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Camarillo M, Oller-Iscar J, M Conde M, Ramírez J, Sanz E. Effect of substrate mismatch, orientation, and flexibility on heterogeneous ice nucleation. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:134505. [PMID: 38557847 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous nucleation is the main path to ice formation on Earth. The ice nucleating ability of a certain substrate is mainly determined by both molecular interactions and the structural mismatch between the ice and the substrate lattices. We focus on the latter factor using molecular simulations of the mW model. Quantifying the effect of structural mismatch alone is challenging due to its coupling with molecular interactions. To disentangle both the factors, we use a substrate composed of water molecules in such a way that any variation on the nucleation temperature can be exclusively ascribed to the structural mismatch. We find that a 1% increase in structural mismatch leads to a decrease of ∼4 K in the nucleation temperature. We also analyze the effect of orientation of the substrate with respect to the liquid. The three main ice orientations (basal, primary prism, and secondary prism) have a similar ice nucleating ability. We finally assess the effect of lattice flexibility by comparing substrates where molecules are immobile to others where a certain freedom to fluctuate around the lattice positions is allowed. Interestingly, we find that the latter type of substrate is more efficient in nucleating ice because it can adapt its structure to that of ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Camarillo
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Oller-Iscar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M M Conde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Ramírez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Sanz
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Marak KE, Roebuck JH, Chong E, Poitras H, Freedman MA. Silica as a Model Ice-Nucleating Particle to Study the Effects of Crystallinity, Porosity, and Low-Density Surface Functional Groups on Immersion Freezing. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5965-5973. [PMID: 36027049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol particles can facilitate heterogeneous ice formation in the troposphere and stratosphere by acting as ice-nucleating particles, modulating cloud formation/dissipation, precipitation, and their microphysical properties. Heterogeneous ice nucleation is driven by ice embryo formation on the particle surface, which can be influenced by features of the surface such as crystallinity, surface structure, lattice structure, defects, and functional groups. To characterize the effect of crystallinity, pores, and surface functional groups toward ice nucleation, samples of comparable silica systems, specifically, quartz, ordered and nonordered porous amorphous silica samples with a range of pore sizes (2-11 nm), and nonporous functionalized silica spheres, were used as models for mineral dust aerosol particles. The ice nucleation activity of these samples was investigated by using an immersion freezing chamber. The results suggest that crystallinity has a larger effect than porosity on ice nucleation activity, as all of the porous silica samples investigated had lower onset freezing temperatures and lower ice nucleation activities than quartz. Our findings also suggest that pores alone are not sufficient to serve as effective active sites and need some additional chemical or physical property, like crystallinity, to nucleate ice in immersion mode freezing. The addition of a low density of organic functional groups to nonporous samples showed little enhancement compared to the inherent nucleation activity of silica with native surface hydroxyl groups. The density of functional groups investigated in this work suggests that a different arrangement of surface groups may be needed for enhanced immersion mode ice nucleation activity. In summary, crystallinity dictates the ice nucleation activity of silica samples rather than porosity or low-density surface functional groups. This work has broader implications regarding the climate impacts resulting from ice cloud formation.
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3
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Whale TF. Disordering effect of the ammonium cation accounts for anomalous enhancement of heterogeneous ice nucleation. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:144503. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0084635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous nucleation of ice from supercooled water is the process responsible for triggering nearly all ice formation in the natural environment. Understanding of heterogeneous ice nucleation is particularly key for understanding the formation of ice in clouds, which impacts weather and climate. While many effective ice nucleators are known the mechanisms of their actions remain poorly understood. Some inorganic nucleators have been found to nucleate ice at warmer temperatures in dilute ammonium solution than in pure water. This is surprising, analogous to salty water melting at a warmer temperature than pure water. Here, the magnitude of this effect is rationalized as being due to thermodynamically favorable ammonium-induced disordering of the hydrogen bond network of ice critical clusters formed on inorganic ice nucleators. Theoretical calculations are shown to be consistent with new experimental measurements aimed at finding the maximum magnitude of the effect. The implication of this study is that the ice-nucleating sites and surfaces of many inorganic ice nucleators are either polar or charged and therefore tend to induce formation of hydrogen ordered ice clusters. This work corroborates various literature reports indicating that some inorganic ice nucleators are most effective when nominally neutral and implies a commonality in mechanism between a wide range of inorganic ice nucleators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Whale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, United Kingdom
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4
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Fahy WD, Maters EC, Giese Miranda R, Adams MP, Jahn LG, Sullivan RC, Murray BJ. Volcanic ash ice nucleation activity is variably reduced by aging in water and sulfuric acid: the effects of leaching, dissolution, and precipitation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:85-99. [PMID: 35178522 PMCID: PMC8772422 DOI: 10.1039/d1ea00071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Volcanic ash nucleates ice when immersed in supercooled water droplets, giving it the potential to influence weather and climate from local to global scales. This ice nucleation activity (INA) is likely derived from a subset of the crystalline mineral phases in the ash. The INA of other mineral-based dusts can change when exposed to various gaseous and aqueous chemical species, many of which also interact with volcanic ash in the eruption plume and atmosphere. However, the effects of aqueous chemical aging on the INA of volcanic ash have not been explored. We show that the INA of two mineralogically distinct ash samples from Fuego and Astroni volcanoes is variably reduced following immersion in water or aqueous sulfuric acid for minutes to days. Aging in water decreases the INA of both ash samples by up to two orders of magnitude, possibly due to a reduction in surface crystallinity and cation availability accompanying leaching. Aging in sulfuric acid leads to minimal loss of INA for Fuego ash, which is proposed to reflect a quasi-equilibrium between leaching that removes ice-active sites and dissolution that reveals or creates new sites on the pyroxene phases present. Conversely, exposure to sulfuric acid reduces the INA of Astroni ash by one to two orders of magnitude, potentially through selective dissolution of ice-active sites associated with surface microtextures on some K-feldspar phases. Analysis of dissolved element concentrations in the aged ash leachates shows supersaturation of certain mineral species which could have precipitated and altered the INA of the ash. These results highlight the key role that leaching, dissolution, and precipitation likely play in the aqueous aging of volcanic ash with respect to its INA. Finally, we discuss the implications for understanding the nature and reactivity of ice-active sites on volcanic ash and its role in influencing cloud properties in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Fahy
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 USA
| | - Elena C Maters
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Rona Giese Miranda
- Faculty of Geosciences, Geoengineering, and Mining, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Michael P Adams
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Leif G Jahn
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 USA
| | - Ryan C Sullivan
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 USA
| | - Benjamin J Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
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5
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Barma MC, Peng Z, Moghtaderi B, Doroodchi E. Effects of drop size and salt concentration on the freezing temperature of supercooled drops of salt solutions. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Biswas B, Misra M, Bisht AS, Kumar SK, Kumaraswamy G. Colloidal assembly by directional ice templating. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4098-4108. [PMID: 33729269 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02057e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate directional ice templating of dilute aqueous colloidal particle dispersions and examine the nature of the assemblies that result. We coat micron-size polystyrene colloids with cross-linkable polymer (polyethyleneimine, PEI), add cross-linker, and subject this dispersion to unidirectional freezing. We work at sufficiently low colloid concentrations, such that the particles do not percolate on freezing. When the aqueous dispersion freezes, ice crystals force polymer-coated particles and cross-linker into close proximity. This results in the formation of cross-linked clusters of particles at ice crystal boundaries. We vary the particle volume fraction from φ ∼ 2.5 × 10-3 to φ ∼ 5.0 × 10-2 and observe that there is a transition from isolated single particles to increasingly large sized clusters. Most of the clusters formed under these conditions are either linear, two-particle wide chains, or sheet-like aggregates. The probability (Pn) of clusters containing n particles (n > 2) obeys a power law Pn ∼ n-η, where η strongly depends on the particle concentration in the dispersion, varying from 2.10 (for φ ∼ 5.0 × 10-2) to 3.03 (for φ ∼ 2.5 × 10-3). This change in η is qualitatively different from the case of isotropic freezing, where η is particle concentration-independent and depends only on the ice nucleation density. To understand the differences between isotropic and directional ice templating, we performed lattice simulations of a highly simplified model, where ice crystals grow at a constant rate to force clustering. We ignore hydrodynamic interactions and ice growth instabilities. Despite ignoring these experimental details, the simulations capture the experimental results, nearly quantitatively. As the ice crystals grow and the space available to the colloids "closes up" so that the particles cluster to form aggregates, crystallization protocol-induced differences in the geometry of these "closed up" spaces determine the scaling behaviour of Pn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipul Biswas
- Complex Fluid and Polymer Engineering, Polymer Science and Engineering, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune - 411008, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Mayank Misra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York 10027, USA.
| | - Anil Singh Bisht
- Complex Fluid and Polymer Engineering, Polymer Science and Engineering, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune - 411008, India. and Chemical Engineering, UPES-Dehradun, P.O. Bidholi Via-Prem Nagar, Dehradun-248007, India
| | - Sanat K Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York 10027, USA.
| | - Guruswamy Kumaraswamy
- Complex Fluid and Polymer Engineering, Polymer Science and Engineering, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune - 411008, India.
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7
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Mahilang M, Deb MK, Pervez S. Biogenic secondary organic aerosols: A review on formation mechanism, analytical challenges and environmental impacts. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127771. [PMID: 32799139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The review initiates with current state of information on the atmospheric reaction mechanism of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and its fate in the atmosphere. The plants release BVOCs, i.e., isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, which form secondary organic aerosols (SOA) upon oxidation. These oxidation reactions are primarily influenced by solar radiations along with other meteorological parameters viz.; temperature and relative humidity, therefore, the chemistry behind SOA formation is different during day than the night time. The review throws light upon the day and nighttime formation mechanism of SOA, recent advancements in the analytical techniques available for the measurements, and its impact on the environment. Studies have revealed that day time SOA formation is dominated by OH and O3, however, NOx initiated SOA production is dominated during night. The formation mechanism addresses that the gaseous products of VOCs are firstly formed and then partitioned over the pre-existing particles. New particle formation and biomass-derived aerosols are found to be responsible for enhanced SOA formation. 2-Dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (2D-GC/MS) is observed to be best for the analysis of organic aerosols. Radiative forcing (RF) SOA is observed to be a useful parameter to evaluate the environmental impacts of SOA and reviewed studies have shown mean RF in the ranges of -0.27 to +0.20 W m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithlesh Mahilang
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Manas Kanti Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India.
| | - Shamsh Pervez
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
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8
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Perkins RJ, Vazquez de Vasquez MG, Beasley EE, Hill TCJ, Stone EA, Allen HC, DeMott PJ. Relating Structure and Ice Nucleation of Mixed Surfactant Systems Relevant to Sea Spray Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8806-8821. [PMID: 32924483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ice nucleating particles (INPs) influence weather and climate by their effect on cloud phase state. Fatty alcohols present within aerosol particles confer a potentially important source of ice nucleation activity to sea spray aerosol produced in oceanic regions. However, their interactions with other aerosol components and the influence on freezing were previously largely unknown. Here, we report quantitative measurements of fatty alcohols in model sea spray aerosol and examine the relationships between the composition and structure of the surfactants and subphase in the context of these measurements. Deposited mixtures of surfactants retain the ability to nucleate ice, even in fatty acid-dominant compositions. Strong refreezing effects are also observed, where previously frozen water-surfactant samples nucleate more efficiently. Structural sources of refreezing behavior are identified as either kinetically trapped film states or three-dimensional (3D) solid surfactant particles. Salt effects are especially important for surfactant INPs, where high salt concentrations suppress freezing. A simple water uptake model suggests that surfactant-containing aerosol requires either very low salt content or kinetic trapping as solid particles to act as INPs in the atmosphere. These types of INPs could be identified through comparison of different INP instrument responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Perkins
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Maria G Vazquez de Vasquez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Emma E Beasley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas C J Hill
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Heather C Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Paul J DeMott
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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9
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Jin S, Liu Y, Deiseroth M, Liu J, Backus EHG, Li H, Xue H, Zhao L, Zeng XC, Bonn M, Wang J. Use of Ion Exchange To Regulate the Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation Efficiency of Mica. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17956-17965. [PMID: 32985179 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous ice nucleation (HIN) triggered by mineral surfaces typically exposed to various ions can have a significant impact on the regional atmosphere and climate. However, the dependence of HIN on the nature of the mineral surface ions is still largely unexplored due to the complexity of mineral surfaces. Because K+ on the atomically flat (001) surface of mica can be readily replaced by different cations through ion exchange, muscovite mica was selected; its simple nature provides a very straightforward system that can serve as the model for investigating the effects of mineral surface ions on HIN. Our experiments show that the surface (001) of H+-exchanged mica displays markedly higher HIN efficiencies than that of Na-/K-mica. Vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy reveals that H-mica induces substantially less orientation ordering than Na-/K-mica within the contact water layer at the interface. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the HIN efficiency of mica depends on the positional arrangement and orientation of the interfacial water. The formation of the hexagonal ice Ih basal-type structure in the first water layer atop the mica surface facilitates HIN, which is determined by the size of the protruding ions atop the mica surface and by the surface adsorption energy. The orientational distribution is optimal for HIN when 25% of the water molecules in the first water layer atop the mica surface have one OH group pointing up and 25% have one OH group pointing down, which, in turn, is determined by the surface charge distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Malte Deiseroth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ellen H G Backus
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Han Xue
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lishan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Ogawa S, Osanai S. Solute- and concentration-dependent heterogeneous ice nucleation behaviors in AgI composite water droplets. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Is the combination of two particles with different degrees of hydrophobicity an alternative method for tuning the average particle hydrophobicity? J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Ren Y, Bertram AK, Patey GN. Effects of Inorganic Ions on Ice Nucleation by the Al Surface of Kaolinite Immersed in Water. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:4605-4618. [PMID: 32392065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to investigate the influence of inorganic salts on ice nucleation by the Al surface of kaolinite, terminated with hydroxyl groups. Seven salt solutions (LiI(Cl), NaI(Cl), KI(Cl), and NH4I) are considered. Simulations were performed at 300 K to obtain equilibrium surface-ion and surface-water density profiles. These simulations show no specific ion adsorption at the kaolinite surface. There are weak surface-ion correlations, with cations preferring to be closer to the surface than the anions. At a supercooling of 26 K (taking account of freezing point depression), 1 M salt solutions slowed ice nucleation by a factor of 2-3 compared with pure water and significantly reduced the rate of ice growth after nucleation. All salt solutions had similar influences on ice nucleation, and no specific ion effects were identified. Ice nucleation simulations for 1 M NaI(Cl), KI(Cl), and LiI solutions were performed for a range of temperatures. In all cases, the supercooling required for ice nucleation was larger by ∼1-6 K, after accounting for freezing point depression, than that required for pure water. For 1 M LiI solution an earlier laboratory study using kaolin as ice nucleating particles (INP) reported that the supercooling required for ice nucleation was ∼11 K smaller than that required for pure water. Our simulation results are not consistent with this finding. In this paper, we report new laboratory results for 1 M LiI solution employing kaolinite as INP. In our experiments ice nucleation in the LiI solution required the same supercooling as pure water, which is more consistent with our simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Allan K Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - G N Patey
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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13
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Impact of Processing Factors on Quality of Frozen Vegetables and Fruits. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-020-09216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn this paper I review the production of frozen vegetables and fruits from a chain perspective. I argue that the final quality of the frozen product still can be improved via (a) optimization of the complete existing production chain towards quality, and/or (b) introduction of some promising novel processing technology. For this optimization, knowledge is required how all processing steps impact the final quality. Hence, first I review physicochemical and biochemical processes underlying the final quality, such as water holding capacity, ice crystal growth and mechanical damage. Subsequently, I review how each individual processing step impacts the final quality via these fundamental physicochemical and biochemical processes. In this review of processing steps, I also review the potential of novel processing technologies. The results of our literature review are summarized via a causal network, linking processing steps, fundamental physicochemical and biochemical processes, and their correlation with final product quality. I conclude that there is room for optimization of the current production chains via matching processing times with time scales of the fundamental physicochemical and biochemical processes. Regarding novel processing technology, it is concluded in general that they are difficult to implement in the context of existing production chains. I do see the potential for novel processing technology combined with process intensification, incorporating the blanching pretreatment—but which involves quite a change of the production chain.
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14
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Sun CQ, Huang Y, Zhang X. Hydration of Hofmeister ions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 268:1-24. [PMID: 30921543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Water dissolves salt into ions and then hydrates the ions to form an aqueous solution. Hydration of ions deforms the hydrogen bonding network and triggers the solution with what the pure water never shows such as conductivity, molecular diffusivity, thermal stability, surface stress, solubility, and viscosity, having enormous impact to many branches in biochemistry, chemistry, physics, and energy and environmental industry sectors. However, regulations for the solute-solute-solvent interactions are still open for exploration. From the perspective of the screened ionic polarization and O:H-O bond relaxation, this treatise features the recent progress and a perspective in understanding the hydration dynamics of Hofmeister ions in the typical YI, NaX, ZX2, and NaT salt solutions (Y = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; X = F, Cl, Br, I; Z = Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr; T = ClO4, NO3, HSO4, SCN). Phonon spectrometric analysis turned out the f(C) number fraction of bonds transition from the mode of deionized water to the hydrating. The linear f(C) ∝ C form features the invariant hydration volume of small cations that are fully-screened by their hydration H2O dipoles. The nonlinear f(C) ∝ 1 - exp.(-C/C0) form describes that the number insufficiency of the ordered hydrating H2O dipoles partially screens the anions. Molecular anions show stronger yet shorter electric field of dipoles. The screened ionic polarization, inter-solute interaction, and O:H-O bond transition unify the solution conductivity, surface stress, viscosity, and critical energies for phase transition.
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15
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Sippola H, Taskinen P. Activity of Supercooled Water on the Ice Curve and Other Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Water up to the Boiling Point at Standard Pressure. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA 2018; 63:2986-2998. [PMID: 30258249 PMCID: PMC6150672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.8b00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A simple model for thermodynamic properties of water from subzero temperatures up to 373 K was derived at ambient pressure. The heat capacity of supercooled water was assessed as lambda transition. The obtained properties for supercooled water such as heat capacity, vapor pressure, density and thermal expansion are in excellent agreement with literature data. Activity of water on ice curve, independent of used electrolyte and Debye-Hückel constant applied in modeling, is also calculated. Thus, the ice curve activity of supercooled water can be used as a universal basis for thermodynamic modeling of aqueous solutions, precipitating hydrated and anhydrous solids. A simple model for heat capacity, density and thermal expansion of ice are also derived from 170 K up to melting point.
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16
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Singha SK, Das PK, Maiti B. Influence of Salinity on the Mechanism of Surface Icing: Implication to the Disappearing Freezing Singularity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:9064-9071. [PMID: 29996655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of salinity on surface icing has been investigated experimentally. Water droplets with a variable salinity are deposited on a cold polished copper substrate. Distinctive two-stage freezing, which can be seen in case of pure water, is not observed in heterogeneous freezing of saltwater droplets. Interestingly, the final freezing stage commences before the initial freezing front completely traverses the saline droplet. A considerable increase in delay for heterogeneous ice nucleation is observed with the increasing salinity. The reduction in the associated degree of metastability due to the depression in the freezing point of the bulk solution and the increase in the nucleation barrier due to the appearance of the solvation shells that are formed around the ions are two possible causes of this nucleation delay. Moreover, the solidification time associated with surface icing increases considerably with the increasing salinity. Because of the insolubility of salt in ice, the salt ions are rejected to the entrapped water in the ice scaffold locally and to the bulk unfrozen water explicitly. This collective implicit and explicit modes of brine rejection contributes to the overall slowdown of freezing of the saline water droplets. From the phase diagram, it can be found that the complete solidification of water within the saline droplet is not possible when the substrate temperature is in between the eutectic temperature and the equilibrium freezing temperature. As a result, the relative magnitude of tip singularity during freezing reduces considerably with the increasing salinity due to the increase in unfrozen water content within the droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanat Kumar Singha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721302 , India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721302 , India
| | - Biswajit Maiti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , Kharagpur 721302 , India
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17
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Whale TF, Holden MA, Wilson TW, O'Sullivan D, Murray BJ. The enhancement and suppression of immersion mode heterogeneous ice-nucleation by solutes. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4142-4151. [PMID: 29780544 PMCID: PMC5941198 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous nucleation of ice from aqueous solutions is an important yet poorly understood process in multiple fields, not least the atmospheric sciences where it impacts the formation and properties of clouds. In the atmosphere ice-nucleating particles are usually, if not always, mixed with soluble material. However, the impact of this soluble material on ice nucleation is poorly understood. In the atmospheric community the current paradigm for freezing under mixed phase cloud conditions is that dilute solutions will not influence heterogeneous freezing. By testing combinations of nucleators and solute molecules we have demonstrated that 0.015 M solutions (predicted melting point depression <0.1 °C) of several ammonium salts can cause suspended particles of feldspars and quartz to nucleate ice up to around 3 °C warmer than they do in pure water. In contrast, dilute solutions of certain alkali metal halides can dramatically depress freezing points for the same nucleators. At 0.015 M, solutes can enhance or deactivate the ice-nucleating ability of a microcline feldspar across a range of more than 10 °C, which corresponds to a change in active site density of more than a factor of 105. This concentration was chosen for a survey across multiple solutes-nucleant combinations since it had a minimal colligative impact on freezing and is relevant for activating cloud droplets. Other nucleators, for instance a silica gel, are unaffected by these 'solute effects', to within experimental uncertainty. This split in response to the presence of solutes indicates that different mechanisms of ice nucleation occur on the different nucleators or that surface modification of relevance to ice nucleation proceeds in different ways for different nucleators. These solute effects on immersion mode ice nucleation may be of importance in the atmosphere as sea salt and ammonium sulphate are common cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) for cloud droplets and are internally mixed with ice-nucleating particles in mixed-phase clouds. In addition, we propose a pathway dependence where activation of CCN at low temperatures might lead to enhanced ice formation relative to pathways where CCN activation occurs at higher temperatures prior to cooling to nucleation temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Whale
- School of Earth and Environment , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , UK .
| | - Mark A Holden
- School of Earth and Environment , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , UK .
- School of Chemistry , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS29JT , UK
| | - Theodore W Wilson
- School of Earth and Environment , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , UK .
| | - Daniel O'Sullivan
- School of Earth and Environment , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , UK .
| | - Benjamin J Murray
- School of Earth and Environment , University of Leeds , Leeds , LS2 9JT , UK .
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18
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Abstract
Homogeneous ice nucleation needs supercooling of more than 35 K to become effective. When pressure is applied to water, the melting and the freezing points both decrease. Conversely, melting and freezing temperatures increase under negative pressure, i.e. when water is stretched. This study presents an extrapolation of homogeneous ice nucleation temperatures from positive to negative pressures as a basis for further exploration of ice nucleation under negative pressure. It predicts that increasing negative pressure at temperatures below about 262 K eventually results in homogeneous ice nucleation while at warmer temperature homogeneous cavitation, i. e. bubble nucleation, dominates. Negative pressure occurs locally and briefly when water is stretched due to mechanical shock, sonic waves, or fragmentation. The occurrence of such transient negative pressure should suffice to trigger homogeneous ice nucleation at large supercooling in the absence of ice-nucleating surfaces. In addition, negative pressure can act together with ice-inducing surfaces to enhance their intrinsic ice nucleation efficiency. Dynamic ice nucleation can be used to improve properties and uniformity of frozen products by applying ultrasonic fields and might also be relevant for the freezing of large drops in rainclouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Marcolli
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Elliott GD, Wang S, Fuller BJ. Cryoprotectants: A review of the actions and applications of cryoprotective solutes that modulate cell recovery from ultra-low temperatures. Cryobiology 2017; 76:74-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Dreischmeier K, Budke C, Wiehemeier L, Kottke T, Koop T. Boreal pollen contain ice-nucleating as well as ice-binding 'antifreeze' polysaccharides. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41890. [PMID: 28157236 PMCID: PMC5291224 DOI: 10.1038/srep41890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ice nucleation and growth is an important and widespread environmental process. Accordingly, nature has developed means to either promote or inhibit ice crystal formation, for example ice-nucleating proteins in bacteria or ice-binding antifreeze proteins in polar fish. Recently, it was found that birch pollen release ice-nucleating macromolecules when suspended in water. Here we show that birch pollen washing water exhibits also ice-binding properties such as ice shaping and ice recrystallization inhibition, similar to antifreeze proteins. We present spectroscopic evidence that both the ice-nucleating as well as the ice-binding molecules are polysaccharides bearing carboxylate groups. The spectra suggest that both polysaccharides consist of very similar chemical moieties, but centrifugal filtration indicates differences in molecular size: ice nucleation occurs only in the supernatant of a 100 kDa filter, while ice shaping is strongly enhanced in the filtrate. This finding may suggest that the larger ice-nucleating polysaccharides consist of clusters of the smaller ice-binding polysaccharides, or that the latter are fragments of the ice-nucleating polysaccharides. Finally, similar polysaccharides released from pine and alder pollen also display both ice-nucleating as well as ice-binding ability, suggesting a common mechanism of interaction with ice among several boreal pollen with implications for atmospheric processes and antifreeze protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dreischmeier
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Chemistry, Atmospheric and Physical Chemistry, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Carsten Budke
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Chemistry, Atmospheric and Physical Chemistry, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lars Wiehemeier
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Chemistry, Atmospheric and Physical Chemistry, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Koop
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Chemistry, Atmospheric and Physical Chemistry, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Bielefeld University, Center for Molecular Materials, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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21
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Collier KN, Brooks SD. Role of Organic Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Ice Formation via Contact Freezing. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:10169-10180. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b11890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N. Collier
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sarah D. Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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22
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Weng L, Tessier SN, Smith K, Edd JF, Stott SL, Toner M. Bacterial Ice Nucleation in Monodisperse D2O and H2O-in-Oil Emulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:9229-36. [PMID: 27495973 PMCID: PMC5501280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ice nucleation is of fundamental significance in many areas, including atmospheric science, food technology, and cryobiology. In this study, we investigated the ice-nucleation characteristics of picoliter-sized drops consisting of different D2O and H2O mixtures with and without the ice-nucleating bacteria Pseudomonas syringae. We also studied the effects of commonly used cryoprotectants such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and trehalose on the nucleation characteristics of D2O and H2O mixtures. The results show that the median freezing temperature of the suspension containing 1 mg/mL of a lyophilized preparation of P. syringae is as high as -4.6 °C for 100% D2O, compared to -8.9 °C for 100% H2O. As the D2O concentration increases every 25% (v/v), the profile of the ice-nucleation kinetics of D2O + H2O mixtures containing 1 mg/mL Snomax shifts by about 1 °C, suggesting an ideal mixing behavior of D2O and H2O. Furthermore, all of the cryoprotectants investigated in this study are found to depress the freezing phenomenon. Both the homogeneous and heterogeneous freezing temperatures of these aqueous solutions depend on the water activity and are independent of the nature of the solute. These findings enrich our fundamental knowledge of D2O-related ice nucleation and suggest that the combination of D2O and ice-nucleating agents could be a potential self-ice-nucleating formulation. The implications of self-nucleation include a higher, precisely controlled ice seeding temperature for slow freezing that would significantly improve the viability of many ice-assisted cryopreservation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindong Weng
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Shannon N. Tessier
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Kyle Smith
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Jon F. Edd
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Shannon L. Stott
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, BioMEMS Resource Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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23
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The decisive role of free water in determining homogenous ice nucleation behavior of aqueous solutions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26831. [PMID: 27225427 PMCID: PMC4881027 DOI: 10.1038/srep26831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a challenging issue to quantitatively characterize how the solute and pressure affect the homogeneous ice nucleation in a supercooled solution. By measuring the glass transition behavior of solutions, a universal feature of water-content dependence of glass transition temperature is recognized, which can be used to quantify hydration water in solutions. The amount of free water can then be determined for water-rich solutions, whose mass fraction, Xf, is found to serve as a universal relevant parameter for characterizing the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature, the meting temperature of primary ice, and even the water activity of solutions of electrolytes and smaller organic molecules. Moreover, the effects of hydrated solute and pressure on ice nucleation is comparable, and the pressure, when properly scaled, can be incorporated into the universal parameter Xf. These results help establish the decisive role of free water in determining ice nucleation and other relevant properties of aqueous solutions.
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24
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Saltwater icephobicity: Influence of surface chemistry on saltwater icing. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17563. [PMID: 26626958 PMCID: PMC4667180 DOI: 10.1038/srep17563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies on icephobicity focus on ice formation with pure water. This manuscript presents studies to understand the influence of surfaces on saltwater ice nucleation and propagation. Experiments are conducted to quantify the influence of surface chemistry on saltwater ice nucleation and to understand the utility of superhydrophobic surfaces for saltwater icephobicity. These experiments are conducted with pure water and two sodium chloride solutions, which represent the salinity of seawater and briny produced water. It is seen that the presence of salt slows down the ice front propagation velocity significantly. Saltwater droplet impact dynamics on superhydrophobic surfaces are also different from pure water. Saltwater droplets retract more and a greater fraction of impacting liquid is repelled from the superhydrophobic surface. It is seen that the greater bounciness of saltwater droplets is a result of slower ice nucleation propagation kinetics. These experiments indicate that superhydrophobic surfaces will have better resistance to impact icing with saltwater than pure water and can remain useful at temperatures as low as −40 °C. Overall, this work is a starting point for further studies on heterogeneous nucleation in saltwater and serves as a bridge between the widely studied freshwater icephobic surfaces and saltwater-related applications.
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25
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Fitzner M, Sosso GC, Cox SJ, Michaelides A. The Many Faces of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation: Interplay Between Surface Morphology and Hydrophobicity. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13658-69. [PMID: 26434775 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
What makes a material a good ice nucleating agent? Despite the importance of heterogeneous ice nucleation to a variety of fields, from cloud science to microbiology, major gaps in our understanding of this ubiquitous process still prevent us from answering this question. In this work, we have examined the ability of generic crystalline substrates to promote ice nucleation as a function of the hydrophobicity and the morphology of the surface. Nucleation rates have been obtained by brute-force molecular dynamics simulations of coarse-grained water on top of different surfaces of a model fcc crystal, varying the water-surface interaction and the surface lattice parameter. It turns out that the lattice mismatch of the surface with respect to ice, customarily regarded as the most important requirement for a good ice nucleating agent, is at most desirable but not a requirement. On the other hand, the balance between the morphology of the surface and its hydrophobicity can significantly alter the ice nucleation rate and can also lead to the formation of up to three different faces of ice on the same substrate. We have pinpointed three circumstances where heterogeneous ice nucleation can be promoted by the crystalline surface: (i) the formation of a water overlayer that acts as an in-plane template; (ii) the emergence of a contact layer buckled in an ice-like manner; and (iii) nucleation on compact surfaces with very high interaction strength. We hope that this extensive systematic study will foster future experimental work aimed at testing the physiochemical understanding presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fitzner
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Thomas Young Centre, University College London , 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele C Sosso
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Thomas Young Centre, University College London , 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Cox
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Thomas Young Centre, University College London , 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Thomas Young Centre, University College London , 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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26
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Stabilization of highly concentrated emulsions with oversaturated dispersed phase: Effect of surfactant/particle ratio. Chem Eng Res Des 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Knopf DA, Alpert PA. A water activity based model of heterogeneous ice nucleation kinetics for freezing of water and aqueous solution droplets. Faraday Discuss 2014; 165:513-34. [PMID: 24601020 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00035d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immersion freezing of water and aqueous solutions by particles acting as ice nuclei (IN) is a common process of heterogeneous ice nucleation which occurs in many environments, especially in the atmosphere where it results in the glaciation of clouds. Here we experimentally show, using a variety of IN types suspended in various aqueous solutions, that immersion freezing temperatures and kinetics can be described solely by temperature, T, and solution water activity, a(w), which is the ratio of the vapour pressure of the solution and the saturation water vapour pressure under the same conditions and, in equilibrium, equivalent to relative humidity (RH). This allows the freezing point and corresponding heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficient, J(het), to be uniquely expressed by T and a(w), a result we term the a(w) based immersion freezing model (ABIFM). This method is independent of the nature of the solute and accounts for several varying parameters, including cooling rate and IN surface area, while providing a holistic description of immersion freezing and allowing prediction of freezing temperatures, J(het), frozen fractions, ice particle production rates and numbers. Our findings are based on experimental freezing data collected for various IN surface areas, A, and cooling rates, r, of droplets variously containing marine biogenic material, two soil humic acids, four mineral dusts, and one organic monolayer acting as IN. For all investigated IN types we demonstrate that droplet freezing temperatures increase as A increases. Similarly, droplet freezing temperatures increase as the cooling rate decreases. The log10(J(het)) values for the various IN types derived exclusively by Tand a(w), provide a complete description of the heterogeneous ice nucleation kinetics. Thus, the ABIFM can be applied over the entire range of T, RH, total particulate surface area, and cloud activation timescales typical of atmospheric conditions. Lastly, we demonstrate that ABIFM can be used to derive frozen fractions of droplets and ice particle production for atmospheric models of cirrus and mixed phase cloud conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA.
| | - Peter A Alpert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA
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28
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Lupi L, Molinero V. Does Hydrophilicity of Carbon Particles Improve Their Ice Nucleation Ability? J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:7330-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4118375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lupi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt
Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Valeria Molinero
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt
Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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29
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Lupi L, Hudait A, Molinero V. Heterogeneous nucleation of ice on carbon surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:3156-64. [PMID: 24495074 DOI: 10.1021/ja411507a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols can promote the heterogeneous nucleation of ice, impacting the radiative properties of clouds and Earth's climate. The experimental investigation of heterogeneous freezing of water droplets by carbonaceous particles reveals widespread ice freezing temperatures. It is not known which structural and chemical characteristics of soot account for the variability in ice nucleation efficiency. Here we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the nucleation of ice from liquid water in contact with graphitic surfaces. We find that atomically flat carbon surfaces promote heterogeneous nucleation of ice, while molecularly rough surfaces with the same hydrophobicity do not. Graphitic surfaces and other surfaces that promote ice nucleation induce layering in the interfacial water, suggesting that the order imposed by the surface on liquid water may play an important role in the heterogeneous nucleation mechanism. We investigate a large set of graphitic surfaces of various dimensions and radii of curvature and find that variations in nanostructures alone could account for the spread in the freezing temperatures of ice on soot in experiments. We conclude that a characterization of the nanostructure of soot is needed to predict its ice nucleation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lupi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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30
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31
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Wilson PW, Haymet ADJ. The Spread of Nucleation Temperatures of a Sample of Supercooled Liquid Is Independent of the Average Nucleation Temperature. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:13472-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp308177b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. W. Wilson
- School of Life and Environmental
Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1
Tennodai, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - A. D. J. Haymet
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, San Diego, California 92093-0210, United
States
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32
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Wang B, Laskin A, Roedel T, Gilles MK, Moffet RC, Tivanski AV, Knopf DA. Heterogeneous ice nucleation and water uptake by field-collected atmospheric particles below 273 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Murray BJ, O'Sullivan D, Atkinson JD, Webb ME. Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6519-54. [PMID: 22932664 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of ice particles in the Earth's atmosphere strongly affects the properties of clouds and their impact on climate. Despite the importance of ice formation in determining the properties of clouds, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) was unable to assess the impact of atmospheric ice formation in their most recent report because our basic knowledge is insufficient. Part of the problem is the paucity of quantitative information on the ability of various atmospheric aerosol species to initiate ice formation. Here we review and assess the existing quantitative knowledge of ice nucleation by particles immersed within supercooled water droplets. We introduce aerosol species which have been identified in the past as potentially important ice nuclei and address their ice-nucleating ability when immersed in a supercooled droplet. We focus on mineral dusts, biological species (pollen, bacteria, fungal spores and plankton), carbonaceous combustion products and volcanic ash. In order to make a quantitative comparison we first introduce several ways of describing ice nucleation and then summarise the existing information according to the time-independent (singular) approximation. Using this approximation in combination with typical atmospheric loadings, we estimate the importance of ice nucleation by different aerosol types. According to these estimates we find that ice nucleation below about -15 °C is dominated by soot and mineral dusts. Above this temperature the only materials known to nucleate ice are biological, with quantitative data for other materials absent from the literature. We conclude with a summary of the challenges our community faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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34
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Knopf DA, Forrester SM. Freezing of water and aqueous NaCl droplets coated by organic monolayers as a function of surfactant properties and water activity. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5579-91. [PMID: 21568271 DOI: 10.1021/jp2014644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study presents heterogeneous ice nucleation from water and aqueous NaCl droplets coated by 1-nonadecanol and 1-nonadecanoic acid monolayers as a function of water activity (a(w)) from 0.8 to 1 accompanied by measurements of the corresponding pressure-area isotherms and equilibrium spreading pressures. For water and aqueous NaCl solutions of ~0-20 wt % in concentration, 1-nonadecanol exhibits a condensed phase, whereas the phase of 1-nonadecanoic acid changes from an expanded to a condensed state with increasing NaCl content of the aqueous subphase. 1-Nonadecanol-coated aqueous droplets exhibit the highest median freezing temperatures that can be described by a shift in a(w) of the ice melting curve by 0.098 according to the a(w)-based ice nucleation approach. This freezing curve represents a heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficient (J(het)) of 0.85 ± 0.30 cm(-2) s(-1). The median freezing temperatures of 1-nonadecanoic acid-coated aqueous droplets decrease less with increasing NaCl content compared to the homogeneous freezing temperatures. This trend in freezing temperature is best described by a linear function in a(w) and not by the a(w)-based ice nucleation approach most likely due to an increased ice nucleation efficiency of 1-nonadecanoic acid governed by the monolayer state. This freezing curve represents J(het) = 0.46 ± 0.16 cm(-2) s(-1). Contact angles (α) for 1-nonadecanol- and 1-nonadecanoic acid-coated aqueous droplets increase as temperature decreases for each droplet composition, but absolute values depend on employed water diffusivity and the interfacial energies of the ice embryo. A parametrization of log[J(het)(Δa(w))] is presented which allows prediction of freezing temperatures and heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficients for water and aqueous NaCl droplets coated by 1-nonadecanol without knowledge of the droplet's composition and α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA.
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35
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Jamil A, Caubet S, Grassl B, Kousksou T, El Omari K, Zeraouli Y, Le Guer Y. Thermal properties of non-crystallizable oil-in-water highly concentrated emulsions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Xiao S, Bertram AK. Reactive uptake kinetics of NO3 on multicomponent and multiphase organic mixtures containing unsaturated and saturated organics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:6628-36. [PMID: 21369605 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02682d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the reactive uptake of NO(3) (an important night-time oxidant in the atmosphere) on binary mixtures containing an unsaturated organic (methyl oleate) and saturated molecules (diethyl sebacate, dioctyl sebacate, and squalane) which we call matrix molecules. These studies were carried out to better understand the reactivity of unsaturated organics in multicomponent and multiphase atmospheric particles. For liquid binary mixtures the reactivity of methyl oleate depended on the matrix molecule. Assuming a bulk reaction, H(matrix)√(D(matrix)k(oleate)) varied by a factor of 2.7, and assuming a surface reaction H(matrix)(S)K(matrix)(S)k(oleate)(S) varied by a factor of 3.6, where H(matrix)√(D(matrix)k(oleate) and H(matrix)(S)K(matrix)(S)k(oleate)(S) are constants extracted from the data using the resistor model. For solid-liquid mixtures, the reactive uptake coefficient depended on exposure time: the uptake decreased by a factor of 10 after exposure to NO(3) for approximately 90 min. By assuming either a bulk or surface reaction, the atmospheric lifetime of methyl oleate in different matrices was estimated for moderately polluted atmospheric conditions. For all liquid mixtures, the lifetime was in the order of a few minutes (with an upper limit of 35 min). These lifetimes can be used as lower limits to the lifetimes in semi-solid mixtures. Our studies emphasize that the lifetime of unsaturated organics (similar to methyl oleate) is likely short if the particle matrix is in a liquid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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37
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Alpert PA, Aller JY, Knopf DA. Initiation of the ice phase by marine biogenic surfaces in supersaturated gas and supercooled aqueous phases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19882-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21844a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Barahona D, Rodriguez J, Nenes A. Sensitivity of the global distribution of cirrus ice crystal concentration to heterogeneous freezing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Wilson PW, Osterday KE, Heneghan AF, Haymet ADJ. Type I antifreeze proteins enhance ice nucleation above certain concentrations. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:34741-5. [PMID: 20837472 PMCID: PMC2966089 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.171983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects that antifreeze proteins have on the supercooling and ice-nucleating abilities of aqueous solutions. Very little information on such nucleation currently exists. Using an automated lag time apparatus and a new analysis, we show several dilution series of Type I antifreeze proteins. Our results indicate that, above a concentration of ∼8 mg/ml, ice nucleation is enhanced rather than hindered. We discuss this unexpected result and present a new hypothesis outlining three components of polar fish blood that we believe affect its solution properties in certain situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Wilson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
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40
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Chernoff DI, Bertram AK. Effects of sulfate coatings on the ice nucleation properties of a biological ice nucleus and several types of minerals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Drelich A, Gomez F, Clausse D, Pezron I. Evolution of water-in-oil emulsions stabilized with solid particles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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42
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Ogawa S, Koga M, Osanai S. Anomalous ice nucleation behavior in aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solutions. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Wilson PW, Haymet ADJ. Effect of solutes on the heterogeneous nucleation temperature of supercooled water: an experimental determination. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:2679-82. [DOI: 10.1039/b817585c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Koop T, Zobrist B. Parameterizations for ice nucleation in biological and atmospheric systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:10839-50. [DOI: 10.1039/b914289d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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45
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Sigurbjörnsson ÓF, Firanescu G, Signorell R. Vibrational exciton coupling as a probe for phase transitions and shape changes of fluoroform aerosol particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:187-94. [DOI: 10.1039/b813756k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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