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Singh AK, Chakrabarti S, Vilan A, Smogunov A, Tal O. Electrically Controlled Bimetallic Junctions for Atomic-Scale Electronics. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7775-7781. [PMID: 37603598 PMCID: PMC10510575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Forming atomic-scale contacts with attractive geometries and material compositions is a long-term goal of nanotechnology. Here, we show that a rich family of bimetallic atomic-contacts can be fabricated in break-junction setups. The structure and material composition of these contacts can be controlled by atomically precise electromigration, where the metal types of the electron-injecting and sink electrodes determine the type of atoms added to, or subtracted from, the contact structure. The formed bimetallic structures include, for example, platinum and aluminum electrodes bridged by an atomic chain composed of platinum and aluminum atoms as well as iron-nickel single-atom contacts that act as a spin-valve break junction without the need for sophisticated spin-valve geometries. The versatile nature of atomic contacts in bimetallic junctions and the ability to control their structure by electromigration can be used to expand the structural variety of atomic and molecular junctions and their span of properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sudipto Chakrabarti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Surface Physics and Material Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata 700064, India
| | - Ayelet Vilan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alexander Smogunov
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Oren Tal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Qin L, Huang Y, Xia F, Wang L, Ning J, Chen H, Wang X, Zhang W, Peng Y, Liu Q, Zhang Z. 5 nm Nanogap Electrodes and Arrays by Super-resolution Laser Lithography. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4916-4923. [PMID: 32559096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of reliable, mass-produced, and cost-effective sub-10 nm nanofabrication technology leads to an unprecedented level of integration of photonic devices. In this work, we describe the development of a laser direct writing (LDW) lithography technique with ∼5 nm feature size, which is about 1/55 of the optical diffraction limit of the LDW system (405 nm laser and 0.9 NA objective), and the realization of 5 nm nanogap electrodes. This LDW lithography exhibits an attractive capability of well-site control and mass production of ∼5 × 105 nanogap electrodes per hour, breaking the trade-off between resolution and throughput in a nanofabrication technique. Nanosensing chips have been demonstrated with the as-obtained nanogap electrodes, where controllable surface enhancement Raman scattering of rhodamine 6G has been realized via adjusting the gap width and, especially, the applied bias voltages. Our results establish that such a low-cost and high-efficient lithography technology has great potential to fabricate compact integrated circuits and biochips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuanqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences and Technology, Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lab of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Feng Xia
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiqiang Ning
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Suzhou HWN Nanotec. Co., LTD., Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yong Peng
- School of Physical Sciences and Technology, Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lab of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qian Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
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Remote control of magnetostriction-based nanocontacts at room temperature. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13621. [PMID: 26323326 PMCID: PMC4555029 DOI: 10.1038/srep13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The remote control of the electrical conductance through nanosized junctions at room temperature will play an important role in future nano-electromechanical systems and electronic devices. This can be achieved by exploiting the magnetostriction effects of ferromagnetic materials. Here we report on the electrical conductance of magnetic nanocontacts obtained from wires of the giant magnetostrictive compound Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1.95 as an active element in a mechanically controlled break-junction device. The nanocontacts are reproducibly switched at room temperature between “open” (zero conductance) and “closed” (nonzero conductance) states by variation of a magnetic field applied perpendicularly to the long wire axis. Conductance measurements in a magnetic field oriented parallel to the long wire axis exhibit a different behaviour where the conductance switches between both states only in a limited field range close to the coercive field. Investigating the conductance in the regime of electron tunneling by mechanical or magnetostrictive control of the electrode separation enables an estimation of the magnetostriction. The present results pave the way to utilize the material in devices based on nano-electromechanical systems operating at room temperature.
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Vardimon R, Klionsky M, Tal O. Indication of Complete Spin Filtering in Atomic-Scale Nickel Oxide. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:3894-8. [PMID: 25946374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Generating highly spin-polarized currents at the nanoscale is essential for spin current manipulations and spintronic applications. We find indications for up to 100% spin-polarized currents across nickel oxide atomic junctions formed between two nickel electrodes. The degree of spin polarization is probed by analyzing the shot noise resulting from the discrete statistics of spin-polarized electron transport. We show that spin filtering can be significantly enhanced by local chemical modifications at the single-atom level. This approach paves the way for effective manipulations of spin transport at the fundamental limit of miniaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Vardimon
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Marina Klionsky
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Oren Tal
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
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Cespedes O, Wheeler M, Moorsom T, Viret M. Unexpected magnetic properties of gas-stabilized platinum nanostructures in the tunneling regime. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:45-50. [PMID: 25531537 DOI: 10.1021/nl504254d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials often have properties widely different from bulk, imposed by quantum limits to a physical property of the material. This includes, for example, superparamagnetism and quantized conductance, but original properties such as magnetoresistance in nonmagnetic molecular structures may also emerge. In this Letter, we report on the atomic manipulation of platinum nanocontacts in order to induce magnetoresistance. Platinum is a paramagnetic 5d metal, but atomic chains of this material have been predicted to be magnetically ordered with a large anisotropy. Remarkably, we find that a gas flow stabilizes Pt atomic structures in a break junction experiment, where we observe extraordinary resistance changes over 30,000% in a temperature range up to 77 K. Simulations indicate that this behavior may stem from a previously unknown magnetically ordered, low-energy state in platinum oxide atomic chains. This is supported by measurements in Pt/PtOx superlattices revealing the presence of a ferromagnetic moment. These properties open new paths of research for atomic scale "dirty" magnetic sensors and quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Cespedes
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds , Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Yoshida K, Hamada I, Sakata S, Umeno A, Tsukada M, Hirakawa K. Gate-tunable large negative tunnel magnetoresistance in Ni-C60-Ni single molecule transistors. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:481-485. [PMID: 23327475 DOI: 10.1021/nl303871x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated single C(60) molecule transistors with ferromagnetic Ni leads (FM-SMTs) by using an electrical break junction method and investigated their magnetotransport. The FM-SMTs exhibited clear gate-dependent hysteretic tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) and the TMR values reached as high as -80%. The polarity of the TMR was found to be always negative over the entire bias range studied here. Density functional theory calculations show that hybridization between the Ni substrate states and the C(60) molecular orbitals generates an antiferromagnetic configuration in the local density of states near the Fermi level, which gives a reasonable explanation for the observed negative TMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yoshida
- Institute of Industrial Science and Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
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von Bieren A, Patra AK, Krzyk S, Rhensius J, Reeve RM, Heyderman LJ, Hoffmann-Vogel R, Kläui M. Domain-wall induced large magnetoresistance effects at zero applied field in ballistic nanocontacts. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:067203. [PMID: 23432298 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.067203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We determine magnetoresistance effects in stable and clean Permalloy nanocontacts of variable cross section, fabricated by UHV deposition and in situ electromigration. To ascertain the magnetoresistance (MR) effects originating from a magnetic domain wall, we measure the resistance values with and without such a wall at zero applied field. In the ballistic transport regime, the MR ratio reaches up to 50% and exhibits a previously unobserved sign change. Our results can be reproduced by recent atomistic calculations for different atomic configurations of the nanocontact, highlighting the importance of the detailed atomic arrangement for the MR effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt von Bieren
- Laboratory for Nanomagnetism and Spin Dynamics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Herzog S, Wegewijs MR. Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in transport through single-molecule transistors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:274010. [PMID: 20571197 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/27/274010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction is shown to result in a canting of spins in a single-molecule transistor. We predict nonlinear transport signatures of this effect induced by spin-orbit coupling for the generic case of a molecular dimer. The conductance is calculated using a master equation and is found to exhibit a non-trivial dependence on the magnitude and direction of an external magnetic field. We show how three-terminal transport measurements allow for a determination of the coupling vector characterizing the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. In particular, we show how its orientation, defining the intramolecular spin chirality, can be probed with ferromagnetic electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Herzog
- Institut für Theoretische Physik A, RWTH Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Abstract
Nanogap electrodes (namely, a pair of electrodes with a nanometer gap) are fundamental building blocks for the fabrication of nanometer-sized devices and circuits. They are also important tools for the examination of material properties at the nanometer scale, even at the molecular scale. In this review, the techniques for the fabrication of nanogap electrodes, the preparation of assembled devices based on the nanogap electrodes, and the potential application of these nanodevices for analysis of material properties are introduced. The history, the research status, and the prospects of nanogap electrodes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
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Jacob D, Haule K, Kotliar G. Kondo effect and conductance of nanocontacts with magnetic impurities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:016803. [PMID: 19659166 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.016803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We study the impact of dynamical correlations on the electronic structure and coherent transport properties of Cu nanocontacts hosting a single magnetic impurity (Ni, Co, Fe) in the contact region. The strong dynamical correlations of the impurity 3d electrons are fully taken into account by combining density-functional calculations with a dynamical treatment of the impurity 3d shell in the one-crossing approximation. We find that dynamical correlations give rise to the Kondo effect and lead to Fano features in the coherent transport characteristics similar to those observed in related experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jacob
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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12
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Control of channel resistance on metal nanowires by electromigration patterning method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1116/1.3070651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fernández-Pacheco A, De Teresa JM, Córdoba R, Ibarra MR. Exploring the conduction in atomic-sized metallic constrictions created by controlled ion etching. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:415302. [PMID: 21832642 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/41/415302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel technique to establish atomic-sized contacts in metallic materials is shown. It is based on etching a (sub)micrometric electrode via a low-energy focused ion beam. The in situ measurements of the nanoconstriction resistance during the etching process permit control of the formation of atomic-sized constrictions with milling time, observing steps in the conductance in the range of the conductance quantum (G(0) = 2e(2)/h), just before entering the tunnelling regime. These constrictions are highly stable with time due to the adherence to a substrate, which allows further studies such as the detailed current-voltage transport investigation reported here. Scanning electron microscopy images are used to correlate the etching process and the constriction microstructure. The high control achieved in the process makes us suggest this technique as a promising route to study physical phenomena in the verge of the metal-tunnel conduction crossover.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fernández-Pacheco
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain. Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain
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Stickler D, Frömter R, Li W, Kobs A, Oepen HP. Integrated setup for the fabrication and measurement of magnetoresistive nanoconstrictions in ultrahigh vacuum. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:103901. [PMID: 19044723 DOI: 10.1063/1.2981693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A UHV instrument is presented for in situ fabrication of nanostructures and in situ investigation of their magnetoresistance. Nanostructures of diverse shape and size are created from thin films utilizing a focused ion beam. The magnetic nanostructures are contacted via a micromanipulator, which makes it possible to address the individual structures. The system is additionally equipped with a scanning electron microscope column, which is used for damage-free navigation and control of the structuring and contacting. First magnetoresistance measurements of structures carved into a Permalloy film demonstrate the high sensitivity and the flexibility of the new setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stickler
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstr. 11, 20355 Hamburg, Germany.
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Shi SF, Ralph DC. Atomic motion in ferromagnetic break junctions. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 2:522-523. [PMID: 18654354 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2007.251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Bourahla B, Khater A, Tigrine R, Rafil O, Abou Ghantous M. Magnon coherent conductance via atomic nanocontacts. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2007; 19:266208. [PMID: 21694085 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/19/26/266208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A calculation for the coherent scattering and conductance of magnons via atomic nanocontacts is presented. The model system is composed of two groups of semi-infinite magnetically ordered Heisenberg monatomic chains, joined together by the magnetic nanocontact, and the system is supported on a non-magnetic substrate and considered otherwise free from magnetic interactions. The coherent transmission and reflection coefficients are derived as elements of a Landauer-type scattering matrix. Transmission and reflection scattering cross sections are calculated specifically for three distinct symmetric and asymmetric geometric configurations of the nanocontact. Three cases of local magnetic exchange on the nanocontact domain are analysed for each configuration to investigate the influence of softening and hardening of the magnetic boundary conditions. In analogy with coherent electronic transport, we calculate the magnon coherent transport. The numerical results show the interference effects between the incident scattered magnons and the localized spin states on the nanocontact, with characteristic Fano resonances. The numerical results yield an understanding of the relationship between the coherent magnon conductance and the architecture of the embedded magnetic nanocontact.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bourahla
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Etat Condensé UMR 6087, Université du Maine, 72085 Le Mans, France. Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Quantique, Université Mouloud Mammeri, 15000 Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria
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Bolotin KI, Kuemmeth F, Ralph DC. Anisotropic magnetoresistance and anisotropic tunneling magnetoresistance due to quantum interference in ferromagnetic metal break junctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:127202. [PMID: 17025993 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.127202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We measure the low-temperature resistance of permalloy break junctions as a function of contact size and the magnetic field angle in applied fields large enough to saturate the magnetization. For both nanometer-scale metallic contacts and tunneling devices we observe large changes in resistance with the angle, as large as 25% in the tunneling regime. The pattern of magnetoresistance is sensitive to changes in bias on a scale of a few mV. We interpret the effect as a consequence of conductance fluctuations due to quantum interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill I Bolotin
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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