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Polesiak E, Makowska-Janusik M, Drapala J, Zagorska M, Banasiewicz M, Kozankiewicz B, Kulszewicz-Bajer I, Pron A. Photophysical and redox properties of new donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) compounds containing benzothiadiazole (A) and dimethyldihydroacridine (D) units: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39041807 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02322f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Four donor-acceptor-donor compounds consisting of 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine donors differently linked to a benzothiadiazole acceptor were designed using DFT calculations and synthesized, namely 4,7-bis(4-(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (1), 4,7-bis(2,5-dimethyl-4-(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (2), 4,7-bis(3,5-di(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (3), and 4-(3,5-di(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine)phenyl)-7-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (4). As predicted theoretically, all studied compounds were electrochemically active both in the reduction as well as in the oxidation modes. They underwent one electron quasi-reversible reduction. Oxidation of 1 and 2 involved a two electron process transforming them into dications and carrying out, in parallel, their dimerization. Oxidation of 3 and 4 resulted in their oligomerization (polymerization). The electrochemically determined ionisation potentials (IP) of 1-4 were similar, covering a narrow range of 5.28-5.33 eV and were consistent with DFT calculations. Larger differences were found for experimentally determined electron affinity (EA) values, being significantly lower for 2 (|EA| = 2.59 eV) as compared to 1, 3 and 4 whose |EA| values were higher by 0.15-0.25 eV, again consistent with DFT calculations. DFT calculations predict positive values of ΔE(S1-T1) for all compounds i.e. in the range of 0.18 eV to 0.43 eV for 1, 3 and 4 and a significantly lower value for 2 (0.06 eV), indicating a possible RISC process in this case. DFT calculations of ΔE(S1-T2) lead to negative and very small values for 2-4 implying a possible involvement of higher lying triplets in the generation of singlet excitons. The investigated derivatives exhibited fluorescence in the orange-red spectral range (550-770 nm) and were strongly dependent on the solvent polarity. The highest PLQY value of 37% was measured for 1 in toluene. The PLQY values significantly improved upon deoxygenation of the studied solutions. Solid state samples also exhibited higher PLQY values as compared to those determined for DCM solutions. These findings were rationalized by partial suppression of the vibrationally induced emission quenching in the solid state due to the intermolecular interaction confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Polesiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Makowska-Janusik
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University, Al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Jakub Drapala
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Zagorska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marzena Banasiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/44, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Boleslaw Kozankiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/44, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irena Kulszewicz-Bajer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adam Pron
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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He Z, Mei B, Chu H, Hou Y, Niu H. D-A Structural Oligomers Containing Benzothiadiazole or Benzophenone as Novel Multifunctional Materials for Electrochromic and Photodetector Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102274. [PMID: 37242849 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, six conjugated oligomers containing D-A structures were synthesized using the Stille coupling reaction and named PHZ1-PHZ6. All the oligomers utilized demonstrated excellent solubilities in common solvents and notable color variations in the domain of electrochromic characteristics. By designing and synthesizing two electron-donating groups modified with alkyl side chains and a common aromatic electron-donating group, as well as cross-binding them with two electron-withdrawing groups with lower molecular weights, the six oligomers presented good color-rendering efficiencies, among which PHZ4 presented the best color-rendering efficiency (283 cm2·C-1). The products also demonstrated excellent electrochemical switching-response times. PHZ5 presented the fastest coloring time (0.7 s), PHZ3 and PHZ6 presented the fastest bleaching times (2.1 s). Following 400 s of cycling activity, all the oligomers under study showed good working stabilities. Moreover, three kinds of photodetectors based on conducting oligomers were prepared, and the experimental results show that the three photodetectors have better specific detection performances and gains. These characteristics indicate that oligomers containing D-A structures are suitable for use as electrochromic and photodetector materials in the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng He
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Binhua Mei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Hongmei Chu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yanjun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-Efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Haijun Niu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
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3
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Takagi K, Yamamori T, Tsukamoto K. Oxidative (co)polymerization of dithiarubicene derivatives and electrochromic properties of narrow-bandgap conjugated polymers. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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Chen K, Wu Y, You L, Wu W, Wang X, Zhang D, Elman JF, Ahmed M, Wang H, Zhao K, Mei J. Printing dynamic color palettes and layered textures through modeling-guided stacking of electrochromic polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:425-432. [PMID: 34775506 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01098k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In printable electrochromic polymer (ECP) displays, a wide color gamut, precise patterning, and controllable color switching are important. However, it is a significant challenge to achieve such features synergistically. Here, we present a solution-processable ECP stacking scheme, where a crosslinker is co-processed with three primary ECPs (ECP-Cyan, ECP-Magenta, and ECP-Yellow), which endows the primary ECPs with solvent-resistant properties and allows them to be sequentially deposited. Via varying the film thickness of each ECP layer, a full-color palette can be constructed. The ECP stacking strategy is further integrated with photolithography. Delicate multilayer patterns with overhang and undercut textures can be generated, allowing information displays with spatial dimensionality. In addition, via modulating the stacking sequence, the electrochemical onset potentials of the ECP components can be synchronized to reduce unwanted intermediate colors that are often found in co-processed ECPs. Should specific color properties be desired, COMSOL modeling could be applied to guide the stacking. We believe that this ECP stacking strategy opens a new avenue for electrochromic printing and displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yukun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Liyan You
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wenting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaokang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - James F Elman
- Filmetrics, Inc., A KLA Company, 250 Packett's Landing Fairport, NY 14450, USA
| | - Mustafa Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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5
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Kwon S, Hwang YH, Nam M, Chae H, Lee HS, Jeon Y, Lee S, Kim CY, Choi S, Jeong EG, Choi KC. Recent Progress of Fiber Shaped Lighting Devices for Smart Display Applications-A Fibertronic Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903488. [PMID: 31483540 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advances in material science and nanotechnology have fostered the miniaturization of devices. Over the past two decades, the form-factor of these devices has evolved from 3D rigid, volumetric devices through 2D film-based flexible electronics, finally to 1D fiber electronics (fibertronics). In this regard, fibertronic strategies toward wearable applications (e.g., electronic textiles (e-textiles)) have attracted considerable attention thanks to their capability to impart various functions into textiles with retaining textiles' intrinsic properties as well as imperceptible irritation by foreign matters. In recent years, extensive research has been carried out to develop various functional devices in the fiber form. Among various features, lighting and display features are the highly desirable functions in wearable electronics. This article discusses the recent progress of materials, architectural designs, and new fabrication technologies of fiber-shaped lighting devices and the current challenges corresponding to each device's operating mechanism. Moreover, opportunities and applications that the revolutionary convergence between the state-of-the-art fibertronic technology and age-long textile industry will bring in the future are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonil Kwon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ha Hwang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Nam
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonwook Chae
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seung Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongmin Jeon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Somin Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungyeop Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Gyo Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Cheol Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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6
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Gao Y, Bai J, Sui Y, Han Y, Deng Y, Tian H, Geng Y, Wang F. High Mobility Ambipolar Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymers Synthesized via Direct Arylation Polycondensation: Influence of Thiophene Moieties and Side Chains. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Junhua Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Ying Sui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hongkun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Fosong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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7
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Yang CY, Jin WL, Wang J, Ding YF, Nong S, Shi K, Lu Y, Dai YZ, Zhuang FD, Lei T, Di CA, Zhu D, Wang JY, Pei J. Enhancing the n-Type Conductivity and Thermoelectric Performance of Donor-Acceptor Copolymers through Donor Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802850. [PMID: 30252162 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with high thermoelectric performance enable the fabrication of low-cost, large-area, low-toxicity, and highly flexible thermoelectric devices. However, compared to their p-type counterparts, n-type polymer thermoelectric materials show much lower performance, which is largely due to inefficient doping and a much lower conductivity. Herein, it is reported that the development of a donor-acceptor (D-A) polymer with enhanced n-doping efficiency through donor engineering of the polymer backbone. Both a high n-type electrical conductivity of 1.30 S cm-1 and an excellent power factor (PF) of 4.65 µW mK-2 are obtained, which are the highest reported values among D-A polymers. The results of multiple characterization techniques indicate that electron-withdrawing modification of the donor units enhances the electron affinity of the polymer and changes the polymer packing orientation, leading to substantially improved miscibility and n-doping efficiency. Unlike previous studies in which improving the polymer-dopant miscibility typically resulted in lower mobilities, the strategy maintains the mobility of the polymer. All these factors lead to prominent enhancement of three orders magnitude in both the electrical conductivity and the PF compared to those of the non-engineered polymer. The results demonstrate that proper donor engineering can enhance the n-doping efficiency, electrical conductivity, and thermoelectric performance of D-A copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wen-Long Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuying Nong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ke Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ya-Zhong Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fang-Dong Zhuang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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8
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You L, He J, Mei J. Tunable green electrochromic polymers via direct arylation polymerization. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01105b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method to tune the hues of neutral green conjugated electrochromic polymers (NG-ECP) via direct C–H arylation polymerization (DArP) was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan You
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Jiazhi He
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Jianguo Mei
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
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Zhang Q, Tsai CY, Abidin T, Jiang JC, Shie WR, Li LJ, Liaw DJ. Transmissive-to-black fast electrochromic switching from a long conjugated pendant group and a highly dispersed polymer/SWNT. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01863k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrochromic polymer (ECPblack) demonstrates an ultrahigh contrast ratio (over 80%) in most of the visible regions, and its electrochemical and electrochromic behaviors remarkably accelerate by doping nanotube/polytriarylamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- 10607 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Chou-Yi Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- 10607 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Taufik Abidin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- 10607 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Chiang Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- 10607 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ru Shie
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- 10607 Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Material Science and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Der-Jang Liaw
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- 10607 Taipei
- Taiwan
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10
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Fagour S, Thirion D, Vacher A, Sallenave X, Sini G, Aubert PH, Vidal F, Chevrot C. Understanding the colorimetric properties of quinoxaline-based pi-conjugated copolymers by tuning their acceptor strength: a joint theoretical and experimental approach. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02535a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of donor–acceptor π-conjugated copolymers leading to blue-to-green coloration according to acceptor strength.
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11
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Li W, Guo Y, Shi J, Yu H, Meng H. Solution-Processable Neutral Green Electrochromic Polymer Containing Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene Derivative as Unconventional Donor Units. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weishuo Li
- School of Advanced Materials,
Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yitong Guo
- School of Advanced Materials,
Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- School of Advanced Materials,
Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongtao Yu
- School of Advanced Materials,
Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hong Meng
- School of Advanced Materials,
Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Neo WT, Shi Z, Cho CM, Chua SJ, Xu J. Effects of Chemical Composition, Film Thickness, and Morphology on the Electrochromic Properties of Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Copolymers Based on Diketopyrrolopyrrole. Chempluschem 2015; 80:1298-1305. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201500182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Shi K, Zhang F, Di CA, Yan TW, Zou Y, Zhou X, Zhu D, Wang JY, Pei J. Toward High Performance n-Type Thermoelectric Materials by Rational Modification of BDPPV Backbones. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6979-82. [PMID: 25997085 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Three n-type polymers BDPPV, ClBDPPV, and FBDPPV which exhibit outstanding electrical conductivities when mixed with an n-type dopant, N-DMBI ((4-(1,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)phenyl)dimethylamine), in solution. High electron mobility and an efficient doping process endow FBDPPV with the highest electrical conductivities of 14 S cm(-1) and power factors up to 28 μW m(-1) K(-2), which is the highest thermoelectric (TE) power factor that has been reported for solution processable n-type conjugated polymers. Our investigations reveal that introduction of halogen atoms to the polymer backbones has a dramatic influence on not only the electron mobilities but also the doping levels, both of which are critical to the electrical conductivities. This work suggests the significance of rational modification of polymer structures and opens the gate for applying the rapidly developed organic semiconductors with high carrier mobilities to thermoelectric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shi
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- ‡Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chong-An Di
- ‡Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tian-Wei Yan
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ye Zou
- ‡Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- ‡Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- †Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Kularatne RS, Sista P, Magurudeniya HD, Hao J, Nguyen HQ, Biewer MC, Stefan MC. Donor-acceptor semiconducting polymers based on pyromellitic diimide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruvini S. Kularatne
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at Dallas; Richardson Texas 75080
| | - Prakash Sista
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at Dallas; Richardson Texas 75080
| | | | - Jing Hao
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at Dallas; Richardson Texas 75080
| | - Hien Q. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at Dallas; Richardson Texas 75080
| | - Michael C. Biewer
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at Dallas; Richardson Texas 75080
| | - Mihaela C. Stefan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at Dallas; Richardson Texas 75080
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15
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Zhang G, Guo J, Zhu M, Li P, Lu H, Cho K, Qiu L. Bis(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-benzodifuran-dione-based D–A polymers for high-performance n-channel transistors. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers based on a bis(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-benzodifuran-dione (BIBDF) unit displayed promising performances for their application in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobing Zhang
- Key Lab of Special Display Technology
- Ministry of Education
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology
- State Key Lab of Advanced Display Technology
- Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Key Lab of Special Display Technology
- Ministry of Education
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology
- State Key Lab of Advanced Display Technology
- Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology
| | - Min Zhu
- Key Lab of Special Display Technology
- Ministry of Education
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology
- State Key Lab of Advanced Display Technology
- Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology
| | - Peng Li
- Key Lab of Special Display Technology
- Ministry of Education
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology
- State Key Lab of Advanced Display Technology
- Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology
| | - Hongbo Lu
- Key Lab of Special Display Technology
- Ministry of Education
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology
- State Key Lab of Advanced Display Technology
- Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology
- Pohang
- Korea
| | - Longzhen Qiu
- Key Lab of Special Display Technology
- Ministry of Education
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology
- State Key Lab of Advanced Display Technology
- Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology
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16
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Cho CM, Ye Q, Neo WT, Lin T, Lu X, Xu J. Ultrahigh electron-deficient pyrrolo-acenaphtho-pyridazine-dione based donor–acceptor conjugated polymers for electrochromic applications. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
New ultrahigh electron-deficient acceptors pyrrolo-acenaphtho-pyridazine-diones (PAPD) were synthesized via a regio-selective inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction and their corresponding conjugated polymers showed electrochromism with long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Mui Cho
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 117602, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Qun Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Wei Teng Neo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 117602, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering
| | - Tingting Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Xuehong Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- Agency for Science
- Technology and Research (A*STAR)
- Singapore 117602, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry
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17
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Gora M, Krzywiec W, Mieczkowski J, Rodrigues Maia E, Louarn G, Zagorska M, Pron A. Alternating copolymers of diketopyrrolopyrrole or benzothiadiazole and alkoxy-substituted oligothiophenes: spectroscopic, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical investigations. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Mai CK, Schlitz RA, Su GM, Spitzer D, Wang X, Fronk SL, Cahill DG, Chabinyc ML, Bazan GC. Side-Chain Effects on the Conductivity, Morphology, and Thermoelectric Properties of Self-Doped Narrow-Band-Gap Conjugated Polyelectrolytes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13478-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ja504284r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaojia Wang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - David G. Cahill
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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19
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Leliège A, Barik S, Skene WG. Photopatternable electrochromic materials from oxetane precursors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:6920-6929. [PMID: 24720759 DOI: 10.1021/am500726n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated thiophenoazomethine triads containing an acid sensitive oxetane group were prepared. The solution processable monomers were immobilized on glass and ITO coated glass substrates by photoacid induced cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of the oxetane moiety. Photolithography using a photoacid generator and photosensitizer were used to pattern an electroactive polymer. Micro- and macroscale patterns ranging between 20 μm and 50 mm were possible with the electrochromic materials. The photopolymerized azomethine remained electroactive, and it could be repeatedly switched electrochemically between its neutral (mauve, λmax=535 nm) and oxidized (blue, λmax=585 nm) states without degradation. The electrochromic properties were evaluated in a simulated device where the colors were successfully cycled between blue (oxidized) and purple (neutral) states with applied biases of +0.6 V and -0.6 V vs Fc/Fc+ under ambient conditions without significant color fatigue or degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Leliège
- Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Département de Chimie, Pavillon JA Bombardier, Université de Montréal , CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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20
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Navarathne D, Skene WG. Towards electrochromic devices having visible color switching using electronic push-push and push-pull cinnamaldehyde derivatives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:12646-12653. [PMID: 24256440 DOI: 10.1021/am4040009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of symmetric and unsymmetric conjugated azomethines derived from cinnamaldehyde and 2,5-diaminothiophene-3,4-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester were prepared. The optical, electrochemical, and spectroelectrochemical properties of the electronic push-pull and push-push triads were investigated. Their properties could be tuned contingent on the cinnamaldehyde's electron withdrawing and donating substituents. The push-push symmetric derivative exhibited positive solvatochromism with the absorbance spanning some 31 nm, depending on the solvent polarity. Solvent dependent spectroelectrochemistry was also found for the symmetric push-push azomethine. The color of the neutral state and radical cation spanned 215 nm. The most pronounced color transition of the purple colored material was found in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), where the color bleached with electrochemical oxidation. This was a result of the absorbance shifting into the near infrared (NIR) and not from decomposition of the azomethine. Electrochromic devices with the azomethines possessing desired reversible oxidation and color changes in the visible were fabricated and tested to demonstrate the applicability of these azomethine triads in devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daminda Navarathne
- Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Department of Chemistry, Pavillon JA Bombardier, Université de Montréal , CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J6, Canada
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21
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Estrada LA, Deininger JJ, Kamenov GD, Reynolds JR. Direct (Hetero)arylation Polymerization: An Effective Route to 3,4-Propylenedioxythiophene-Based Polymers with Low Residual Metal Content. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:869-873. [PMID: 35607006 DOI: 10.1021/mz4003886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We report the use of direct (hetero)arylation polymerizations (DHAP) as a means of obtaining 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene-based conjugated polymers for use in electrochromics. This method offers a rapid route to achieving polymers in high yields with simplified purification procedures and low residual metal content, as determined by inductive coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The studied polymers possess comparable electrochromic properties to those previously reported by our group, implying that their switching ability from a colored to a transmissive state is independent of the residual metallic impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro A. Estrada
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of
Materials Science and Engineering, Center
for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - James J. Deininger
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of
Materials Science and Engineering, Center
for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | | | - John R. Reynolds
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of
Materials Science and Engineering, Center
for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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22
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Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Properties of a New Donor–Acceptor Polymer Containing 3,4-Dialkoxythiophene and 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole Units. Polymers (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/polym5031068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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23
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Braunecker WA, Oosterhout SD, Owczarczyk ZR, Larsen RE, Larson BW, Ginley DS, Boltalina OV, Strauss SH, Kopidakis N, Olson DC. Ethynylene-Linked Donor–Acceptor Alternating Copolymers. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400238t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wade A. Braunecker
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Stefan D. Oosterhout
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Zbyslaw R. Owczarczyk
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ross E. Larsen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Bryon W. Larson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523,
United States
| | - David S. Ginley
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Olga V. Boltalina
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523,
United States
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523,
United States
| | - Nikos Kopidakis
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dana C. Olson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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24
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Martinelli C, Farinola GM, Pinto V, Cardone A. Synthetic Aspects and Electro-Optical Properties of Fluorinated Arylenevinylenes for Luminescence and Photovoltaics. MATERIALS 2013; 6:1205-1236. [PMID: 28809206 PMCID: PMC5452319 DOI: 10.3390/ma6041205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the main synthetic aspects and properties of fluorinated arylenevinylene compounds, both oligomers and polymers, are summarized and analyzed. Starting from vinyl organotin derivatives and aryl halides, the Stille cross-coupling reaction has been successfully applied as a versatile synthetic protocol to prepare a wide series of π-conjugated compounds, selectively fluorinated on the aromatic and/or vinylene units. The impact of fluoro-functionalization on properties, the solid state organization and intermolecular interactions of the synthesized compounds are discussed, also in comparison with the non-fluorinated counterparts. Luminescent and photovoltaic applications are also discussed, highlighting the role of fluorine on the performance of devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Martinelli
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici CNR-ICCOM di Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari I-70125, Italy.
| | - Gianluca M Farinola
- Deparment of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, Bari I-70125, Italy.
| | - Vita Pinto
- Deparment of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, Bari I-70125, Italy.
| | - Antonio Cardone
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici CNR-ICCOM di Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari I-70125, Italy.
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25
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Camurlu P, Gültekin C, Gürbulak V. Optoelectronic Properties and Electrochromic Device Application of Novel Pyrazole Based Conducting Polymers. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2013.784546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Thakur VK, Ding G, Ma J, Lee PS, Lu X. Hybrid materials and polymer electrolytes for electrochromic device applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:4071-4096. [PMID: 22581710 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electrochromic (EC) materials and polymer electrolytes are the most imperative and active components in an electrochromic device (ECD). EC materials are able to reversibly change their light absorption properties in a certain wavelength range via redox reactions stimulated by low direct current (dc) potentials of the order of a fraction of volts to a few volts. The redox switching may result in a change in color of the EC materials owing to the generation of new or changes in absorption band in visible region, infrared or even microwave region. In ECDs the electrochromic layers need to be incorporated with supportive components such as electrical contacts and ion conducting electrolytes. The electrolytes play an indispensable role as the prime ionic conduction medium between the electrodes of the EC materials. The expected applications of the electrochromism in numerous fields such as reflective-type display and smart windows/mirrors make these materials of prime importance. In this article we have reviewed several examples from our research work as well as from other researchers' work, describing the recent advancements on the materials that exhibit visible electrochromism and polymer electrolytes for electrochromic devices. The first part of the review is centered on nanostructured inorganic and conjugated polymer-based organic-inorganic hybrid EC materials. The emphasis has been to correlate the structures, morphologies and interfacial interactions of the EC materials to their electronic and ionic properties that influence the EC properties with unique advantages. The second part illustrates the perspectives of polymer electrolytes in electrochromic applications with emphasis on poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) based polymer electrolytes. The requirements and approaches to optimize the formulation of electrolytes for feasible electrochromic devices have been delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Temasek Laboratories@NTU, Research Techno Plaza, BorderX Block 50 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, 637553, Singapore
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Amb CM, Craig MR, Koldemir U, Subbiah J, Choudhury KR, Gevorgyan SA, Jørgensen M, Krebs FC, So F, Reynolds JR. Aesthetically pleasing conjugated polymer:fullerene blends for blue-green solar cells via roll-to-roll processing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:1847-1853. [PMID: 22352848 DOI: 10.1021/am300156p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The practical application of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells requires high throughput printing techniques in order to attain cells with an area large enough to provide useful amounts of power. However, in the laboratory screening of new materials for OPVs, spin-coating is used almost exclusively as a thin-film deposition technique due its convenience. We report on the significant differences between the spin-coating of laboratory solar cells and slot-die coating of a blue-green colored, low bandgap polymer (PGREEN). This is one of the first demonstrations of slot-die-coated polymer solar cells OPVs not utilizing poly(3-hexylthiophene):(6,6)-phenyl-C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blends as a light absorbing layer. Through synthetic optimization, we show that strict protocols are necessary to yield polymers which achieve consistent photovoltaic behavior. We fabricated spin-coated laboratory scale OPV devices with PGREEN: PCBM blends as active light absorbing layers, and compare performance to slot die-coated individual solar cells, and slot-die-coated solar modules consisting of many cells connected in series. We find that the optimum ratio of polymer to PCBM varies significantly when changing from spin-coating of thinner active layer films to slot-die coating, which requires somewhat thicker films. We also demonstrate the detrimental impacts on power conversion efficiency of high series resistance imparted by large electrodes, illustrating the need for higher conductivity contacts, transparent electrodes, and high mobility active layer materials for large-area solar cell modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Amb
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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29
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Hayashi S, Koizumi T. From a benzodiazaborole-based compound to donor–acceptor polymer via electropolymerization. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py00563h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Gunbas G, Toppare L. Electrochromic conjugated polyheterocycles and derivatives—highlights from the last decade towards realization of long lived aspirations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:1083-101. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14992j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Özkut Mİ, Algi MP, Öztaş Z, Algi F, Önal AM, Cihaner A. Members of CMY Color Space: Cyan and Magenta Colored Polymers Based on Oxadiazole Acceptor Unit. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma202331t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merve İçli Özkut
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Yüzüncü Yıl University,
TR-65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Melek Pamuk Algi
- Laboratory
of Organic Materials (LOM), Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, TR-17100 Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Zahide Öztaş
- Laboratory
of Organic Materials (LOM), Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, TR-17100 Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Fatih Algi
- Laboratory
of Organic Materials (LOM), Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, TR-17100 Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Ahmet M. Önal
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, TR-06531 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Atilla Cihaner
- Atilim Optoelectronic Materials
and Solar Energy Laboratory (ATOMSEL), Atilim University, TR-06836 Ankara, Turkey
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Dyer AL, Thompson EJ, Reynolds JR. Completing the color palette with spray-processable polymer electrochromics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:1787-1795. [PMID: 21495668 DOI: 10.1021/am200040p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The field of electrochromic polymers has now reached an important milestone with the availability of a yellow to fully transmissive, cathodically coloring, solution-processable electroactive polymer. This is in addition to previously published electrochromic polymers that have neutral state colors that span from orange, red, magenta, blue, cyan, green, and black, that also attain highly transmissive states upon switching. With this, the full color palette is now complete allowing the largest variety of colors for transmissive and reflective electrochromic display applications. Here, we report on how we have been able to obtain this full color palette through synthetic modifications and color tuning utilizing electron rich and donor-acceptor repeat units, electron-donating substituents, and steric interactions with our 3,4-alkylenedioxythiophene family of polymers. Additionally, using solubilizing pendant groups for both organic and aqueous compatibility, we have been able to create this color palette with fully solution processable materials, paving the way for materials patterning, printing, and incorporation into devices for display and window applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey L Dyer
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Box 117200, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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34
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Vasilyeva SV, Beaujuge PM, Wang S, Babiarz JE, Ballarotto VW, Reynolds JR. Material strategies for black-to-transmissive window-type polymer electrochromic devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:1022-1032. [PMID: 21395243 DOI: 10.1021/am101148s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Black-to-transmissive switching polymer electrochromic devices (ECDs) were designed using a set of spray-processable cathodically coloring polymers, a non-color-changing electroactive polymer poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA) as the charge-compensating counter electrode, and a highly conducting gel electrolyte (6.5 mS cm(-1)). The color "black" was obtained by utilizing (1) individual copolymers absorbing across the visible spectrum, and (2) blends and bilayers of several polymer electrochromes with complementary spectral absorption. Neutral-state black and ink-like dark purple-blue (or "ink-black") donor-acceptor (DA) copolymers composed of the electron-donor 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) and the electron-acceptor 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) building units, which possess relatively homogeneous absorption profiles across the visible spectrum, were chosen for their propensity to switch to transmissive states upon electrochemical oxidation. A blend of magenta and cyan polymers (PProDOT-(CH(2)OEtHx)(2) and P(ProDOT-BTD-ProDOT), respectively) was produced with the goal of generating the same dark purple-blue color as that obtained with the "ink-black" DA copolymer. While the multi-polymer ECDs demonstrate high contrasts (up to 50%T), and switch from a saturated purple-blue color (L*=32, a*=13, b*=-46) to a light green-blue transmissive state (L*=83, a*=-3, b*=-6), devices made with the DA electrochromic copolymers switch more than two times faster (0.7 s to attain 95% of the full optical change) than those involving the polymer blends (1.6 s), and exhibit more neutral achromatic colors (L*=38, a*=5, b*=-25 for the colored state and L*=87, a*=-3, b*=-2 for the bleached state, correspondingly). The results obtained suggest that these materials should prove to be applicable in both transmissive- (window-type) and reflective-type ECDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Vasilyeva
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
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35
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Hızalan G, Balan A, Baran D, Toppare L. Spray processable ambipolar benzotriazole bearing electrochromic polymers with multi-colored and transmissive states. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03000g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Mike JF, Nalwa K, Makowski AJ, Putnam D, Tomlinson AL, Chaudhary S, Jeffries-EL M. Synthesis, characterization and photovoltaic properties of poly(thiophenevinylene-alt-benzobisoxazole)s. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:1338-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00353k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Beaujuge PM, Amb CM, Reynolds JR. A side-chain defunctionalization approach yields a polymer electrochrome spray-processable from water. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:5383-7. [PMID: 20979239 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M Beaujuge
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Abbotto A, Calderon EH, Dangate MS, De Angelis F, Manfredi N, Mari CM, Marinzi C, Mosconi E, Muccini M, Ruffo R, Seri M. Pyridine−EDOT Heteroarylene−Vinylene Donor−Acceptor Polymers. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1017132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Abbotto
- Department of Materials Science and Solar Energy Research Center (MIB-SOLAR), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Herrera Calderon
- Department of Materials Science and Solar Energy Research Center (MIB-SOLAR), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Milind S. Dangate
- Department of Materials Science and Solar Energy Research Center (MIB-SOLAR), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (CNR-ISTM) and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Norberto Manfredi
- Department of Materials Science and Solar Energy Research Center (MIB-SOLAR), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Maria Mari
- Department of Materials Science and Solar Energy Research Center (MIB-SOLAR), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Marinzi
- Department of Materials Science and Solar Energy Research Center (MIB-SOLAR), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (CNR-ISTM) and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ruffo
- Department of Materials Science and Solar Energy Research Center (MIB-SOLAR), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 53, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Mirko Seri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
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Akbaşoğlu N, Balan A, Baran D, Cirpan A, Toppare L. Electrochemical and optical studies of furan and thieno[3,2-b
]thiophene end capped benzotriazole derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wu HY, Wang KL, Jiang JC, Liaw DJ, Lee KR, Lai JY, Chen CL. Experimental and theoretical investigation of a new rapid switching near-infrared electrochromic conjugated polymer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dyer AL, Craig MR, Babiarz JE, Kiyak K, Reynolds JR. Orange and Red to Transmissive Electrochromic Polymers Based on Electron-Rich Dioxythiophenes. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100366y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey L. Dyer
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville Florida, 32611
| | - Michael R. Craig
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville Florida, 32611
- BASF, Tarrytown, New York, 10591
| | | | | | - John R. Reynolds
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville Florida, 32611
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Wu HY, Wang KL, Liaw DJ, Lee KR, Lai JY. Electrochromic material containing unsymmetrical substituted N,N,N′,N′
-tetraaryl-1,4-phenylenediamine: Synthesis and their optical, electrochemical, and electrochromic properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Amb CM, Beaujuge PM, Reynolds JR. Spray-processable blue-to-highly transmissive switching polymer electrochromes via the donor-acceptor approach. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:724-728. [PMID: 20217778 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Amb
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Dufresne S, Bolduc A, Skene WG. Towards materials with reversible oxidation and tuneable colours using heterocyclic conjugated azomethines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00557f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Oyaizu K, Hatemata A, Choi W, Nishide H. Redox-active polyimide/carbon nanocomposite electrodes for reversible charge storage at negative potentials: expanding the functional horizon of polyimides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00042f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bolduc A, Dufresne S, Skene WG. EDOT-containing azomethine: an easily prepared electrochromically active material with tuneable colours. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b923821b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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