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Kolkowski R, Berkhout A, Roscam Abbing SDC, Pal D, Dieleman CD, Geuchies JJ, Houtepen AJ, Ehrler B, Koenderink AF. Temporal Dynamics of Collective Resonances in Periodic Metasurfaces. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:2480-2496. [PMID: 38911846 PMCID: PMC11191746 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Temporal dynamics of confined optical fields can provide valuable insights into light-matter interactions in complex optical systems, going beyond their frequency-domain description. Here, we present a new experimental approach based on interferometric autocorrelation (IAC) that reveals the dynamics of optical near-fields enhanced by collective resonances in periodic metasurfaces. We focus on probing the resonances known as waveguide-plasmon polaritons, which are supported by plasmonic nanoparticle arrays coupled to a slab waveguide. To probe the resonant near-field enhancement, our IAC measurements make use of enhanced two-photon excited luminescence (TPEL) from semiconductor quantum dots deposited on the nanoparticle arrays. Thanks to the incoherent character of TPEL, the measurements are only sensitive to the fundamental optical fields and therefore can reveal clear signatures of their coherent temporal dynamics. In particular, we show that the excitation of a high-Q collective resonance gives rise to interference fringes at time delays as large as 500 fs, much greater than the incident pulse duration (150 fs). Based on these signatures, the basic characteristics of the resonances can be determined, including their Q factors, which are found to exceed 200. Furthermore, the measurements also reveal temporal beating between two different resonances, providing information on their frequencies and their relative contribution to the field enhancement. Finally, we present an approach to enhance the visibility of the resonances hidden in the IAC curves by converting them into spectrograms, which greatly facilitates the analysis and interpretation of the results. Our findings open up new perspectives on time-resolved studies of collective resonances in metasurfaces and other multiresonant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Kolkowski
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 13500, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
- Department
of Physics of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Berkhout
- Department
of Physics of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvianne D. C. Roscam Abbing
- Department
of Physics of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
- Advanced
Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Debapriya Pal
- Department
of Physics of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Christian D. Dieleman
- Advanced
Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), Science Park 106, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
- Department
of Sustainable Energy Materials and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco J. Geuchies
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Ehrler
- Department
of Sustainable Energy Materials and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
| | - A. Femius Koenderink
- Department
of Physics of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098 XG, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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2
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Chen H, Chen X, Zhao X, Wang J. Enhanced second harmonic generation from a quasi-periodic silver dendritic metasurface. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:035202. [PMID: 37852219 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of the vast majority of nonlinear optical metal metasurfaces currently relies on complex top-down methods such as electron beam or ion beam etching, which are expensive and difficult to meet the requirement of large area preparation. In this paper, an easily prepared quasi-periodic silver dendritic metasurface model with highQfactor is established in the near-infrared band based on a simple and easy-to-operate electrochemical deposition method. The simulations prove that the silver dendritic metasurface has a highQfactor (exceeds 104) because of its strong electric field localization ability, which is analogous to the superposition of multiple split-ring resonators. It is demonstrated that the second harmonic generation (SHG) intensity of the dendritic metasurface at a large incident angle (such as 85°) is about 30 times that of the metasurface at a small incident angle when thex-polarized pump light is incident obliquely to break the centrosymmetry of the metasurface. The influences of the incident angle or dendritic structure's dimensions on theQfactor and SHG efficiency have also been researched through a lot of simulation. This easily prepared quasi-periodic silver dendritic metasurface SHG device may provide a new avenue for the development and application of miniature, integratable nonlinear optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Guangzhou, 510555, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Wang
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
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3
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Xia J, Tang J, Bao F, Sun Y, Fang M, Cao G, Evans J, He S. Turning a hot spot into a cold spot: polarization-controlled Fano-shaped local-field responses probed by a quantum dot. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:166. [PMID: 33024554 PMCID: PMC7505841 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00398-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Optical nanoantennas can convert propagating light to local fields. The local-field responses can be engineered to exhibit nontrivial features in spatial, spectral and temporal domains, where local-field interferences play a key role. Here, we design nearly fully controllable local-field interferences in the nanogap of a nanoantenna, and experimentally demonstrate that in the nanogap, the spectral dispersion of the local-field response can exhibit tuneable Fano lineshapes with nearly vanishing Fano dips. A single quantum dot is precisely positioned in the nanogap to probe the spectral dispersions of the local-field responses. By controlling the excitation polarization, the asymmetry parameter q of the probed Fano lineshapes can be tuned from negative to positive values, and correspondingly, the Fano dips can be tuned across a broad spectral range. Notably, at the Fano dips, the local-field intensity is strongly suppressed by up to ~50-fold, implying that the hot spot in the nanogap can be turned into a cold spot. The results may inspire diverse designs of local-field responses with novel spatial distributions, spectral dispersions and temporal dynamics, and expand the available toolbox for nanoscopy, spectroscopy, nano-optical quantum control and nanolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xia
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instrumentation, JORCEP, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Tang
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instrumentation, JORCEP, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Fanglin Bao
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongcheng Sun
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Maodong Fang
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanjun Cao
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
| | - Julian Evans
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instrumentation, JORCEP, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Sailing He
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instrumentation, JORCEP, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, 510006 Guangzhou, China
- Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Shi L, Andrade JRC, Tajalli A, Geng J, Yi J, Heidenblut T, Segerink FB, Babushkin I, Kholodtsova M, Merdji H, Bastiaens B, Morgner U, Kovacev M. Generating Ultrabroadband Deep-UV Radiation and Sub-10 nm Gap by Hybrid-Morphology Gold Antennas. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:4779-4786. [PMID: 31244236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the interaction between hybrid-morphology gold optical antennas and a few-cycle Ti:sapphire laser up to ablative intensities, demonstrating rich nonlinear plasmonic effects and promising applications in coherent frequency upconversion and nanofabrication technology. The two-dimensional array of hybrid antennas consists of elliptical apertures combined with bowties in its minor axis. The plasmonic resonance frequency of the bowties is red-shifted with respect to the laser central frequency and thus mainly enhances the third harmonic spectrum at long wavelengths. The gold film between two neighboring elliptical apertures forms an hourglass-shaped structure, which acts as a "plasmonic lens" and thus strongly reinforces surface currents into a small area. This enhanced surface current produces a rotating magnetic field that deeply penetrates into the substrate. At resonant frequency, the magnetic field is further intensified by the bowties. The resonant frequency of the hourglass is blueshifted with respect to the laser central frequency. Consequently, it spectacularly extends the third harmonic spectrum toward short wavelengths. The resultant third harmonic signal ranges from 230 to 300 nm, much broader than the emission from a sapphire crystal. In addition, the concentration of surface current within the neck of the hourglass antenna results in a structural modification through laser ablation, producing sub-10 nm sharp metallic gaps. Moreover, after laser illumination the optical field hotspots are imprinted around the antennas, allowing us to confirm the subwavelength enhancement of the electric near-field intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Shi
- Institute of Quantum Optics , Leibniz University Hannover , Welfengarten 1 , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines) , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
| | - José R C Andrade
- Institute of Quantum Optics , Leibniz University Hannover , Welfengarten 1 , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines) , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
| | - Ayhan Tajalli
- Institute of Quantum Optics , Leibniz University Hannover , Welfengarten 1 , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines) , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
| | - Jiao Geng
- Institute of Quantum Optics , Leibniz University Hannover , Welfengarten 1 , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
| | - Juemin Yi
- Institute of Physics and Center of Interface Science , Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg , 26129 , Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Torsten Heidenblut
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines) , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
- Institute of Materials Science , Leibniz University Hannover , An der University 2 , 30823 , Garbsen, Hannover Germany
| | - Frans B Segerink
- Optical Sciences, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Ihar Babushkin
- Institute of Quantum Optics , Leibniz University Hannover , Welfengarten 1 , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines) , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
| | - Maria Kholodtsova
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS , Universite Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay 91191 , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Hamed Merdji
- LIDYL, CEA, CNRS , Universite Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay 91191 , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Bert Bastiaens
- Laser Physics and Nonlinear Optics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology , University of Twente , 7500AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Morgner
- Institute of Quantum Optics , Leibniz University Hannover , Welfengarten 1 , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines) , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
| | - Milutin Kovacev
- Institute of Quantum Optics , Leibniz University Hannover , Welfengarten 1 , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering-Innovation Across Disciplines) , 30167 , Hannover , Germany
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5
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Pastorelli F, Accanto N, Jørgensen M, van Hulst NF, Krebs FC. In situ electrical and thermal monitoring of printed electronics by two-photon mapping. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3787. [PMID: 28630435 PMCID: PMC5476680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Printed electronics is emerging as a new, large scale and cost effective technology that will be disruptive in fields such as energy harvesting, consumer electronics and medical sensors. The performance of printed electronic devices relies principally on the carrier mobility and molecular packing of the polymer semiconductor material. Unfortunately, the analysis of such materials is generally performed with destructive techniques, which are hard to make compatible with in situ measurements, and pose a great obstacle for the mass production of printed electronics devices. A rapid, in situ, non-destructive and low-cost testing method is needed. In this study, we demonstrate that nonlinear optical microscopy is a promising technique to achieve this goal. Using ultrashort laser pulses we stimulate two-photon absorption in a roll coated polymer semiconductor and map the resulting two-photon induced photoluminescence and second harmonic response. We show that, in our experimental conditions, it is possible to relate the total amount of photoluminescence detected to important material properties such as the charge carrier density and the molecular packing of the printed polymer material, all with a spatial resolution of 400 nm. Importantly, this technique can be extended to the real time mapping of the polymer semiconductor film, even during the printing process, in which the high printing speed poses the need for equally high acquisition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pastorelli
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Nicolò Accanto
- ICFO - The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Mikkel Jørgensen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Niek F van Hulst
- ICFO - The Institute of Photonic Sciences, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860, Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederik C Krebs
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
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6
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Gui L, Bagheri S, Strohfeldt N, Hentschel M, Zgrabik CM, Metzger B, Linnenbank H, Hu EL, Giessen H. Nonlinear Refractory Plasmonics with Titanium Nitride Nanoantennas. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5708-13. [PMID: 27494639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Titanium nitride (TiN) is a novel refractory plasmonic material which can sustain high temperatures and exhibits large optical nonlinearities, potentially opening the door for high-power nonlinear plasmonic applications. We fabricate TiN nanoantenna arrays with plasmonic resonances tunable in the range of about 950-1050 nm by changing the antenna length. We present second-harmonic (SH) spectroscopy of TiN nanoantenna arrays, which is analyzed using a nonlinear oscillator model with a wavelength-dependent second-order response from the material itself. Furthermore, characterization of the robustness upon strong laser illumination confirms that the TiN antennas are able to endure laser irradiation with high peak intensity up to 15 GW/cm(2) without changing their optical properties and their physical appearance. They outperform gold antennas by one order of magnitude regarding laser power sustainability. Thus, TiN nanoantennas could serve as promising candidates for high-power/high-temperature applications such as coherent nonlinear converters and local heat sources on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Gui
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Shahin Bagheri
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nikolai Strohfeldt
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Hentschel
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christine M Zgrabik
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Bernd Metzger
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heiko Linnenbank
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Evelyn L Hu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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7
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Sinha SS, Jones S, Demeritte T, Chavva SR, Shi Y, Burrell J, Pramanik A, Ray PC. Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Imaging of Live Cells Using Plasmon-Coupled DNA-Mediated Gold Nanoprism Assembly. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2016; 120:4546-4555. [PMID: 27186260 PMCID: PMC4866588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton excitation microscopy techniques are the emerging nonlinear optical (NLO) imaging methods to watch the biological world due its ability to penetrate deep into living tissues. Driven by the need to develop multimodal NLO imaging probe, current article reports the design of DNA-mediated gold nanoprisms assembly based optical antennas to enhance multiphoton imaging capability in biological II window. Reported experimental data show a unique way to enhance second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon fluorescence (TPF) properties by several orders of magnitudes via plasmon coupled organization into gold nanoprism assembly structures. Experimental and theoretical modeling data using finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations indicate that huge enhancement of SHG and TPF properties are mainly due to the electric quadrupole contribution and electric field enhancement. Using 1100 nm biological II window light, reported results demonstrated that antibody conjugated assembly structures are capable of exhibiting highly selective and very bright multimodal SHG and TPF imaging of human Hep G2 liver cancer cells.
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8
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Subwavelength nonlinear phase control and anomalous phase matching in plasmonic metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10367. [PMID: 26797164 PMCID: PMC4735804 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces, and in particular those containing plasmonic-based metallic elements, constitute an attractive set of materials with a potential for replacing standard bulky optical elements. In recent years, increasing attention has been focused on their nonlinear optical properties, particularly in the context of second and third harmonic generation and beam steering by phase gratings. Here, we harness the full phase control enabled by subwavelength plasmonic elements to demonstrate a unique metasurface phase matching that is required for efficient nonlinear processes. We discuss the difference between scattering by a grating and by subwavelength phase-gradient elements. We show that for such interfaces an anomalous phase-matching condition prevails, which is the nonlinear analogue of the generalized Snell's law. The subwavelength phase control of optical nonlinearities paves the way for the design of ultrathin, flat nonlinear optical elements. We demonstrate nonlinear metasurface lenses, which act both as generators and as manipulators of the frequency-converted signal. The fundamental issue of phase-matching across metasurfaces has not been thoroughly addressed. Here, Almeida et al. show full phase control by introducing a spatially varying phase response of a metallic metasurface consisting of subwavelength nanoantennas and demonstrate metasurface-phase-matching.
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9
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Linnenbank H, Grynko Y, Förstner J, Linden S. Second harmonic generation spectroscopy on hybrid plasmonic/dielectric nanoantennas. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16013. [PMID: 30167115 PMCID: PMC6059846 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoantennas provide unprecedented opportunities to concentrate light fields in subwavelength-sized volumes. By placing a nonlinear dielectric nanoparticle in such a hot spot, one can hope to take advantage of both the field enhancement provided by nanoantennas and the large, nonlinear optical susceptibility of dielectric nanoparticles. To test this concept, we combine gold gap nanoantennas with second-order, nonlinear zinc sulfide nanoparticles, and perform second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy on the combined hybrid dielectric/plasmonic nanoantennas as well as on the individual constituents. We find that SHG from the bare gold nanoantennas, even though it should be forbidden due to symmetry reasons, is several orders of magnitude larger than that of the bare zinc sulfide nanoparticles. Even stronger second harmonic signals are generated by the hybrid dielectric/plasmonic nanoantennas. Control experiments with nanoantennas containing linear lanthanum fluoride nanoparticles reveal; however, that the increased SHG efficiency of the hybrid dielectric/plasmonic nanoantennas does not depend on the nonlinear optical susceptibility of the dielectric nanoparticles but is an effect of the modification of the dielectric environment. The combination of a hybrid dielectric/plasmonic nanoantenna, which is only resonant for the incoming pump light field, with a second nanoantenna, which is resonant for the generated second harmonic light, allows for a further increase in the efficiency of SHG. As the second nanoantenna mediates the coupling of the second harmonic light to the far field, this double-resonant approach also provides us with control over the polarization of the generated light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Linnenbank
- Physikalisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
| | - Yevgen Grynko
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn 33102, Germany
| | - Jens Förstner
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Universität Paderborn, Paderborn 33102, Germany
| | - Stefan Linden
- Physikalisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Bonn 53115, Germany
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10
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Sub-10 nm near-field localization by plasmonic metal nanoaperture arrays with ultrashort light pulses. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17584. [PMID: 26628326 PMCID: PMC4667222 DOI: 10.1038/srep17584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-field localization by ultrashort femtosecond light pulses has been investigated using simple geometrical nanoapertures. The apertures employ circular, rhombic, and triangular shapes to localize the distribution of surface plasmon. To understand the geometrical effect on the localization, aperture length and period of the nanoapertures were varied. Aperture length was shown to affect the performance more than aperture period due mainly to intra-aperture coupling of near-fields. Triangular apertures provided the strongest spatial localization below 10 nm in size as well as the highest enhancement of field intensity by more than 7000 times compared to the incident light pulse. Use of ultrashort pulses was found to allow much stronger light localization than with continuous-wave light. The results can be used for super-localization sensing and imaging applications where spatially localized fields can break through the limits in achieving improved sensitivity and resolution.
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11
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Lorek E, Mårsell E, Losquin A, Miranda M, Harth A, Guo C, Svärd R, Arnold CL, L'Huiller A, Mikkelsen A, Mauritsson J. Size and shape dependent few-cycle near-field dynamics of bowtie nanoantennas. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:31460-31471. [PMID: 26698771 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.031460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanostructures can transfer electromagnetic energy from femtosecond laser pulses to the near-field down to spatial scales well below the optical diffraction limit. By combining few-femtosecond laser pulses with photoemission electron microscopy, we study the dynamics of the induced few-cycle near-field in individual bowtie nanoantennas. We investigate how the dynamics depend on antenna size and exact bowtie shape resulting from fabrication. Different dynamics are, as expected, measured for antennas of different sizes. However, we also detect comparable dynamics differences between individual antennas of similar size. With Finite-difference time-domain simulations we show that these dynamics differences between similarly sized antennas can be due to small lateral shape variations generally induced during the fabrication.
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12
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Butet J, Brevet PF, Martin OJF. Optical Second Harmonic Generation in Plasmonic Nanostructures: From Fundamental Principles to Advanced Applications. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10545-62. [PMID: 26474346 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonics has emerged as an important research field in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Recently, significant attention has been devoted to the observation and the understanding of nonlinear optical processes in plasmonic nanostructures, giving rise to the new research field called nonlinear plasmonics. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the physical mechanisms of one of these nonlinear optical processes, namely, second harmonic generation (SHG), with an emphasis on the main differences with the linear response of plasmonic nanostructures. The main applications, ranging from the nonlinear optical characterization of nanostructure shapes to the optimization of laser beams at the nanoscale, are summarized and discussed. Future directions and developments, made possible by the unique combination of SHG surface sensitivity and field enhancements associated with surface plasmon resonances, are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-François Brevet
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR CNRS 5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon , 69622 Cedex, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL) , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mårsell E, Losquin A, Svärd R, Miranda M, Guo C, Harth A, Lorek E, Mauritsson J, Arnold CL, Xu H, L’Huillier A, Mikkelsen A. Nanoscale Imaging of Local Few-Femtosecond Near-Field Dynamics within a Single Plasmonic Nanoantenna. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:6601-8. [PMID: 26375959 PMCID: PMC4621049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The local enhancement of few-cycle laser pulses by plasmonic nanostructures opens up for spatiotemporal control of optical interactions on a nanometer and few-femtosecond scale. However, spatially resolved characterization of few-cycle plasmon dynamics poses a major challenge due to the extreme length and time scales involved. In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate local variations in the dynamics during the few strongest cycles of plasmon-enhanced fields within individual rice-shaped silver nanoparticles. This was done using 5.5 fs laser pulses in an interferometric time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy setup. The experiments are supported by finite-difference time-domain simulations of similar silver structures. The observed differences in the field dynamics across a single particle do not reflect differences in plasmon resonance frequency or dephasing time. They instead arise from a combination of retardation effects and the coherent superposition between multiple plasmon modes of the particle, inherent to a few-cycle pulse excitation. The ability to detect and predict local variations in the few-femtosecond time evolution of multimode coherent plasmon excitations in rationally synthesized nanoparticles can be used in the tailoring of nanostructures for ultrafast and nonlinear plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Mårsell
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Arthur Losquin
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Robin Svärd
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Miguel Miranda
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Chen Guo
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne Harth
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eleonora Lorek
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Mauritsson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cord L. Arnold
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hongxing Xu
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- School of Physics and Technology, and Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Anne L’Huillier
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Mikkelsen
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- E-mail:
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14
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Metzger B, Gui L, Fuchs J, Floess D, Hentschel M, Giessen H. Strong Enhancement of Second Harmonic Emission by Plasmonic Resonances at the Second Harmonic Wavelength. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:3917-22. [PMID: 25867489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We perform second harmonic spectroscopy of aluminum nanoantenna arrays that exhibit plasmonic resonances at the second harmonic wavelength between 450 and 570 nm by focusing sub-30 fs laser pulses tunable from 900 to 1140 nm onto the nanoantenna arrays. We find that a plasmonic resonance at the second harmonic wavelength boosts the overall nonlinear process by more than an order of magnitude. In particular, in the measurement the resonant second harmonic polarization component is a factor of about 70 stronger when compared to the perpendicular off-resonant second harmonic polarization. Furthermore, the maximum of the second harmonic conversion efficiency is found to be slightly blue-shifted with respect to the peak of the linear optical far-field spectrum. This fact can be understood from a simple model that accounts for the almost off-resonant absorption at the fundamental wavelength and the resonant emission process at the second harmonic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Metzger
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lili Gui
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jaco Fuchs
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dominik Floess
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Hentschel
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Mittal R, Glenn R, Saytashev I, Lozovoy VV, Dantus M. Femtosecond Nanoplasmonic Dephasing of Individual Silver Nanoparticles and Small Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1638-44. [PMID: 26263327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental measurements of localized surface plasmon emission from individual silver nanoparticles and small clusters via accurately delayed femtosecond laser pulses. Fourier transform analysis of the nanoplasmonic coherence oscillations reveals different frequency components and dephasing rates for each nanoparticle. We find three different types of behavior: single exponential decay, beating between two frequencies, and beating among three or more frequencies. Our results provide insight into inhomogeneous and homogeneous broadening mechanisms in nanoplasmonic spectroscopy that depend on morphology and nearby neighbors. In addition, we find the optical response of certain pairs of nanoparticles to be at least an order of magnitude more intense than the response of single particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mittal
- †Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Rachel Glenn
- †Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Ilyas Saytashev
- †Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Vadim V Lozovoy
- †Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Marcos Dantus
- †Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Butet J, Martin OJF. Refractive index sensing with Fano resonant plasmonic nanostructures: a symmetry based nonlinear approach. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:15262-15270. [PMID: 25381752 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05623j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sensing using surface plasmon resonances is one of the most promising practical applications of plasmonic nanostructures and Fano resonances allow achieving a lower detection limit thanks to their narrow spectral features. However, a narrow spectral width of the subradiant mode in a plasmonic system, as observed in the weak coupling regime, is in general associated with a low modulation of the complete spectral response. In this article, we show that this limitation can be overcome by a nonlinear approach based on second harmonic generation and its dependence on symmetry at the nanoscale. The Fano resonant systems considered in this work are gold nanodolmens. Their linear and nonlinear responses are evaluated using a surface integral equation method. The numerical results demonstrate that a variation of the refractive index of the surrounding medium modifies the coupling between the dark and bright modes, resulting in a modification of the electromagnetic wave scattered at the second harmonic wavelength, especially the symmetry of the nonlinear emission. Reciprocally, we show that evaluating the asymmetry of the nonlinear emission provides a direct measurement of the gold nanodolmens dielectric environment. Interestingly, the influence of the refractive index of the surrounding medium on the nonlinear asymmetry parameter is approximately 10 times stronger than on the spectral position of the surface plasmon resonance: hence, smaller refractive index changes can be detected with this new approach. Practical details for an experimental realization of this sensing scheme are discussed and the resolution is estimated to be as low as Δn = 1.5 × 10(-3), respectively 1.5 × 10(-5), for an acquisition time of 60 s for an isolated gold nanodolmen, respectively an array of 10 × 10 nanodolmens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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