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Kudryashova OB, Titov SS. A Mathematical Model for Sublimation of a Thin Film in Trace Explosive Detection Problem. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227939. [PMID: 36432038 PMCID: PMC9699605 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we introduce an advanced mathematical model for the sublimation of thin films of explosives. The model relies on the Hertz-Knudsen-Langmuir (HKL) equation that describes the vaporization rate of an explosive and controls the mass exchange between the surface and the ambient air. The latest experimental data on sublimation and diffusion of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) monocrystals were factored in, as well as the data on the sublimation rate of hexogen (RDX), octogen (HMX), and picramide (TNA) traces. To advance the mathematical model we suggested previously, we took into account the structure of a substrate on which a thin explosive layer was deposited. The measurement problem of the sublimation rate and limits of an explosive arises from developing and advancing remote detection methods for explosives traces. Using mathematical modelling, we can identify a detectable quantity of a specific explosive under given conditions. We calculated the mass of the explosive in the air upon sublimation of thin explosive films from the surfaces over a wide range of the parameters in question and made conclusions regarding the application limits of the devised standoff trace explosive detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga B. Kudryashova
- Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), St. Socialist, 1, 659322 Biysk, Russia
- Physics and Technology Faculty, National Research Tomsk State University, Lenin Avenue 36, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +790-5924-5444
| | - Sergey S. Titov
- Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), St. Socialist, 1, 659322 Biysk, Russia
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2
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Hikal WM, Bhattacharia SK, Vaughn MW, Weeks BL. Sublimation and Diffusion Kinetics of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Single Crystals by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175482. [PMID: 36080250 PMCID: PMC9458093 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we report the in-situ nanoscale experimental measurement of sublimation rates, activation energy of sublimation, and diffusion coefficients of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) single crystals in air using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The crystals were prepared by slow evaporation at 5 °C using acetone-dissolved TNT. The mass loss was calculated by monitoring the shrinkage of the surface area of layered islands formed on the surface of the TNT crystals due to sublimation upon isothermal heating at temperatures below the melting point. The results suggest the sublimation process occurs via two-dimensional detachment of TNT molecules from the non-prominent facets on the crystal surface which imitates the nucleation and crystal growth process. Sublimation rates are one order of magnitude smaller than previously reported values. However, the calculated activation energy (112.15 ± 3.2 kJ/mol) and temperature-dependent sublimation rates agree well with the reported values for TNT thin films and microcrystals determined by UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy and quartz crystal microscopy (QCM) (90–141 kJ/mol). The average diffusion coefficient is (4.35 × 10–6 m2/s) which is within the range of the reported theoretical values with an average of 5.59 × 10–6 m2/s, and about 25% less than that determined using thermogravimetric analysis for powder TNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid M. Hikal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Correspondence: (W.M.H.); (S.K.B.)
| | - Sanjoy K. Bhattacharia
- College of Engineering, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016, USA
- Correspondence: (W.M.H.); (S.K.B.)
| | - Mark W. Vaughn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Brandon L. Weeks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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3
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Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives in Air by Amino-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081278. [PMID: 35457985 PMCID: PMC9027238 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic explosives are the most common explosives, and their detection is important to public security, human health, and environmental protection. In particular, the detection of solid explosives through directly revealing the presence of their vapors in air would be desirable for compact and portable devices. In this study, amino-functionalized carbon nanotubes were used to produce resistive sensors to detect nitroaromatic explosives by interaction with their vapors. Devices formed by carbon nanotube networks working at room temperature revealed trinitrotoluene, one of the most common nitroaromatic explosives, and di-nitrotoluene-saturated vapors, with reaction and recovery times of a few and tens of seconds, respectively. This type of resistive device is particularly simple and may be easily combined with low-power electronics for preparing portable devices.
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4
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Kostarev VA, Kotkovskii GE, Chistyakov AA, Akmalov AE. Detection of explosives in vapor phase by field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry with dopant-assisted laser ionization. Talanta 2022; 245:123414. [PMID: 35487080 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Detection of low-volatile explosives in concentrations below 10-14 g/cm3 is a great challenge for portable ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) and field asymmetric IMS (FAIMS). We study the capabilities of FAIMS detector with ultraviolet laser ionization combined with organic additives (dopants) toluene and 1-methylnaphtalene to sense nitro-explosives: trinitrotoluene (TNT) and low-volatile cyclonite (RDX) and nitropentaerythritol (PETN). Differential mobility coefficients were measured for target ion peaks of TNT, RDX and PETN. Presence of dopants in the sample results in multiple growth of ion yield at laser intensities lower than 2 × 107 W/cm2. Limits of detection with dopant-assisted laser ionization were determined: 4.7 × 10-16 g/cm3 for RDX and 9.8 × 10-15 g/cm3 for PETN. Obtained results propose a way to further improve sensitivity of detectors along with improvement of portability of current laser-based FAIMS prototypes by using less powerful and smaller lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly A Kostarev
- Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, National Research Nuclear University, 31, Kashirskoe Sh., Moscow, 115409, Russia.
| | - Gennadii E Kotkovskii
- Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, National Research Nuclear University, 31, Kashirskoe Sh., Moscow, 115409, Russia.
| | - Alexander A Chistyakov
- Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, National Research Nuclear University, 31, Kashirskoe Sh., Moscow, 115409, Russia.
| | - Artem E Akmalov
- Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, National Research Nuclear University, 31, Kashirskoe Sh., Moscow, 115409, Russia.
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5
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Pacheco-Londoño LC, Ruiz-Caballero JL, Ramírez-Cedeño ML, Infante-Castillo R, Gálan-Freyle NJ, Hernández-Rivera SP. Surface Persistence of Trace Level Deposits of Highly Energetic Materials. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193494. [PMID: 31561514 PMCID: PMC6804148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fields of Security and Defense, explosive traces must be analyzed at the sites of the terrorist events. The persistence on surfaces of these traces depends on the sublimation processes and the interactions with the surfaces. This study presents evidence that the sublimation process of these traces on stainless steel (SS) surfaces is very different than in bulk quantities. The enthalpies of sublimation of traces of four highly energetic materials: triacetone triperoxide (TATP), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and 1,3,5- trinitrohexahydro-s-triazine (RDX) deposited on SS substrates were determined by optical fiber coupled-grazing angle probe Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. These were compared with enthalpies of sublimation determined by thermal gravimetric analysis for bulk amounts and differences between them were found. The sublimation enthalpy of RDX was very different for traces than for bulk quantities, attributed to two main factors. First, the beta-RDX phase was present at trace levels, unlike the case of bulk amounts which consisted only of the alpha-RDX phase. Second, an interaction between the RDX and SS was found. This interaction energy was determined using grazing angle FTIR microscopy. In the case of DNT and TNT, bulk and traces enthalpies were statistically similar, but it is evidenced that at the level of traces a metastable phase was observed. Finally, for TATP the enthalpies were statistically identical, but a non-linear behavior and a change of heat capacity values different from zero was found for both trace and bulk phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C Pacheco-Londoño
- R3-C Research and Education Component of ALERT DHS Center of Excellence for Explosives Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR 00681, USA.
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, 080020 Atlantico, Colombia.
| | - José L Ruiz-Caballero
- R3-C Research and Education Component of ALERT DHS Center of Excellence for Explosives Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR 00681, USA.
- Joseph Smith & Sons Inc., Capitol Heights, MD 20743, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
| | - Michael L Ramírez-Cedeño
- R3-C Research and Education Component of ALERT DHS Center of Excellence for Explosives Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR 00681, USA.
| | | | - Nataly J Gálan-Freyle
- R3-C Research and Education Component of ALERT DHS Center of Excellence for Explosives Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR 00681, USA.
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, 080020 Atlantico, Colombia.
| | - Samuel P Hernández-Rivera
- R3-C Research and Education Component of ALERT DHS Center of Excellence for Explosives Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR 00681, USA.
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6
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Lee YJ, Weeks BL. Investigation of Size-Dependent Sublimation Kinetics of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Micro-Islands Using In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101895. [PMID: 31108849 PMCID: PMC6572314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetic thermal analysis was conducted using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) at a temperature range of 15–25 °C to calculate the activation energy of the sublimation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) islands. The decay of different diameter ranges (600–1600 nm) of TNT islands was imaged at various temperatures isothermally such that an activation energy could be obtained. The activation energy of the sublimation of TNT increases as the diameter of islands increases. It was found that the coarsening and the sublimation rate of TNT islands can be determined by the local environment of the TNT surface. This result demonstrates that a diffusion model cannot be simply applied to “real world” systems for explaining the sublimation behavior and for estimating the coarsening of TNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Joon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Brandon L Weeks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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7
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Hikal WM, Weeks BL. Non-Isothermal Sublimation Kinetics of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Nanofilms. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061163. [PMID: 30909608 PMCID: PMC6471548 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-isothermal sublimation kinetics of low-volatile materials is more favorable over isothermal data when time is a crucial factor to be considered, especially in the subject of detecting explosives. In this article, we report on the in-situ measurements of the sublimation activation energy for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) continuous nanofilms in air using rising-temperature UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy at different heating rates. The TNT films were prepared by the spin coating deposition technique. For the first time, the most widely used procedure to determine sublimation rates using thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was followed in this work using UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy. The sublimation kinetics were analyzed using three well-established calculating techniques. The non-isothermal based activation energy values using the Ozawa, Flynn–Wall, and Kissinger models were 105.9 ± 1.4 kJ mol−1, 102.1 ± 2.7 kJ mol−1, and 105.8 ± 1.6 kJ mol−1, respectively. The calculated activation energy agreed well with our previously reported isothermally-measured value for TNT nanofilms using UV-Vis absorbance spectroscopy. The results show that the well-established non-isothermal analytical techniques can be successfully applied at a nanoscale to determine sublimation kinetics using absorbance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid M Hikal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
- Department of Mathematics, Australian College of Kuwait, Safat 13015, Kuwait.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt.
| | - Brandon L Weeks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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8
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Wen P, Amin M, Herzog WD, Kunz RR. Key challenges and prospects for optical standoff trace detection of explosives. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Ong TH, Mendum T, Geurtsen G, Kelley J, Ostrinskaya A, Kunz R. Use of Mass Spectrometric Vapor Analysis To Improve Canine Explosive Detection Efficiency. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6482-6490. [PMID: 28598144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Canines remain the gold standard for explosives detection in many situations, and there is an ongoing desire for them to perform at the highest level. This goal requires canine training to be approached similarly to scientific sensor design. Developing a canine training regimen is made challenging by a lack of understanding of the canine's odor environment, which is dynamic and typically contains multiple odorants. Existing methodology assumes that the handler's intention is an adequate surrogate for actual knowledge of the odors cuing the canine, but canines are easily exposed to unintentional explosive odors through training material cross-contamination. A sensitive, real-time (∼1 s) vapor analysis mass spectrometer was developed to provide tools, techniques, and knowledge to better understand, train, and utilize canines. The instrument has a detection library of nine explosives and explosive-related materials consisting of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), nitroglycerin (NG), 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), triacetone triperoxide (TATP), hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD), and cyclohexanone, with detection limits in the parts-per-trillion to parts-per-quadrillion range by volume. The instrument can illustrate aspects of vapor plume dynamics, such as detecting plume filaments at a distance. The instrument was deployed to support canine training in the field, detecting cross-contamination among training materials, and developing an evaluation method based on the odor environment. Support for training material production and handling was provided by studying the dynamic headspace of a nonexplosive HMTD training aid that is in development. These results supported existing canine training and identified certain areas that may be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Hsuan Ong
- Chemical, Microsystem, and Nanoscale Technology Group, Massachusetts Institure of Technology Lincoln Laboratory , Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| | - Ted Mendum
- Chemical, Microsystem, and Nanoscale Technology Group, Massachusetts Institure of Technology Lincoln Laboratory , Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| | - Geoff Geurtsen
- Chemical, Microsystem, and Nanoscale Technology Group, Massachusetts Institure of Technology Lincoln Laboratory , Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| | - Jude Kelley
- Chemical, Microsystem, and Nanoscale Technology Group, Massachusetts Institure of Technology Lincoln Laboratory , Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| | - Alla Ostrinskaya
- Chemical, Microsystem, and Nanoscale Technology Group, Massachusetts Institure of Technology Lincoln Laboratory , Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
| | - Roderick Kunz
- Chemical, Microsystem, and Nanoscale Technology Group, Massachusetts Institure of Technology Lincoln Laboratory , Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, United States
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Brewer T, Staymates M, Fletcher R. Quantifying Trace 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) in Polymer Microspheres. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201500141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Hikal WM, Weeks BL. Sublimation kinetics and diffusion coefficients of TNT, PETN, and RDX in air by thermogravimetry. Talanta 2014; 125:24-8. [PMID: 24840410 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The diffusion coefficients of explosives are crucial in their trace detection and lifetime estimation. We report on the experimental values of diffusion coefficients of three of the most important explosives in both military and industry: TNT, PETN, and RDX. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to determine the sublimation rates of TNT, PETN, and RDX powders in the form of cylindrical billets. The TGA was calibrated using ferrocene as a standard material of well-characterized sublimation rates and vapor pressures to determine the vapor pressures of TNT, PETN, and RDX. The determined sublimation rates and vapor pressures were used to indirectly determine the diffusion coefficients of TNT, PETN, and RDX for the first time. A linear log-log dependence of the diffusion coefficients on temperature is observed for the three materials. The diffusion coefficients of TNT, PETN, and RDX at 273 K were determined to be 5.76×10(-6)m(2)/sec, 4.94×10(-6)m(2)/s, and 5.89×10(-6)m(2)/s, respectively. Values are in excellent agreement with the theoretical values in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid M Hikal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt.
| | - Brandon L Weeks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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12
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Wang J, Yang L, Liu B, Jiang H, Liu R, Yang J, Han G, Mei Q, Zhang Z. Inkjet-printed silver nanoparticle paper detects airborne species from crystalline explosives and their ultratrace residues in open environment. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3338-45. [PMID: 24605843 DOI: 10.1021/ac403409q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An electronic nose can detect highly volatile chemicals in foods, drugs, and environments, but it is still very much a challenge to detect the odors from crystalline compounds (e.g., solid explosives) with a low vapor pressure using the present chemosensing techniques in such way as a dog's olfactory system can do. Here, we inkjet printed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on cellulose paper and established a Raman spectroscopic approach to detect the odors of explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) crystals and residues in the open environment. The layer-by-layer printed AgNP paper was modified with p-aminobenzenethiol (PABT) for efficiently collecting airborne TNT via a charge-transfer reaction and for greatly enhancing the Raman scattering of PABT by multiple spectral resonances. Thus, a Raman switch concept by the Raman readout of PABT for the detection of TNT was proposed. The AgNPs paper at different sites exhibited a highly uniform sensitivity to TNT due to the layer-by-layer printing, and the sensitive limit could reach 1.6 × 10(-17) g/cm(2) TNT. Experimentally, upon applying a beam of near-infrared low-energy laser to slightly heat (but not destruct) TNT crystals, the resulting airborne TNT in the open environment was probed at the height of 5 cm, in which the concentration of airborne species was lower than 10 ppt by a theoretical analysis. Similarly, the odors from 1.4 ppm TNT in soil and 7.2, 2.9, and 5.7 ng/cm(2) TNT on clothing, leather, and envelope, respectively, were also quickly sensed for 2 s without destoying these inspected objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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13
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Speight RE, Cooper MA. A Survey of the 2010 Quartz Crystal Microbalance Literature. J Mol Recognit 2012; 25:451-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Speight
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia; Brisbane; 4072; Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia; Brisbane; 4072; Australia
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14
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Hikal WM, Paden JT, Weeks BL. Rapid estimation of thermodynamic parameters and vapor pressures of volatile materials at nanoscale. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:2729-33. [PMID: 22689500 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Non-isothermal measurements of thermodynamic parameters and vapor pressures of low-volatile materials are favored when time is a crucial factor to be considered, such as in the case of detection of hazardous materials. In this article, we demonstrate that optical absorbance spectroscopy can be used non-isothermally to estimate the thermodynamic properties and vapor pressures of volatile materials with good accuracy. This is the first method to determine such parameters in nanoscale in just minutes. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is chosen because of its low melting temperature, which makes it impossible to determine its thermodynamic parameter by other rising-temperature techniques, such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The well-characterized vapor pressure of benzoic acid is used to calibrate the spectrometer in order to determine the vapor pressure of low-volatile TNT. The estimated thermodynamic properties of both benzoic acid and TNT are in excellent agreement with the literature. The estimated vapor pressure of TNT is one order of magnitude larger than that determined isothermally using the same method. However, the values are still within the range reported in the literature. The data indicate the high potential for use of rising-temperature absorbance spectroscopy in determining vapor pressures of materials at nanometer scale in minutes instead of hours or days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid M Hikal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA.
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15
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Spitzer D, Cottineau T, Piazzon N, Josset S, Schnell F, Pronkin SN, Savinova ER, Keller V. Bio-Inspired Nanostructured Sensor for the Detection of Ultralow Concentrations of Explosives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5334-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Spitzer D, Cottineau T, Piazzon N, Josset S, Schnell F, Pronkin SN, Savinova ER, Keller V. Ein bioinspirierter nanostrukturierter Sensor für die Detektion von sehr niedrigen Sprengstoffkonzentrationen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Gershanik AP, Zeiri Y. Sublimation Rate of Energetic Materials in Air: RDX and PETN. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Kunz RR, Gregory KE, Aernecke MJ, Clark ML, Ostrinskaya A, Fountain AW. Fate Dynamics of Environmentally Exposed Explosive Traces. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:3611-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jp211260t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roderick R. Kunz
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 244 Wood Street,
Lexington, Massachusetts 02420-9108, United States
| | - Kerin E. Gregory
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 244 Wood Street,
Lexington, Massachusetts 02420-9108, United States
| | - Matthew J. Aernecke
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 244 Wood Street,
Lexington, Massachusetts 02420-9108, United States
| | - Michelle L. Clark
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 244 Wood Street,
Lexington, Massachusetts 02420-9108, United States
| | - Alla Ostrinskaya
- Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 244 Wood Street,
Lexington, Massachusetts 02420-9108, United States
| | - Augustus W. Fountain
- Research & Technology Directorate, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
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Hikal WM, Paden JT, Weeks BL. Thermo-optical determination of vapor pressures of TNT and RDX nanofilms. Talanta 2011; 87:290-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Hikal WM, Paden JT, Weeks BL. Simple method for determining the vapor pressure of materials using UV-absorbance spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:13287-91. [PMID: 21992485 DOI: 10.1021/jp2076963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accurate thermodynamic parameters of thin films of materials are crucial in understanding their behavior in the nanometer scale. A new and simple method for determining the vapor pressure and thermodynamic properties of nanometer thick films of materials was developed based on UV-absorbance spectroscopy. Well-characterized benzoic acid was used to calibrate the spectrometer and the experimental conditions. The thermodynamic properties of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) were determined to validate the use of this new method. The estimated values of the thermodynamic parameters of PETN are in excellent agreement with the values reported using the most widely used Knudsen effusion method for determining vapor pressure lower than 1 pascal. The elegance of this method is its simplicity. The results indicate that UV-absorbance spectroscopy is a model-free and powerful technique in determining thermodynamic parameters in the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid M Hikal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States.
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Verevkin SP, Zaitsau DH, Emel̀yanenko VN, Heintz A. A New Method for the Determination of Vaporization Enthalpies of Ionic Liquids at Low Temperatures. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:12889-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp207397v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey P. Verevkin
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dzmitry H. Zaitsau
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vladimir N. Emel̀yanenko
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Heintz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr-Lorenz-Weg 1, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
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