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Song Z, Sistani M, Schwingshandl F, Lugstein A. Controlling Hot Charge Carrier Transfer in Monolithic AlSiAl Heterostructures for Plasmonic On-Chip Energy Harvesting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301055. [PMID: 37162487 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The generation of hot carriers by Landau damping or chemical interface damping of plasmons is of particular interest to the fundamental aspects of extreme light-matter interactions. Hot charge carriers can be transferred to an attached acceptor for photochemical or photovoltaic energy conversion. However, these lose their excess energy and relax to thermal equilibrium within picoseconds and it is difficult to extract useful work thereof with thermodynamic efficiencies that are of interest for practical devices. Without a detailed understanding of the underlying plasmon decay processes and transfer mechanisms, proper material matching and design considerations for novel plasmonic devices are extremely challenging. Here, a multifunctional AlSiAl heterostructure device with tunable Schottky barriers is presented to control plasmon-induced hot carrier injection at an abrupt metal-semiconductor interface. Light absorption, surface plasmon generation, and separation of hot carriers arising from the non-radiative decay of surface plasmons are realized in a monolithic Schottky barrier field effect transistor. Aside from barrier modulation, a virtual p-n junction can be emulated in the semiconductor channel with the distinct merit that carrier concentration and polarity are tunable by electrostatic gating. The investigations are carried out with a view to possible use for CMOS-compatible plasmonic photovoltaics, with versatile implementations for autonomous nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Song
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna, 1040, Austria
| | - Masiar Sistani
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna, 1040, Austria
| | - Fabian Schwingshandl
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna, 1040, Austria
| | - Alois Lugstein
- Institute of Solid State Electronics, Technische Universität Wien, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna, 1040, Austria
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2
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Yu SY, Shih MH, Ku YC, Kuo YH, Liaw JW. Water-Immersion Laser-Scanning Annealing for Improving Polycrystalline Au Films. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:42272-42282. [PMID: 36440141 PMCID: PMC9686192 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A water-immersion laser-scanning annealing (WILSA) method was developed for the heat treatment of a deposited polycrystalline Au film on a glass. The material characterization using X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction shows improved crystallinity with a more uniform crystallographic orientation of (111) and the grain growth of the annealed Au film. Additionally, the optical constants of the Au film before and after annealing were characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry in the visible to near-infrared (NIR) regime, and the corresponding optical densities (ODs) were measured by transmittance spectroscopy. Our results show that the extinction coefficient and the OD of the annealed film are significantly reduced, particularly in the NIR regime. This is because the grain growth caused by the annealing reduces the density of grain boundaries, leading to the decrease of the loss of free electrons' scattering at grain boundaries. Hence, the damping effect of the surface plasmon is reduced. Additionally, the integrity of the WILSA-treated thin film is kept intact without pinholes, usually produced by the conventional thermal annealing. Based on the improved optical property of the WILSA-treated Au film, two performances of an insulator-metal-insulator (IMI) layered structure of biosensors are theoretically analyzed. Numerical results show that the propagation length of a long-range surface plasmon polariton along an IMI structure with an annealed Au film is significantly increased, compared to an unannealed film, particular in the NIR region. For the other application of using an IMI sensor to detect the shift of the surface-plasmon-resonance dip in the total internal reflection spectrum for the measurement of a change of the medium's refractive index, the sensitivity is also profoundly improved by the WILSA method. It is worth mentioning that the optimal heating conditions (laser wavelength, fluence, exposure time, and scanning step) depend on the thickness of the Au film. Our study provides a postprocess of WILSA to improve the optical properties of a deposited polycrystalline Au film for raising the sensitivity of the related biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Yang Yu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Rd., Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hsiung Shih
- Research
Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2,Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Cheng Ku
- Institute
of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Han Kuo
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Rd., Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Woei Liaw
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Rd., Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Ming Chi University
of Technology, 84 Gungjuan
Rd., New Taipei 243303, Taiwan
- Proton
and Radiation Therapy Center, Linkou Chang
Gung Memorial Hospital, 15 Wen-Hwa 1st Rd., Taoyuan 333011, Taiwan
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3
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Wang Y, Hu H, Tang J, Meng S, Xu H, Ding T. Plasmon-Directed On-Wire Growth of Branched Silver Nanowires with Chiroptic Activity. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16404-16410. [PMID: 34558905 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowires (Ag NWs) present prominent waveguiding properties of subwavelength light due to their nanoconfinement with propagating surface plasmons, which is of great importance for on-chip integration of nanophotonic devices and optical computation. Such propagating plasmons also exert plasmonic forces, which can be utilized to manipulate nanoparticles (NPs) beyond the diffraction limit. However, such controllability is spatially limited to the near fields, whereas a large portion of uncontrolled particles are randomly deposited on the chips, which could be detrimental to the integrated optical devices. Herein we shine continuous wave laser at one end of the Ag NW immersed in AgNO3 solution to launch the propagating surface plasmons. The laser irradiation also induces the photoreduction of Ag+ ions to locally generate tiny Ag NPs, which evolve into large Ag flake branches closer to the other end of the Ag NW. Such a peculiar growth is due to the synergistic effect of plasmonic forces and the thermophoretic/thermo-osmosis forces induced by temperature gradient. These branched Ag NWs with sharp angles are intrinsically chiral, which can be partially controlled by changing the irradiation location, forming plasmonic chiral enantiomers. The circular differential scattering (CDS) response of these branched Ag NWs can be as large as 40%, which can be used for chiral enantiomer sensing with spectral dissymmetric factor up to 4 nm induced by phenylalanine. This plasmon-directed on-wire growth not only offers a facile approach for generating plasmonic chiral nanostructures with remote controllability, but also provides significant insights on the synergistic effect of plasmonic forces and thermal-induced forces, which has great implications for self-assembly and integration of on-chip optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Huatian Hu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jibo Tang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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4
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Liaw JW, Mao SY, Luo JY, Ku YC, Kuo MK. Surface plasmon polaritons of higher-order mode and standing waves in metallic nanowires. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:18876-18888. [PMID: 34154134 DOI: 10.1364/oe.425958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) of higher-order mode propagating along a plasmonic nanowire (NW) or an elongated nanorod (NR) are studied theoretically. The dispersion relations of SPPs in NWs of different radii, obtained from a transcendental equation, show that the propagation lengths of SPPs of mode 1 and 2 at a specific frequency are longer than that of mode 0. For the higher-order mode, the spatial phase of the longitudinal component of electric field at a cross section of a NW exhibits the topological singularity, which indicates the optical vortex. Of importance, the streamlines of Poynting vector of these SPPs exhibit a helical winding along NW, and the azimuthal component of orbital momentum density exists in the nearfield of NW to produce a longitudinal orbital angular momentum (OAM). Two types of standing wave of counter-propagating SPPs of mode 1 and 2 are also studied; they perform as a string of beads or twisted donut depending on whether the handedness of two opposite-direction propagating SPPs is same or opposite. In addition, a SPP of mode 1 propagating along an elongated NR can be generated by means of an end-fire excitation of crossed electric bi-dipole with 90° phase difference. If the criterion of a resonator for a mode-1 standing wave (string of beads) is met, the configuration of a plasmonic NR associated with a pair of bi-dipoles with a phase delay (0° or 180°) at the two ends can be applied as a high-efficiency nanoantenna of transmission. Our results may pave a way to the further study of SPPs of higher-order mode carrying OAM along plasmonic waveguides.
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Agreda A, Sharma DK, Colas des Francs G, Kumar GVP, Bouhelier A. Modal and wavelength conversions in plasmonic nanowires. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:15366-15381. [PMID: 33985237 DOI: 10.1364/oe.421183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We show that plasmonic nanowire-nanoparticle systems can perform nonlinear wavelength and modal conversions and potentially serve as building blocks for signal multiplexing and novel trafficking modalities. When a surface plasmon excited by a pulsed laser beam propagates in a nanowire, it generates a localized broadband nonlinear continuum at the nanowire surface as well as at active locations defined by sites where nanoparticles are absorbed (enhancement sites). The local response may couple to new sets of propagating modes enabling a complex routing of optical signals through modal and spectral conversions. Different aspects influencing the optical signal conversions are presented, including the parameters defining the local formation of the continuum and the subsequent modal routing in the nanowire.
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6
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Ćwik M, Sulowska K, Buczyńska D, Roźniecka E, Domagalska M, Maćkowski S, Niedziółka-Jönsson J. Controlling plasmon propagation and enhancement via reducing agent in wet chemistry synthesized silver nanowires. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:8834-8845. [PMID: 33820325 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowires with varying diameters and submillimeter lengths were obtained by changing a reducing agent used during hydrothermal synthesis. The control over the nanowire diameter turns out to play a critical role in determining their plasmonic properties, including fluorescence enhancement and surface plasmon polariton propagation. Advanced fluorescence imaging of hybrid nanostructures assembled of silver nanowires and photoactive proteins indicates longer propagation lengths for nanowires featuring larger diameters. At the same time, with increasing diameter of the nanowires, we measure a substantial reduction of fluorescence enhancement. The results point at possible ways to control the influence of plasmon excitations in silver nanowires by tuning their morphology.
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7
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Yang P, Liang Y, Zhang D, Zhang J, Li S, Liu W. Synthesis of Silver Nanoplates with the Assistance of Natural Polymer (Sodium Alginate) Under 0 °C. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:ma13173827. [PMID: 32872579 PMCID: PMC7503834 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Some special conditions are important for chemical syntheses, such as high temperature and the medium used; unfortunately, uncontrollable influences are introduced during the process, resulting in unexpectedly low repeatability. Herein, we report a facile, environmentally friendly, stable, and repeatable methodology for synthesizing silver nanoplates (SNPs) at 0 °C that overcomes these issues and dramatically increases the yield. This method mainly employs sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium alginate (SA) as the surface stabilizer and assistant, respectively. Consequently, we produced hexagonal nanoplates and tailed nanoplates, and the characterization showed that SA dominates the clear and regular profiles of nanoplates at 0 °C. The tailed nanoplates, over time, showed the growth of heads and the dissolving of tails, and inclined to the nanoplates without tails. The synthesis method for SNPs used in this study-0 °C without media-showed high repeatability. We confirmed that these special conditions are not required for the synthesis of silver nanostructures (SNSs). Furthermore, we constructed a new method for preparing noble metal nanostructures and proved the possibility of preparing metal nanostructures at 0 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Yang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (P.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Yu Liang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (P.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Daxiao Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
| | - Jin Zhang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (P.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Shijie Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (P.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China; (P.Y.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (S.L.)
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8
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Prämassing M, Liebtrau M, Schill HJ, Irsen S, Linden S. Interferometric near-field characterization of plasmonic slot waveguides in single- and poly-crystalline gold films. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:12998-13007. [PMID: 32403782 DOI: 10.1364/oe.384629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystalline gold films show superior plasmonic properties compared to their poly-crystalline counterparts. However, this advantage comes at the cost of a more complex preparation process. It is thus crucial to validate whether the impact of the material quality on the performance of the respective plasmonic device justifies this additional effort. In order to address this question for the case of plasmonic slot waveguides, we present interferometric near-field measurements at telecommunication wavelengths on slot waveguides in single- and poly-crystalline gold films. We observe significantly larger propagation lengths in the case of single-crystalline gold films for slot widths below 100 nm. In contrast for larger widths, both gold films give rise to comparable propagation lengths.
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9
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Kheirandish A, Sepehri Javan N, Mohammadzadeh H. Modified Drude model for small gold nanoparticles surface plasmon resonance based on the role of classical confinement. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6517. [PMID: 32300116 PMCID: PMC7162930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we study the effect of restoration force caused by the limited size of a small metallic nanoparticle (MNP) on its linear response to the electric field of incident light. In a semi-classical phenomenological Drude-like model for small MNP, we consider restoration force caused by the displacement of conduction electrons with respect to the ionic positive background taking into account a free coefficient as a function of diameter of nanoparticle (NP) in the force term obtained by the idealistic Thomson model in order to adjust the classical approach. All important mechanisms of the energy dissipation such as electron-electron, electron-phonon and electron-NP surface scatterings and radiation are included in the model. In addition a correction term added to the damping factor of mentioned mechanisms in order to rectify the deficiencies of theoretical approaches. For determining the free parameters of model, the experimental data of extinction cross section of gold NPs with different sizes doped in the glass host medium are used and a good agreement between experimental data and results of our model is observed. It is shown that by decreasing the diameter of NP, the restoration force becomes larger and classical confinement effect becomes more dominant in the interaction. According to experimental data, the best fitted parameter for the coefficient of restoration force is a third order negative powers function of diameter. The fitted function for the correction damping factor is proportional to the inverse squared wavelength and third order power series of NP diameter. Based on the model parameters, the real and imaginary parts of permittivity for different sizes of gold NPs are presented and it is seen that the imaginary part is more sensitive to the diameter variations. Increase in the NP diameter causes increase in the real part of permittivity (which is negative) and decrease in the imaginary part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asef Kheirandish
- Department of Physics, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Nasser Sepehri Javan
- Department of Physics, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Hosein Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Physics, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, P.O. Box 179, Ardabil, Iran
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10
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Al-Baiaty Z, Cumming BP, Gan X, Gu M. Optomagnetic plasmonic nanocircuits. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:3131-3138. [PMID: 36133616 PMCID: PMC9418874 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00351g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between solid-state quantum emitters and nanoplasmonic waveguides is essential for the realization of integrated circuits for various quantum information processing protocols, communication, and sensing. Such applications benefit from a feasible, scalable and low loss fabrication method as well as efficient coupling to nanoscale waveguides. Here, we demonstrate optomagnetic plasmonic nanocircuitry for guiding, routing and processing the readout of electron spins of nitrogen vacancy centres. This optimized method for the realization of highly efficient and ultracompact plasmonic circuitry is based on enhancing the plasmon propagation length and improving the coupling efficiency. Our results show 5 times enhancement in the plasmon propagation length using (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and 5.2 times improvement in the coupling efficiency by introducing a grating coupler, and these enable the design of more complicated nanoplasmonic circuitries for quantum information processing. The integration of efficient plasmonic circuitry with the excellent spin properties of nitrogen vacancy centres can potentially be utilized to extend the applications of nanodiamonds and yield a great platform for the realization of on-chip quantum information networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Al-Baiaty
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria 3122 Australia
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University Melbourne 3001 Australia
- Department of Laser and Opto-Electronic Engineering, University of Technology Baghdad 10011 Iraq
| | - Benjamin P Cumming
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University Melbourne 3001 Australia
| | - Xiaosong Gan
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria 3122 Australia
| | - Min Gu
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University Melbourne 3001 Australia
- Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
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11
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Gao L, Chen L, Wei H, Xu H. Lithographically fabricated gold nanowire waveguides for plasmonic routers and logic gates. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:11923-11929. [PMID: 29901054 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01827h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating plasmonic nanowire waveguides and circuits by lithographic fabrication methods is highly desired for nanophotonic circuitry applications. Here we report an approach for fabricating metal nanowire networks by using electron beam lithography and metal film deposition techniques. The gold nanowire structures are fabricated on quartz substrates without using any adhesion layer but coated with a thin layer of Al2O3 film for immobilization. The thermal annealing during the Al2O3 deposition process decreases the surface plasmon loss. In a Y-shaped gold nanowire network, the surface plasmons can be routed to different branches by controlling the polarization of the excitation light, and the routing behavior is dependent on the length of the main nanowire. Simulated electric field distributions show that the zigzag distribution of the electric field in the nanowire network determines the surface plasmon routing. By using two laser beams to excite surface plasmons in a Y-shaped nanowire network, the output intensity can be modulated by the interference of surface plasmons, which can be used to design Boolean logic gates. We experimentally demonstrate that AND, OR, XOR and NOT gates can be realized in three-terminal nanowire networks, and NAND, NOR and XNOR gates can be realized in four-terminal nanowire networks. This work takes a step toward the fabrication of on-chip integrated plasmonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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12
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Wei H, Pan D, Zhang S, Li Z, Li Q, Liu N, Wang W, Xu H. Plasmon Waveguiding in Nanowires. Chem Rev 2018; 118:2882-2926. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Deng Pan
- School of Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shunping Zhang
- School of Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nano-Photonics and Nano-Structure (NPNS), Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Wenhui Wang
- School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School of Physics and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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13
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Herrmann JF, Höppener C. Dumbbell gold nanoparticle dimer antennas with advanced optical properties. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:2188-2197. [PMID: 30202689 PMCID: PMC6122275 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoantennas have found broad applications in the fields of photovoltaics, electroluminescence, non-linear optics and for plasmon enhanced spectroscopy and microscopy. Of particular interest are fundamental limitations beyond the dipolar approximation limit. We introduce asymmetric gold nanoparticle antennas (AuNPs) with improved optical near-field properties based on the formation of sub-nanometer size gaps, which are suitable for studying matter with high-resolution and single molecule sensitivity. These dumbbell antennas are characterized in regard to their far-field and near-field properties and are compared to similar dimer and trimer antennas with larger gap sizes. The tailoring of the gap size down to sub-nanometer length scales is based on the integration of rigid macrocyclic cucurbituril molecules. Stable dimer antennas are formed with an improved ratio of the electromagnetic field enhancement and confinement. This ratio, taken as a measure of the performance of an antenna, can even exceed that exhibited by trimer AuNP antennas composed of comparable building blocks with larger gap sizes. Fluctuations in the far-field and near-field properties are observed, which are likely caused by distinct deviations of the gap geometry arising from the faceted structure of the applied colloidal AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janning F Herrmann
- NanoBioPhotonics Group, Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christiane Höppener
- Leibniz Institut für Photonische Technologien, Jena, Albert-Einsteinstraße 9, 07743 Jena, Germany
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14
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Song M, Dellinger J, Demichel O, Buret M, Colas Des Francs G, Zhang D, Dujardin E, Bouhelier A. Selective excitation of surface plasmon modes propagating in Ag nanowires. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:9138-9149. [PMID: 28437988 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.009138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon modes propagating in metal nanowires are conveniently excited by focusing a laser beam on one extremity of the nanowire. We find that the precise positioning of the nanowire inside the focal region drastically influences the excitation efficiency of the different SPP modes sustained by the plasmonic waveguide. We demonstrate a spatially selective excitation of bound and leaky surface plasmon modes with excitation maps that strongly depend on the orientation of the incident linear polarization. We discuss this modal selection by considering the inhomogeneous distribution of the field components inside the focus. Our finding provides a way to discriminate the effective indices of the modes offering thus an increased coupling agility for future nanowire-based plasmonic architectures.
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15
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Foerster B, Joplin A, Kaefer K, Celiksoy S, Link S, Sönnichsen C. Chemical Interface Damping Depends on Electrons Reaching the Surface. ACS NANO 2017; 11:2886-2893. [PMID: 28301133 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles show extraordinary strong light absorption near their plasmon resonance, orders of magnitude larger compared to nonmetallic nanoparticles. This "antenna" effect has recently been exploited to transfer electrons into empty states of an attached material, for example to create electric currents in photovoltaic devices or to induce chemical reactions. It is generally assumed that plasmons decay into hot electrons, which then transfer to the attached material. Ultrafast electron-electron scattering reduces the lifetime of hot electrons drastically in metals and therefore strongly limits the efficiency of plasmon induced hot electron transfer. However, recent work has revived the concept of plasmons decaying directly into an interfacial charge transfer state, thus avoiding the intermediate creation of hot electrons. This direct decay mechanism has mostly been neglected, and has been termed chemical interface damping (CID). CID manifests itself as an additional damping contribution to the homogeneous plasmon line width. In this study, we investigate the size dependence of CID by following the plasmon line width of gold nanorods during the adsorption process of thiols on the gold surface with single particle spectroscopy. We show that CID scales inversely with the effective path length of electrons, i.e., the average distance of electrons to the surface. Moreover, we compare the contribution of CID to other competing plasmon decay channels and predict that CID becomes the dominating plasmon energy decay mechanism for very small gold nanorods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Foerster
- Graduate School for Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Staudinger Weg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Kaefer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Graduate Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Staudinger Weg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sirin Celiksoy
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Sönnichsen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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16
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Single-Crystalline Gold Nanowires Synthesized from Light-Driven Oriented Attachment and Plasmon-Mediated Self-Assembly of Gold Nanorods or Nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44680. [PMID: 28300218 PMCID: PMC5353694 DOI: 10.1038/srep44680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the light-driven geometrically oriented attachment (OA) and self-assembly of Au nanorods (NRs) or nanoparticles (NPs), single-crystalline Au nanowires (NWs) were synthesized by the irradiation of a linearly-polarized (LP) laser. The process was conducted in a droplet of Au colloid on a glass irradiated by LP near-infrared (e.g. 1064 nm and 785 nm) laser beam of low power at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, without any additive. The FE-SEM images show that the cross sections of NWs are various: tetragonal, pentagonal or hexagonal. The EDS spectrum verifies the composition is Au, and the pattern of X-ray diffraction identifies the crystallinity of NWs with the facets of {111}, {200}, {220} and {311}. We proposed a hypothesis for the mechanism that the primary building units are aligned and coalesced by the plasmon-mediated optical torque and force to form the secondary building units. Subsequently, the secondary building units undergo the next self-assembly, and so forth the tertiary ones. The LP light guides the translational and rotational motions of these building units to perform geometrically OA in the side-by-side, end-to-end and T-shaped manners. Consequently, micron-sized ordered mesocrystals are produced. Additionally, the concomitant plasmonic heating causes the annealing for recrystallizing the mesocrystals in water.
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17
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Shi X, Coca-López N, Janik J, Hartschuh A. Advances in Tip-Enhanced Near-Field Raman Microscopy Using Nanoantennas. Chem Rev 2017; 117:4945-4960. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Shi
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolás Coca-López
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Janik
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Hartschuh
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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18
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Zhang XY, Zhou HL, Shan F, Xue XM, Su D, Liu YR, Chen YZ, Wu JY, Zhang T. Synthesis of silver nanoplate based two-dimension plasmonic platform from 25 nm to 40 μm: growth mechanism and optical characteristic investigation in situ. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10952k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We show high-purity synthesis, structural engineering and in situ optical investigation of a 2D plasmonic platform using huge silver nanoplates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan-Li Zhou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Shan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Inertial Instrument and Advanced Navigation Technology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
| | - Dan Su
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Inertial Instrument and Advanced Navigation Technology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
| | - Yi-Ran Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhang Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yuan Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing
- People’s Republic of China
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19
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Seshadri I, Esquenazi GL, Cardinal T, Borca-Tasciuc T, Ramanath G. Microwave synthesis of branched silver nanowires and their use as fillers for high thermal conductivity polymer composites. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:175601. [PMID: 26965359 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/17/175601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a rapid synthesis approach to obtain branched Ag nanowires by microwave-stimulated polyvinylpyrrolidone-directed polyol-reduction of silver nitrate. Microwave exposure results in micrometer-long nanowires passivated with polyvinylpyrrolidone. Cooling the reaction mixture by interrupting microwave exposure promotes nanocrystal nucleation at low-surfactant coverage sites. The nascent nuclei grow into nanowire branches upon further microwave exposure. Dispersions of low fractions of the branched nanowires in polydimethylsiloxane yield up to 60% higher thermal conductivity than that obtained using unbranched nanowire fillers. Our findings should be useful for realizing nanocomposites with tailored thermal transport properties for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Seshadri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA. Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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20
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de Torres J, Ferrand P, Colas des Francs G, Wenger J. Coupling Emitters and Silver Nanowires to Achieve Long-Range Plasmon-Mediated Fluorescence Energy Transfer. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3968-3976. [PMID: 27019008 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of quantum plasmonic circuitry requires efficient coupling between quantum emitters and plasmonic waveguides. A major experimental challenge is to simultaneously maximize the surface plasmon propagation length, the coupling efficiency into the plasmonic mode, and the Purcell factor. Addressing this challenge is also the key to enabling long-range energy transfer between quantum nanoemitters. Here, we use a dual-beam scanning confocal microscope to carefully investigate the interactions between fluorescent nanoparticles and surface plasmons on single-crystalline silver nanowires. By exciting the fluorescent nanoparticles via nanowire surface plasmons, we maximize the light-matter interactions and reach coupling efficiencies up to 44% together with 24× lifetime reduction and 4.1 μm propagation lengths. This improved optical performance enables the demonstration of long-range plasmon-mediated fluorescence energy transfer between two nanoparticles separated by micrometer distance. Our results provide guidelines toward practical realizations of efficient long-range fluorescence energy transfer for integrated plasmonics and quantum nano-optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de Torres
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel , UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Ferrand
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel , UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Colas des Francs
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB) , UMR 6303, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Wenger
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel , UMR 7249, 13013 Marseille, France
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21
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Song M, He X, Zhang C, Chen M, Huang C, Chen F, Qiu H. Solvothermal fabrication of thin Ag nanowires assisted with AAO. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17688g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanowires were synthesized using solvothermal method assisted with AAO. AAO here is playing a role as a heterogeneous medium that can promote PVP molecules to form into one dimensional template and thus guiding the growth of Ag nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Song
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET)
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology
- Nanjing 210044
- P. R. China
| | - Xin He
- School of Applied Physics and Materials
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- P. R. China
| | - Chaozhi Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET)
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology
- Nanjing 210044
- P. R. China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET)
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology
- Nanjing 210044
- P. R. China
| | - Caijin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350002
- China
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET)
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology
- Nanjing 210044
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Qiu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET)
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology
- Nanjing 210044
- P. R. China
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22
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Malerba M, Alabastri A, Miele E, Zilio P, Patrini M, Bajoni D, Messina GC, Dipalo M, Toma A, Proietti Zaccaria R, De Angelis F. 3D vertical nanostructures for enhanced infrared plasmonics. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16436. [PMID: 26552340 PMCID: PMC4639734 DOI: 10.1038/srep16436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of surface plasmon polaritons has been mostly limited to the visible and near infrared range, due to the low frequency limit for coherent plasmon excitation and the reduction of confinement on the metal surface for lower energies. In this work we show that 3D--out of plane--nanostructures can considerably increase the intrinsic quality of the optical output, light confinement and electric field enhancement factors, also in the near and mid-infrared. We suggest that the physical principle relies on the combination of far field and near field interactions between neighboring antennas, promoted by the 3D out-of-plane geometry. We first analyze the changes in the optical behavior, which occur when passing from a single on-plane nanostructure to a 3D out-of-plane configuration. Then we show that by arranging the nanostructures in periodic arrays, 3D architectures can provide, in the mid-IR, a much stronger plasmonic response, compared to that achievable with the use of 2D configurations, leading to higher energy harvesting properties and improved Q-factors, with bright perspective up to the terahertz range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Malerba
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia - Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Ermanno Miele
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia - Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Maddalena Patrini
- University of Pavia, Physics Department - Via Bassi, 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Bajoni
- University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering - Via Ferrata, 1, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Michele Dipalo
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia - Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Toma
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia - Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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23
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Bermúdez-Ureña E, Gonzalez-Ballestero C, Geiselmann M, Marty R, Radko IP, Holmgaard T, Alaverdyan Y, Moreno E, García-Vidal FJ, Bozhevolnyi SI, Quidant R. Coupling of individual quantum emitters to channel plasmons. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7883. [PMID: 26249363 PMCID: PMC4918332 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient light-matter interaction lies at the heart of many emerging technologies that seek on-chip integration of solid-state photonic systems. Plasmonic waveguides, which guide the radiation in the form of strongly confined surface plasmon-polariton modes, represent a promising solution to manipulate single photons in coplanar architectures with unprecedented small footprints. Here we demonstrate coupling of the emission from a single quantum emitter to the channel plasmon polaritons supported by a V-groove plasmonic waveguide. Extensive theoretical simulations enable us to determine the position and orientation of the quantum emitter for optimum coupling. Concomitantly with these predictions, we demonstrate experimentally that 42% of a single nitrogen-vacancy centre emission efficiently couples into the supported modes of the V-groove. This work paves the way towards practical realization of efficient and long distance transfer of energy for integrated solid-state quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Bermúdez-Ureña
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-Ballestero
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Geiselmann
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Renaud Marty
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Ilya P. Radko
- Department of Technology and Innovation, University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohr Allé 1, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Tobias Holmgaard
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Aalborg University, Skjernvej 4A, DK-9220 Aalborg Øst, Denmark
| | - Yury Alaverdyan
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, 11 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FF, UK
| | - Esteban Moreno
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. García-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), E-20018 Donostia/San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sergey I. Bozhevolnyi
- Department of Technology and Innovation, University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohr Allé 1, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Romain Quidant
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA—Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Vasconcelos TL, Archanjo BS, Fragneaud B, Oliveira BS, Riikonen J, Li C, Ribeiro DS, Rabelo C, Rodrigues WN, Jorio A, Achete CA, Cançado LG. Tuning Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance in Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy Probes. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6297-6304. [PMID: 26027751 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A reproducible route for tuning localized surface plasmon resonance in scattering type near-field optical microscopy probes is presented. The method is based on the production of a focused-ion-beam milled single groove near the apex of electrochemically etched gold tips. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy are employed to obtain highly spatially and spectroscopically resolved maps of the milled probes, revealing localized surface plasmon resonance at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. By changing the distance L between the groove and the probe apex, the localized surface plasmon resonance energy can be fine-tuned at a desired absorption channel. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is applied as a test platform, and the results prove the reliability of the method to produce efficient scattering type near-field optical microscopy probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago L Vasconcelos
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Bráulio S Archanjo
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Fragneaud
- §Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno S Oliveira
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Juha Riikonen
- ⊥Department of Micro- and Nanosciences, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Changfeng Li
- ⊥Department of Micro- and Nanosciences, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Douglas S Ribeiro
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Rabelo
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Wagner N Rodrigues
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Ado Jorio
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Achete
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
- ∥Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-972, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Cançado
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
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25
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Leiterer C, Deckert-Gaudig T, Singh P, Wirth J, Deckert V, Fritzsche W. Dielectrophoretic positioning of single nanoparticles on atomic force microscope tips for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1142-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Deckert-Gaudig
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT); Jena Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Prabha Singh
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT); Jena Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Janina Wirth
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT); Jena Germany
| | - Volker Deckert
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT); Jena Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Jena Germany
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26
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Shao L, Tao Y, Ruan Q, Wang J, Lin HQ. Comparison of the plasmonic performances between lithographically fabricated and chemically grown gold nanorods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:10861-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00715a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The plasmonic performances of lithographic and chemical gold nanorods are quantitatively examined and compared through both experiments and electrodynamic simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shao
- Department of Physics
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
| | - Yuting Tao
- Department of Physics
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Department of Physics
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong SAR
- China
| | - Hai-Qing Lin
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center
- Beijing 100084
- China
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27
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Jiang H, Mao L, Jiang K, Liu C, Zhang D, Lu Y, Wang P, Ming H. Local spectroscopy of silver nanowire in different environments excited with a halogen lamp. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:4707-4710. [PMID: 25121854 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.004707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a propagation spectrum detection system in which one end of a plasmonic silver nanowire is locally illuminated from a normal halogen lamp and the scattered light is recorded spectroscopically at the other end. The system is applied to investigate surface plasmon polariton-Fabry-Perot (SPP-FP) modes of silver nanowires with different lengths at air-glass and oil-glass interfaces. The generalized FP model is used to analyze the spectrum, which fits well with the experimental results. The influence of nanowire length and environment on the properties of the FP resonances is discussed. The propagation spectrum detection system will find applications for integrated optical circuits and plasmonic sensing.
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28
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Imaging and steering an optical wireless nanoantenna link. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4354. [PMID: 24993946 PMCID: PMC4102110 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical nanoantennas tailor the transmission and reception of optical signals. Owing to their capacity to control the direction and angular distribution of optical radiation over a broad spectral range, nanoantennas are promising components for optical communication in nanocircuits. Here we measure wireless optical power transfer between plasmonic nanoantennas in the far-field and demonstrate changeable signal routing to different nanoscopic receivers via beamsteering. We image the radiation pattern of single-optical nanoantennas using a photoluminescence technique, which allows mapping of the unperturbed intensity distribution around plasmonic structures. We quantify the distance dependence of the power transmission between transmitter and receiver by deterministically positioning nanoscopic fluorescent receivers around the transmitting nanoantenna. By adjusting the wavefront of the optical field incident on the transmitter, we achieve directional control of the transmitted radiation over a broad range of 29°. This enables wireless power transfer from one transmitter to different receivers. Like conventional antennas, optical nanoantennas can transmit and receive signals but on much smaller length scales. Dregely et al. measure the optical power transmitted and received in the far-field by plasmonic nanoantennas and show that they can control the direction of transmission over a broad range.
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29
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Paul A, Zhen YR, Wang Y, Chang WS, Xia Y, Nordlander P, Link S. Dye-assisted gain of strongly confined surface plasmon polaritons in silver nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:3628-3633. [PMID: 24798451 DOI: 10.1021/nl501363s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Noble metal nanowires are excellent candidates as subwavelength optical components in miniaturized devices due to their ability to support the propagation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Nanoscale data transfer based on SPP propagation at optical frequencies has the advantage of larger bandwidths but also suffers from larger losses due to strong mode confinement. To overcome losses, SPP gain has been realized, but so far only for weakly confined SPPs in metal films and stripes. Here we report the demonstration of gain for subwavelength SPPs that were strongly confined in chemically prepared silver nanowires (mode area = λ(2)/40) using a dye-doped polymer film as the optical gain medium. Under continuous wave excitation at 514 nm, we measured a gain coefficient of 270 cm(-1) for SPPs at 633 nm, resulting in partial SPP loss compensation of 14%. This achievement for strongly confined SPPs represents a major step forward toward the realization of nanoscale plasmonic amplifiers and lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Paul
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, ∥Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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30
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Nauert S, Paul A, Zhen YR, Solis D, Vigderman L, Chang WS, Zubarev ER, Nordlander P, Link S. Influence of cross sectional geometry on surface plasmon polariton propagation in gold nanowires. ACS NANO 2014; 8:572-580. [PMID: 24308802 DOI: 10.1021/nn405183r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of cross sectional geometry on surface plasmon polariton propagation in gold nanowires (NWs) using bleach-imaged plasmon propagation and electromagnetic simulations. Chemically synthesized NWs have pentagonally twinned crystal structures, but recent advances in synthesis have made it possible to amplify this pentagonal shape to yield NWs with a five-pointed-star cross section and sharp end tips. We found experimentally that NWs with a five-pointed-star cross section, referred to as SNWs, had a shorter propagation length for surface plasmon polaritons at 785 nm, but a higher effective incoupling efficiency compared to smooth NWs with a pentagonal cross section, labeled as PNWs. Electromagnetic simulations revealed that the electric fields were localized at the sharp ridges of the SNWs, leading to higher absorptive losses and hence shorter propagation lengths compared to PNWs. On the other hand, scattering losses were found to be relatively uncorrelated with cross sectional geometry, but were strongly dependent on the plasmon mode excited. Our results provide insight into the shape-dependent waveguiding properties of chemically synthesized metal NWs and the mode-dependent loss mechanisms that govern surface plasmon polariton propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Nauert
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, and §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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31
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Understanding and controlling plasmon-induced convection. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3173. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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32
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Li N, Zhao P, Astruc D. Anisotrope Gold-Nanopartikel: Synthese, Eigenschaften, Anwendungen und Toxizität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Li N, Zhao P, Astruc D. Anisotropic Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties, Applications, and Toxicity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:1756-89. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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34
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Anderson LJE, Zhen YR, Payne CM, Nordlander P, Hafner JH. Gold nanobelts as high confinement plasmonic waveguides. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:6256-6261. [PMID: 24205882 DOI: 10.1021/nl4037356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon propagation in thin plasmonic waveguides is strongly damped, making it difficult to study with diffraction-limited optics. Here we directly characterize plasmon propagation in gold nanobelts with incoherent light. The data indicate a short average propagation length of 0.94 μm but also reveal a weakly excited antisymmetric mode that has a propagation length greater than 10 μm with strong confinement of 2400 nm(2). These results demonstrate that high confinement and long propagation length can be achieved with thin plasmonic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey J E Anderson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Chemistry, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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35
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Wu X, Xiao Y, Meng C, Zhang X, Yu S, Wang Y, Yang C, Guo X, Ning CZ, Tong L. Hybrid photon-plasmon nanowire lasers. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5654-5659. [PMID: 24144390 DOI: 10.1021/nl403325j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metallic and plasmonic nanolasers have attracted growing interest recently. Plasmonic lasers demonstrated so far operate in hybrid photon-plasmon modes in transverse dimensions, rendering it impossible to separate photonic from plasmonic components. Thus only the far-field photonic component can be measured and utilized directly. But spatially separated plasmon modes are highly desired for applications including high-efficiency coupling of single-photon emitters and ultrasensitivity optical sensing. Here, we report a nanowire (NW) laser that offers subdiffraction-limited beam size and spatially separated plasmon cavity modes. By near-field coupling a high-gain CdSe NW and a 100 nm diameter Ag NW, we demonstrate a hybrid photon-plasmon laser operating at 723 nm wavelength at room temperature, with a plasmon mode area of 0.008λ(2). This device simultaneously provides spatially separated photonic far-field output and highly localized coherent plasmon modes, which may open up new avenues in the fields of integrated nanophotonic circuits, biosensing, and quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
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36
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Solis D, Paul A, Olson J, Slaughter LS, Swanglap P, Chang WS, Link S. Turning the corner: efficient energy transfer in bent plasmonic nanoparticle chain waveguides. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4779-84. [PMID: 24020385 DOI: 10.1021/nl402358h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
For integrating and multiplexing of subwavelength plasmonic waveguides with other optical and electric components, complex architectures such as junctions with sharp turns are necessary. However, in addition to intrinsic losses, bending losses severely limit plasmon propagation. In the current work, we demonstrate that propagation of surface plasmon polaritons around 90° turns in silver nanoparticle chains occurs without bending losses. Using a far-field fluorescence method, bleach-imaged plasmon propagation (BlIPP), which creates a permanent map of the plasmonic near-field through bleaching of a fluorophore coated on top of a plasmonic waveguide, we measured propagation lengths at 633 nm for straight and bent silver nanoparticle chains of 8.0 ± 0.5 and 7.8 ± 0.4 μm, respectively. These propagation lengths were independent of the input polarization. We furthermore show that subradiant plasmon modes yield a longer propagation length compared to energy transport via excitation of super-radiant modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Solis
- Department of Chemistry and †Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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37
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Kumar S, Huck A, Lu YW, Andersen UL. Coupling of single quantum emitters to plasmons propagating on mechanically etched wires. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:3838-3841. [PMID: 24081066 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.003838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the coupling of a single nitrogen vacancy center in a nanodiamond to propagating plasmonic modes of mechanically etched silver nanowires. The mechanical etch is performed on single crystalline silver nanoplates by the tip of an atomic force microscope cantilever to produce wires with pre-designed lengths. We show that single plasmon propagation can be obtained in these wires, thus making these structures a platform for quantum information processing.
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38
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Gruber C, Trügler A, Hohenau A, Hohenester U, Krenn JR. Spectral modifications and polarization dependent coupling in tailored assemblies of quantum dots and plasmonic nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4257-62. [PMID: 23968490 PMCID: PMC3772860 DOI: 10.1021/nl4019947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of optical emitters with a nanostructured environment is at the heart of nano- and quantum optics. We control this coupling by the lithographic positioning of a few (1-3) quantum dots (QDs) along plasmonic silver nanowires with nanoscale resolution. The fluorescence emission from the QD-nanowire systems is probed spectroscopically, by microscopic imaging and decay time measurements. We find that the plasmonic modes can strongly modulate the fluorescence emission. For a given QD position, the local plasmon field dictates the coupling efficiency, and thus the relative weight of free space radiation and emission into plasmon modes. Simulations performed with a generic few-level model give very good agreement with experiment. Our data imply that the 2D degenerate emission dipole orientation of the QD can be forced to predominantly emit to one polarization component dictated by the nanowire modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gruber
- Institute of Physics, Karl-Franzens-University, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Trügler
- Institute of Physics, Karl-Franzens-University, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Hohenau
- Institute of Physics, Karl-Franzens-University, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrich Hohenester
- Institute of Physics, Karl-Franzens-University, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Joachim R. Krenn
- Institute of Physics, Karl-Franzens-University, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
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39
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Chen Y, Wang J, Chen X, Yan M, Qiu M. Plasmonic analog of microstrip transmission line and effect of thermal annealing on its propagation loss. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:1639-1644. [PMID: 23389149 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.001639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated a plasmonic analog of the microwave microstrip transmission line and measured its propagation loss before and after thermal annealing. It is found that its propagation loss at 980 nm wavelength can be reduced by more than 50%, from 0.45 to 0.20 dB/μm, after thermal annealing at 300 °C. The reduction in loss can be attributed to the improved gold surface condition and probably also to the change in the metal's inner structure. Less evident loss reduction is noticed at 1550 nm, which is owing to extremely small portion of the modal electric field located in the metal regions at this wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Chen
- Optics and Photonics, School of Information and Communication Technology Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Kista 16440, Sweden
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40
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Piccione B, Agarwal R, Jung Y, Agarwal R. Size-dependent chemical transformation, structural phase-change, and optical properties of nanowires. PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE (ABINGDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 93:2089-2121. [PMID: 23997656 PMCID: PMC3755783 DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2013.765981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanowires offer a unique approach for the bottom up assembly of electronic and photonic devices with the potential of integrating photonics with existing technologies. The anisotropic geometry and mesoscopic length scales of nanowires also make them very interesting systems to study a variety of size-dependent phenomenon where finite size effects become important. We will discuss the intriguing size-dependent properties of nanowire systems with diameters in the 5 - 300 nm range, where finite size and interfacial phenomena become more important than quantum mechanical effects. The ability to synthesize and manipulate nanostructures by chemical methods allows tremendous versatility in creating new systems with well controlled geometries, dimensions and functionality, which can then be used for understanding novel processes in finite-sized systems and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Piccione
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Rahul Agarwal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Yeonwoong Jung
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
| | - Ritesh Agarwal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
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41
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Lal S, Hafner JH, Halas NJ, Link S, Nordlander P. Noble metal nanowires: from plasmon waveguides to passive and active devices. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1887-95. [PMID: 23102053 DOI: 10.1021/ar300133j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using chemical synthesis, researchers can produce noble metal nanowires with highly regular, crystalline properties unachievable by alternative, top-down nanofabrication methods. Sitting at the intersection of nanochemistry and nanooptics, noble metal nanowires have generated intense and growing research interest. These nanostructures combine subwavelength transverse dimensions (50-100 nm) and longitudinal dimensions that can reach tens of micrometers or more, which makes them an ideal platform to launch surface plasmon waves by direct illumination of one end of the structure. Because of this property, researchers are using noble metal nanowires as a tool for fundamental studies of subwavelength plasmon-based optics and the properties of surface plasmon guided wave propagation in highly confined geometries below the classical optical diffraction limit. In this Account, we review some of the recent developments in plasmonic nanowire fabrication, nanowire plasmon imaging, and nanowire optical components and devices. The addition of an adjacent nanowire, substrate, or other symmetry-breaking defect can enable the direct coupling of light to and from free space to the guided waves on a nanowire structure. Such structures lead to more complex nanowire-based geometries with multiple optical inputs and outputs. Additional nanowire imaging methods are also possible: plasmon propagation on nanowires produces intense near-field diffraction, which can induce fluorescence in nearby quantum dots or photobleach adjacent molecules. When the nanowire is deposited on a dielectric substrate, the plasmon propagation along chemically synthesized nanowires exceeds 10 μm, which makes these structures useful in nonlocal applications such as remote surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensing. Nanowires can be used as passive optical devices, which include, for example, polarization manipulators, linear polarization rotators, or even broadband linear-to-circular polarization converters, an optical function not yet achievable with conventional diffraction-limited optical components. Nanowires can also serve as highly directional broadband optical antennas. When assembled into networks, plasmonic nanowires can be used to create optical devices, such as interferometric logic gates. Individual nanowires function as multiple input and output terminals in branched network geometries, where light incident on one wire can turn the emission from one or more output wires on or off. Nanowire-based devices that could exploit this effect include nanoscale routers and multiplexers, light modulators, and a complete set of Boolean logic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Lal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jason H. Hafner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Naomi J. Halas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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42
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Zhang S, Xu H. Optimizing substrate-mediated plasmon coupling toward high-performance plasmonic nanowire waveguides. ACS NANO 2012; 6:8128-8135. [PMID: 22892010 DOI: 10.1021/nn302755a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Seeking better plasmonic waveguides is of critical importance for minimizing photonic circuits into the nanometer scale. We have made a theoretical study of the properties of surface plasmon polaritons in a metallic nanowire over substrate (NWOS) configuration. The dielectric substrate breaks the symmetry of the system and mediates the coupling of different primary wire plasmons. The lowest order hybridized mode can be used for subwavelength plasmonic waveguiding for NWOS with thin wire, for a low-permittivity substrate, and in the shorter wavelength region. For NWOS with a high-permittivity substrate, leaky radiation into the substrate raises the propagation losses so that the propagation distance is shorter in the longer wavelength region. By simply adding a high-permittivity layer onto the low-permittivity substrate, we show that leaky radiation can be blocked and high-performance plasmonic waveguiding can be extended to the near-infrared region. Importantly, the NWOS configuration is compatible with current silicon technologies and can be designed into various deep subwavelength active devices such as electro-optical or all-optical modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunping Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Box 603-146, Beijing 100190, China
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Paul A, Solis D, Bao K, Chang WS, Nauert S, Vidgerman L, Zubarev ER, Nordlander P, Link S. Identification of higher order long-propagation-length surface plasmon polariton modes in chemically prepared gold nanowires. ACS NANO 2012; 6:8105-8113. [PMID: 22900780 DOI: 10.1021/nn3027112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the type of modes and their propagation length for surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in gold nanowires is essential for potential applications of these materials as nanoscale optical waveguides. We have studied chemically synthesized single gold nanowires by a novel technique called bleach-imaged plasmon propagation (BlIPP), which relies on the plasmonic near-field induced photobleaching of a dye to report the SPP propagation in nanowires. We observed a much longer propagation length of 7.5 ± 2.0 μm at 785 nm compared to earlier reports, which found propagation lengths of ~2.5 μm. Finite difference time domain simulations revealed that the bleach-imaged SPP is a higher order m = 1 mode and that the lowest order m = 0 mode is strongly quenched due to the loss to the dye layer and cannot be resolved by BlIPP. A comparative assessment of BlIPP with direct fluorescence imaging furthermore showed that the significant difference in propagation lengths obtained by these two techniques can be attributed to the difference in their experimental conditions, especially to the difference in thickness of the dye layer coating on the nanowire. In addition to identifying a higher order SPP mode with long propagation length, our study infers that caution must be taken in selecting indirect measurement techniques for probing SPP propagation in nanoscale metallic waveguides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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44
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Song M, Chen G, Liu Y, Wu E, Wu B, Zeng H. Polarization properties of surface plasmon enhanced photoluminescence from a single Ag nanowire. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:22290-22297. [PMID: 23037377 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.022290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanowires are of great research interest due to their applications in surface plasmon polariton coupling of light. The efficiency is much dependent on the polarization of the light due to the phase matching requirement in the light-surface plasmon polariton coupling. By scanning confocal microscope, the photoluminescence from a single Ag nanowire was demonstrated strongly dependent on the excitation laser polarization, showing good consistency with the theoretical simulation. Meanwhile strong avalanche photoluminescence from a single Ag nanowire was observed when the excitation laser was polarized along the long axis of the Ag nanowire. The photoluminescence emission exhibited a polarization-sensitive spatial distribution. This may stimulate promising applications in designing polarization-controllable nanoscale plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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45
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Wang Y, Ma Y, Guo X, Tong L. Single-mode plasmonic waveguiding properties of metal nanowires with dielectric substrates. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:19006-19015. [PMID: 23038541 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.019006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Single-mode plasmonic waveguiding properties of metal nanowires with dielectric substrates are investigated using a finite-element method. Au and Ag are selected as plasmonic materials for nanowire waveguides with diameters down to 5-nm-level. Typical dielectric materials with relatively low to high refractive indices, including magnesium fluoride (MgF2), silica (SiO2), indium tin oxide (ITO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2), are used as supporting substrates. Basic waveguiding properties, including propagation constants, power distributions, effective mode areas, propagation distances and losses are obtained at the typical plasmonic resonance wavelength of 660 nm. Compared to that of a freestanding nanowire, the mode area of a substrate-supported nanowire could be much smaller while maintaining an acceptable propagation length. For example, the mode area and propagation length of a 100-nm-diameter Ag nanowire with a MgF2 substrate are about 0.004 μm2 and 3.4 μm, respectively. The dependences of waveguiding properties on geometric and material parameters of the nanowire-substrate system are also provided. Our results may provide valuable references for waveguiding dielectric-supported metal nanowires for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipei Wang
- Department of Physics and Institute of Nanoscience, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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46
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Paul A, Kenens B, Hofkens J, Uji-i H. Excitation polarization sensitivity of plasmon-mediated silver nanotriangle growth on a surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:8920-8925. [PMID: 22444030 DOI: 10.1021/la300533h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we report an effective and relatively simple route to grow triangular flat-top silver nanoparticles (NPs) directly on a solid substrate from smaller NPs through a wet photochemical synthesis. The method consists of fixing small, preformed nanotriangles (NTs) on a substrate and subsequently irradiating them with light in a silver seed solution. Furthermore, the use of linearly polarized light allows for exerting control on the growth direction of the silver nanotriangles on the substrate. Evidence for the role of surface plasmon resonances in governing the growth of the NTs is obtained by employing linear polarized light. Thus, this study demonstrates that light-induced, directional synthesis of nanoparticles on solid substrates is in reach, which is of utmost importance for plasmonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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