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Luo M, Chen A, Huang C, Guo M, Cai T. Effects of Polymers on Cocrystal Growth in a Drug-Drug Coamorphous System: Relations between Glass-to-Crystal Growth and Surface-Enhanced Crystal Growth. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 38818946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Coamorphous and cocrystal drug delivery systems provide attractive crystal engineering strategies for improving the solubilities, dissolution rates, and oral bioavailabilities of poorly water-soluble drugs. Polymeric additives have often been used to inhibit the unwanted crystallization of amorphous drugs. However, the transformation of a coamorphous phase to a cocrystal phase in the presence of polymers has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we investigated the effects of low concentrations of the polymeric excipients poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) on the growth of carbamazepine-celecoxib (CBZ-CEL) cocrystals from the corresponding coamorphous phase. PEO accelerated the growth rate of the cocrystals by increasing the molecular mobility of the coamorphous system, while PVP had the opposite effect. The coamorphous CBZ-CEL system exhibited two anomalously fast crystal growth modes: glass-to-crystal (GC) growth in the bulk and accelerated crystal growth at the free surface. These two fast growth modes both disappeared after doping with PEO (1-3% w/w) but were retained in the presence of PVP, indicating a potential correlation between the two fast crystal growth modes. We propose that the different effects of PEO and PVP on the crystal growth modes arose from weaker effects of the polymers on cocrystallization at the surface than in the bulk. This work provides a deep understanding of the mechanisms by which polymers influence the cocrystallization kinetics of a multicomponent amorphous phase and highlights the importance of polymer selection in stabilizing coamorphous systems or preparing cocrystals via solid-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqian Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - An Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chengbin Huang
- CMC Drug Product, Research and Development, BeiGene Co., Inc., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Minshan Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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2
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Svoboda R, Pakosta M, Doležel P. How the Presence of Crystalline Phase Affects Structural Relaxation in Molecular Liquids: The Case of Amorphous Indomethacin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16275. [PMID: 38003465 PMCID: PMC10671508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of partial crystallinity on the structural relaxation behavior of low-molecular organic glasses is, contrary to, e.g., polymeric materials, a largely unexplored territory. In the present study, differential scanning calorimetry was used to prepare a series of amorphous indomethacin powders crystallized to various extents. The preparations stemmed from the two distinct particle size fractions: 50-125 µm and 300-500 µm. The structural relaxation data from the cyclic calorimetric measurements were described in terms of the phenomenological Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan model. For the 300-500 µm powder, the crystalline phase forming dominantly on the surface led to a monotonous decrease in the glass transition by ~6 °C in the 0-70% crystallinity range. The activation energy of the relaxation motions and the degree of heterogeneity within the relaxing matrix were not influenced by the increasing crystallinity, while the interconnectivity slightly increased. This behavior was attributed to the release of the quenched-in stresses and to the consequent slight increase in the structural interconnectivity. For the 50-125 µm powder, distinctly different relaxation dynamics were observed. This leads to a conclusion that the crystalline phase grows throughout the bulk glassy matrix along the internal micro-cracks. At higher crystallinity, a sharp increase in Tg, an increase in interconnectivity, and an increase in the variability of structural units engaged in the relaxation motions were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Svoboda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Pakosta
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, University of Pardubice, nam. Cs. legii 565, 530 02 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Petr Doležel
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, University of Pardubice, nam. Cs. legii 565, 530 02 Pardubice, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (P.D.)
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3
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Kapourani A, Manioudaki AE, Kontogiannopoulos KN, Barmpalexis P. Utilizing Drug Amorphous Solid Dispersions for the Preparation of Dronedarone per os Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4292. [PMID: 37959973 PMCID: PMC10649729 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dronedarone (DRN), an antiarrhythmic drug, exhibits potent pharmacological effects in the management of cardiac arrhythmias. Despite its therapeutic potential, DRN faces formulation challenges due to its low aqueous solubility. Hence, the present study is dedicated to the examination of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) as a strategic approach for enhancing the solubility of DRN. Initially, the glass forming ability (GFA) of API was assessed alongside its thermal degradation profile, and it was revealed that DRN is a stable glass former (GFA III compound) that remains thermally stable up to approximately 200 °C. Subsequently, five commonly used ASD matrix/carriers, i.e., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), povidone (PVP), copovidone (PVP/VA), Soluplus® (SOL), and Eudragit® E PO (EPO), were screened for the formation of a DRN-based ASD using film casting and solvent shift methods, along with miscibility evaluation measurements. SOL proved to be the most promising matrix/carrier among the others, and, hence, was used to prepare DRN ASDs via the melt-quench method. The physicochemical characterization of the prepared systems (via pXRD) revealed the complete amorphization of the API within the matrix/carrier, while the system was physically stable for at least three months after its preparation. In vitro release studies for the ASDs, conducted under non-sink conditions, revealed the sustained supersaturation of the drug for at least 8 h. Finally, the use of attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy showed the formation of a strong molecular interaction between the drug molecules and SOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Kapourani
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.K.); (A.-E.M.); (K.N.K.)
| | - Alexandra-Eleftheria Manioudaki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.K.); (A.-E.M.); (K.N.K.)
| | - Konstantinos N. Kontogiannopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.K.); (A.-E.M.); (K.N.K.)
| | - Panagiotis Barmpalexis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.K.); (A.-E.M.); (K.N.K.)
- Natural Products Research Centre of Excellence-AUTH (NatPro-AUTH), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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4
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Indomethacin: Effect of Diffusionless Crystal Growth on Thermal Stability during Long-Term Storage. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041568. [PMID: 36838556 PMCID: PMC9963031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy were used to study the nonisothermal and isothermal crystallization behavior of amorphous indomethacin powders (with particle sizes ranging from 50 to 1000 µm) and their dependence on long-term storage conditions, either 0-100 days stored freely at laboratory ambient temperatures and humidity or placed in a desiccator at 10 °C. Whereas the γ-form polymorph always dominated, the accelerated formation of the α-form was observed in situations of heightened mobility (higher temperature and heating rate), increased amounts of mechanically induced defects, and prolonged free-surface nucleation. A complex crystallization behavior with two separated crystal growth modes (originating from either the mechanical defects or the free surface) was identified both isothermally and nonisothermally. The diffusionless glass-crystal (GC) crystal growth was found to proceed during the long-term storage at 10 °C and zero humidity, at the rate of ~100 µm of the γ-form surface crystalline layer being formed in 100 days. Storage at the laboratory temperature (still below the glass transition temperature) and humidity led only to a negligible/nondetectable GC growth for the fine indomethacin powders (particle size below ~150 µm), indicating a marked suppression of GC growth by the high density of mechanical defects under these conditions. The freely stored bulk material with no mechanical damage and a smooth surface exhibited zero traces of GC growth (as confirmed by microscopy) after >150 days of storage. The accuracy of the kinetic predictions of the indomethacin crystallization behavior was rather poor due to the combined influences of the mechanical defects, competing nucleation, and crystal growth processes of the two polymorphic phases as well as the GC growth complex dependence on the storage conditions within the vicinity of the glass transition temperature. Performing paired isothermal and nonisothermal kinetic measurements is thus highly recommended in macroscopic crystallization studies of drugs with similarly complicated crystal growth behaviors.
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5
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Svoboda R, Košťálová D, Krbal M, Komersová A. Indomethacin: The Interplay between Structural Relaxation, Viscous Flow and Crystal Growth. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175668. [PMID: 36080433 PMCID: PMC9458118 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the influences of particle size (daver) and heating rate (q+) on the structural relaxation, crystal growth and decomposition kinetics of amorphous indomethacin. The structural relaxation and decomposition processes exhibited daver-independent kinetics, with the q+ dependences based on the apparent activation energies of 342 and 106 kJ·mol-1, respectively. The DSC-measured crystal growth kinetics played a dominant role in the nucleation throughout the total macroscopic amorphous-to-crystalline transformation: the change from the zero-order to the autocatalytic mechanism with increasing q+, the significant alteration of kinetics, with the storage below the glass transition temperature, and the accelerated crystallization due to mechanically induced defects. Whereas slow q+ led to the formation of the thermodynamically stable γ polymorph, fast q+ produced a significant amount of the metastable α polymorph. Mutual correlations between the macroscopic and microscopic crystal growth processes, and between the viscous flow and structural relaxation motions, were discussed based on the values of the corresponding activation energies. Notably, this approach helped us to distinguish between particular crystal growth modes in the case of the powdered indomethacin materials. Ediger's decoupling parameter was used to quantify the relationship between the viscosity and crystal growth. The link between the cooperativity of structural domains, parameters of the Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan relaxation model and microscopic crystal growth was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Svoboda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-466-037-420
| | - Daniela Košťálová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Krbal
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies (CEMNAT), Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, nam. Cs legii 565, 530 02 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Komersová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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6
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Yu J, Yao X, Que C, Huang L, Hui HW, Gong Y, Qian F, Yu L. Kinetics of Surface Enrichment of a Polymer in a Glass-Forming Molecular Liquid. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3350-3357. [PMID: 35985030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to measure the surface concentration and the surface enrichment kinetics of a polymer in a glass-forming molecular liquid. As a model, the bulk-miscible system of maltitol-polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was studied. The PVP concentration is significantly higher at the liquid/vapor interface than in the bulk by up to a factor of 170, and the effect increases with its molecular weight. At a freshly created liquid/vapor interface, the concentration of PVP gradually increases from the bulk value at a rate controlled by bulk diffusion. The polymer diffusion coefficient obtained from the kinetics of surface enrichment agrees with that calculated from viscosity and the Stokes-Einstein equation. Our finding allows prediction of the rate at which the surface composition equilibrates in an amorphous material after milling, fracture, and a change in ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Xin Yao
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Chailu Que
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Lian Huang
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Ho-Wah Hui
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Yuchuan Gong
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States.,Small Molecule CMC, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Feng Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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7
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Shi Q, Moinuddin SM, Wang Y, Ahsan F, Li F. Physical stability and dissolution behaviors of amorphous pharmaceutical solids: Role of surface and interface effects. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122098. [PMID: 35961416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous pharmaceutical solids (APS) are single- or multi-component systems in which drugs exist in high-energy states with long-range disordered molecular packing. APSs have become one of the most effective and widely used pharmaceutical delivery approaches for poorly water-soluble drugs in the last several decades. Considerable efforts have been made to investigate the physical stability and dissolution behaviors of APSs, however, the underlying mechanisms remain imperfectly understood. Recent studies reveal that surface and interface properties of APSs could strongly affect the physical stability and dissolution behaviors. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies focusing on the physical stability and dissolution behaviors of APSs from both surface and interface perspectives. We highlight the role of surface or interface properties in nucleation, crystal growth, phase separation, dissolution, and supersaturation. Meanwhile, the challenges and scope of research on surface and interface properties in the future are also briefly discussed. This review contributes to a better understanding of the surface- and interface-facilitated processes, which will provide more efficient and rational guidance for the design of APSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China.
| | - Sakib M Moinuddin
- California Northstate University, College of Pharmacy, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA; East Bay Institute For Research & Education (EBIRE), 10535 Hospital Way, Bldg. 650 2nd Floor, Rm. 2B121A, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Fakhrul Ahsan
- California Northstate University, College of Pharmacy, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA; East Bay Institute For Research & Education (EBIRE), 10535 Hospital Way, Bldg. 650 2nd Floor, Rm. 2B121A, Mather, CA 95655, USA.
| | - Fang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China.
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8
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Shi Q, Wang Y, Xu J, Liu Z, Chin CY. Fast crystal growth of amorphous nimesulide: implication of surface effects. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2022; 78:33-39. [PMID: 35129118 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520621012749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding crystallization behaviors is of utmost importance for developing robust amorphous pharmaceutical solids. Herein, the crystal growth behaviors of amorphous anti-inflammatory drug nimesulide (NIME) are systemically investigated in the glassy and supercooled liquid state as a function of temperature. A sudden over-tenfold increase is observed in the bulk crystal growth of NIME on cooling below its glass transition temperature (Tg). This fast growth behavior is known as a glass-to-crystal (GC) mode and has been reported in some molecular glasses. Fast surface crystal growth of NIME can persist up to Tg + 57°C with a weak jump in its growth rates at 30-40°C. In addition, surface crystal growth and GC growth of NIME exhibit an almost identical temperature dependence, supporting the view that GC growth is indeed a surface-facilitated process. Moreover, the bubble-induced fast crystal growth of NIME is observed in the interior of its supercooled liquid with approximately the same growth kinetics as surface crystal growth. These findings are relevant for a full understanding of the surface-related crystallization behaviors and physical stability of amorphous pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiang Su Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiang Su Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiang Su Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiang Su Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, 224005, People's Republic of China
| | - Chai Yee Chin
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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9
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Recent advances in drug polymorphs: Aspects of pharmaceutical properties and selective crystallization. Int J Pharm 2022; 611:121320. [PMID: 34843866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug polymorphism, an established term used to describe the phenomenon that a drug can exist in different crystalline phases, has attracted great interests in pharmaceutical field in consideration of its important role in affecting the pharmaceutical performance of oral formulations. This paper presents an overview of recent advances in the research on polymorphic drug systems including understandings on nucleation, crystal growth, dissolution, mechanical properties, polymorphic transformation, etc. Moreover, new strategies and mechanisms in the control of polymorphic forms are also highlighted in this review. Furthermore, challenges and trends in the development of polymorphic drugs are briefly discussed, aiming at developing effective and efficient pharmaceutical formulations containing the polymorphic drugs.
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Shi Q, Li F, Xu J, Wu L, Xin J, Chen H, Ling B. Bubble-induced fast crystal growth of indomethacin polymorphs in a supercooled liquid. J Appl Crystallogr 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721007068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical stability is one of the main challenges when developing robust amorphous pharmaceutical formulations. This article reports fast crystal growth behaviors of the γ and α forms of indomethacin (IMC) initiated by bubbles in the interior of a supercooled liquid. Bubble-induced crystal growth of γ-IMC exhibits approximately the same kinetics as its surface crystal growth, supporting the view that bubble-induced crystal growth is a surface-facilitated process. In contrast, the rates of bubble-induced crystal growth of α-IMC are much faster than those of its surface crystal growth. These results indicate that the bubble-induced crystal growth not only depends on the interface created by the bubble but also strongly correlates with the true cavitation of the bubble. Moreover, bubble-induced fast crystal growth of γ- and α-IMC can be terminated at different temperatures by cooling. These outcomes are meaningful for the in-depth understanding of physical stability and pre-formulation study of amorphous pharmaceutical solids showing surface-facilitated crystal growth.
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Yao X, Neusaenger AL, Yu L. Amorphous Drug-Polymer Salts. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081271. [PMID: 34452231 PMCID: PMC8401805 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous formulations provide a general approach to improving the solubility and bioavailability of drugs. Amorphous medicines for global health should resist crystallization under the stressful tropical conditions (high temperature and humidity) and often require high drug loading. We discuss the recent progress in employing drug–polymer salts to meet these goals. Through local salt formation, an ultra-thin polyelectrolyte coating can form on the surface of amorphous drugs, immobilizing interfacial molecules and inhibiting fast crystal growth at the surface. The coated particles show improved wetting and dissolution. By forming an amorphous drug–polymer salt throughout the bulk, stability can be vastly enhanced against crystallization under tropical conditions without sacrificing the dissolution rate. Examples of these approaches are given, along with suggestions for future work.
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12
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Barták J, Málek J, Bagchi K, Ediger MD, Li Y, Yu L. Surface mobility in amorphous selenium and comparison with organic molecular glasses. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:074703. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0041273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Barták
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jirí Málek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Kushal Bagchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Yuhui Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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13
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Shi Q, Li F, Yeh S, Wang Y, Xin J. Physical stability of amorphous pharmaceutical solids: Nucleation, crystal growth, phase separation and effects of the polymers. Int J Pharm 2020; 590:119925. [PMID: 33011255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Compared to their crystalline forms, amorphous pharmaceutical solids present marvelous potential and advantages for effectively improving the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. A central issue in developing amorphous pharmaceutical solids is the stability against crystallization, which is particularly important for maintaining their advantages in solubility and dissolution rate. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies focusing on the physical stability of amorphous pharmaceutical solids affected by nucleation, crystal growth, phase separation and the addition of polymers. Moreover, we highlight the novel technologies and theories in the field of amorphous pharmaceutical solids. Meanwhile, the challenges and strategies in maintaining the physical stability of amorphous pharmaceutical solids are also discussed. With a better understanding of physical stability, the more robust amorphous pharmaceutical formulations with desired pharmaceutical performance would be easier to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Fang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Stacy Yeh
- Department of Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem 27103, USA
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Junbo Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng 224005, China
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14
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Newman A, Zografi G. What We Need to Know about Solid-State Isothermal Crystallization of Organic Molecules from the Amorphous State below the Glass Transition Temperature. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1761-1777. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Newman
- Seventh Street Development Group, P.O. Box 251, Kure Beach, North Carolina 28449, United States
| | - George Zografi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 28449, United States
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15
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Kapourani A, Vardaka E, Katopodis K, Kachrimanis K, Barmpalexis P. Crystallization tendency of APIs possessing different thermal and glass related properties in amorphous solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 2020; 579:119149. [PMID: 32070762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The correlation between glass forming ability (GFA) and several thermophysical or physicochemical properties of APIs with the formation and the physical stability of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) was evaluated in the present study. Eight poorly water-soluble APIs belonging in different GFA classes (i.e. a) GFA Class I: Carbamazepine, CBZ, b) GFA Class II: Agomelatine, AGO, Aprepitant, APT, Rivaroxaban, RIV, and c) GFA Class III: Indomethacin, IND, Pioglitazone, PIO, Piroxixam, PIR, and Simvastatin, SIM) were tested, in addition to six commonly used matrix-carriers (namely povidone, PVP, hydroxypropyl cellulose, HPC-SL, copovidone, coPVP, Soluplus®, SOL, and gelatin) in order to prepared ASDs via film casting approach. Results using polarized light microscopy (PLM) showed a similar drug crystallization tendency from ASDs independently of their GFA classification, glass stability or glass fragility. X-ray diffraction analysis verified the formation and the physical stability of ASD (independently of GFA class) when a suitable matrix-carrier was selected (i.e. SOL for AGO, RIV and SIM, PVP for APT, CBZ and IND, coPVP for PIO and gelatin for PIR). Further attempts to correlate some physicochemical properties (i.e. component's binding affinity and miscibility) with the formation and the crystallization tendency of the prepared ASDs showed no apparent correlation in regards to the different drug GFA classes. Finally, the evaluation of molecular interactions via FTIR analysis also failed to adequately distinguish the differences in regards to the formation and the physical stability of the prepared systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Kapourani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Elisavet Vardaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Katopodis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Barmpalexis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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16
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Gerges J, Affouard F. Insight From Molecular Dynamics Simulations on the Crystallization Tendency of Indomethacin Polymorphs in the Undercooled Liquid State. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1086-1095. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Tanis I, Karatasos K, Salez T. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Capillary Leveling of a Glass-Forming Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:8543-8549. [PMID: 31532672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b05909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by recent experimental studies probing (i) the existence of a mobile layer at the free surface of glasses and (ii) the capillary leveling of polymer nanofilms, we study the evolution of square-wave patterns at the free surface of a generic glass-forming binary Lennard-Jones mixture over a wide temperature range, by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The pattern's amplitude is monitored, and the associated decay rate is extracted. The evolution of the latter as a function of temperature exhibits a crossover between two distinct behaviors, over a temperature range typically bounded by the glass-transition temperature and the mode-coupling critical temperature. Layer-resolved analysis of the film particles' mean-squared displacements further shows that diffusion at the surface is considerably faster than in the bulk, below the glass-transition temperature. The diffusion coefficient of the surface particles is larger than its bulk counterpart by a factor that reaches 105 at the lowest temperature studied. This factor decreases upon heating, in agreement with recent experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tanis
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Théorique, UMR CNRS Gulliver 7083, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Kostas Karatasos
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , 54124 Thessaloniki , Greece.,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser , Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas , P.O. Box 1527, 711 10 Heraklion Crete , Greece
| | - Thomas Salez
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798 , F-33405 Talence , France.,Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-0808 , Japan
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18
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Inhibiting Surface Crystallization and Improving Dissolution of Amorphous Loratadine by Dextran Sulfate Nanocoating. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2391-2396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Chen Y, Chen Z, Tylinski M, Ediger MD, Yu L. Effect of molecular size and hydrogen bonding on three surface-facilitated processes in molecular glasses: Surface diffusion, surface crystal growth, and formation of stable glasses by vapor deposition. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:024502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5079441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yinshan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Zhenxuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Michael Tylinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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20
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Cheng S, McKenna GB. Nanoconfinement Effects on the Glass Transition and Crystallization Behaviors of Nifedipine. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:856-866. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sixue Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Whitacre College of Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3121, United States
| | - Gregory B. McKenna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Whitacre College of Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3121, United States
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21
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Chai Y, Raegen AN, Zhu S, Forrest JA. Crystallization of low molecular weight atactic polystyrene. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6883-6891. [PMID: 30087980 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00424b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We observe and characterize the crystallization of atactic polystyrenes (PS) of nearly oligomeric Mw using atomic force microscopy. We find that the low Mw polystyrene exhibits observable crystals on the surface. The crystals appear to be a few nm thick and nm to microns wide. These crystals grow at all temperatures less than ∼290 K. Melting of crystals was probed over an extended temperature range, and some fraction of the crystals start to melt at 302 K, but some fraction persist to higher temperatures and do not exhibit complete melting until 343 K. The tacticity of the molecules is tested with NMR spectroscopy and found to be atactic. We suggest that the crystals form due simply to the distribution of isomerism along the molecule which necessarily leaves some fraction of the molecules with uniform stereoregularity. This natural crystallinity may be related to previously observed and not definitively explained gel formation in atactic PS (a-PS), as well as cluster formation. The measurements are compared with the theory by Semenov (Macromolecules, 2009, 42, 6761) and together suggest that such crystallinity is possible over a wide range of polymerization index (N), and is limited only by the vanishingly small volume fractions and sluggish growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chai
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Adam N Raegen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Shipei Zhu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - James A Forrest
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. and Perimeter Institute of Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
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22
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Rautaniemi K, Vuorimaa-Laukkanen E, Strachan CJ, Laaksonen T. Crystallization Kinetics of an Amorphous Pharmaceutical Compound Using Fluorescence-Lifetime-Imaging Microscopy. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1964-1971. [PMID: 29584954 PMCID: PMC6150724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical scientists are increasingly interested in amorphous drug formulations especially because of their higher dissolution rates. Consequently, the thorough characterization and analysis of these formulations are becoming more and more important for the pharmaceutical industry. Here, fluorescence-lifetime-imaging microscopy (FLIM) was used to monitor the crystallization of an amorphous pharmaceutical compound, indomethacin. Initially, we identified different solid indomethacin forms, amorphous and γ- and α-crystalline, on the basis of their time-resolved fluorescence. All of the studied indomethacin forms showed biexponential decays with characteristic fluorescence lifetimes and amplitudes. Using this information, the crystallization of amorphous indomethacin upon storage in 60 °C was monitored for 10 days with FLIM. The progress of crystallization was detected as lifetime changes both in the FLIM images and in the fluorescence-decay curves extracted from the images. The fluorescence-lifetime amplitudes were used for quantitative analysis of the crystallization process. We also demonstrated that the fluorescence-lifetime distribution of the sample changed during crystallization, and when the sample was not moved between measuring times, the lifetime distribution could also be used for the analysis of the reaction kinetics. Our results clearly show that FLIM is a sensitive and nondestructive method for monitoring solid-state transformations on the surfaces of fluorescent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Rautaniemi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33720 Tampere , Finland
| | - Elina Vuorimaa-Laukkanen
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33720 Tampere , Finland
| | - Clare J Strachan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 E , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Bioengineering , Tampere University of Technology , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33720 Tampere , Finland
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23
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Teerakapibal R, Gui Y, Yu L. Gelatin Nano-coating for Inhibiting Surface Crystallization of Amorphous Drugs. Pharm Res 2018; 35:23. [PMID: 29305725 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibit the fast surface crystallization of amorphous drugs with gelatin nano-coatings. METHODS The free surface of amorphous films of indomethacin or nifedipine was coated by a gelatin solution (type A or B) and dried. The coating's effect on surface crystallization was evaluated. Coating thickness was estimated from mass change after coating. RESULTS For indomethacin (weak acid, pKa = 4.5), a gelatin coating of either type deposited at pH 5 and 10 inhibited its fast surface crystal growth. The coating thickness was 20 ± 10 nm. A gelatin coating deposited at pH 3, however, provided no protective effect. These results suggest that an effective gelatin coating does not require that the drug and the polymer have opposite charges. The ineffective pH 3 coating might reflect the poor wetting of indomethacin's neutral, hydrophobic surface by the coating solution. For nifedipine (weak base, pKa = 2.6), a gelatin coating of either type deposited at pH 5 inhibited its fast surface crystal growth. CONCLUSIONS Gelatin nano-coatings can be conveniently applied to amorphous drugs from solution to inhibit fast surface crystallization. Unlike strong polyelectrolyte coatings, a protective gelatin coating does not require strict pairing of opposite charges. This could make gelatin coating a versatile, pharmaceutically acceptable coating for stabilizing amorphous drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Gui
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA.
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24
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Huang C, Ruan S, Cai T, Yu L. Fast Surface Diffusion and Crystallization of Amorphous Griseofulvin. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9463-9468. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b07319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Huang
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Shigang Ruan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Ting Cai
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug
Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmaceutics, College
of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lian Yu
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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25
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Chen Y, Zhu M, Laventure A, Lebel O, Ediger MD, Yu L. Influence of Hydrogen Bonding on the Surface Diffusion of Molecular Glasses: Comparison of Three Triazines. J Phys Chem B 2017. [PMID: 28651429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b05333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Surface grating decay measurements have been performed on three closely related molecular glasses to study the effect of intermolecular hydrogen bonds on surface diffusion. The three molecules are derivatives of bis(3,5-dimethyl-phenylamino)-1,3,5-triazine and differ only in the functional group R at the 2-position, with R being C2H5, OCH3, and NHCH3, and referred to as "Et", "OMe", and "NHMe", respectively. Of the three molecules, NHMe forms more extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonds than Et and OMe and was found to have slower surface diffusion. For Et and OMe, surface diffusion is so fast that it replaces viscous flow as the mechanism of surface grating decay as temperature is lowered. In contrast, no such transition was observed for NHMe under the same conditions, indicating significantly slower surface diffusion. This result is consistent with the previous finding that extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonds slow down surface diffusion in molecular glasses and is attributed to the persistence of hydrogen bonds even in the surface environment. This result is also consistent with the lower stability of the vapor-deposited glass of NHMe relative to those of Et and OMe and supports the view that surface mobility controls the stability of vapor-deposited glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinshan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Men Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Audrey Laventure
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada , Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - Olivier Lebel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada , Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4, Canada
| | - M D Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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26
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Huang C, Powell CT, Sun Y, Cai T, Yu L. Effect of Low-Concentration Polymers on Crystal Growth in Molecular Glasses: A Controlling Role for Polymer Segmental Mobility Relative to Host Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:1963-1971. [PMID: 28140590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b11816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-concentration polymers can strongly influence crystal growth in small-molecule glasses, a phenomenon important for improving physical stability against crystallization. We measured the velocity of crystal growth in two molecular glasses, nifedipine (NIF) and o-terphenyl (OTP), each doped with four or five different polymers. For each polymer, the concentration was fixed at 1 wt % and a wide range of molecular weights was tested. We find that a polymer additive can strongly alter the rate of crystal growth, from a 10-fold reduction to a 10-fold increase. For a given polymer, increasing molecular weight slows down crystal growth and the effect saturates around DP = 100, where DP is the degree of polymerization. For all the systems studied, the polymer effect on crystal growth rate forms a master curve in the variable (Tg,polymer - Tg,host)/Tcryst, where Tg is the glass transition temperature and Tcryst is the crystallization temperature. These results support the view that a polymer's effect on crystal growth is controlled by its segmental mobility relative to the host-molecule dynamics. In the proposed model, crystal growth rejects impurities and creates local polymer-rich regions, which must be traversed by host molecules to sustain crystal growth at rates determined by polymer segmental mobility. Our results do not support the view that host-polymer hydrogen bonding plays a controlling role in crystal growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ting Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China
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27
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Ruan S, Zhang W, Sun Y, Ediger MD, Yu L. Surface diffusion and surface crystal growth of tris-naphthyl benzene glasses. J Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4960301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shigang Ruan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | | | - M. D. Ediger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Lian Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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28
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Chen Y, Zhang W, Yu L. Hydrogen Bonding Slows Down Surface Diffusion of Molecular Glasses. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:8007-15. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b05658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinshan Chen
- School of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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29
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Yu L. Surface mobility of molecular glasses and its importance in physical stability. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 100:3-9. [PMID: 26774328 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous molecular materials (molecular glasses) are useful for drug delivery, bio-preservation and organic electronics. A central issue in developing amorphous materials is the stability against crystallization and other transformations that can compromise material performance. We review recent progress in understanding the stability of molecular glasses, particularly the role for surface mobility. Surface diffusion in molecular glasses can be vastly faster than bulk diffusion. This high surface mobility enables fast crystal growth on the free surface. In this process, surface crystals grow upward and laterally, with the lateral growth rate being roughly proportional to surface diffusivity. Surface mobility also influences bulk crystal growth as the process can create fracture and free surfaces. During vapor deposition, surface mobility allows efficient equilibration of newly deposited molecules, producing low-energy, high-density glasses that are equivalent to liquid-cooled glasses aged for thousands of years. Free surfaces can accelerate chemical degradation of proteins. Measures for inhibiting surface-facilitated transformations include minimizing free surfaces, applying surface coatings, and preventing fracture.
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30
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Powell CT, Xi H, Sun Y, Gunn E, Chen Y, Ediger MD, Yu L. Fast Crystal Growth in o-Terphenyl Glasses: A Possible Role for Fracture and Surface Mobility. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:10124-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Travis Powell
- School of Pharmacy and Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Hanmi Xi
- School of Pharmacy and Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ye Sun
- School of Pharmacy and Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Erica Gunn
- School of Pharmacy and Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yinshan Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - M. D. Ediger
- School of Pharmacy and Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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31
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Zhang W, Brian CW, Yu L. Fast surface diffusion of amorphous o-terphenyl and its competition with viscous flow in surface evolution. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:5071-8. [PMID: 25803422 DOI: 10.1021/jp5127464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surface self-diffusion coefficients have been measured for the model molecular glass o-terphenyl (OTP) through surface-grating decay driven by capillarity. The decay mechanism transitions from viscous flow at high temperatures to surface diffusion at low temperatures; for 1000 nm wavelength gratings, the transition occurs at Tg + 11 K. The surface diffusion of OTP is 10(8) times faster than bulk diffusion at Tg and even faster at lower temperatures because of its weaker temperature dependence. At Tg, OTP has approximately the same bulk diffusivity as the previously studied molecular liquid indomethacin, but its surface diffusion is 100 times faster. While the molecular glass-formers exhibit transitions from viscous flow to surface diffusion as the mechanism of capillarity-driven surface flattening, polystyrenes and silicates show no such transition under comparable conditions, suggesting slower surface diffusion on these materials and a general dependence of surface diffusion on intermolecular forces. The velocity of surface crystal growth on molecular glasses is proportional to surface diffusivity, indicating a common kinetic barrier for both processes for temperatures below Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- †School of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Caleb W Brian
- †School of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- †School of Pharmacy and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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32
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Hasebe M, Musumeci D, Yu L. Fast Surface Crystallization of Molecular Glasses: Creation of Depletion Zones by Surface Diffusion and Crystallization Flux. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3304-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jp512400c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Hasebe
- School of Pharmacy and Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Daniele Musumeci
- School of Pharmacy and Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Lian Yu
- School of Pharmacy and Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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