultrathin nanowires from first-principles calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:15412-15423. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02072d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the electronic, magnetic, thermoelectric and optical properties of ferromagnetic metal nanowires (NWs) made of iron (Fe) and cobalt (Co) atoms with different diameter using a first principles approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Kansara
- Advanced Materials Lab
- Department of Applied Physics
- S.V. National Institute of Technology
- Surat 395007
- India
| | - Sanjeev K. Gupta
- Computational Materials and Nanoscience Group
- Department of Physics
- St. Xavier's College
- Ahmedabad 380009
- India
| | - Yogesh Sonvane
- Advanced Materials Lab
- Department of Applied Physics
- S.V. National Institute of Technology
- Surat 395007
- India
| | - Igor Lukačević
- Applied Nanomaterials Group
- Department of Physics
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek
- 31000 Osijek
- Croatia
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29
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Liu Z, Cai Q, Ma C, Zhang J, Liu J. Photoelectrochemical properties and growth mechanism of varied ZnO nanostructures. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01725a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, varied ZnO nanostructures have been fabricated and the mechanism of their transformation has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Qijun Cai
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Chonghao Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for High-efficiency Utilization of Solar Energy
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Chengjian University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Junqi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Chengjian University
- Tianjin
- China
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30
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Kim SA, Abbas MA, Lee L, Kang B, Kim H, Bang JH. Control of morphology and defect density in zinc oxide for improved dye-sensitized solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:30475-30483. [PMID: 27782242 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04204j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While zinc oxide (ZnO) with a mesoporous network has long been explored for adsorption of dyes and as an electron-transporting medium in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the performance of ZnO-based DSSCs remains unsatisfactory. Despite the importance of understanding the surface characteristics of ZnO in DSSC applications, most of the studies relevant to ZnO-based DSSCs are focused on the synthesis of unique nanostructures of ZnO. In this study, we not only introduce a novel disk-shaped ZnO nanostructure, but also provide insight into the distinctive surface properties of ZnO and its influence on DSSC performance. When utilized in DSSCs, the mesoporous ZnO nanodisk yields 60% better power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to commercial ZnO nanoparticles, which is attributed to less surface and bulk trap densities as concluded by an in-depth open-circuit voltage decay (OCVD) analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Another aspect that contributes to the higher PCE is the better connectivity of primary particles that join together to form secondary disk-shaped particles. Furthermore, a 40% improvement in the PCE was observed by coating the mesoporous ZnO nanodisk with TiO2, which results from the passivation of the surface defects that aid in suppressing the interfacial charge recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Ah Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Muhammad Awais Abbas
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Lanlee Lee
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byungwuk Kang
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hahkjoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Bang
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea. and Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea and Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
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31
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Nakate UT, Patil P, Bulakhe R, Lokhande C, Kale SN, Naushad M, Mane RS. Sprayed zinc oxide films: Ultra-violet light-induced reversible surface wettability and platinum-sensitization-assisted improved liquefied petroleum gas response. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 480:109-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Wahyuono RA, Schulze B, Rusu M, Wächtler M, Dellith J, Seyring M, Rettenmayr M, Plentz J, Ignaszak A, Schubert US, Dietzek B. ZnO Nanostructures for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using the TEMPO+/TEMPO Redox Mediator and Ruthenium(II) Photosensitizers with 1,2,3-Triazole-Derived Ligands. Chempluschem 2016; 81:1281-1291. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruri Agung Wahyuono
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9 07745 Jena Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Engineering Physics; Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember; Jl. Arif Rahman Hakim 60111 Surabaya Indonesia
| | - Benjamin Schulze
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Mihai Rusu
- Faculty of Physics; Babeş-Bolyai University; M. Kogşălniceanu 1 400084 Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9 07745 Jena Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Jan Dellith
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Martin Seyring
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Löbdergraben 32 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Markus Rettenmayr
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Löbdergraben 32 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Jonathan Plentz
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Anna Ignaszak
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Department of Chemistry; University of New Brunswick; 30 Dineen Drive (Toole Hall Room 122) Fredericton NB E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e.V.; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9 07745 Jena Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
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33
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Congiu M, Bonomo M, Marco MLD, Dowling DP, Di Carlo A, Dini D, Graeff CFO. Cobalt Sulfide as Counter Electrode in p-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Congiu
- UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; POSMAT - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais; Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube14-01 17033-360 Bauru, SP Brazil
| | - Matteo Bonomo
- University of Rome ''La Sapienza''; Department of Chemistry; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Rome, RM Italy
| | - Maria Letizia De Marco
- University of Rome ''La Sapienza''; Department of Chemistry; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Rome, RM Italy
| | | | - Aldo Di Carlo
- C.H.O.S.E.-Center for hybrid and organic solar energy; Department of Electrical Engineering; University of Roma “Tor Vergata”; via del Politecnico 1 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Danilo Dini
- University of Rome ''La Sapienza''; Department of Chemistry; Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Rome, RM Italy
| | - Carlos F. O. Graeff
- UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; POSMAT - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais; Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube14-01 17033-360 Bauru, SP Brazil
- DC-FC - UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista; Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube14-01 17033-360 Bauru, SP Brazil
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34
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Rogero C, Pickup DF, Colchero J, Azaceta E, Tena-Zaera R, Palacios-Lidón E. Nanophotoactivity of Porphyrin Functionalized Polycrystalline ZnO Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:16783-16790. [PMID: 27303943 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Kelvin probe force microscopy in darkness and under illumination is reported to provide nanoscale-resolved surface photovoltage maps of hybrid materials. In particular, nanoscale charge injection and charge recombination mechanisms occurring in ZnO polycrystalline surfaces functionalized with Protoporphyrin IX (H2PPIX) are analyzed. Local surface potential and surface photovoltage maps not only reveal that upon molecular adsorption the bare ZnO work function increases, but also they allow study of its local dependence. Nanometer-sized regions not correlated with apparent topographic features were identified, presenting values significantly different from the average work function. Depending on the region, the response to the light excitation is different, distinguishing two relaxation processes, one faster than the other. This behavior can be explained in terms of electrons trapped closed to the molecule-semiconductor interface or electrons pushed into the ZnO bulk, respectively. Moreover, the origin of these differences is correlated with the H2PPIX-ZnO bonding and molecules configuration and aggregation. The chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) coadsorption leads to a more homogeneous surface potential distribution, confirming the antiaggregate effect of this additive, while the surface photovoltage is mostly dominated by the slow relaxation component. This work reveals the complexity of real device architectures with ill-defined surfaces even in a relatively simple system with only one type of dye molecule and hightlights the importance of nanoscale characterization with appropriate tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Rogero
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Material Physics Center (MPC) and Donostia International Physics Center , 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - David F Pickup
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Material Physics Center (MPC) and Donostia International Physics Center , 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jaime Colchero
- Departamento Física, Facultad de Química (Campus Espinardo), Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Eneko Azaceta
- Materials Department, IK4-CIDETEC , 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Elisa Palacios-Lidón
- Departamento Física, Facultad de Química (Campus Espinardo), Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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35
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Preparation of multistage sheet-cluster ZnO photoanode via a solid state reaction and its property in DSSCs. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-016-5439-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Maggio E, Martsinovich N, Troisi A. Continuum and atomistic description of excess electrons in TiO2. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:074004. [PMID: 26808551 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/7/074004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The modelling of an excess electron in a semiconductor in a prototypical dye sensitised solar cell is carried out using two complementary approaches: atomistic simulation of the TiO2 nanoparticle surface is complemented by a dielectric continuum model of the solvent-semiconductor interface. The two methods are employed to characterise the bound (excitonic) states formed by the interaction of the electron in the semiconductor with a positive charge opposite the interface. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the excess electron in TiO2 in the presence of a counterion is not fully localised but extends laterally over a large region, larger than system sizes accessible to DFT calculations. The numerical description of the excess electron at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface based on the continuum model shows that the exciton is also delocalised over a large area: the exciton radius can have values from tens to hundreds of Ångströms, depending on the nature of the semiconductor (characterised by the dielectric constant and the electron effective mass in our model).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Maggio
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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37
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Faid AY, Allam NK. Stable solar-driven water splitting by anodic ZnO nanotubular semiconducting photoanodes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18747a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high performance artificial photosynthetic devices, to store solar energy in chemical bonds, requires the existence of stable light-absorbing electrodes for both the oxidative and reductive half-reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Y. Faid
- Energy Materials Laboratory (EML)
- School of Sciences and Engineering
- The American University in Cairo
- New Cairo 11835
- Egypt
| | - Nageh K. Allam
- Energy Materials Laboratory (EML)
- School of Sciences and Engineering
- The American University in Cairo
- New Cairo 11835
- Egypt
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38
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Layek A, Banerjee S, Manna B, Chowdhury A. Synthesis of rare-earth doped ZnO nanorods and their defect–dopant correlated enhanced visible-orange luminescence. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02278b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare-earth doped sub-10 nm diameter ZnO nanorods show defect–dopant assisted enhanced visible-orange luminescence and also display multicolour rare-earth emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Layek
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
| | - S. Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
| | - B. Manna
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
| | - A. Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
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39
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González-García L, Colodrero S, Míguez H, González-Elipe AR. Single-step fabrication process of 1-D photonic crystals coupled to nanocolumnar TiO 2 layers to improve DSC efficiency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:A1642-A1650. [PMID: 26698810 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.0a1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present work proposes the use of a TiO2 electrode coupled to a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC), all formed by the sequential deposition of nanocolumnar thin films by physical vapor oblique angle deposition (PV-OAD), to enhance the optical and electrical performance of DSCs while transparency is preserved. We demonstrate that this approach allows building an architecture combining a non-dispersive 3 µm of TiO2 electrode and 1 µm TiO2-SiO2 1DPC, both columnar, in a single-step process. The incorporation of the photonic structure is responsible for a rise of 30% in photovoltaic efficiency, as compared with a transparent cell with a single TiO2 electrode. Detailed analysis of the spectral dependence of the photocurrent demonstrates that the 1DPC improves light harvesting efficiency by both back reflection and optical cavity modes confinement within the TiO2 films, thus increasing the overall performance of the cell.
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40
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Free-Base Carboxyphenyl Porphyrin Films Using a TiO₂ Columnar Matrix: Characterization and Application as NO₂ Sensors. SENSORS 2015; 15:11118-32. [PMID: 25985159 PMCID: PMC4481993 DOI: 10.3390/s150511118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The anchoring effect on free-base carboxyphenyl porphyrin films using TiO2 microstructured columns as a host matrix and its influence on NO2 sensing have been studied in this work. Three porphyrins have been used: 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)10,15,20-triphenyl-21H,23H-porphyrin (MCTPP); 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphyrin (p-TCPP); and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3-carboxyphenyl)-21H,23H-porphyrin (m-TCPP). The analysis of UV-Vis spectra of MCTPP/TiO2, p-TCPP/TiO2 and m-TCPP/TiO2 composite films has revealed that m-TCPP/TiO2 films are the most stable, showing less aggregation than the other porphyrins. IR spectroscopy has shown that m-TCPP is bound to TiO2 through its four carboxylic acid groups, while p-TCPP is anchored by only one or two of these groups. MCTPP can only be bound by one carboxylic acid. Consequently, the binding of p-TCPP and MCTPP to the substrate allows them to form aggregates, whereas the more fixed anchoring of m-TCPP reduces this effect. The exposure of MCTPP/TiO2, p-TCPP/TiO2 and m-TCPP/TiO2 films to NO2 has resulted in important changes in their UV-Vis spectra, revealing good sensing capabilities in all cases. The improved stability of films made with m-TCPP suggests this molecule as the best candidate among our set of porphyrins for the fabrication of NO2 sensors. Moreover, their concentration-dependent responses upon exposure to low concentrations of NO2 confirm the potential of m-TCPP as a NO2 sensor.
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Ho YC, Kao SH, Lee HC, Chang SK, Lee CC, Lin CF. Investigation of the localized surface plasmon effect from Au nanoparticles in ZnO nanorods for enhancing the performance of polymer solar cells. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:776-783. [PMID: 25431303 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05194g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The organic polymer solar cell is recognized as one of the most competitive technologies of the next generation. Au nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods were combined to improve the inverted-structure low-bandgap polymer solar cells and enhance the absorption and efficiency of the devices. However, the Au nanoparticles tend to aggregate in solution, thus reducing the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect. The cluster effect on the spectral range of enhancement in the absorption is investigated and the absorption characteristics of the LSPR receive proper modification through our experiment. After reducing the number of Au nanoparticle clusters, the LSPR effect in the devices was clearly verified. The proper combination of the Au nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods leads to the power conversion efficiency of the PTB7 : PC71BM inverted organic solar cell reaching 8.04% after optimizing the process conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Che Ho
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Jiang Y, Qin DD, Fan YR, Guo HX, Wang SX, Ning XM, Lu XQ. Investigation of photoinduced electron transfer on TiO2 nanowire arrays/porphyrin composite via scanning electrochemical microscopy. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08485g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A photo-induced electron transfer (PET) system was constructed by the combination of vertically aligned single-crystal TiO2 nanowire arrays and porphyrin to investigate the mechanism of the charge transfer process in artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- China
| | - Dong-Dong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- China
| | - Yan-Ru Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- China
| | - Hui-Xia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- China
| | - Shi-Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- China
| | - Xing-Ming Ning
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- China
| | - Xiao-Quan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry & Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Northwest Normal University
- China
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Prakash K, Kumar R, Sankar M. Mono- and tri-β-substituted unsymmetrical metalloporphyrins: synthesis, structural, spectral and electrochemical properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12711d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono-/tri-β-substituted metalloporphyrins have been synthesized and characterized. Dramatic reduction in the HOMO–LUMO gap with tunable electronic, spectral and electrochemical redox potentials were observed as the number of electron withdrawing groups increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Prakash
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
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Zhang X, Liu J, Zhang J, Vlachopoulos N, Johansson EMJ. ZnO@Ag2S core–shell nanowire arrays for environmentally friendly solid-state quantum dot-sensitized solar cells with panchromatic light capture and enhanced electron collection. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:12786-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp06068g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly solid-state quantum dot-sensitized solar cell is constructed using ZnO@Ag2S core–shell NWAs as a photoanode in combination with the conducting polymer P3HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- 75120 Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Jianhua Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beihang University
- 100191 Beijing
- China
| | - Jindan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beihang University
- 100191 Beijing
- China
| | - Nick Vlachopoulos
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- 75120 Uppsala
- Sweden
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science
| | - Erik M. J. Johansson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory
- Uppsala University
- 75120 Uppsala
- Sweden
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Ambade SB, Ambade RB, Lee W, Mane RS, Yoon SC, Lee SH. Development of highly transparent seedless ZnO nanorods engineered for inverted polymer solar cells. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:12130-12141. [PMID: 25201162 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03080j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on inverted polymer solar cells (IPSCs) based on highly transparent (>95%), hydrophobic, seedless ZnO nanorods (NRs) as cathode buffers with extremely enhanced electrical characteristics. The transparent NR suspension with stability for more than a year is achieved by adding a small amount of 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) acetic acid (MEA). The ability of the stable nanorod suspension to easily spin-coat is certainly an advance to the fabrication of films over large areas and to replace the conventional seeding method to grow one-dimensional nanostructures for use in optoelectronic devices. We observe a strong correlation between the photovoltaic performance and the transparency of ZnO NRs. IPSCs using poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C60 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) mixtures in the active layer and transparent (MEA-capped) ZnO NRs as cathode buffers exhibit a power conversion efficiency of 3.24% under simulated AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm(-2) illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil B Ambade
- School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, 664-14, 1-ga Deokjin-dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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Saravanan R, Gupta V, Mosquera E, Gracia F. Preparation and characterization of V2O5/ZnO nanocomposite system for photocatalytic application. J Mol Liq 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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47
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Li X, Zhou X, Liu Y, Sun P, Shimanoe K, Yamazoe N, Lu G. Microwave hydrothermal synthesis and gas sensing application of porous ZnO core–shell microstructures. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03789h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Mahmood K, Swain BS, Han GS, Kim BJ, Jung HS. Polyethylenimine-assisted growth of high-aspect-ratio nitrogen-doped ZnO (NZO) nanorod arrays and their effect on performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:10028-10043. [PMID: 24940708 DOI: 10.1021/am500105x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The realization of arrays of high-aspect-ratio nitrogen-doped ZnO (NZO) nanorod is critical to the development of high-quality nanostructure-based optoelectronic and electronic devices. In this study, we used a solution-based method to grow arrays of vertically aligned high-aspect-ratio NZO nanorods on ZnO seed layer covered fluorine-doped tin oxide substrates. We investigated whether the diameters and aspect ratios of the nanorods were affected by the addition of polyethylenimine (PEI) to the precursor solution used as well as by variations in the growth temperature and the concentration of the precursor solution. The performances of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) in which the synthesized high-aspect-ratio NZO nanorods were used as the photoanode material were also studied. That the dopant, nitrogen, was introduced into the ZnO lattice was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was seen that after the addition of PEI, the NZO and ZnO nanorod arrays increased in length and their diameters became smaller (i.e., their aspect ratios increased). This resulted in an increase in the amount of dye absorbed by them, leading to improvements in the DSSCs based on the nanorods. The structural, morphological, optical, and photovoltaic characteristics of ZnO and NZO nanorod arrays synthesized using different precursor concentrations and growth temperatures (160-190 °C) were also examined. We also investigated the effect of the use of PEI on these characteristics. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSCs fabricated using the NZO nanorod arrays was found to be significantly higher than that of DSSCs based on the pure ZnO nanorod arrays. This increase in efficiency could be attributed to the combined effects of the increase in the charge-carrier concentration, change in morphology, and increase in the Fermi energy levels of the nanorods, which resulted because of N doping. A PCE of 5.0% was obtained for a DSSC based on a film of arrays of NZO nanorods having an aspect ratio of ∼47 and synthesized using PEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mahmood
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Lee SH, Jin H, Kim DY, Song K, Oh SH, Kim S, Schubert EF, Kim JK. Enhanced power conversion efficiency of quantum dot sensitized solar cells with near single-crystalline TiO₂ nanohelixes used as photoanodes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22 Suppl 3:A867-79. [PMID: 24922393 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.00a867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Photo-electrodes with tailored three-dimensional nanostructures offer a large enhancement in light harvesting capability for various optoelectronic devices enabled by strong light scattering in the nanostructures as well as improved charge transport. Here we present an array of three-dimensional titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanohelixes fabricated by the oblique angle deposition method as a multifunctional photoanode for CdSe quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). The CdSe QDSSC with a TiO₂ nanohelix photoanode shows a 100% higher power conversion efficiency despite less light being absorbed in CdSe QDs when compared with a conventional TiO₂ nanoparticle photoanode. We attribute the higher power conversion efficiency to strong light scattering by the TiO₂ nanohelixes and much enhanced transport and collection of photo-generated carriers enabled by the unique geometry and near-single crystallinity of the TiO₂ nanohelix structure.
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50
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Si L, He H. Porphyrin Dyes on TiO2 Surfaces with Different Orientations: A Photophysical, Photovoltaic, and Theoretical Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:3410-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp412609k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Si
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois 61920, United States
- Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57006, United States
| | - Hongshan He
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois 61920, United States
- Center for Advanced Photovoltaics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota 57006, United States
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