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Feng S, Sheng J, Yu J, Lin Y, Shao P. Enhancing acid stability of citral through internal structure modulation in nanostructured lipid carriers with solid lipids and phospholipids. Food Res Int 2024; 182:114148. [PMID: 38519178 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
In this current study, the internal structure of nanostructured lipid carriers was modulated by phospholipids (lecithin PC, hydrogenated soybean phospholipid HPC) and solid lipids to achieve stable encapsulation of citral. The presence of high melting point HPC could construct α-crystalline type with more lattice defects and effectively inhibit β-ization. The HPC group could maintain the particle size at 155.9-186.9 nm, the polydispersity index (PDI) at 0.182-0.321, the Zeta potential at -57.58 mV to -49.35 mV and the retention rate of citral at 91.33-98.49 % in the acidic environments of 2 mM and 20 mM hydrochloric acid solutions. The recrystallization index (RI) of NLC increased with the number of solid lipid ester bonds (from 3.57 % to 16.58 % in the PC group and from 0.82 % to 12.47 % in the HPC group). The results illustrated that the number of solid lipid ester bonds and the melting point of phospholipids affected crystallinity of the lipid matrix and thus the stability of encapsulated citral. Hydrogenated phospholipid with high melting points was more beneficial in stabilizing citral. The present study improved the acidic stability of citral and provided a new thought for the application of citral in acidic beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Feng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialu Sheng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Yu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Shao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research (Zhejiang University of Technology), China National Light Industry, People's Republic of China; Eco-Industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, Quzhou 324000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Sharma R, Yadav S, Yadav V, Akhtar J, Katari O, Kuche K, Jain S. Recent advances in lipid-based long-acting injectable depot formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114901. [PMID: 37257756 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Long-acting injectable (LAIs) delivery systems sustain the drug therapeutic action in the body, resulting in reduced dosage regimen, toxicity, and improved patient compliance. Lipid-based depots are biocompatible, provide extended drug release, and improve drug stability, making them suitable for systemic and localized treatment of various chronic ailments, including psychosis, diabetes, hormonal disorders, arthritis, ocular diseases, and cancer. These depots include oil solutions, suspensions, oleogels, liquid crystalline systems, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, phospholipid phase separation gel, vesicular phospholipid gel etc. This review summarizes recent advancements in lipid-based LAIs for delivering small and macromolecules, and their potential in managing chronic diseases. It also provides an overview of the lipid depots available in market or clinical phase, as well as patents for lipid-based LAIs. Furthermore, this review critically discusses the current scenario of using in vitro release methods to establish IVIVC and highlights the challenges involved in developing lipid-based LAIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sheetal Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Vivek Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Junia Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Oly Katari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Kaushik Kuche
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab 160062, India.
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Drug-in-cyclodextrin-in-polymeric nanoparticles: A promising strategy for rifampicin administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 180:190-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Alvi Z, Akhtar M, Rahman NU, Hosny KM, Sindi AM, Khan BA, Nazir I, Sadaquat H. Utilization of Gelling Polymer to Formulate Nanoparticles Loaded with Epalrestat-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex: Formulation, Characterization, In-Silico Modelling and In-Vivo Toxicity Evaluation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244350. [PMID: 34960901 PMCID: PMC8708980 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epalrestat (EPL) is an aldose reductase inhibitor with poor aqueous solubility that affects its therapeutic efficacy. The research study was designed to prepare epalrestat-cyclodextrins (EPL-CDs) inclusion complexes to enhance the aqueous solubility by using beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and sulfobutyl ether₇ β-CD (SBE7 β-CD). Furthermore, polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) of EPL-CDs were developed using chitosan (CS) and sodium tripolyphosphate (sTPP). The EPL-CDs complexed formulations were then loaded into chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) and further characterized for different physico-chemical properties, thermal stability, drug-excipient compatibility and acute oral toxicity studies. In-silico molecular docking of cross-linker with SBE7 β-CD was also carried out to determine the binding site of the CDs with the cross-linker. The sizes of the prepared NPs were laid in the range of 241.5–348.4 nm, with polydispersity index (PDI) ranging from 0.302–0.578. The surface morphology of the NPs was found to be non-porous, smooth, and spherical. The cumulative percentage of drug release from EPL-CDs loaded CS NPs was found to be higher (75–88%) than that of the pure drug (25%). Acute oral toxicity on animal models showed a biochemical, histological profile with no harmful impact at the cellular level. It is concluded that epalrestat-cyclodextrin chitosan nanoparticles (EPL-CDs-CS NPs) with improved solubility are safe for oral administration since no toxicity was reported on vital organs in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Alvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Muhammad Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (H.S.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-300-6720628
| | - Nisar U. Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Royal Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Multan 60000, Punjab, Pakistan;
| | - Khaled M. Hosny
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amal M. Sindi
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Barkat A. Khan
- Drug Design and Cosmetics Lab (DDCL), Gomal Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Pakistan;
| | - Imran Nazir
- Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan;
| | - Hadia Sadaquat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan; (Z.A.); (H.S.)
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5
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A pre-formulation study of tetracaine loaded in optimized nanostructured lipid carriers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21463. [PMID: 34728779 PMCID: PMC8563806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracaine (TTC) is a local anesthetic broadly used for topical and spinal blockade, despite its systemic toxicity. Encapsulation in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) may prolong TTC delivery at the site of injection, reducing such toxicity. This work reports the development of NLC loading 4% TTC. Structural properties and encapsulation efficiency (%EE > 63%) guided the selection of three pre-formulations of different lipid composition, through a 23 factorial design of experiments (DOE). DLS and TEM analyses revealed average sizes (193-220 nm), polydispersity (< 0.2), zeta potential |- 21.8 to - 30.1 mV| and spherical shape of the nanoparticles, while FTIR-ATR, NTA, DSC, XRD and SANS provided details on their structure and physicochemical stability over time. Interestingly, one optimized pre-formulation (CP-TRANS/TTC) showed phase-separation after 4 months, as predicted by Raman imaging that detected lack of miscibility between its solid (cetyl palmitate) and liquid (Transcutol) lipids. SANS analyses identified lamellar arrangements inside such nanoparticles, the thickness of the lamellae been decreased by TTC. As a result of this combined approach (DOE and biophysical techniques) two optimized pre-formulations were rationally selected, both with great potential as drug delivery systems, extending the release of the anesthetic (> 48 h) and reducing TTC cytotoxicity against Balb/c 3T3 cells.
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Rodrigues da Silva GH, Lemes JBP, Geronimo G, Freitas de Lima F, de Moura LD, Carvalho Dos Santos A, Carvalho NS, Malange KF, Breitkreitz MC, Parada CA, de Paula E. Lipid nanoparticles loaded with butamben and designed to improve anesthesia at inflamed tissues. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3378-3389. [PMID: 33949447 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The most frequently used local anesthetics (LA) for local infiltration have an ionizable amine in the range of pH 7.6-8.9. Effective anesthesia of inflamed tissues is a great challenge, especially because the induced local acidosis decreases the fraction of the neutral (more potent) LA species in situ. To solve this limitation, the butyl-substituted benzocaine analogue butamben (BTB) - that has no ionizable amine group close to the physiological pH - could be useful if it was not for its low solubility. To overcome the solubility problem, an optimized formulation for BTB using nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) was developed by a factorial design and characterized using DLS, XRD, DSC and cryo-EM. The release kinetics and cytotoxicity of the new formulation were measured in vitro, while the in vivo tests assessed its effectiveness on healthy and inflamed tissues, in rats. The optimized NLCBTB formulation showed desirable physicochemical properties (size = 235.6 ± 3.9 nm, polydispersity = 0.182 ± 0.006 and zeta potential = -23.6 ± 0.5 mV), high (99.5%) encapsulation efficiency and stability during 360 days of storage at room temperature. NLCBTB prolonged the release of butamben and decreased its in vitro cytotoxicity without inducing any in vivo toxic alteration. In the inflammatory hyperalgesia model, the NLCBTB formulation showed potential for the management of inflammatory pain, displaying greater analgesic effectiveness (40%) and a prolonged effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H Rodrigues da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Gabriela Geronimo
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Freitas de Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ludmilla David de Moura
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Kauê Franco Malange
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos A Parada
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Brazil
| | - Eneida de Paula
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Izza N, Suga K, Okamoto Y, Watanabe N, Bui TT, Wibisono Y, Fadila CR, Umakoshi H. Systematic Characterization of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers from Cetyl Palmitate/Caprylic Triglyceride/Tween 80 Mixtures in an Aqueous Environment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4284-4293. [PMID: 33797256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are gaining attention as the new generation of lipid vehicles. These carriers consist of saturated lipids with small drops of liquid oil dispersed into the inner lipid matrix and are stabilized by a surfactant. Conventionally, NLC-based drug delivery systems have been widely studied, and many researchers are looking into the composition of NLC properties to improve the performance of NLCs. The membrane fluidity and polarity of self-assembling lipids are also essential properties that must be affected by membrane compositions; however, such fundamental characteristics have not been studied yet. In this study, NLCs were prepared from cetyl palmitate (CP), caprylic triglyceride (CaTG), and Tween 80 (T80). Structural properties, such as particle size and ζ-potential of the CP/CaTG/T80 ternary mixtures, were investigated. Then, the systematic characterization of self-assembly properties using fluorescence-based analysis was applied for the first time to the NLC system. As a final step, the ternary diagram was developed based on the self-assembly properties to summarize the possible structures formed at different compositions. The results showed four states: micelle-like, oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion-like, solid lipid nanoparticle-like, and intermediate (solid-liquid coexistence). For the purpose of making the lipid matrix more liquified, the heterogeneous state and the disordered state of the O/W emulsion-like structure might fulfill the criteria of NLCs. Finally, the ternary diagram provides new information about the assembly state of NLC constituents that could become an important reference for developing high-performance NLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni'matul Izza
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka 560-8531, Osaka, Japan
- Bioprocess Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran, Malang 65145 East Java, Indonesia
| | - Keishi Suga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Okamoto
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka 560-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nozomi Watanabe
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka 560-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tham Thi Bui
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka 560-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuf Wibisono
- Bioprocess Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran, Malang 65145 East Java, Indonesia
| | - Cut Rifda Fadila
- Bioprocess Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran, Malang 65145 East Java, Indonesia
| | - Hiroshi Umakoshi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyamacho, Toyonaka 560-8531, Osaka, Japan
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Gordillo-Galeano A, Ponce A, Mora-Huertas CE. Surface structural characteristics of some colloidal lipid systems used in pharmaceutics. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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9
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Naringenin Nano-Delivery Systems and Their Therapeutic Applications. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020291. [PMID: 33672366 PMCID: PMC7926828 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringenin (NRG) is a polyphenolic phytochemical belonging to the class of flavanones and is widely distributed in citrus fruits and some other fruits such as bergamot, tomatoes, cocoa, and cherries. NRG presents several interesting pharmacological properties, such as anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the therapeutic potential of NRG is hampered due to its hydrophobic nature, which leads to poor bioavailability. Here, we review a wide range of nanocarriers that have been used as delivery systems for NRG, including polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), nanosuspensions, and nanoemulsions. These nanomedicine formulations of NRG have been applied as a potential treatment for several diseases, using a wide range of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models and different routes of administration. From this review, it can be concluded that NRG is a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, neurological disorders, liver diseases, ocular disorders, inflammatory diseases, skin diseases, and diabetes when formulated in the appropriate nanocarriers.
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Pai RV, Vavia PR. Chitosan oligosaccharide enhances binding of nanostructured lipid carriers to ocular mucins: Effect on ocular disposition. Int J Pharm 2020; 577:119095. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Patel P, Barot T, Kulkarni P. Formulation, Characterization and In-vitro and In-vivo Evaluation of Capecitabine Loaded Niosomes. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 17:257-268. [PMID: 32056523 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200214111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanocarriers improve the efficacy of drugs by facilitating their specific delivery and protecting them from external environment resulting in a better performance against diseases. OBJECTIVE In this study, it was aimed to improve the efficacy of capecitabine against colorectal cancer by its entrapment in niosomes. Ether injection method was used to prepare niosomes composed of span 20 and cholesterol. METHODS Niosomes were evaluated by evaluating the entrapment efficiency, in-vitro drug release and cytotoxicity of capecitabine loaded niosomes. Niosomes were characterized by particle size analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry for surface morphology and drug excipient interactions. RESULTS High encapsulation efficiency (90.55%) was observed, which is anticipated to resolve the multi-drug resistance problem. Reported particle size was 180.9 + 5 nm with a negative zeta potential - 21 + 0.5 mV and the kinetic study showed a concentration-dependent release of the drug from the niosome. DSC study proved entrapment of the entire drug and its non-covalent bonding with the excipients. Cytotoxicity study of niosomes on CaCO2 cell line showed an improved IC50 value as compared to the free drug. CONCLUSION Enhanced cytotoxicity observed in the results further supports the suitability of niosome as a nanocarrier for pharmaceutical drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Patel
- Institute of Research and Development, GFSU, Opposite to Directorate of Forensic Science, Sector-9, Gandhinagar- 382 007, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejas Barot
- Institute of Research and Development, GFSU, Opposite to Directorate of Forensic Science, Sector-9, Gandhinagar- 382 007, Gujarat, India
| | - Pratik Kulkarni
- Institute of Research and Development, GFSU, Opposite to Directorate of Forensic Science, Sector-9, Gandhinagar- 382 007, Gujarat, India
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Kanwar R, Gradzielski M, Prevost S, Kaur G, Appavou MS, Mehta SK. Physicochemical stimuli as tuning parameters to modulate the structure and stability of nanostructured lipid carriers and release kinetics of encapsulated antileprosy drugs. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6539-6555. [PMID: 31584603 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01330j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To unveil the effect of electrolyte concentration, pH and polymer addition on Tween 80 stabilized nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs, based on dialkyldimethylammonium bromides DxDAB and Na oleate), an in-depth scattering analysis was performed. Dynamic and static light scattering (DLS/SLS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques along with zeta potential studies were exploited to understand the structural evolution and physical stability of NLCs. In these experiments, we varied the salt concentration, pH, and the admixture of Pluronic F127 in order to elucidate their effect on NLC morphologies. In most cases, two populations of different sizes are present which differ by one order of magnitude. The antileprosy drugs (ALD) Rifampicin and Dapsone were encapsulated in NLCs and the vector properties were assessed for a series of DxDAB (where x = 12, 14, 16 and 18) NLCs. The influence of composition on the entrapment and release behavior of NLCs was investigated: The size of NLCs correlates with the release rate of the incorporated drug. The interaction of drug-loaded NLCs with bovine serum albumin was studied to understand the release of ALD in the plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Kanwar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India.
| | - Michael Gradzielski
- Stranski Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvain Prevost
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin (ILL), 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France.
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India.
| | - Marie-Sousai Appavou
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S K Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India.
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Kanwar R, Gradzielski M, Prevost S, Appavou MS, Mehta S. Experimental validation of biocompatible nanostructured lipid carriers of sophorolipid: Optimization, characterization and in-vitro evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:845-855. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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14
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Pai RV, Monpara JD, Vavia PR. Exploring molecular dynamics simulation to predict binding with ocular mucin: An in silico approach for screening mucoadhesive materials for ocular retentive delivery systems. J Control Release 2019; 309:190-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Effect of lipid chain length on nanostructured lipid carriers: Comprehensive structural evaluation by scattering techniques. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 534:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: A review emphasizing on particle structure and drug release. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 133:285-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Ingle SG, Pai RV, Monpara JD, Vavia PR. Liposils: An effective strategy for stabilizing Paclitaxel loaded liposomes by surface coating with silica. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 122:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Rajamani S, Radhakrishnan A, Sengodan T, Thangavelu S. Augmented anticancer activity of naringenin-loaded TPGS polymeric nanosuspension for drug resistive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:1752-1761. [PMID: 29968480 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1496445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Naringenin (NAR) is a naturally occurring plant flavonoid, found predominantly in citrus fruits, possesses a wide range of pharmacological properties. However, despite the therapeutic potential of NAR, its clinical development has been hindered due to low aqueous solubility and inefficient transport across biological membranes resulting in low bioavailability at tumor sites. In our previous studies, nanosuspension of naringenin (NARNS) was prepared using high pressure homogenization method using different polymers. D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate 1000 (TPGS) was added as a co-stabilizer. All formulation characterization studies were performed. As a continuation of our previous research, current study has further evaluated the ability of the TPGS-coated NARNS, to reverse drug-resistance of P-gp-over expressing MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line and animal model. MTT-based colorimetric assay revealed higher cytotoxic efficacy of NARNS than free NAR in MCF-7 cells. NARNS treatment significantly increased intracellular ROS level, mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 activity, lipid peroxidation status (TBARS) and decreased GSH levels when compared to free NAR treatment in MCF-7 cells. It has been also noticed that the presence of apoptotic indices (membrane blebbing, nuclear fragmentation) in NARNS treated cancer cells. Further, NARNS exhibited dose-dependent in vitro antitumor activity with DLA cells. A significant increase in the life span and a decrease in the cancer cell number and tumor weight were noted in the tumor-induced mice after treatment with NARNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumathi Rajamani
- a Department of Biotechnology , Nandha College of Pharmacy and Research Institute , Erode , India
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , JSS College of Pharmacy, Ootacamund, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research , Mysuru , India
| | - Tamizharasi Sengodan
- a Department of Biotechnology , Nandha College of Pharmacy and Research Institute , Erode , India
| | - Sivakumar Thangavelu
- a Department of Biotechnology , Nandha College of Pharmacy and Research Institute , Erode , India
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Singh P, Singh M, Kanoujia J, Arya M, Saraf SK, Saraf SA. Process optimization and photostability of silymarin nanostructured lipid carriers: effect on UV-irradiated rat skin and SK-MEL 2 cell line. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 6:597-609. [PMID: 27431400 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-016-0317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to formulate a novel stable delivery system which would not only overcome the solubility issue of silymarin, but also help to increase the therapeutic value by better permeation, anticancer action and reduced toxicity. This was envisaged through the recent developments in nanotechnology, combined with the activity of the phytoconstituent silymarin. A 2(3) full factorial design based on three independent variables was used for process optimization of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). Developed formulations were evaluated on the basis of particle size, morphology, in vitro drug release, photostability and cell line studies. Optimized silymarin-NLC was incorporated into carbopol gel and further assessed for rheological parameters. Stable behaviour in presence of light was proven by photostability testing of formulation. Permeability parameters were significantly higher in NLC as compared to marketed phytosome formulation. The NLC based gel described in this study showed faster onset, and prolonged activity up to 24 h and better action against edema as compared to marketed formulation. In case of anticancer activity of silymarin-NLC against SK-MEL 2 cell lines, silymarin-NLC proved to possess anticancer activity in a dose-dependent manner (10-80 μM) and induced apoptosis at 80 μM in SK-MEL 2 cancer cells. This work documents for the first time that silymarin can be formulated into nanostructured lipoidal carrier system for enhanced permeation, greater stability as well as anticancer activity for skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Mahendra Singh
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | | | - Malti Arya
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Shailendra K Saraf
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, UP, India.,BBDNIIT, Lucknow, India
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Nelson DD, Pan Y, Tikekar RV, Dan N, Nitin N. Compound Stability in Nanoparticles: The Effect of Solid Phase Fraction on Diffusion of Degradation Agents into Nanostructured Lipid Carriers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:14115-14122. [PMID: 29148781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The stability of active compounds encapsulated in nanoparticles depends on the resistance of the particles to diffusion of environmental degradation agents. In this paper, off-lattice Monte Carlo simulations are used to investigate a suspension of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) composed of interspaced liquid and solid lipid domains, immersed in a solution containing molecules representing oxidative or other degradation agents. The simulations examine the diffusion of the degradation agents into the nanoparticles as a function of nanoparticle size, solid domain fraction, and domain size. Two types of suspensions are studied: one (representing an infinitely dilute nanoparticle suspension) where the concentration of oxidative agents is constant in the solution around the particle and the other, finite system where diffusion into the nanoparticle causes depletion in the concentration of degradation agents in the surrounding solution. The total number of degradation agent molecules in the NLCs is found to decrease with the solid domain fraction, as may be expected. However, their concentration in the liquid domains is found to increase with the solid domain fraction. Since the degradation reaction depends on the concentration of the degradation agents, this suggests that compounds encapsulated in nanoparticles with high liquid content (such as emulsions) will degrade less and be more stable than those encapsulated in NLCs with high solid domain fraction, in agreement with previous experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Nelson
- Friends Select School , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, United States
| | - Yuanjie Pan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Rohan V Tikekar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Nily Dan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California-Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Optimised NLC: a nanotechnological approach to improve the anaesthetic effect of bupivacaine. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:253-263. [PMID: 28655546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The short time of action and systemic toxicity of local anaesthetics limit their clinical application. Bupivacaine is the most frequently used local anaesthetic in surgical procedures worldwide. The discovery that its S(-) enantiomeric form is less toxic than the R(+) form led to the introduction of products with enantiomeric excess (S75:R25 bupivacaine) in the market. Nevertheless, the time of action of bupivacaine is still short; to overcome that, bupivacaine S75:R25 (BVCS75) was encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). In this work, we present the development of the formulation using chemometric tools of experimental design to study the formulation factors and Raman mapping associated with Classical Least Squares (CLS) to study the miscibility of the solid and the liquid lipids. The selected formulation of the nanostructured lipid carrier containing bupivacaine S75:R25 (NLCBVC) was observed to be stable for 12 months under room conditions regarding particle size, polydispersion, Zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. The characterisation by DSC, XDR and TEM confirmed the encapsulation of BVCS75 in the lipid matrix, with no changes in the structure of the nanoparticles. The in vivo analgesic effect elicited by NLCBVC was twice that of free BVCS75. Besides improving the time of action, no statistical difference in the blockage of the sciatic nerve of rats was found between 0.125% NLCBVC and 0.5% free BVCS75. Therefore, the formulation allows a reduction in the required anaesthesia dose, decreasing the systemic toxicity of bupivacaine, and opening up new possibilities for different clinical applications.
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Shah RM, Eldridge DS, Palombo EA, Harding IH. Microwave-assisted formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Int J Pharm 2016; 515:543-554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Nanostructuring Biomaterials with Specific Activities towards Digestive Enzymes for Controlled Gastrointestinal Absorption of Lipophilic Bioactive Molecules. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 237:52-75. [PMID: 28314428 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the development of novel lipid-based biomaterials that modulate fat digestion for the enhanced uptake of encapsulated lipophilic bioactive compounds (e.g. drugs and vitamins). Specific focus is directed towards analysing how key material characteristics affect the biological function of digestive lipases and manipulate lipolytic digestion. The mechanism of lipase action is a complex, interfacial process, whereby hydrolysis can be controlled by the ability for lipase to access and adsorb to the lipid-in-water interface. However, significant conjecture exists within the literature regarding parameters that influence the activities of digestive lipases. Important findings from recent investigations that strategically examined the interplay between the interfacial composition of the lipid microenvironment and lipolysis kinetics in simulated biophysical environments are presented. The correlation between lipolysis and the rate of solubilisation and absorption of lipophilic compounds in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is detailed. Greater insights into the mechanism of lipase action have provided a new approach for designing colloidal carriers that orally deliver poorly soluble compounds, directly impacting the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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Lv W, Zhao S, Yu H, Li N, Garamus VM, Chen Y, Yin P, Zhang R, Gong Y, Zou A. Brucea javanica oil-loaded nanostructure lipid carriers (BJO NLCs): Preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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25
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Zhao S, Minh LV, Li N, Garamus VM, Handge UA, Liu J, Zhang R, Willumeit-Römer R, Zou A. Doxorubicin hydrochloride-oleic acid conjugate loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for tumor specific drug release. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Sandoval C, Ortega A, Sanchez SA, Morales J, Gunther G. Structuration in the interface of direct and reversed micelles of sucrose esters, studied by fluorescent techniques. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123669. [PMID: 25905632 PMCID: PMC4408079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactors found in nature can be described as micro-heterogeneous systems, where media involved in each micro-environment can behave in a markedly different way compared with the properties of the bulk solution. The presence of water molecules in micro-organized assemblies is of paramount importance for many chemical processes, ranging from biology to environmental science. Self-organized molecular assembled systems are frequently used to study dynamics of water molecules because are the simplest models mimicking biological membranes. The hydrogen bonds between sucrose and water molecules are described to be stronger (or more extensive) than the ones between water molecules themselves. In this work, we studied the capability of sucrose moiety, attached to alkyl chains of different length, as a surface blocking agent at the water-interface and we compared its properties with those of polyethylenglycol, a well-known agent used for this purposes. Published studies in this topic mainly refer to the micellization process and the stability of mixed surfactant systems using glycosides. We are interested in the effect induced by the presence of sucrose monoesters at the interface (direct and reverse micelles) and at the palisade (mixtures with Triton X-100). We believe that the different functional group (ester), the position of alkyl chain (6-O) and the huge capability of sucrose to interact with water will dramatically change the water structuration at the interface and at the palisade, generating new possibilities for technological applications of these systems. RESULTS Our time resolved and steady state fluorescence experiments in pure SEs micelles show that sucrose moieties are able to interact with a high number of water molecules promoting water structuration and increased viscosity. These results also indicate that the barrier formed by sucrose moieties on the surface of pure micelles is more effective than the polyoxyethylene palisade of Triton X-100. The fluorescence quenching experiments of SEs at the palisade of Triton X-100 micelles indicate a blocking effect dependent on the number of methylene units present in the hydrophobic tail of the surfactant. A remarkable blocking effect is observed when there is a match in size between the hydrophobic regions forming the apolar core (lauryl SE/ Triton X-100). This blocking effect disappears when a mismatch in size between hydrophobic tails, exists due to the disturbing effect on the micelle core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Sandoval
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anakenna Ortega
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susana A. Sanchez
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Javier Morales
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - German Gunther
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Dan N. Nanostructured lipid carriers: effect of solid phase fraction and distribution on the release of encapsulated materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:13809-13814. [PMID: 25375259 DOI: 10.1021/la5030197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Emulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) containing a mix of liquid and solid domains are of interest as encapsulation vehicles for hydrophobic compounds. Studies of the release rate from these particles yield contradictory results: Some find that increasing the fraction of solid phase increases the rate of release and others the opposite. In this paper we study the release of encapsulated materials from lipid-based nanoparticles using Monte Carlo simulations. We find that, quite surprisingly, the release rate is largely insensitive to the size of solid domains or the fraction of solid phase. However, the distribution of the domains significantly affects the rate of release: Solid domains located at the interface with the surrounding solution inhibit transport, while nanoparticles where the solid domains are concentrated in the center enhance it. The latter can lead to release rates in NLCs that are faster than in the equivalent emulsions. We conclude that controlling the release rate from NLCs requires the ability to determine the location and distribution of the solid phase, which may be achieved through choice of the surfactants stabilizing the particles, incorporation of nucleation sites, and/or the cooling rates and temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nily Dan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): the value of different alkyl polyglucoside surfactants. Int J Pharm 2014; 474:33-41. [PMID: 25108048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl polyglycosides (APGs) represent a group of nonionic tensides with excellent skin compatibility. Thus they seem to be excellent stabilizers for lipid nanoparticles for dermal application. To investigate this, different APGs were selected to evaluate their influence on the formation and characteristics of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Contact angle analysis of the aqueous solutions/dispersions of the APGs on cetyl palmitate films revealed good wettability for all APG surfactants. Cetyl palmitate based SLN were prepared by hot high pressure homogenization and subjected to particle size, charge and inner structure analysis. 1% of each APG was sufficient to obtain SLN with a mean size between 150 nm and 175 nm and a narrow size distribution. The zeta potential in water was ∼ -50 mV; the values in the original medium were distinctly lower, but still sufficient high to provide good physical stability. Physical stability at different temperatures (5°C, 25°C and 40°C) was confirmed by a constant particle size over an observation period of 90 days in all dispersions. In comparison to SLN stabilized with classical surfactants, e.g., Polysorbate, APG stabilized SLN possess a smaller size, improved physical stability and contain less surfactant. Therefore, the use of APGs for the stabilization of lipid nanoparticles is superior in comparison to classical stabilizers. Further, the results indicate that the length of the alkyl chain of the APG influences the diminution efficacy, the final particle size and the crystallinity of the particles. APGs with short alkyl chain led to a faster reduction in size during high pressure homogenization, to a smaller particle size of the SLN and to a lower recrystallization index, i.e., to a lower crystallinity of the SLN. The crystallinity of the SLN increased with an increase in the alkyl chain length of APGs. Therefore, by using the tested APGs differing in the alkyl chain length, not only small sized and physically stable but also SLN with different sizes and crystallinity can be obtained. An optimized selection of these stabilizers might therefore enable the production of lipid nanoparticles with "tailor-made" properties.
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