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Yang Y, Liang Z, Zhang R, Zhou S, Yang H, Chen Y, Zhang J, Yin H, Yu D. Research Advances in Superabsorbent Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:501. [PMID: 38399879 PMCID: PMC10892691 DOI: 10.3390/polym16040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Superabsorbent polymers are new functional polymeric materials that can absorb and retain liquids thousands of times their masses. This paper reviews the synthesis and modification methods of different superabsorbent polymers, summarizes the processing methods for different forms of superabsorbent polymers, and organizes the applications and research progress of superabsorbent polymers in industrial, agricultural, and biomedical industries. Synthetic polymers like polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polyacrylonitrile, and polyvinyl alcohol exhibit superior water absorption properties compared to natural polymers such as cellulose, chitosan, and starch, but they also do not degrade easily. Consequently, it is often necessary to modify synthetic polymers or graft superabsorbent functional groups onto natural polymers, and then crosslink them to balance the properties of material. Compared to the widely used superabsorbent nanoparticles, research on superabsorbent fibers and gels is on the rise, and they are particularly notable in biomedical fields like drug delivery, wound dressing, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Yang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (Z.L.); (R.Z.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dengguang Yu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China; (Z.L.); (R.Z.); (S.Z.); (H.Y.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (H.Y.)
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2
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Prasad C, Park SY, Lee JS, Park JJ, Jang Y, Lee SW, Lee BM, Nam YR, Rao AK, Choi HY. Modeling and investigation of swelling kinetics of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/starch/citric acid superabsorbent polymer. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127013. [PMID: 37734517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Crosslinked hydrophilic polymers with high water absorption rates are known as superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). Most commercial superabsorbent polymers are made with acrylic acid, which is difficult to biodegrade. So, in this investigation, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was utilized as a significant component in the synthesis of polysaccharide-based SAPs. Citric acid (CA) and starch were chosen as crosslinking agents because they are more eco-friendly, non-toxic, and biodegradable than traditional crosslinking agents. FTIR analysis revealed that the superabsorbent polymer product contains a crosslinked structure of CMC and starch with side chains that carry carboxylate functional groups. Superabsorbent weight loss and grafting data were satisfactorily studied using the TGA approach. Under optimum circumstances, the SAP2 water absorbency capacity in distilled water was 287.37 g.g-1 and SAP1 absorbency capacity in a solution containing 0.9 wt% NaCl was 52.18 g.g-1. Moreover, Schott's pseudo-second-order model was used to determine the kinetic swelling of the superabsorbent. The initial swelling rate of SAPs can be calculated using the Q∞ data acquired in the following order: SAP2 > SAP1 > SAP3 > SAP4 in distilled water and SAP1 > SAP2 > SAP3 > SAP4 in 0.9 wt% NaCl solution, respectively. The findings suggested that a small amount of citric acid introduced into the SAPs matrix could enhance the swelling rate of SAPs. The results of the cytotoxicity tests show that the extraction liquid of composite hydrogel fibers is less cytotoxic than the positive control. As well, SAP underwent in silico docking investigations on the DNA Gyrase enzyme. As the ligand is a monomer of SAP, it was a long chain of carbohydrate molecules with alcoholic groups, esters groups, and keto groups forms a strong binding interaction with DNA gyrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheera Prasad
- Department of Fashion Design, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai Sung Lee
- R&D Center, Asia Nanotech, Cheongju 28150, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Jun Park
- R&D Center, Asia Nanotech, Cheongju 28150, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonju Jang
- Consumer Product Division, Products Conformity Center, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Seoul 08503, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Lee
- Central Laboratory Center, Hankyung National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Min Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Ree Nam
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - A Karteek Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College for Degree and PG Courses (A), Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Hyeong Yeol Choi
- Department of Fashion Design, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
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Singh AK, Itkor P, Lee YS. State-of-the-Art Insights and Potential Applications of Cellulose-Based Hydrogels in Food Packaging: Advances towards Sustainable Trends. Gels 2023; 9:433. [PMID: 37367104 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leveraging sustainable packaging resources in the circular economy framework has gained significant attention in recent years as a means of minimizing waste and mitigating the negative environmental impact of packaging materials. In line with this progression, bio-based hydrogels are being explored for their potential application in a variety of fields including food packaging. Hydrogels are three-dimensional, hydrophilic networks composed of a variety of polymeric materials linked by chemical (covalent bonds) or physical (non-covalent interactions) cross-linking. The unique hydrophilic nature of hydrogels provides a promising solution for food packaging systems, specifically in regulating moisture levels and serving as carriers for bioactive substances, which can greatly affect the shelf life of food products. In essence, the synthesis of cellulose-based hydrogels (CBHs) from cellulose and its derivatives has resulted in hydrogels with several appealing features such as flexibility, water absorption, swelling capacity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, stimuli sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the most recent trends and applications of CBHs in the food packaging sector including CBH sources, processing methods, and crosslinking methods for developing hydrogels through physical, chemical, and polymerization. Finally, the recent advancements in CBHs, which are being utilized as hydrogel films, coatings, and indicators for food packaging applications, are discussed in detail. These developments have great potential in creating sustainable packaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar Singh
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju 26393, Republic of Korea
| | - Pontree Itkor
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju 26393, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Suk Lee
- Department of Packaging, Yonsei University, Wonju 26393, Republic of Korea
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Jansen-van Vuuren RD, Naficy S, Ramezani M, Cunningham M, Jessop P. CO 2-responsive gels. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3470-3542. [PMID: 37128844 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00053a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
CO2-responsive materials undergo a change in chemical or physical properties in response to the introduction or removal of CO2. The use of CO2 as a stimulus is advantageous as it is abundant, benign, inexpensive, and it does not accumulate in a system. Many CO2-responsive materials have already been explored including polymers, latexes, surfactants, and catalysts. As a sub-set of CO2-responsive polymers, the study of CO2-responsive gels (insoluble, cross-linked polymers) is a unique discipline due to the unique set of changes in the gels brought about by CO2 such as swelling or a transformed morphology. In the past 15 years, CO2-responsive gels and self-assembled gels have been investigated for a variety of emerging potential applications, reported in 90 peer-reviewed publications. The two most widely exploited properties include the control of flow (fluids) via CO2-triggered aggregation and their capacity for reversible CO2 absorption-desorption, leading to applications in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and CO2 sequestration, respectively. In this paper, we review the preparation, properties, and applications of these CO2-responsive gels, broadly classified by particle size as nanogels, microgels, aerogels, and macrogels. We have included a section on CO2-induced self-assembled gels (including poly(ionic liquid) gels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Jansen-van Vuuren
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sina Naficy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Centre for Excellence in Advanced Food Enginomics (CAFE), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maedeh Ramezani
- Department of Chemistry, Chernoff Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7K 2N1, Canada.
| | - Michael Cunningham
- Department of Engineering, Dupuis Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Philip Jessop
- Department of Chemistry, Chernoff Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7K 2N1, Canada.
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Taylor L, Chaudhary G, Jain G, Lowe A, Hupe A, Negishi A, Zeng Y, Ewoldt RH, Fudge DS. Mechanisms of gill-clogging by hagfish slime. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220774. [PMID: 36987615 PMCID: PMC10050918 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hagfishes defend themselves from gill-breathing predators by producing large volumes of fibrous slime when attacked. The slime's effectiveness comes from its ability to clog predators' gills, but the mechanisms by which hagfish slime clogs are uncertain, especially given its remarkably dilute concentration of solids. We quantified the clogging performance of hagfish slime over a range of concentrations, measured the contributions of its mucous and thread components, and measured the effect of turbulent mixing on clogging. To assess the porous structure of hagfish slime, we used a custom device to measure its Darcy permeability. We show that hagfish slime clogs at extremely dilute concentrations like those found in native hagfish slime and displays clogging performance that is superior to three thickening agents. We report an extremely low Darcy permeability for hagfish slime, and an effective pore size of 10-300 nm. We also show that the mucous and thread components play distinct yet crucial roles, with mucus being responsible for effective clogging and low permeability and the threads imparting mechanical strength and retaining clogging function over time. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which hagfish slime clogs gills and may inspire the development of ultra-soft materials with novel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Taylor
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Gaurav Chaudhary
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Gaurav Jain
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Andrew Lowe
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Andre Hupe
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G-2W1
| | - Atsuko Negishi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G-2W1
| | - Yu Zeng
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Randy H. Ewoldt
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Douglas S. Fudge
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, 1 University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G-2W1
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Rodrigues Sousa H, Sá Lima I, Matheus Lima Neris L, Santos Silva A, Maria Silva Santos Nascimento A, Pereira de Araújo F, Felippe Ratke R, Anteveli Osajima J, Loiola Edvan R, Kauany da Silva Azevedo C, Henrique Vilsinski B, Curti Muniz E, Silva-Filho EC. Innovative hydrogels made from babassu mesocarp for technological application in agriculture. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Truckenbrodt
- Convergent Research, E11 Bio. 1600 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, California94502, United States
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Ye J, Qian C, Dong Y, Zhu Y, Fu Y. Development of organic solvent-induced shape memory poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) monoliths for expandable oil absorbers. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tran TS, Balu R, Mettu S, Roy Choudhury N, Dutta NK. 4D Printing of Hydrogels: Innovation in Material Design and Emerging Smart Systems for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101282. [PMID: 36297394 PMCID: PMC9609121 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancements in the material design of smart hydrogels have transformed the way therapeutic agents are encapsulated and released in biological environments. On the other hand, the expeditious development of 3D printing technologies has revolutionized the fabrication of hydrogel systems for biomedical applications. By combining these two aspects, 4D printing (i.e., 3D printing of smart hydrogels) has emerged as a new promising platform for the development of novel controlled drug delivery systems that can adapt and mimic natural physio-mechanical changes over time. This allows printed objects to transform from static to dynamic in response to various physiological and chemical interactions, meeting the needs of the healthcare industry. In this review, we provide an overview of innovation in material design for smart hydrogel systems, current technical approaches toward 4D printing, and emerging 4D printed novel structures for drug delivery applications. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges in 4D printing hydrogels for drug delivery and their prospects.
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Khramtsov DP, Sulyagina OA, Pokusaev BG, Vyazmin AV, Nekrasov DA, Moshin AA. Nonstationary Mass Transfer of Nutrient Medium for Microorganisms in Mixed Gels. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0040579522050256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Gene Regulations upon Hydrogel-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems in Skin Cancers-An Overview. Gels 2022; 8:gels8090560. [PMID: 36135270 PMCID: PMC9498739 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of skin cancer has increased dramatically in recent years, particularly in Caucasian populations. Specifically, the metastatic melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers and is responsible for more than 80% of skin cancer deaths around the globe. Though there are many treatment techniques, and drugs have been used to cure this belligerent skin cancer, the side effects and reduced bioavailability of drug in the targeted area makes it difficult to eradicate. In addition, cellular metabolic pathways are controlled by the skin cancer driver genes, and mutations in these genes promote tumor progression. Consequently, the MAPK (RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway), WNT and PI3K signaling pathways are found to be important molecular regulators in melanoma development. Even though hydrogels have turned out to be a promising drug delivery system in skin cancer treatment, the regulations at the molecular level have not been reported. Thus, we aimed to decipher the molecular pathways of hydrogel drug delivery systems for skin cancer in this review. Special attention has been paid to the hydrogel systems that deliver drugs to regulate MAPK, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, JAK-STAT and cGAS-STING pathways. These signaling pathways can be molecular drivers of skin cancers and possible potential targets for the further research on treatment of skin cancers.
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12
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Rahmani P, Shojaei A. Developing tough terpolymer hydrogel with outstanding swelling ability by hydrophobic association cross-linking. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Luo C, Guo A, Zhao Y, Sun X. A high strength, low friction, and biocompatible hydrogel from PVA, chitosan and sodium alginate for articular cartilage. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 286:119268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Huo P, Ding H, Tang Z, Liang X, Xu J, Wang M, Liang R, Sun G. Conductive silk fibroin hydrogel with semi-interpenetrating network with high toughness and fast self-recovery for strain sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:1-10. [PMID: 35577196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) hydrogels have been extensively studied in the fields of biomedicine and wearable devices in recent years due to their outstanding biocompatibility. However, the pure RSF hydrogels usually exhibited frangibility and low ductility, limiting their application in many aspects severely. Herein, we demonstrate a tough RSF/poly (N, N-dimethylallylamine) hydrogel with semi-interpenetrating network, which possesses good mechanical properties with high stretchability (εb = 900%), tensile strength (σb = 101.7 kPa), toughness (Wf = 516.7 kJ/m3) and tearing fracture energy (T = 407.3 J/m2). Besides, the gels show low residual strain in the cyclic tests and rapid self-recovery (80% toughness recovery within 5 min with the maximum strain of 400%). Moreover, the gels also show high ionic conductivity due to the incorporation of the NaCl and the hydrogel can act as an ideal candidate for strain sensor with high sensitivity (GF = 1.84), admirable linearity, and good durability (1000 cycles with the strain of 100%). When used as a wearable strain sensor for monitoring human movements, it also can detect small and large deformations with high sensitivity. It is expected that this work can provide a new strategy for the fabrication of smart RSF-based hydrogels and expand their application in multiple scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixian Huo
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hongyao Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ziqing Tang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xiaoxu Liang
- Foundation Department, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510725, China
| | - Jianyu Xu
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Guoxing Sun
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
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Ganesh S, Subraveti SN, Raghavan SR. How a Gel Can Protect an Egg: A Flexible Hydrogel with Embedded Starch Particles Shields Fragile Objects Against Impact. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20014-20022. [PMID: 35442632 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are networks of polymer chains that are swollen in water. In recent years, several routes have been devised to make hydrogels that are flexible and bendable. This work investigates whether such flexible gels can be wrapped around brittle or fragile objects (such as an egg or a fruit) and protect the objects against impact. We study gels made by either physical cross-linking (e.g., gelatin) or chemical cross-linking (e.g., acrylamide) and the same gels with various particulate additives. None of the bare gels are protective, and nanoparticles like iron oxide or silica do not help. However, the addition of starch granules to the above gels greatly enhances their protective abilities. When a load strikes a gelatin gel containing 20% starch, the peak impact force is reduced by 25% when compared to a bare gel without the starch. Correspondingly, the coefficient of restitution (COR) is also lowered by the presence of starch (i.e., a ball bounces less on a starch-bearing gel). We correlate the impact-absorbing effects of starch granules to their ability to shear-thicken water. When starch granules are gelatinized by heat, they no longer give rise to shear-thickening, and in turn, their protective ability in a gel is also eliminated. Our research can guide the rational design of protective coatings or armor for fragile objects, which could be applied in the sports, defense, and consumer sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairam Ganesh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sai Nikhil Subraveti
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Srinivasa R Raghavan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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16
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Zhang X, Zhang H, Wang B, Zeng X, Wang J, Ren B, Yang X, Bai X. Preparation of non‐swelling hydrogels and investigation on the adsorption performance of iron ions. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Institute of Petrochemistry Heilong Jiang Academy of Sciences Harbin China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies Jilin Engineering Normal University Changchun China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies Jilin Engineering Normal University Changchun China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies Jilin Engineering Normal University Changchun China
| | - Xu Zeng
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies Jilin Engineering Normal University Changchun China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin China
| | - Bo Ren
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies Jilin Engineering Normal University Changchun China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies Jilin Engineering Normal University Changchun China
| | - Xuefeng Bai
- Institute of Petrochemistry Heilong Jiang Academy of Sciences Harbin China
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17
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Choudhary H, Raghavan SR. Superfast-Expanding Porous Hydrogels: Pushing New Frontiers in Converting Chemical Potential into Useful Mechanical Work. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13733-13742. [PMID: 35261243 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Superabsorbent polymer gels can absorb large amounts of water (100-1000× their dry weight). For the past 50 years, many scientists such as de Gennes have proposed to extract mechanical work from gel expansion/contraction, which could pave the way for "artificial muscles". However, slow rates of gel expansion have limited these efforts: macroscale (∼cm) gels take over 24 h to expand to their equilibrium size. Gels can be made to expand faster if their characteristic length scale is reduced, e.g., by making a macroscopic gel porous. Still, gels that are both superabsorbent and able to expand rapidly have not yet been realized. Here, we create gels at the macroscale (∼cm or larger) that are porous, highly robust, superabsorbent and expand much faster than any gels thus far. Our approach involves the in situ foaming of a monomer solution (acrylic acid and acrylamide) using a double-barreled syringe that has acid and base in its two barrels. Gas (CO2) is generated at the mixing tip of the syringe by the acid-base reaction, and gas bubbles are stabilized by an amphiphilic polymer in one of the barrels. The monomers are then polymerized by ultraviolet (UV) light to form the gel around the bubbles, and the material is dried under ambient conditions to give a porous solid. When this dry gel is added to water, it absorbs water at a rate of 20 g/g·s until an equilibrium is achieved at ∼300× its weight. In the process, each gel dimension increases by ∼20%/s until its final dimensions are more than 3× larger. Such rapid and appreciable expansion can be easily observed by the eye, and remarkably, the swollen gel is robust enough to be picked up by hand. SEM images reveal a porosity of >90% and an interconnected network of pores. The gels are responsive to pH, and a full cycle of expansion (in regular water) and contraction (at pH 10 or in ethanol) can be completed within about 60 s. We use gel expansion to rapidly lift weights against gravity, resulting in ∼0.4 mJ of work being done over 40 s, which translates to a power density of 260 mW/kg. This ability to harness the chemical potential energy from the gel to do useful mechanical work could enable new designs for mechano-chemical engines─and potentially for artificial muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Choudhary
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Srinivasa R Raghavan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Kaur J, Sengupta P, Mukhopadhyay S. Critical Review of Bioadsorption on Modified Cellulose and Removal of Divalent Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, and Cu). Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Fergusson College, Pune 411004, India
| | | | - Samrat Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Textile and Fiber Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
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Wang C, Meng F, Qiao L, Xie Y, Liu X, Zheng J. In Situ Blue-Light-Induced Photocurable and Weavable Hydrogel Filament. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35600-35606. [PMID: 34984291 PMCID: PMC8717588 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A self-lubricating hydrogel filament was achieved by establishing an in situ photocuring system and using camphorquinone/diphenyl iodonium hexafluorophosphate (CQ/DPI) as the blue-light photoinitiators, acrylamide (AM) and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) as the monomers, polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) as the cross-linker, and lecithin as the lipid lubricant. The blue-light photopolymerization efficiency and the photorheological properties of the hydrogel precursor were investigated by photodifferential scanning calorimetry and a photorheological system. With the increase of DMAA, the photopolymerization efficiency of the precursor improved, while the elasticity of poly(DMAA/AM) decreased accordingly. The physical cross-linking effect between lecithin and the poly(DMAA/AM) network led to improved polymerization properties and elasticity. The lipid-based boundary layer at the hydrogel surface endowed the self-lubrication of the hydrogel filament. The extruded hydrogel filaments exhibited excellent mechanical properties and weavability, which were expected to play a realistic role in soft robots and bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing
and Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Fan Meng
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing
and Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Luyang Qiao
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing
and Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Yuyan Xie
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing
and Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing
and Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Jinhuan Zheng
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing
and Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
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20
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Gao L, Luo H, Wang Q, Hu G, Xiong Y. Synergistic Effect of Hydrogen Bonds and Chemical Bonds to Construct a Starch-Based Water-Absorbing/Retaining Hydrogel Composite Reinforced with Cellulose and Poly(ethylene glycol). ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35039-35049. [PMID: 34963985 PMCID: PMC8697600 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogel prepared by graft copolymerization of starch (ST) and acrylamide (AM) is a commonly used absorbent material; however, due to their irregular network structure and a limited number of hydrophilic groups, starch-based hydrogels have poor water absorption and water retention. To overcome this, here, we provide a new preparation method for starch-based hydrogels. Using cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an initiator, the starch-acrylamide-cellulose (CMC)/poly(ethylene glycol) (S-A-M/PEG) superabsorbent hydrogel was prepared by graft copolymerization. The starch-acrylamide-cellulose/poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel network is constructed through the synergistic effect of hydrogen bonds and chemical bonds. The experimental results showed that the starch-acrylamide-cellulose/poly(ethylene glycol) superabsorbent hydrogel has a complete network structure that does not easily collapse due to its superior mechanical properties. The water swelling rate reached 80.24 times, and it reached 50.61% water retention after 16 days. This hydrogel has excellent water-absorbing and water-retaining properties, biocompatibility, and degradability, making it useful for further studies in medical, agricultural, and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Gao
- Department of Polymer Materials
and Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Huiyuan Luo
- Department of Polymer Materials
and Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Polymer Materials
and Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Guirong Hu
- Department of Polymer Materials
and Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhu Xiong
- Department of Polymer Materials
and Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
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21
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Zhang Q, Li M, Hu W, Wang X, Hu J. Spidroin-Based Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering: General Approaches and Potential Stem Cell Therapies. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:7141550. [PMID: 34966432 PMCID: PMC8712125 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7141550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spider silks are increasingly gaining interest for potential use as biomaterials in tissue engineering and biomedical applications. Owing to their facile and versatile processability in native and regenerated forms, they can be easily tuned via chemical synthesis or recombinant technologies to address specific issues required for applications. In the past few decades, native spider silk and recombinant silk materials have been explored for a wide range of applications due to their superior strength, toughness, and elasticity as well as biocompatibility, biodegradation, and nonimmunogenicity. Herein, we present an overview of the recent advances in spider silk protein that fabricate biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Beginning with a brief description of biological and mechanical properties of spidroin-based materials and the cellular regulatory mechanism, this review summarizes various types of spidroin-based biomaterials from genetically engineered spider silks and their prospects for specific biomedical applications (e.g., lung tissue engineering, vascularization, bone and cartilage regeneration, and peripheral nerve repair), and finally, we prospected the development direction and manufacturing technology of building more refined and customized spidroin-based protein scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Min Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jinlian Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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22
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Peters JT, Wechsler ME, Peppas NA. Advanced biomedical hydrogels: molecular architecture and its impact on medical applications. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab060. [PMID: 34925879 PMCID: PMC8678442 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are cross-linked polymeric networks swollen in water, physiological aqueous solutions or biological fluids. They are synthesized by a wide range of polymerization methods that allow for the introduction of linear and branched units with specific molecular characteristics. In addition, they can be tuned to exhibit desirable chemical characteristics including hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity. The synthesized hydrogels can be anionic, cationic, or amphiphilic and can contain multifunctional cross-links, junctions or tie points. Beyond these characteristics, hydrogels exhibit compatibility with biological systems, and can be synthesized to render systems that swell or collapse in response to external stimuli. This versatility and compatibility have led to better understanding of how the hydrogel's molecular architecture will affect their physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties. We present a critical summary of the main methods to synthesize hydrogels, which define their architecture, and advanced structural characteristics for macromolecular/biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Peters
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Marissa E Wechsler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 200 E. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, and Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity St., Bldg. B, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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23
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Samanta HS, Ray SK. Effect of pectin and attapulgite filler on swelling, network parameters and controlled release of diltiazem hydrochloride from polyacrylic copolymer gel. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:978-988. [PMID: 34536479 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pectin grafted polyacrylic copolymer hydrogels were made by free radical crosslink copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AM) in an aqueous solution of pectin. N'N-methylene bis acrylamide (MBA) was used as a crosslinker. During the polymerization reaction the attapulgite (APG) filler was also incorporated in situ into the network of the copolymer gel. Several filled hydrogels were prepared by varying the amount of pectin and APG filler. These hydrogels were characterized by FTIR, 13C NMR, XRD, TGA, SEM, mechanical properties, DMA, swelling, diffusion characteristics and network parameters. The release kinetics of a model drug diltiazem hydrochloride (DT) was studied with these hydrogels. The wt% of pectin, APG and MBA was optimized with a central composite design (CCD) model of response surface methodology (RSM) with equilibrium swelling ratio (ESR), drug adsorption (mg/100 mg gel) and drug release% in 16 h as response. Accordingly, the hydrogel prepared with 5:1 AA:AM molar ratio, 25 wt% monomer concentration, 1% each of initiator and MBA concentration, 18 wt% pectin and 2 wt% APG showed an optimized ESR of 17.75, drug loading of 27.58 and a drug release % of 92.5 in 16 h at a solution pH of 7.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Sekhar Samanta
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Samit Kumar Ray
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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24
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Yin S, Su G, Chen J, Peng X, Zhou T. Ultra-Stretchable and Self-Healing Anti-Freezing Strain Sensors Based on Hydrophobic Associated Polyacrylic Acid Hydrogels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6165. [PMID: 34683757 PMCID: PMC8538095 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Water-rich conductive hydrogels with excellent stretchability are promising in strain sensors due to their potential application in flexible electronics. However, the features of being water-rich also limit their working environment. Hydrogels must be frozen at subzero temperatures and dried out under ambient conditions, leading to a loss of mechanical and electric properties. Herein, we prepare HAGx hydrogels (a polyacrylic acid (HAPAA) hydrogel in a binary water-glycerol solution, where x is the mass ratio of water to glycerol), in which the water is replaced with water-glycerol mixed solutions. The as-prepared HAGx hydrogels show great anti-freezing properties at a range of -70 to 25 °C, as well as excellent moisture stability (the weight retention rate was as high as 93% after 14 days). With the increase of glycerol, HAGx hydrogels demonstrate a superior stretchable and self-healing ability, which could even be stretched to more than 6000% without breaking, and had a 100% self-healing efficiency. The HAGx hydrogels had good self-healing ability at subzero temperatures. In addition, HAGx hydrogels also had eye-catching adhesive properties and transparency, which is helpful when used as strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (S.Y.); (G.S.); (J.C.); (X.P.)
| | - Gehong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (S.Y.); (G.S.); (J.C.); (X.P.)
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (S.Y.); (G.S.); (J.C.); (X.P.)
| | - Xiaoyan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (S.Y.); (G.S.); (J.C.); (X.P.)
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (S.Y.); (G.S.); (J.C.); (X.P.)
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25
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Subraveti SN, Raghavan SR. A Simple Way to Synthesize a Protective "Skin" around Any Hydrogel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:37645-37654. [PMID: 34324315 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In nature, various structures such as fruits and vegetables have a water-rich core that is covered by a hydrophobic layer, i.e., their skin. The skin creates a barrier that prevents chemicals in the external environment from entering the core; at the same time, the skin also ensures that the water in the core is preserved and not lost by evaporation. Currently, for many applications involving hydrogels, especially in areas such as soft robotics or bioelectronic interfaces, it would be advantageous if the gel could be encased in a skin-like material. However, forming such a skin around a gel has proved challenging because the skin would need to be a hydrophobic material with a distinct chemistry from the hydrophilic gel core. Here, we present a simple solution to this problem, which allows any hydrogel of arbitrary composition and geometry to be encased by a thin, transparent "skin." Our synthesis technique involves an inside-out polymerization, where one component of the polymerization (the initiator) is present only in the gel core, while other components (the monomers) are present only in the external medium. Accordingly, a thin polymeric layer (∼10-100 μm in thickness) grows outward from the core, and the entire process can be completed in a few minutes. We show that the presence of the skin prevents the gel from swelling in water and also from drying in air. Likewise, hydrophilic solutes in the gel core are completely prevented by the skin from leaking out into the external solution, while harsh chemicals (e.g., acids, bases, and chelators) or harmful microbes are prevented from entering the gels. The properties of the skin are all tunable, including its thickness and its mechanical properties. When the monomer used is urethane diacrylate, the resulting polyurethane skin is elastomeric, transparent, and peelable from the core gel. Conversely, when polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate is used as the monomer, the skin is hard and brittle (glass-like). The ability to grow a skin readily around any given hydrogel is likely to prove useful in numerous applications, such as in maintaining the electrical functionality of gel-based wires or circuit elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Nikhil Subraveti
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Srinivasa R Raghavan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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26
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Mithra K, Jena SS. Surfactant head group and concentration influence on structure and dynamics of gellan gum hydrogels: Crossover from stretched to compressed exponential. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Mithra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha India
| | - Sidhartha S Jena
- Department of Physics and Astronomy National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha India
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27
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Venkatachalam D, Kaliappa S. Superabsorbent polymers: A state-of-art review on their classification, synthesis, physicochemical properties, and applications. REV CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Superabsorbent polymers (SAP) and modified natural polymer hydrogels are widely and increasingly used in agriculture, health care textiles, effluent treatment, drug delivery, tissue engineering, civil concrete structure, etc. However, not many comprehensive reviews are available on this class of novel polymers. A review covering all the viable applications of SAP will be highly useful for researchers, industry persons, and medical, healthcare, and agricultural purposes. Hence, an attempt has been made to review SAPs with reference to their classifications, synthesis, modification by crosslinking, and physicochemical characterization such as morphology, swellability, thermal and mechanical properties, lifetime prediction, thermodynamics of swelling, absorption, release and transport kinetics, quantification of hydrophilic groups, etc. Besides, the possible methods of fine-tuning their structures for improving their absorption capacity, fast absorption kinetics, mechanical strength, controlled release features, etc. were also addressed to widen their uses. This review has also highlighted the biodegradability, commercial viability and market potential of SAPs, SAP composites, the feasibility of using biomass as raw materials for SAP production, etc. The challenges and future prospects of SAP, their safety, and environmental issues are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanapal Venkatachalam
- Department of Chemistry , Bannari Amman Institute of Technology , Sathyamangalam , 638 401 , Erode Dt , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Subramanian Kaliappa
- Biopolymer and Biomaterial Synthesis and Analytical Testing Lab, Department of Biotechnology , Bannari Amman Institute of Technology , Sathyamangalam , 638 401 , Erode Dt , Tamil Nadu , India
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28
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Gallagher BR, Zhao Y. Expansion microscopy: A powerful nanoscale imaging tool for neuroscientists. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105362. [PMID: 33813047 PMCID: PMC8600979 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest unsolved questions in neuroscience is how molecules and neuronal circuitry create behaviors, and how their misregulation or dysfunction results in neurological disease. Light microscopy is a vital tool for the study of neural molecules and circuits. However, the fundamental optical diffraction limit precludes the use of conventional light microscopy for sufficient characterization of critical signaling compartments and nanoscopic organizations of synapse-associated molecules. We have witnessed rapid development of super-resolution microscopy methods that circumvent the resolution limit by controlling the number of emitting molecules in specific imaging volumes and allow highly resolved imaging in the 10-100 nm range. Most recently, Expansion Microscopy (ExM) emerged as an alternative solution to overcome the diffraction limit by physically magnifying biological specimens, including nervous systems. Here, we discuss how ExM works in general and currently available ExM methods. We then review ExM imaging in a wide range of nervous systems, including Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, zebrafish, mouse, and human, and their applications to synaptic imaging, neuronal tracing, and the study of neurological disease. Finally, we provide our prospects for expansion microscopy as a powerful nanoscale imaging tool in the neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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29
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Sun X, Zhao Y, Li H, Luo C, Luo F. Facile fabrication of tough and biocompatible hydrogels from polyvinyl alcohol and agarose. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering North Minzu University Yinchuan China
| | - Yufei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering North Minzu University Yinchuan China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering North Minzu University Yinchuan China
| | - Chunhui Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering North Minzu University Yinchuan China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission North Minzu University Yinchuan China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology North Minzu University Yinchuan China
| | - Faliang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of High‐efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan China
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30
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Derevtsova KZ, Pchitskaya EI, Rakovskaya AV, Bezprozvanny IB. Applying the Expansion Microscopy
Method in Neurobiology. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021030157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Patra P, Patra AS, Mukherjee AK, Pal S. Development of a highly efficient selective flocculant based on functionalized
β‐cyclodextrin
toward beneficiation of low‐quality iron ore. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyapratim Patra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad Jharkhand India
| | - Abhay Shankar Patra
- Raw Materials Research Group (R&D) Tata Steel India Ltd Jamshedpur Jharkhand India
| | - Asim Kumar Mukherjee
- Raw Materials Research Group (R&D) Tata Steel India Ltd Jamshedpur Jharkhand India
| | - Sagar Pal
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad Jharkhand India
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32
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Synthesis and Characterization Superabsorbent Polymers Made of Starch, Acrylic Acid, Acrylamide, Poly(Vinyl Alcohol), 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane Sulfonic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094325. [PMID: 33919275 PMCID: PMC8122658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three polymers with excellent absorption properties were synthesized by graft polymerization: soluble starch-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl alcohol)/potato starch-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide), poly(vinyl alcohol)/potato starch-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide-co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid). Ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate were used as initiators, while N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide was used as the crosslinking agent. The molecular structure of potato and soluble starch grafted by synthetic polymers was characterized by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphology of the resulting materials was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Thermal stability was tested by thermogravimetric measurements. The absorption properties of the obtained biopolymers were tested in deionized water, sodium chroma solutions of various concentrations and in buffer solutions of various pH.
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33
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Zhao Z, Bai Y, Sun J, Lv K, Lei S, Qiu J. Tough and self‐healing hydrophobic association hydrogels with cationic surfactant. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Yingrui Bai
- School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong China
- CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company Limited China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing China
| | - Kaihe Lv
- School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Shaofei Lei
- School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong China
| | - Jiaxian Qiu
- School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong China
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34
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Wurm F, Pinggera GM, Pham T, Bechtold T. Investigation on the Behavior of κ -Carrageenan Hydrogels for Compressive Intra-Vessel Disintegration. Macromol Biosci 2020; 21:e2000348. [PMID: 33274844 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gel disintegration via compression is a possible approach for the reversal of the occlusion of male vasa deferentia (VD) by hydrogels. κ -carrageenan (KC) hydrogels can be used for such an application. To determine the required forces for in-vessel compressive disintegration, a gel-tube model, preparing KC gels in different tubes, is studied. These gels are of alternating biopolymer (1-3% by mass) and potassium (100-300 mM) concentration. Gel-filled tubes are uniaxially compressed at two different compression speeds (1 and 0.3 mm s-1 ). Breakage compression strains are cross studied by shear breaking gel measurements using dynamic mechanical analysis. The measurements showed good agreement. Gel structure disintegration occurred below (62 ± 8) % strain. During compression, three stages of gel disintegration are present. Gel-tube wall detachment, gel rupture, and gel expulsion. The force required for gel disintegration and tube deformation can be added arithmetically. From the modulus of a human aortae model, it is estimated that average human pinch forces are insufficient to disintegrate 2% and 3% by mass KC hydrogels in VD by massage. The compressive disintegration would require a compression device while evading tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wurm
- Research Institute of Textile Chemistry/Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, Dornbirn, 6850, Austria
| | - Germar-Michael Pinggera
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35 A, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Tung Pham
- Research Institute of Textile Chemistry/Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, Dornbirn, 6850, Austria
| | - Thomas Bechtold
- Research Institute of Textile Chemistry/Physics, University of Innsbruck, Hoechsterstrasse 73, Dornbirn, 6850, Austria
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Qureshi MA, Nishat N, Jadoun S, Ansari MZ. Polysaccharide based superabsorbent hydrogels and their methods of synthesis: A review. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2020.100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Tu CW, Tsai FC, Chen JK, Wang HP, Lee RH, Zhang J, Chen T, Wang CC, Huang CF. Preparations of Tough and Conductive PAMPS/PAA Double Network Hydrogels Containing Cellulose Nanofibers and Polypyrroles. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2835. [PMID: 33260522 PMCID: PMC7760924 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To afford an intact double network (sample abbr.: DN) hydrogel, two-step crosslinking reactions of poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) (i.e., PAMPS first network) and then poly(acrylic acid) (i.e., PAA second network) were conducted both in the presence of crosslinker (N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA)). Similar to the two-step processes, different contents of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCN: 1, 2, and 3 wt.%) were initially dispersed in the first network solutions and then crosslinked. The TOCN-containing PAMPS first networks subsequently soaked in AA and crosslinker and conducted the second network crosslinking reactions (TOCN was then abbreviated as T for DN samples). As the third step, various (T-)DN hydrogels were then treated with different concentrations of FeCl3(aq) solutions (5, 50, 100, and 200 mM). Through incorporations of ferric ions into (T-)DN hydrogels, notably, three purposes are targeted: (i) strengthen the (T-)DN hydrogels through ionic bonding, (ii) significantly render ionic conductivity of hydrogels, and (iii) serve as a catalyst for the forth step to proceed with in situ chemical oxidative polymerizations of pyrroles to afford polypyrrole-containing (sample abbr.: Py) hydrogels [i.e., (T-)Py-DN samples]. The characteristic functional groups of PAMPS, PAA, and Py were confirmed by FT-IR. Uniform microstructures were observed by cryo scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). These results indicated that homogeneous composites of T-Py-DN hydrogels were obtained through the four-step process. All dry samples showed similar thermal degradation behaviors from the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The T2-Py5-DN sample (i.e., containing 2 wt.% TOCN with 5 mM FeCl3(aq) treatment) showed the best tensile strength and strain at breaking properties (i.e., σTb = 450 kPa and εTb = 106%). With the same compositions, a high conductivity of 3.34 × 10-3 S/cm was acquired. The tough T2-Py5-DN hydrogel displayed good conductive reversibility during several "stretching-and-releasing" cycles of 50-100-0%, demonstrating a promising candidate for bioelectronic or biomaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Tu
- Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chutung, Hsinchu 31057, Taiwan;
| | - Fang-Chang Tsai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials (Ministry of Education), Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, School-Soaked of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jem-Kun Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan;
| | - Huei-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (H.-P.W.); (R.-H.L.)
| | - Rong-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (H.-P.W.); (R.-H.L.)
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (J.Z.); (T.C.)
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (J.Z.); (T.C.)
| | - Chung-Chi Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Feng Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (H.-P.W.); (R.-H.L.)
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37
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Synthesis of an un-modified gum arabic and acrylic acid based physically cross-linked hydrogels with high mechanical, self-sustainable and self-healable performance. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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38
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Kuznetsova Y, Sustaeva KS, Vavilova AS, Markin AV, Lyakaev DV, Mitin AV, Semenycheva LL. Tributylborane in the synthesis of graft-copolymers of gelatin and acrylamide. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Santillán F, Rueda JC. Removal of Methylene Blue by Hydrogels based on N, N-Dimethylacrylamide and 2-Oxazoline macromonomer. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Ge P, Cai Q, Zhang H, Yao X, Zhu W. Full Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels with High Ductility and Self-Recoverability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:37549-37560. [PMID: 32702232 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Energy dissipation is a common mechanism to improve the ductility of polymeric hydrogels. However, for poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels, it is not easy to dissipate energy, as polymer chains are dispersed in water without strong interchain interactions or decent entanglement. The brittleness limits the real applications of PEG hydrogels, although they are promising candidates in biomedical fields, as PEG has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Herein, we chemically introduced a center for energy dissipation in the PEG hydrogel system. Amphiphilic segmented PEG derivatives were designed through the melt polycondensation of triethylene glycol (PEG150) and high molecular weight PEG in the presence of succinic acid and mercaptosuccinic acid as dicarboxylic acids. Full PEG hydrogels with elastic nanospheres as giant cross-linkers were facilely prepared by the self-assembly of esterified PEG150 segments and the oxidation of mercapto groups. The resultant full PEG hydrogels can dissipate energy by the deformation of elastic nanospheres with outstanding ductility and self-recoverability while maintaining the excellent biocompatibility owing to their full PEG components. This work provides an original strategy to fabricate full PEG hydrogels with high ductility and self-recoverability, potentially applicable in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Ge
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qiuquan Cai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xuxia Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Weipu Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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41
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Luo C, Zhao Y, Sun X, Luo F. Fabrication of antiseptic, conductive and robust polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan composite hydrogels. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Optical imaging techniques are often used in neuroscience to understand brain function and discern disease pathogenesis. However, the optical diffraction limit precludes conventional optical imaging approaches from resolving nanoscopic structures with feature sizes smaller than 300 nm. Expansion microscopy (ExM) circumvents this limit by physically expanding preserved tissues embedded in a swellable hydrogel. Biomolecules of interest are covalently linked to a polymer matrix, which is then isotropically expanded at least 100-fold in size in pure water after mechanical homogenization of the tissue-gel. The sample can then be investigated with nanoscale precision using a conventional diffraction-limited microscope. The protocol described here is a variant of ExM that uses regents and equipment found in a typical biology laboratory and has been optimized for imaging proteins in expanded brain tissues. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol: Expansion microscopy for intact brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Klimas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brendan Gallagher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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43
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Panda P, Dutta A, Ganguly D, Chattopadhyay S, Das RK. Engineering hydrophobically associated hydrogels with rapid self‐recovery and tunable mechanical properties using metal‐ligand interactions. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prachishree Panda
- Materials Science Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur India
| | - Agniva Dutta
- Materials Science Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur India
| | - Debabrata Ganguly
- Rubber Technology Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur India
| | | | - Rajat K. Das
- Materials Science Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur India
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Abstract
The recently developed expansion microscopy method (ExM) allows for the resolution of structures below the diffraction limit of light not by sophisticated instrumentation, but rather by physically expanding the molecular structure of cells. This happens by crosslinking the protein in the sample to a hydrogel that is polymerized in situ and subsequently expanded, tearing the proteins apart in a nearly isotropic manner. In the resulting, larger facsimile of the original sample, the fluorescence-labeled molecules of interest can be optically separated by conventional fluorescence microscopy since the intermolecular distances are enlarged by a factor ranging from ~4 to 20 depending on the chemistry used for the hydrogel. The achieved improvement in resolution thus corresponds to the expansion factor. Further increase in resolution beyond this value may be achieved by combining ExM with established super-resolution microscopy methods. Indeed, this is possible using structured illumination microscopy (SIM) (Halpern et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2018), single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) (Zwettler et al., 2020) and stimulated emission depletion (STED), as we and others have shown recently (Gambarotto et al., 2019; Gao et al., 2018; Kim, Kim, Lee, & Shim, 2019; Unnersjö-Jess et al., 2016). Here, we provide a protocol, for our method, called ExSTED, which enabled us to achieve an increase in resolution of up to 30-fold compared to conventional microscopy, well beyond what is possible with conventional STED microscopy. Our protocol includes a strategy to achieve very high intensity fluorescence labeling, which is essential for optimal signal retention during the expansion process for ExSTED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Gao
- Max Planck Institut für molekulare Zellbiologie und Genetik, Dresden, Germany; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ria Thielhorn
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Rentsch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alf Honigmann
- Max Planck Institut für molekulare Zellbiologie und Genetik, Dresden, Germany
| | - Helge Ewers
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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45
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Rueda JC, Santillán F, Komber H, Voit B. Synthesis and Characterization of Stiff, Self-Crosslinked Thermoresponsive DMAA Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1401. [PMID: 32580475 PMCID: PMC7362251 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stiff thermosensitive hydrogels (HG) were synthesized by self-crosslinking free radical polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), adjusting the degree of swelling by carboxylate-containing sodium acrylate (NaAc) or a 2-oxazoline macromonomer (MM). The formation of hydrogels was possible due to the self-crosslinking property of DMAA when polymerized with peroxodisulfate initiator type. The MM was synthetized by the ring-opening cationic polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline (MeOxa) and methyl-3-(oxazol-2-yl)-propionate (EsterOxa), and contained a polymerizable styryl endgroup. After ester hydrolysis of EsterOxa units, a carboxylate-containing MM was obtained. The structure of the hydrogels was confirmed by 1H high-resolution (HR)-MAS NMR spectroscopy. Suitable conditions and compositions of the comonomers have been found, which allowed efficient self-crosslinking as well as a thermoresponsive swelling in water. Incorporation of both the polar comonomer and the macromonomer, in small amounts furthermore allowed the adjustment of the degree of swelling. However, the macromonomer was better suited to retain the thermoresponsive behavior of the poly (NIPAAm) due to a phase separation of the tangling polyoxazoline side chains. Thermogravimetric analysis determined that the hydrogels were stable up to ~ 350 °C, and dynamic mechanical analysis characterized a viscoelastic behavior of the hydrogels, properties that are required, for example, for possible use as an actuator material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Rueda
- Polymer Laboratory, Physics Section, Research Department (DGI), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP), 15088 San Miguel, Peru;
| | - Fátima Santillán
- Polymer Laboratory, Physics Section, Research Department (DGI), Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP), 15088 San Miguel, Peru;
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
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46
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Abstract
The mitotic spindle is a dynamic and complex cellular structure made of microtubules and associated proteins. Although the general localization of most proteins has been identified, the arrangement of the microtubules in the mitotic spindle and precise localization of various proteins are still under intensive research. However, techniques used previously to decipher such puzzles are resolution limited or require complex microscopy systems. On the other hand, expansion microscopy is a novel super-resolution microscopy technique that uses physical expansion of fixed specimens to allow features closer than the diffraction limit of light (~250nm) to become resolvable in the expanded specimen on a conventional confocal microscope. This chapter focuses on expansion microscopy of the mitotic spindle, specifically using tubulin labeling to visualize all microtubule subpopulations within the spindle. Furthermore, we discuss a protocol for expansion of GFP-tagged proteins, such as protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1). We also discuss various approaches for image analysis pointing out main advantages of expansion microscopy when compared to previously used techniques. This approach is currently used in our laboratory to study the architecture of the microtubules in the mitotic spindle after perturbations of various proteins important for the structural and dynamical properties of the mitotic spindle.
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47
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Abstract
Expansion microscopy is a recently developed super-resolution imaging technique, which provides an alternative to optics-based methods such as deterministic approaches (e.g. STED) or stochastic approaches (e.g. PALM/STORM). The idea behind expansion microscopy is to embed the biological sample in a swellable gel, and then to expand it isotropically, thereby increasing the distance between the fluorophores. This approach breaks the diffraction barrier by simply separating the emission point-spread-functions of the fluorophores. The resolution attainable in expansion microscopy is thus directly dependent on the separation that can be achieved, i.e. on the expansion factor. The original implementation of the technique achieved an expansion factor of fourfold, for a resolution of 70-80nm. The subsequently developed X10 method achieves an expansion factor of 10-fold, for a resolution of 25-30nm. This technique can be implemented with minimal technical requirements on any standard fluorescence microscope, and is more easily applied for multi-color imaging than either deterministic or stochastic super-resolution approaches. This renders X10 expansion microscopy a highly promising tool for new biological discoveries, as discussed here, and as demonstrated by several recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Truckenbrodt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Göttingen, Germany; Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
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48
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Faulkner EL, Thomas SG, Neely RK. An introduction to the methodology of expansion microscopy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 124:105764. [PMID: 32407880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Expansion microscopy is a novel, fluorescence imaging technique, which allows three-dimensional nanoscale imaging of specimens on a conventional fluorescence microscope. This is achieved through an innovative sample treatment, which culminates in approximately 4.5-fold expansion of specimens in each dimension. This allows 70 nm lateral and 200 nm axial resolution. To further develop application of the technique, there has been considerable focus on improving the methodology by i) extending the efficacy of labelling, ii) enabling multi-colour labelling of different biomolecules simultaneously, iii) further improving resolving power through alterations to sample preparation and iv) by combination of expansion microscopy with other well-established super resolution techniques. This review will highlight some of these recent advances and suggest ways that the technique could be developed further in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Faulkner
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Steven G Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Robert K Neely
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK; School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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49
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Wu CH, Tu CW, Aimi J, Zhang J, Chen T, Wang CC, Huang CF. Mechanochromic double network hydrogels as a compression stress sensor. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01075h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We prepared tough DN hydrogels with various rhodamine contents that undergo colour changes with external stresses. We demonstrated a facile platform between macroscopic colour changes and external stresses via converting photographs to mechanographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hao Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST)
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 40227
- Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Tu
- Industrial Technology Research Institute
- Hsinchu 31057
- Taiwan
| | - Junko Aimi
- Research Center for Functional Materials
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
| | - Chung-Chi Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery
- Veterans General Hospital
- Taichung 40705
- Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST)
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 40227
- Taiwan
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50
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Sarkar SD, Uddin MM, Roy CK, Hossen MJ, Sujan MI, Azam MS. Mechanically tough and highly stretchable poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel cross-linked by 2D graphene oxide. RSC Adv 2020; 10:10949-10958. [PMID: 35492941 PMCID: PMC9050439 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00678e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of a novel GO based cross-linker into the conventional poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel remarkably enhances the toughness and stretchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Don Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry
- Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
- Dhaka-1000
- Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mosfeq Uddin
- Department of Chemistry
- Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
- Dhaka-1000
- Bangladesh
| | - Chanchal Kumar Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
- Dhaka-1000
- Bangladesh
| | - Md. Jahangir Hossen
- Department of Chemistry
- Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
- Dhaka-1000
- Bangladesh
| | - Majharul Islam Sujan
- Department of Chemistry
- Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
- Dhaka-1000
- Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shafiul Azam
- Department of Chemistry
- Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
- Dhaka-1000
- Bangladesh
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