1
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Sun H, Song J, Gong M, Wang J, Liu Y. Atomistic Insights into Nucleation of Ferroelastic Domains in PbTiO 3. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6737-6742. [PMID: 38775230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the nucleation mechanism of domains is essential for domain engineering of perovskite ferroelectric materials. We proposed and examined atomistic details for nucleating ferroelastic (FS) domains by integrating topological analysis and first-principles calculations. FS domains are crystallographically treated as deformation twins. The conventional shear-shuffle nucleation mechanism under simple shear deformation is ruled out because the 1-layer elementary twinning disconnection (TD) cannot nucleate and glide in a perfect matrix. Thus, the pure-shuffle nucleation mechanism under pure shear deformation is proposed due to kinetically favored atomic shuffling. The coherency stress associated with the coherent nucleus is relaxed via forming misfit dislocations, accompanied by formation and sharpening of diffused (110)m∥(110)d domain walls (DWs). The sharp DWs enable growth of the FS nucleus through successive nucleation and gliding of TDs. These findings enrich the knowledge of domain behavior in perovskite ferroelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Sun
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jian Song
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Mingyu Gong
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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2
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Chen S, Han DC, Ye L, Zhang WX. Three-Step Ferroelastic Transitions from Hexagonal to Triclinic Phases in a Hybrid Perovskite: (1-Fluoromethyl-1-methylpyrrolidine)[CdCl 3]. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7966-7972. [PMID: 38620044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid ferroelastic crystals have emerged as a hot research topic in recent years owing to their prospective applications in piezoelectric sensors, mechanical switches, and optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, most of the documented materials exhibit one-step or two-step ferroelastic phase transition(s), and those with multistep ferroelastic transitions are extremely scarce. We present a new hexagonal molecular perovskite based on a fluoro-substituted flexible cyclic ammonium cation, (1-fluoromethyl-1-methylpyrrolidine)[CdCl3] (1), undergoing unusual three-step ferroelastic phase transitions from hexagonal paraelastic phase to orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic ferroelastic phases at 388, 376, and 311 K, respectively, with Aizu notation of 6/mmmFmmm, mmmF2/m, and 2/mF-1, featuring spontaneous strain of 0.002, 0.023, and 0.110, respectively. Furthermore, variable-temperature single-crystal diffraction reveals that the phase-transition mechanism in 1 principally originates from intriguing dynamic change of organic cations and synchronous displacement of inorganic chains. This scarce instance of multistep hybrid ferroelastic provides important clues for finding advanced ferroelastic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ding-Chong Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Le Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wei-Xiong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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3
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Liu Q, Peng H, Qi JC, Lu YZ, Yang SJ, Liao WQ. A photoluminescent chiral lead-free hybrid ferroelastic semiconductor with switchable second-harmonic generation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1793-1796. [PMID: 36722410 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06575d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chiral organic-inorganic hybrid semiconductors (COIHSs) dominated by lead halides have recently gained tremendous interest. Here, we report a lead-free photoluminescent COIHS [R-3-hydroxylpiperidinium]2SbCl5 with a bandgap of 3.14 eV. It shows a ferroelastic phase transition at 341 K accompanied by a switchable second-harmonic generation response and presents clear ferroelastic domains, which are rarely found in lead-free COIHSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hang Peng
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Chao Qi
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan-Zi Lu
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shu-Jing Yang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Qiang Liao
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Alikin D, Turygin A, Ushakov A, Kosobokov M, Alikin Y, Hu Q, Liu X, Xu Z, Wei X, Shur V. Competition between Ferroelectric and Ferroelastic Domain Wall Dynamics during Local Switching in Rhombohedral PMN-PT Single Crystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3912. [PMID: 36364688 PMCID: PMC9659027 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to control the charge, type, and density of domain walls allows properties of ferroelectric materials to be selectively enhanced or reduced. In ferroelectric-ferroelastic materials, two types of domain walls are possible: pure ferroelectric and ferroelastic-ferroelectric. In this paper, we demonstrated a strategy to control the selective ferroelectric or ferroelastic domain wall formation in the (111) single-domain rhombohedral PMN-PT single crystals at the nanoscale by varying the relative humidity level in a scanning probe microscopy chamber. The solution of the corresponding coupled electro-mechanical boundary problem allows explaining observed competition between ferroelastic and ferroelectric domain growth. The reduction in the ferroelastic domain density during local switching at elevated humidity has been attributed to changes in the electric field spatial distribution and screening effectiveness. The established mechanism is important because it reveals a kinetic nature of the final domain patterns in multiaxial materials and thus provides a general pathway to create desirable domain structure in ferroelectric materials for applications in piezoelectric and optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Alikin
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Anton Turygin
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Andrei Ushakov
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Kosobokov
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Yurij Alikin
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wei
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Vladimir Shur
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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5
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NH4+/K+-substitution-induced C–F–K coordination bonds for designing the highest-temperature hybrid halide double perovskite ferroelastic. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.107774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Intercalation-driven ferroelectric-to-ferroelastic conversion in a layered hybrid perovskite crystal. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3104. [PMID: 35662239 PMCID: PMC9166815 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites have attracted intense interests due to their quantum well structure and tunable excitonic properties. As an alternative to the well-studied divalent metal hybrid perovskite based on Pb2+, Sn2+ and Cu2+, the trivalent metal-based (eg. Sb3+ with ns2 outer-shell electronic configuration) hybrid perovskite with the A3M2X9 formula (A = monovalent cations, M = trivalent metal, X = halide) offer intriguing possibilities for engineering ferroic properties. Here, we synthesized 2D ferroelectric hybrid perovskite (TMA)3Sb2Cl9 with measurable in-plane and out-of-plane polarization. Interestingly, (TMA)3Sb2Cl9 can be intercalated with FeCl4 ions to form a ferroelastic and piezoelectric single crystal, (TMA)4-Fe(iii)Cl4-Sb2Cl9. Density functional theory calculations were carried out to investigate the unusual mechanism of ferroelectric-ferroelastic crossover in these crystals.
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7
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Huang X, Gan T, Lu Y, Xu Z, Wang Z, Liao W. Evident Dielectric Relaxation in an Organic‐Inorganic Halide Perovskite. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Qin Huang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 P. R. China
| | - Tian Gan
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Zi Lu
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 P. R. China
| | - Zhe‐Kun Xu
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 P. R. China
| | - Zhong‐Xia Wang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 P. R. China
| | - Wei‐Qiang Liao
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center Nanchang University Nanchang 330031 P. R. China
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8
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Huang XQ, Zhang H, Wang F, Gan T, Xu ZK, Wang ZX. A Photoluminescent Lead Bromide Hybrid Perovskite Molecular Ferroelastic Semiconductor with Sequential High- Tc Phase Transitions. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5221-5227. [PMID: 34043361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites have attracted great interest for their use in promising optoelectronic applications. However, reports of photoluminescent perovskite molecular ferroelastic semiconductors with sequential high-Tc phase transitions have been scarce. In this work, a one-dimensional lead bromide hybrid perovskite [N,N-dimethylethanolammonium]PbBr3 has been synthesized, undergoing high-Tc sequential phase transitions at around 351 and 444 K, higher than those of most previously discovered hybrid perovskite phase transition materials. The specific intermolecular hydrogen bond between cationic molecules provides the greatest contribution to its high Tc by increasing the barrier of molecular motion under the temperature stimuli. The prominent ferroelastic domain evolution is visually observed under orthogonally polarized light. In addition, [N,N-dimethylethanolammonium]PbBr3 exhibits semiconducting and orange light emission characteristics. This finding opens up an avenue for designing high-performance ferroelastic materials and provides great motivation for discovering new multifunctional materials for the next generation of smart devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Huang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Gan
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Kun Xu
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Xia Wang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
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9
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Yudin P, Shapovalov K, Sluka T, Peräntie J, Jantunen H, Dejneka A, Tyunina M. Mobile and immobile boundaries in ferroelectric films. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1899. [PMID: 33479382 PMCID: PMC7820330 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81516-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic mobile interfaces in ferroelectrics—the domain walls can drive and enhance diverse ferroelectric properties, essential for modern applications. Control over the motion of domain walls is of high practical importance. Here we analyse theoretically and show experimentally epitaxial ferroelectric films, where mobile domain walls coexist and interact with immobile growth-induced interfaces—columnar boundaries. Whereas these boundaries do not disturb the long-range crystal order, they affect the behaviour of domain walls in a peculiar selective manner. The columnar boundaries substantially modify the behaviour of non-ferroelastic domains walls, but have negligible impact on the ferroelastic ones. The results suggest that introduction of immobile boundaries into ferroelectric films is a viable method to modify domain structures and dynamic responses at nano-scale that may serve to functionalization of a broader range of ferroelectric films where columnar boundaries naturally appear as a result of the 3D growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yudin
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 18221, Praha 8, Czech Republic. .,Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Lavrent'eva av. 1, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - K Shapovalov
- Institutut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB, UPR, 9048, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - T Sluka
- CREAL SA, Chemin du Paqueret 1A, CH-1025, Saint-Sulpice, Switzerland
| | - J Peräntie
- Microelectronics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - H Jantunen
- Microelectronics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - A Dejneka
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 18221, Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - M Tyunina
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 18221, Praha 8, Czech Republic.,Microelectronics Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, 90014, Oulu, Finland
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10
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Langenberg E, Paik H, Smith EH, Nair HP, Hanke I, Ganschow S, Catalan G, Domingo N, Schlom DG. Strain-Engineered Ferroelastic Structures in PbTiO 3 Films and Their Control by Electric Fields. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:20691-20703. [PMID: 32292024 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We study the interplay between epitaxial strain, film thickness, and electric field in the creation, modification, and design of distinct ferroelastic structures in PbTiO3 thin films. Strain and thickness greatly affect the structures formed, providing a two-variable parameterization of the resulting self-assembly. Under applied electric fields, these strain-engineered ferroelastic structures are highly malleable, especially when a/c and a1/a2 superdomains coexist. To reconfigure the ferroelastic structures and achieve self-assembled nanoscale-ordered morphologies, pure ferroelectric switching of individual c-domains within the a/c superdomains is essential. The stability, however, of the electrically written ferroelastic structures is in most cases ephemeral; the speed of the relaxation process depends sensitively on strain and thickness. Only under low tensile strain-as is the case for PbTiO3 on GdScO3-and below a critical thickness do the electrically created a/c superdomain structures become stable for days or longer, making them relevant for reconfigurable nanoscale electronics or nonvolatile electromechanical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Langenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hanjong Paik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Eva H Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hari P Nair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Isabelle Hanke
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Ganschow
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gustau Catalan
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Domingo
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Darrell G Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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11
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Zhang HY, Hu CL, Hu ZB, Mao JG, Song Y, Xiong RG. Narrow Band Gap Observed in a Molecular Ferroelastic: Ferrocenium Tetrachloroferrate. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3240-3245. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiang-Gao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, People’s Republic of China
| | - You Song
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ren-Gen Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Lee HJ, Shimizu T, Funakubo H, Imai Y, Sakata O, Hwang SH, Kim TY, Yoon C, Dai C, Chen LQ, Lee SY, Jo JY. Electric-Field-Driven Nanosecond Ferroelastic-Domain Switching Dynamics in Epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O_{3} Film. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:217601. [PMID: 31809179 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.217601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial oxide ferroelectric films exhibit emerging phenomena arising from complex domain configurations even at pseudoequilibrium, including the creation of domain states unfavored in nature and abrupt piezoelectric coefficients around morphotropic phase boundaries. The nanometer-sized domain configurations and their domain switching dynamics under external stimuli are directly linked to the ultrafast manipulation of ferroelectric thin films; however, complex domain switching dynamics under homogeneous electric fields has not been fully explored, especially at the nanosecond timescale. This Letter reports the nanosecond dynamics of ferroelastic-domain switching from the 90° to 180° direction using time-resolved x-ray microdiffraction under homogeneous electric fields onto an epitaxial Pb(Zr_{0.35},Ti_{0.65})O_{3} film capacitor. It is found that the application of electric fields induces spatially heterogeneous domain switching processes via intermediate domain structures with rotated polarization vectors. In addition, the domain switching time is shown to be inversely proportional to the magnitude of the applied electric field, and electric fields higher than 480 kV/cm are found to complete the ferroelastic switching within nanoseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jun Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Funakubo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Imai
- SPring-8, Japanese Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Osami Sakata
- Synchrotron X-ray Group, Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Seung Hyun Hwang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Tae Yeon Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Changjae Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Cheng Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Long Q Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Su Yong Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37676, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
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13
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Agar JC, Naul B, Pandya S, van der Walt S, Maher J, Ren Y, Chen LQ, Kalinin SV, Vasudevan RK, Cao Y, Bloom JS, Martin LW. Revealing ferroelectric switching character using deep recurrent neural networks. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4809. [PMID: 31641122 PMCID: PMC6805893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to manipulate domains underpins function in applications of ferroelectrics. While there have been demonstrations of controlled nanoscale manipulation of domain structures to drive emergent properties, such approaches lack an internal feedback loop required for automatic manipulation. Here, using a deep sequence-to-sequence autoencoder we automate the extraction of latent features of nanoscale ferroelectric switching from piezoresponse force spectroscopy of tensile-strained PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 with a hierarchical domain structure. We identify characteristic behavior in the piezoresponse and cantilever resonance hysteresis loops, which allows for the classification and quantification of nanoscale-switching mechanisms. Specifically, we identify elastic hardening events which are associated with the nucleation and growth of charged domain walls. This work demonstrates the efficacy of unsupervised neural networks in learning features of a material’s physical response from nanoscale multichannel hyperspectral imagery and provides new capabilities in leveraging in operando spectroscopies that could enable the automated manipulation of nanoscale structures in materials. The scale and dimensionality of imaging data means information is commonly overlooked. Here, using recurrent neural networks we understand temporal dependencies in hyperspectral imagery, enabling the observation of differences in ferroelectric switching mechanisms in PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 thin films due to formation of charged domain walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Agar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.
| | - Brett Naul
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Shishir Pandya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Stefan van der Walt
- Berkeley Institute of Data Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joshua Maher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yao Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802-5006, USA
| | - Sergei V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Rama K Vasudevan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Ye Cao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Joshua S Bloom
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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14
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Mechanical-force-induced non-local collective ferroelastic switching in epitaxial lead-titanate thin films. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3951. [PMID: 31477695 PMCID: PMC6718682 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroelastic switching in ferroelectric/multiferroic oxides plays a crucial role in determining their dielectric, piezoelectric, and magnetoelectric properties. In thin films of these materials, however, substrate clamping is generally thought to limit the electric-field- or mechanical-force-driven responses to the local scale. Here, we report mechanical-force-induced large-area, non-local, collective ferroelastic domain switching in PbTiO3 epitaxial thin films by tuning the misfit-strain to be near a phase boundary wherein c/a and a1/a2 nanodomains coexist. Phenomenological models suggest that the collective, c-a-c-a ferroelastic switching arises from the small potential barrier between the degenerate domain structures, and the large anisotropy of a and c domains, which collectively generates much larger response and large-area domain propagation. Large-area, non-local response under small stimuli, unlike traditional local response to external field, provides an opportunity of unique response to local stimuli, which has potential for use in high-sensitivity pressure sensors and switches. Clamping effects in ferroelestastic thin films limits their usefulness for applications such as sensitive mechanical sensors. Here, the authors report on non-local mechanical force induced switching in PbTiO3 thin films by tuning the material to a state of nearly energetically degenerate co-existing domains.
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Everhardt AS, Damerio S, Zorn JA, Zhou S, Domingo N, Catalan G, Salje EKH, Chen LQ, Noheda B. Periodicity-Doubling Cascades: Direct Observation in Ferroelastic Materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:087603. [PMID: 31491229 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.087603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Very sensitive responses to external forces are found near phase transitions. However, transition dynamics and preequilibrium phenomena are difficult to detect and control. We have observed that the equilibrium domain structure following a phase transition in ferroelectric and ferroelastic BaTiO_{3} is attained by halving of the domain periodicity multiple times. The process is reversible, with periodicity doubling as temperature is increased. This observation is reminiscent of the period-doubling cascades generally observed during bifurcation phenomena, and, thus, it conforms to the "spatial chaos" regime earlier proposed by Jensen and Bak [Phys. Scr. T 9, 64 (1985)PHSTER0281-184710.1088/0031-8949/1985/T9/009] for systems with competing spatial modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoud S Everhardt
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747AG- Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Silvia Damerio
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747AG- Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jacob A Zorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Silang Zhou
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747AG- Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Neus Domingo
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gustau Catalan
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- ICREA, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ekhard K H Salje
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Beatriz Noheda
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747AG- Groningen, Netherlands
- CogniGron Center, University of Groningen, 9747AG- Groningen, Netherlands
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Zhang Y, Han MG, Garlow JA, Tan Y, Xue F, Chen LQ, Munroe P, Valanoor N, Zhu Y. Deterministic Ferroelastic Domain Switching Using Ferroelectric Bilayers. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5319-5326. [PMID: 31268341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Composition gradients, or dissimilar ferroelectric bilayers, demonstrate colossal electromechanical figures of merit attributed to the motion of ferroelastic domain walls. Yet, mechanistic understanding of polarization switching pathways that drive ferroelastic switching in these systems remains elusive. Here, the crucial roles of strain and electrostatic boundary conditions in ferroelectric bilayer systems are revealed, which underpin their ferroelastic switching dynamics. Using in situ electrical biasing in the transmission electron microscope (TEM), the motion of ferroelastic domain walls is investigated in a tetragonal (T) Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT)/rhombohedral (R) PZT epitaxial bilayer system. Atomic resolution electron microscopy, in tandem with phase field simulations, indicates that ferroelastic switching is triggered by predominant nucleation at the triple domain junctions located at the interface between the T/R layers. Furthermore, this interfacial nucleation leads to systematic reversable reorientation of ferroelastic domain walls. Deterministic ferroelastic domain switching, driven by the interfacial strain and electrostatic boundary conditions in the ferroelectric bilayer, provides a viable pathway toward novel design of miniaturized energy-efficient electromechanical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Sciences Department , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Myung-Geun Han
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Sciences Department , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Joseph A Garlow
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Sciences Department , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Yueze Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Fei Xue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Paul Munroe
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Nagarajan Valanoor
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Yimei Zhu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Sciences Department , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
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Ullah R, Ke X, Malik IA, Gu Z, Wang C, Ahmad M, Yang Y, Zhang W, An X, Wang X, Zhang J. Controllable Ferroelastic Switching in Epitaxial Self-Assembled Aurivillius Nanobricks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7296-7302. [PMID: 30675776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Layered perovskites with Aurivillius phase have drawn tremendous attention recently, owing to their high ferroelectric Curie temperatures, large spontaneous polarization, and fatigue-free and environment-friendly characteristics. Bi2WO6 is one of the simplest members in the Aurivillius family with superior ferroelastic and photo-electrochemical behaviors. The self-assembly fabrication of its nanoarchitectures and strategic modulation of their ferroelastic switching are crucial toward highly efficient nanoscale applications. In this work, Bi2WO6 nanobrick arrays were epitaxially grown along the orthorhombic direction in a self-assembled way. Such a nanoscale topology supports out-of-plane and in-plane vectors of ferroelectric polarizations, enabling a perpendicular voltage manipulation of these emerging ferroelectric/elastic domains. Combining the scanning probe technique and transmission electron microscopy, we confirmed the in-plane polarization vectors of 78.6 and 101.4° within the crystallographic axes of the nanobricks with respect to the (110) plane of the substrate. Thus, this work provides new opportunities for ferroelectric/elastic engineering in Bi2WO6 nanostructures for a wide range of applications, such as sensing, actuating, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ullah
- Department of Physics , Beijing Normal University , 100875 Beijing , China
| | - Xiaoxing Ke
- Institute of Microstructures and Properties of Advanced Materials , Beijing University of Technology , 100124 Beijing , China
| | | | - Zhenao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100085 Beijing , China
| | - Chuanshou Wang
- Department of Physics , Beijing Normal University , 100875 Beijing , China
| | - Munir Ahmad
- Department of Physics , Beijing Normal University , 100875 Beijing , China
| | - Yuben Yang
- Department of Physics , Beijing Normal University , 100875 Beijing , China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Physics , Beijing Normal University , 100875 Beijing , China
| | - Xiaoqiang An
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100085 Beijing , China
| | - Xueyun Wang
- School of Aerospace Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , 100081 Beijing , China
| | - Jinxing Zhang
- Department of Physics , Beijing Normal University , 100875 Beijing , China
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18
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Mathieu C, Lubin C, Le Doueff G, Cattelan M, Gemeiner P, Dkhil B, Salje EKH, Barrett N. Surface Proximity Effect, Imprint Memory of Ferroelectric Twins, and Tweed in the Paraelectric Phase of BaTiO 3. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13660. [PMID: 30209329 PMCID: PMC6135802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used energy-filtered photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) at the photoemission threshold to carry out a microscopic scale characterization of the surface charge and domain structure of the (001) surface in BaTiO3. Signatures of ferroelectric and ferroelastic domains, and tweed, dominate the surface structure of BaTiO3 at room temperature. The surface ferroic signatures are maintained on heating to temperature (~550 K), well above the transition temperature (393 K). This surface proximity effect provides the mechanism for memory of the bulk ferroelectric domain arrangement up to 150 K above TC and thus can be considered as a robust fingerprint of the ferroelectric state near the surface. Self-reversal of polarization is observed for the tweed below TC and for the surface domains above TC. Annealing at higher temperature triggers the dynamic tweed which in turn allows a full reorganization of the ferroic domain configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mathieu
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif sur Yvette cedex, France.
| | - C Lubin
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif sur Yvette cedex, France
| | - G Le Doueff
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif sur Yvette cedex, France
| | - M Cattelan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantocks Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - P Gemeiner
- Laboratoire Structures, Propriétés et Modélisation des Solides, CentraleSuplec, CNRS-UMR8580, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - B Dkhil
- Laboratoire Structures, Propriétés et Modélisation des Solides, CentraleSuplec, CNRS-UMR8580, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E K H Salje
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - N Barrett
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif sur Yvette cedex, France.
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19
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Probing Ferroic States in Oxide Thin Films Using Optical Second Harmonic Generation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8040570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Forthcoming low-energy consumption oxide electronics rely on the deterministic control of ferroelectric and multiferroic domain states at the nanoscale. In this review, we address the recent progress in the field of investigation of ferroic order in thin films and heterostructures, with a focus on non-invasive optical second harmonic generation (SHG). For more than 50 years, SHG has served as an established technique for probing ferroic order in bulk materials. Here, we will survey the specific new aspects introduced to SHG investigation of ferroelectrics and multiferroics by working with thin film structures. We show how SHG can probe complex ferroic domain patterns non-invasively and even if the lateral domain size is below the optical resolution limit or buried beneath an otherwise impenetrable cap layer. We emphasize the potential of SHG to distinguish contributions from individual (multi-) ferroic films or interfaces buried in a device or multilayer architecture. Special attention is given to monitoring switching events in buried ferroic domain- and domain-wall distributions by SHG, thus opening new avenues towards the determination of the domain dynamics. Another aspect studied by SHG is the role of strain. We will finally show that by integrating SHG into the ongoing thin film deposition process, we can monitor the emergence of ferroic order and properties in situ, while they emerge during growth. Our review closes with an outlook, emphasizing the present underrepresentation of ferroic switching dynamics in the study of ferroic oxide heterostructures.
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20
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Room temperature ferroelectricity in fluoroperovskite thin films. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7182. [PMID: 28775384 PMCID: PMC5543180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The NaMnF3 fluoride-perovskite has been found, theoretically, to be ferroelectric under epitaxial strain becoming a promising alternative to conventional oxides for multiferroic applications. Nevertheless, this fluoroperovskite has not been experimentally verified to be ferroelectric so far. Here we report signatures of room temperature ferroelectricity observed in perovskite NaMnF3 thin films grown on SrTiO3. Using piezoresponse force microscopy, we studied the evolution of ferroelectric polarization in response to external and built-in electric fields. Density functional theory calculations were also performed to help understand the strong competition between ferroelectric and paraelectric phases as well as the profound influences of strain. These results, together with the magnetic order previously reported in the same material, pave the way to future multiferroic and magnetoelectric investigations in fluoroperovskites.
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Damodaran AR, Agar JC, Pandya S, Chen Z, Dedon L, Xu R, Apgar B, Saremi S, Martin LW. New modalities of strain-control of ferroelectric thin films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:263001. [PMID: 27187744 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/26/263001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectrics, with their spontaneous switchable electric polarization and strong coupling between their electrical, mechanical, thermal, and optical responses, provide functionalities crucial for a diverse range of applications. Over the past decade, there has been significant progress in epitaxial strain engineering of oxide ferroelectric thin films to control and enhance the nature of ferroelectric order, alter ferroelectric susceptibilities, and to create new modes of response which can be harnessed for various applications. This review aims to cover some of the most important discoveries in strain engineering over the past decade and highlight some of the new and emerging approaches for strain control of ferroelectrics. We discuss how these new approaches to strain engineering provide promising routes to control and decouple ferroelectric susceptibilities and create new modes of response not possible in the confines of conventional strain engineering. To conclude, we will provide an overview and prospectus of these new and interesting modalities of strain engineering helping to accelerate their widespread development and implementation in future functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop R Damodaran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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22
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Agar JC, Damodaran AR, Okatan MB, Kacher J, Gammer C, Vasudevan RK, Pandya S, Dedon LR, Mangalam RVK, Velarde GA, Jesse S, Balke N, Minor AM, Kalinin SV, Martin LW. Highly mobile ferroelastic domain walls in compositionally graded ferroelectric thin films. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:549-556. [PMID: 26878312 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Domains and domain walls are critical in determining the response of ferroelectrics, and the ability to controllably create, annihilate, or move domains is essential to enable a range of next-generation devices. Whereas electric-field control has been demonstrated for ferroelectric 180° domain walls, similar control of ferroelastic domains has not been achieved. Here, using controlled composition and strain gradients, we demonstrate deterministic control of ferroelastic domains that are rendered highly mobile in a controlled and reversible manner. Through a combination of thin-film growth, transmission-electron-microscopy-based nanobeam diffraction and nanoscale band-excitation switching spectroscopy, we show that strain gradients in compositionally graded PbZr1-xTixO3 heterostructures stabilize needle-like ferroelastic domains that terminate inside the film. These needle-like domains are highly labile in the out-of-plane direction under applied electric fields, producing a locally enhanced piezoresponse. This work demonstrates the efficacy of novel modes of epitaxy in providing new modalities of domain engineering and potential for as-yet-unrealized nanoscale functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Agar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - A R Damodaran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M B Okatan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J Kacher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Gammer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R K Vasudevan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - S Pandya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L R Dedon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R V K Mangalam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G A Velarde
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - S Jesse
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - N Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - A M Minor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - L W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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