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Liao L, Ruan W, Zhang M, Lin M. Recent Progress in Modification of Polyphenylene Oxide for Application in High-Frequency Communication. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1086. [PMID: 38473557 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of highly integrated electronic devices and high-frequency microwave communication technology, the parasitic resistance-capacitance (RC) delay and propagation loss severely restrict the development of a high-frequency communication system. Benefiting from its low dielectric constants (Dk) and low dielectric loss factor (Df), polyphenylene oxide (PPO) has attracted widespread attention for its application in the dielectric layers of integrated circuits. However, PPO suffers from a very high melting viscosity, a larger coefficient of thermal expansion than copper wire and poor solvent resistance. Recently, many efforts have focused on the modification of PPO by various means for communication applications. However, review articles focusing on PPO are unexpectedly limited. In this article, the research progress concerning PPO materials in view of the modification of PPO has been summarized. The following aspects are covered: polymerization and design of special chemical structure, low molecular weight PPO and blending with thermosetting resin, hyperbranched PPO, thermosetting PPO and incorporating with fillers. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of various types of modification methods and their applications are compared, and the possible future development directions are also proposed. It is believed that this review will arouse the interest of the electronics industry because of the detailed summary of the cutting-edge modification technology for PPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Liao
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wenhong Ruan
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China
| | - Musong Lin
- Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Corporation, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Meng X, Crestini C, Ben H, Hao N, Pu Y, Ragauskas AJ, Argyropoulos DS. Determination of hydroxyl groups in biorefinery resources via quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2627-2647. [PMID: 31391578 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of chemical structural characteristics of biorefinery product streams (such as lignin and tannin) has advanced substantially over the past decade, with traditional wet-chemical techniques being replaced or supplemented by NMR methodologies. Quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy is a promising technique for the analysis of hydroxyl groups because of its unique characterization capability and broad potential applicability across the biorefinery research community. This protocol describes procedures for (i) the preparation/solubilization of lignin and tannin, (ii) the phosphitylation of their hydroxyl groups, (iii) NMR acquisition details, and (iv) the ensuing data analyses and means to precisely calculate the content of the different types of hydroxyl groups. Compared with traditional wet-chemical techniques, the technique of quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy offers unique advantages in measuring hydroxyl groups in a single spectrum with high signal resolution. The method provides complete quantitative information about the hydroxyl groups with small amounts of sample (~30 mg) within a relatively short experimental time (~30-120 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Claudia Crestini
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy.
| | - Haoxi Ben
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Naijia Hao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. .,Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN, USA. .,Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, Center of Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Dimitris S Argyropoulos
- Departments of Chemistry and Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Ran J, Wu L, Ru Y, Hu M, Din L, Xu T. Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) based on poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) and its derivatives. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01671h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) is considered to be a promising candidate since it enables versatile routes to obtain high performance anion exchange membranes (AEMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ran
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Liang Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Yanfei Ru
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Min Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Liang Din
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
| | - Tongwen Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Material Science
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
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Li N, Guiver MD. Ion Transport by Nanochannels in Ion-Containing Aromatic Copolymers. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanwen Li
- National
Research
Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Michael D. Guiver
- National
Research
Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department
of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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Lin CH, Tsai YJ, Shih YS, Chang HC. Catalyst-free synthesis of phosphinated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) with high-Tg and low-dielectric characteristic. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Li N, Wang C, Lee SY, Park CH, Lee YM, Guiver MD. Enhancement of Proton Transport by Nanochannels in Comb-Shaped Copoly(arylene ether sulfone)s. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Li N, Wang C, Lee SY, Park CH, Lee YM, Guiver MD. Enhancement of Proton Transport by Nanochannels in Comb-Shaped Copoly(arylene ether sulfone)s. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9158-61. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chutayothin P, Ishida H. Polymerization of p-cresol, formaldehyde, and piperazine and structure of monofunctional benzoxazine-derived oligomers. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chutayothin P, Ishida H. 31P NMR spectroscopy in benzoxazine model compounds and benzoxazine chemistry – main chain and end group studies. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Xu T, Wu D, Wu L. Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO)—A versatile starting polymer for proton conductive membranes (PCMs). Prog Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Spyros A. Quantitative determination of the distribution of free hydroxylic and carboxylic groups in unsaturated polyester and alkyd resins by31P-NMR spectroscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.10069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dufresne A, Reche L, Marchessault RH, Lacroix M. Gamma-ray crosslinking of poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate-co-undecenoate). Int J Biol Macromol 2001; 29:73-82. [PMID: 11518578 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(01)00152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The gamma-ray crosslinking of films made of poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) containing undecenoate moieties (up to 33 mole%) were studied. X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and degree of crosslinking (swelling analysis) as a function of irradiation dose were evaluated for treatments in air or in N(2) atmosphere. After uncrosslinked material was isolated by CHCl(3) extraction, solid state NMR data suggested that only a small percentage of the double bonds took part in the formation of irradiation crosslinks. Crosslinking in N(2) was more efficient than in air and a 20 kGy dose was sufficient for optimal crosslinking. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the polymer films were unaffected by moderate irradiation. The use of sodium hypochlorite to isolate poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate-co-undecenoate) samples resulted in partial chlorination of the double bonds and considerable depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dufresne
- Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolecules Végetales, Université Joseph Fourier-BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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LeMaster DM, Hernández G. NMR Analysis of Polyester Urethane End Groups and Solid-Phase Hydrolysis Kinetics. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma992030w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. LeMaster
- Bioscience Division, Group BS-1, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
| | - Griselda Hernández
- Bioscience Division, Group BS-1, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545
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Spyros A, Argyropoulos DS, Marchessault RH. A Study of Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s by Quantitative 31P NMR Spectroscopy: Molecular Weight and Chain Cleavage. Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9601979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Spyros
- Department of Chemistry and Pulp and Paper Research Centre, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - D. S. Argyropoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pulp and Paper Research Centre, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - R. H. Marchessault
- Department of Chemistry and Pulp and Paper Research Centre, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada
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Nobes GAR, Kazlauskas RJ, Marchessault RH. Lipase-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactones: A Novel Route to Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma951774g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey A. R. Nobes
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - Romas J. Kazlauskas
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - Robert H. Marchessault
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada
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