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Lei Z, Chen B, Brooks SD. Effect of Acidity on Ice Nucleation by Inorganic-Organic Mixed Droplets. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:2562-2573. [PMID: 38148991 PMCID: PMC10749479 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol acidity significantly influences heterogeneous chemical reactions and human health. Additionally, acidity may play a role in cloud formation by modifying the ice nucleation properties of inorganic and organic aerosols. In this work, we combined our well-established ice nucleation technique with Raman microspectroscopy to study ice nucleation in representative inorganic and organic aerosols across a range of pH conditions (pH -0.1 to 5.5). Homogeneous nucleation was observed in systems containing ammonium sulfate, sulfuric acid, and sucrose. In contrast, droplets containing ammonium sulfate mixed with diethyl sebacate, poly(ethylene glycol) 400, and 1,2,6-hexanetriol were found to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, exhibiting core-shell morphologies with observed initiation of heterogeneous freezing in the cores. Our experimental findings demonstrate that an increased acidity reduces the ice nucleation ability of droplets. Changes in the ratio of bisulfate to sulfate coincided with shifts in ice nucleation temperatures, suggesting that the presence of bisulfate may decrease the ice nucleation efficiency. We also report on how the morphology and viscosity impact ice nucleation properties. This study aims to enhance our fundamental understanding of acidity's effect on ice nucleation ability, providing context for the role of acidity in atmospheric ice cloud formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Lei
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Sarah D. Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric
Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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2
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Rafferty A, Vennes B, Bain A, Preston TC. Optical trapping and light scattering in atmospheric aerosol science. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7066-7089. [PMID: 36852581 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol particles are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, and currently contribute a large uncertainty to climate models. Part of the endeavour to reduce this uncertainty takes the form of improving our understanding of aerosol at the microphysical level, thus enabling chemical and physical processes to be more accurately represented in larger scale models. In addition to modeling efforts, there is a need to develop new instruments and methodologies to interrogate the physicochemical properties of aerosol. This perspective presents the development, theory, and application of optical trapping, a powerful tool for single particle investigations of aerosol. After providing an overview of the role of aerosol in Earth's atmosphere and the microphysics of these particles, we present a brief history of optical trapping and a more detailed look at its application to aerosol particles. We also compare optical trapping to other single particle techniques. Understanding the interaction of light with single particles is essential for interpreting experimental measurements. In the final part of this perspective, we provide the relevant formalism for understanding both elastic and inelastic light scattering for single particles. The developments discussed here go beyond Mie theory and include both how particle and beam shape affect spectra. Throughout the entirety of this work, we highlight numerous references and examples, mostly from the last decade, of the application of optical trapping to systems that are relevant to the atmospheric aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Vennes
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Alison Bain
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Thomas C Preston
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Yao Y, Alpert PA, Zuend A, Wang B. Does liquid-liquid phase separation impact ice nucleation in mixed polyethylene glycol and ammonium sulfate droplets? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 25:80-95. [PMID: 36281770 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04407b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Particles can undergo different phase transitions in the atmosphere including deliquescence, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), melting, and freezing. In this study, phase transitions of particles/droplets containing polyethylene glycol with a molar mass of 400 g mol-1 (PEG400) and ammonium sulfate (AS), i.e., PEG400-AS particles/droplets, were investigated at different organic-to-inorganic dry mass ratios (OIRs) under typical tropospheric temperatures and water activities (aw). The investigated droplets (60-100 μm) with or without LLPS in the closed system froze through homogeneous ice nucleation. At temperatures lower than 200 K, multiple ice nucleation events were observed within the same individual droplets at low aw. Droplets with and without LLPS shared similar lambda values at the same OIR according to the lambda approach indicating they form ice through the same mechanism. A parameterization of lambda values was provided which can be used to predict freezing temperature of aqueous PEG400-AS droplets. We found that adding AS reduces the temperature dependence of aw in aqueous PEG400 droplets. Assuming incorrectly that aw is temperature-independent for a constant droplet composition leads to a deviation between the experimental determined ice nucleation rate coefficients for droplets at OIR > 1 and the predicted values by the water-activity-based ice nucleation theory. We proposed a parameterization of temperature dependence of aw to minimize the deviations of the measured melting temperatures and nucleation rate coefficients from the corresponding predictions for aqueous PEG400-AS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Peter A Alpert
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bingbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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4
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Pach E, Verdaguer A. Studying Ice with Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy. Molecules 2021; 27:258. [PMID: 35011490 PMCID: PMC8746807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a powerful imaging technique able to obtain astonishing images of the micro- and the nano-world. Unfortunately, the technique has been limited to vacuum conditions for many years. In the last decades, the ability to introduce water vapor into the SEM chamber and still collect the electrons by the detector, combined with the temperature control of the sample, has enabled the study of ice at nanoscale. Astounding images of hexagonal ice crystals suddenly became real. Since these first images were produced, several studies have been focusing their interest on using SEM to study ice nucleation, morphology, thaw, etc. In this paper, we want to review the different investigations devoted to this goal that have been conducted in recent years in the literature and the kind of information, beyond images, that was obtained. We focus our attention on studies trying to clarify the mechanisms of ice nucleation and those devoted to the study of ice dynamics. We also discuss these findings to elucidate the present and future of SEM applied to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Pach
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz M Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - V Faye McNeill
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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6
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Hauptmann A, Handle KF, Baloh P, Grothe H, Loerting T. Does the emulsification procedure influence freezing and thawing of aqueous droplets? J Chem Phys 2016; 145:211923. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4965434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hauptmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karl F. Handle
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Baloh
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hinrich Grothe
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Loerting
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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The decisive role of free water in determining homogenous ice nucleation behavior of aqueous solutions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26831. [PMID: 27225427 PMCID: PMC4881027 DOI: 10.1038/srep26831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a challenging issue to quantitatively characterize how the solute and pressure affect the homogeneous ice nucleation in a supercooled solution. By measuring the glass transition behavior of solutions, a universal feature of water-content dependence of glass transition temperature is recognized, which can be used to quantify hydration water in solutions. The amount of free water can then be determined for water-rich solutions, whose mass fraction, Xf, is found to serve as a universal relevant parameter for characterizing the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature, the meting temperature of primary ice, and even the water activity of solutions of electrolytes and smaller organic molecules. Moreover, the effects of hydrated solute and pressure on ice nucleation is comparable, and the pressure, when properly scaled, can be incorporated into the universal parameter Xf. These results help establish the decisive role of free water in determining ice nucleation and other relevant properties of aqueous solutions.
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8
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Bogdan A, Molina MJ, Tenhu H, Loerting T. Single freezing and triple melting of micrometre-scaled (NH4)2SO4/H2O droplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19704-6. [PMID: 21842051 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21770d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol droplets containing NH(4)(+) and SO(4)(2-) ions are precursors of cirrus ice clouds. However, the low-temperature phase transformation of such droplets is not understood yet. Here we show for the first time that micrometre-scaled (NH(4))(2)SO(4)/H(2)O droplets produce one freezing event but three melting events which are the melting of (i) pure ice, (ii) eutectic ice/(NH(4))(2)SO(4), and (iii) eutectic ice/(NH(4))(3)H(SO(4))(2). We also find that the melting of ice/(NH(4))(3)H(SO(4))(2) consists of two eutectic melting events, presumably ice/letovicite-II and ice/letovicite-III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli Bogdan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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9
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Bogdan A, Molina MJ, Tenhu H, Mayer E, Bertel E, Loerting T. Different freezing behavior of millimeter- and micrometer-scaled (NH₄)₂SO₄/H₂O droplets. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:035103. [PMID: 21406858 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/3/035103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Although the freezing of aqueous solutions is important for nature and different branches of science and freeze-applications, our understanding of the freezing process is not complete. For example, numerous measurements of micrometer-scaled (NH(4))(2)SO(4)/H(2)O droplets report one freezing event below the eutectic point. However, measurements of larger millimeter-scaled droplets reveal two freezing events: the freezing out of ice and subsequent freezing of a residual freeze-concentrated solution. To resolve this apparent contradiction we performed numerous calorimetric measurements which indicate that the freezing of a residual solution of millimeter-scaled 5-38 wt% (NH(4))(2)SO(4) droplets occurs mainly between ∼ 210 and 225 K. We also find that micrometer-scaled droplets produce one freezing event which is within or in the vicinity of the ∼ 210-225 K region. This fact and the analysis of thermograms suggest that the residual solution of micrometer-scaled droplets may partly crystallize simultaneously with ice and partly transform to glass at T(g)≈172 K. Our results suggest for the first time that the size of (NH(4))(2)SO(4)/H(2)O droplets may affect the number of freezing events below the eutectic point.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bogdan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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10
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Knopf DA, Rigg YJ. Homogeneous Ice Nucleation From Aqueous Inorganic/Organic Particles Representative of Biomass Burning: Water Activity, Freezing Temperatures, Nucleation Rates. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:762-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109171g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Yannick J. Rigg
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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11
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Bogdan A. Double Freezing of (NH4)2SO4/H2O Droplets below the Eutectic Point and the Crystallization of (NH4)2SO4 to the Ferroelectric Phase. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:10135-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp105699s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bogdan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 48, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Finland
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12
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Bogdan A, Molina MJ. Why does large relative humidity with respect to ice persist in cirrus ice clouds? J Phys Chem A 2010; 113:14123-30. [PMID: 19925002 DOI: 10.1021/jp9063609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
According to observations, a large relative humidity with respect to ice, RH(i) >> 100%, often persists outside and inside upper tropospheric cirrus ice clouds. The persistence of the large in-cloud RH(i) means that H(2)O is slowly deposited onto cloud ice crystals. This unusual physical situation is similar to one in which a released body would slowly fall owing to gravitation. Here we present a physical mechanism which can be responsible for the persistence of large in-cloud RH(i). We find that clear-sky RH(i) up to 176% can be built up prior to the formation of ice cirrus by the homogeneous freezing of aqueous droplets containing H(2)SO(4) and HNO(3). As the droplets are cooled, a phase separation, which occurs during freezing, leads to the formation of a residual solution coating around the ice crystals formed. The coating can serve as a shield, slowing the rate of ice growth by approximately 10(3) in comparison with uncoated ice, and this can be a reason for the persistence of the large in-cloud RH(i).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bogdan
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 48, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Bogdan A, Molina MJ. Aqueous Aerosol May Build Up an Elevated Upper Tropospheric Ice Supersaturation and Form Mixed-Phase Particles after Freezing. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2821-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9086656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bogdan
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 48, and Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0356
| | - M. J. Molina
- Department of Physics, P.O. Box 48, and Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0356
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14
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Koop T, Zobrist B. Parameterizations for ice nucleation in biological and atmospheric systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:10839-50. [DOI: 10.1039/b914289d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Knopf DA, Lopez MD. Homogeneous ice freezing temperatures and ice nucleation rates of aqueous ammonium sulfate and aqueous levoglucosan particles for relevant atmospheric conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:8056-68. [DOI: 10.1039/b903750k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Zobrist B, Marcolli C, Peter T, Koop T. Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation in Aqueous Solutions: the Role of Water Activity. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:3965-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jp7112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Zobrist
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, D33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - C. Marcolli
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, D33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - T. Peter
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, D33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - T. Koop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, and Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, D33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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17
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Murray BJ, Bertram AK. Inhibition of solute crystallisation in aqueous H+–NH4+–SO42−–H2O droplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:3287-301. [DOI: 10.1039/b802216j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Bothe JR, Beyer KD. Experimental Determination of the NH4NO3/(NH4)2SO4/H2O Phase Diagram. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:12106-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0760859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jameson R. Bothe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601
| | - Keith D. Beyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601
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19
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Beyer KD, Bothe JR, Burrmann N. Experimental Determination of the H2SO4/(NH4)2SO4/H2O Phase Diagram. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:479-94. [PMID: 17228897 DOI: 10.1021/jp0645465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have experimentally investigated the water and sulfuric acid-rich regions of the H2SO4/(NH4)2SO4/H2O ternary liquid/solid phase diagram using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared spectroscopy of thin films. We present the liquid/solid ternary phase diagram for temperatures below 373 K and H2SO4 concentrations below 60 wt %. We have determined two ternary eutectics and two tributary reaction points for this system in the regions studied. It is also seen that sulfuric acid tetrahydrate (SAT) forms as a metastable solid over a large concentration range. Two true binary systems have been identified: ice/letovicite and SAT/ammonium bisulfate. Finally, we have compared our results to the predictions of the aerosol inorganics model and have found significant differences both in the final melting points and in the location of some of the phase boundaries including a significant discrepancy in the invariant points predicted versus those observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Beyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601, USA.
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20
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Abbatt JPD, Benz S, Cziczo DJ, Kanji Z, Lohmann U, Möhler O. Solid Ammonium Sulfate Aerosols as Ice Nuclei: A Pathway for Cirrus Cloud Formation. Science 2006; 313:1770-3. [PMID: 16946035 DOI: 10.1126/science.1129726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory measurements support a cirrus cloud formation pathway involving heterogeneous ice nucleation by solid ammonium sulfate aerosols. Ice formation occurs at low ice-saturation ratios consistent with the formation of continental cirrus and an interhemispheric asymmetry observed for cloud onset. In a climate model, this mechanism provides a widespread source of ice nuclei and leads to fewer but larger ice crystals as compared with a homogeneous freezing scenario. This reduces both the cloud albedo and the longwave heating by cirrus. With the global ammonia budget dominated by agricultural practices, this pathway might further couple anthropogenic activity to the climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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21
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Larson BH, Swanson BD. Experimental Investigation of the Homogeneous Freezing of Aqueous Ammonium Sulfate Droplets. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:1907-16. [PMID: 16451024 DOI: 10.1021/jp054270l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have measured the light scattering intensity and homogeneous ice nucleation temperatures from water droplets containing 0-33 wt % ammonium sulfate. In these laboratory experiments, we used a free-fall freezing tube technique to determine the fraction of frozen droplets at a particular droplet temperature by measuring the depolarized light scattering intensity from the droplets in free-fall. Previously reported freezing temperatures for solution concentrations greater than 5 wt % display a larger spread than can be accounted for by the reported experimental errors. We find freezing temperatures in good agreement with the lowest temperature freezing results reported by previous experiments. Our ammonium sulfate freezing temperature data set with water activity less than 0.98 is consistent with a curve that deviates in activity shift by about 5% from the best-fit ice nucleation temperature versus water activity curve found by Koop et al. in 2000, but the significance of this deviation will only be known with further high-precision ice nucleation temperature measurements for other aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben H Larson
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Box 351310, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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22
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Diehl K, Simmel M, Wurzler S. Numerical sensitivity studies on the impact of aerosol properties and drop freezing modes on the glaciation, microphysics, and dynamics of clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Shilling JE, Fortin TJ, Tolbert MA. Depositional ice nucleation on crystalline organic and inorganic solids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Murray BJ, Knopf DA, Bertram AK. The formation of cubic ice under conditions relevant to Earth's atmosphere. Nature 2005; 434:202-5. [PMID: 15758996 DOI: 10.1038/nature03403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An important mechanism for ice cloud formation in the Earth's atmosphere is homogeneous nucleation of ice in aqueous droplets, and this process is generally assumed to produce hexagonal ice. However, there are some reports that the metastable crystalline phase of ice, cubic ice, may form in the Earth's atmosphere. Here we present laboratory experiments demonstrating that cubic ice forms when micrometre-sized droplets of pure water and aqueous solutions freeze homogeneously at cooling rates approaching those found in the atmosphere. We find that the formation of cubic ice is dominant when droplets freeze at temperatures below 190 K, which is in the temperature range relevant for polar stratospheric clouds and clouds in the tropical tropopause region. These results, together with heat transfer calculations, suggest that cubic ice will form in the Earth's atmosphere. If there were a significant fraction of cubic ice in some cold clouds this could increase their water vapour pressure, and modify their microphysics and ice particle size distributions. Under specific conditions this may lead to enhanced dehydration of the tropopause region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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25
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Khvorostyanov VI, Curry JA. Thermodynamic Theory of Freezing and Melting of Water and Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048099+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Zasetsky AY, Khalizov AF, Sloan JJ. Characterization of atmospheric aerosols from infrared measurements: simulations, testing, and applications. APPLIED OPTICS 2004; 43:5503-5511. [PMID: 15508608 DOI: 10.1364/ao.43.005503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An inversion method for the characterization of atmospheric condensed phases from infrared (IR) spectra is described. The method is tested with both synthetic IR spectra and the spectra of particles that flow in a cryogenic flow tube. The method is applied to the IR spectra recorded by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy instrument carried by the Space Shuttle during three missions in 1992, 1993, and 1994. The volume density and particle size distribution for sulfate aerosol are obtained as a function of altitude. The density and size distribution of ice particles in several cirrus clouds are also retrieved. The probable radius of the ice particles in the high-altitude (10-15-km) cirrus clouds is found to be approximately 6-7 microm.
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Parsons MT, Mak J, Lipetz SR, Bertram AK. Deliquescence of malonic, succinic, glutaric, and adipic acid particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Parsons
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Jackson Mak
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Sarah R. Lipetz
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Allan K. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
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28
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Colberg CA, Krieger UK, Peter T. Morphological Investigations of Single Levitated H2SO4/NH3/H2O Aerosol Particles during Deliquescence/Efflorescence Experiments. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp037628r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina A. Colberg
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Hönggerberg HPP, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich K. Krieger
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Hönggerberg HPP, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Peter
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Hönggerberg HPP, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Cziczo DJ, Murphy DM, Hudson PK, Thomson DS. Single particle measurements of the chemical composition of cirrus ice residue during CRYSTAL-FACE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Cziczo
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. M. Murphy
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. K. Hudson
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. S. Thomson
- Aeronomy Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
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30
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Wise ME. Ice nucleation in internally mixed ammonium sulfate/dicarboxylic acid particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Zobrist B, Weers U, Koop T. Ice nucleation in aqueous solutions of poly[ethylene glycol] with different molar mass. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1571818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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32
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Stuart AL, Jacobson MZ. A timescale investigation of volatile chemical retention during hydrometeor freezing: Nonrime freezing and dry growth riming without spreading. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Stuart
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University Stanford California USA
- Now at Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - M. Z. Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Stanford University Stanford California USA
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33
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Hung HM, Malinowski A, Martin ST. Kinetics of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation on the Surfaces of Mineral Dust Cores Inserted into Aqueous Ammonium Sulfate Particles. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021593y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Hung
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Pierce Hall, Room 122, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Adam Malinowski
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Pierce Hall, Room 122, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Scot T. Martin
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Pierce Hall, Room 122, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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34
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35
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Hung HM, Malinowski A, Martin ST. Ice Nucleation Kinetics of Aerosols Containing Aqueous and Solid Ammonium Sulfate Particles. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012064h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Hung
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Pierce Hall, Room 122, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Adam Malinowski
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Pierce Hall, Room 122, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Scot T. Martin
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 29 Oxford Street, Pierce Hall, Room 122, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Ford
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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37
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Hung HM, Martin ST. Apparent freezing temperatures modeled for several experimental apparatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Zuberi B, Bertram AK, Koop T, Molina LT, Molina MJ. Heterogeneous Freezing of Aqueous Particles Induced by Crystallized (NH4)2SO4, Ice, and Letovicite. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp010094e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Zuberi
- Departments of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences and of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Allan K. Bertram
- Departments of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences and of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Thomas Koop
- Departments of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences and of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Luisa T. Molina
- Departments of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences and of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Mario J. Molina
- Departments of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences and of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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39
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Prenni AJ, Wise ME, Brooks SD, Tolbert MA. Ice nucleation in sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Chelf JH, Martin ST. Homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous ammonium sulfate aerosol particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Scot T. Martin
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Pierce Hall, Room 122, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Abstract
The unique properties of water in the supercooled (metastable) state are not fully understood. In particular, the effects of solutes and mechanical pressure on the kinetics of the liquid-to-solid phase transition of supercooled water and aqueous solutions to ice have remained unresolved. Here we show from experimental data that the homogeneous nucleation of ice from supercooled aqueous solutions is independent of the nature of the solute, but depends only on the water activity of the solution--that is, the ratio between the water vapour pressures of the solution and of pure water under the same conditions. In addition, we show that the presence of solutes and the application of pressure have a very similar effect on ice nucleation. We present a thermodynamic theory for homogeneous ice nucleation, which expresses the nucleation rate coefficient as a function of water activity and pressure. Recent observations from clouds containing ice are in good agreement with our theory and our results should help to overcome one of the main weaknesses of numerical models of the atmosphere, the formulation of cloud processes.
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