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Gao Q, Liu J, Wang M, Liu X, Jiang Y, Su J. Biomaterials regulates BMSCs differentiation via mechanical microenvironment. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 157:213738. [PMID: 38154401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are crucial for bone tissue regeneration, the mechanical microenvironment of hard tissues, including bone and teeth, significantly affects the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Biomaterials may mimic the microenvironment of the extracellular matrix and provide mechanical signals to regulate BMSCs differentiation via inducing the secretion of various intracellular factors. Biomaterials direct the differentiation of BMSCs via mechanical signals, including tension, compression, shear, hydrostatic pressure, stiffness, elasticity, and viscoelasticity, which can be transmitted to cells through mechanical signalling pathways. Besides, biomaterials with piezoelectric effects regulate BMSCs differentiation via indirect mechanical signals, such as, electronic signals, which are transformed from mechanical stimuli by piezoelectric biomaterials. Mechanical stimulation facilitates achieving vectored stem cell fate regulation, while understanding the underlying mechanisms remains challenging. Herein, this review summarizes the intracellular factors, including translation factors, epigenetic modifications, and miRNA level, as well as the extracellular factor, including direct and indirect mechanical signals, which regulate the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Besides, this review will also give a comprehensive summary about how mechanical stimuli regulate cellular behaviours, as well as how biomaterials promote the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via mechanical microenvironments. The cellular behaviours and activated signal pathways will give more implications for the design of biomaterials with superior properties for bone tissue engineering. Moreover, it will also provide inspiration for the construction of bone organoids which is a useful tool for mimicking in vivo bone tissue microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianmin Gao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, NO.333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China; Organoid Research Centre, Shanghai University, NO.333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China; National Centre for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, NO.333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, NO.333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China; Organoid Research Centre, Shanghai University, NO.333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China; National Centre for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, NO.333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Mingkai Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, NO.333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China; Organoid Research Centre, Shanghai University, NO.333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China; National Centre for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, NO.333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xiangfei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, NO. 456 Chunlei Road, Shanghai 200941, PR China.
| | - Yingying Jiang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, NO.333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, NO.333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China; Organoid Research Centre, Shanghai University, NO.333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai 200444, PR China; National Centre for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch, NO.333 Nanchen Road, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, NO.1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Korpanty J, Gianneschi NC. Exploration of Organic Nanomaterials with Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2298-2312. [PMID: 37580021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusOrganic, soft materials with solution-phase nanoscale structures, such as emulsions, hydrogels, and thermally responsive materials, are inherently difficult to directly image via dry state and cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Therefore, we lack a routine microscopy method with sufficient resolution that can, in tandem with scattering techniques, probe the morphology and dynamics of these and many related systems. These challenges motivate liquid cell (LC) TEM method development, aimed at making the technique generally available and routine. To date, the field has been and continues to be dominantly focused on analyzing solution-phase inorganic materials. These mostly metallic nanoparticles have been studied at electron fluxes that can allow for high-resolution imaging, in the range of hundreds to thousands of e- Å-2 s-1. Despite excellent contrast, in these cases, one often contends with knock-on damage, direct radiolysis, and sensitization of the solvent by virtue of enhanced secondary electron production by the impinging electron beam. With an interest in soft materials, we face both related and distinct challenges, especially in achieving a high-enough contrast within solvated liquid cells. Additionally, we must be aware of artifacts associated with high-flux imaging conditions in terms of direct radiolysis of the solvent and the sensitive materials themselves. Regardless, with care, it has become possible to gain real insight into both static and dynamic organic nanomaterials in solution. This is due, in large part, to key advances that have been made, including improved sample preparation protocols, image capture technologies, and image analysis, which have allowed LCTEM to have utility. To enable solvated soft matter characterization by LCTEM, a generalizable multimodal workflow was developed by leveraging both experimental and theoretical precedents from across the LCTEM field and adjacent works concerned with solution radiolysis and nanoparticle tracking analyses. This workflow consists of (1) modeling electron beam-solvent interactions, (2) studying electron beam-sample interactions via LCTEM coupled with post-mortem analysis, (3) the construction of "damage plots" displaying sample integrity under varied imaging and sample conditions, (4) optimized LCTEM imaging, (5) image processing, and (6) correlative analysis via X-ray or light scattering. In this Account, we present this outlook and the challenges we continue to overcome in the direct imaging of dynamic solvated nanoscale soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Korpanty
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Simpson Querrey Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Simpson Querrey Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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3
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Li M, Ling L. Visualizing Dynamic Environmental Processes in Liquid at Nanoscale via Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15503-15511. [PMID: 35969015 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing the structure and processes in liquids at the nanoscale is essential for understanding the fundamental mechanisms and underlying processes of environmental research. Cutting-edge progress of in situ liquid-phase (scanning) transmission electron microscopy (LP-S/TEM) and inferred possible applications are highlighted as a more and more indispensable tool for visualization of dynamic environmental processes in this Perspective. Advancements in nanofabrication technology, high-speed imaging, comprehensive detectors, and spectroscopy analysis have made it increasingly convenient to use LP S/TEM, thus providing an approach for visualization of direct and insightful scientific information with the exciting possibility of solving an increasing number of tricky environmental problems. This includes evaluating the transformation fate and path of contamination, assessing toxicology of nanomaterials, simulating solid surface corrosion processes in the environment, and observing water pollution control processes. Distinct nanoscale or even atomic understanding of the reaction would provide dependable and precise identification and quantification of contaminants in dynamic processes, thus facilitating trouble-tracing of environmental problems with amplifying complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lan Ling
- State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Kelly DF, DiCecco LA, Jonaid GM, Dearnaley WJ, Spilman MS, Gray JL, Dressel-Dukes MJ. Liquid-EM goes viral - visualizing structure and dynamics. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102426. [PMID: 35868163 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-electron microscopy (EM), the room temperature correlate to cryo-EM, is an exciting new technique delivering real-time data of dynamic reactions in solution. Here, we explain how liquid-EM gained popularity in recent years by examining key experiments conducted on viral assemblies and host-pathogen interactions. We describe developing workflows for specimen preparation, data collection, and computing processes that led to the first high-resolution virus structures in a liquid environment. Equally important, we review why liquid-electron tomography may become the next big thing in biomedical research due to its ability to monitor live viruses entering cells within seconds. Taken together, we pose the idea that liquid-EM can serve as a dynamic complement to current cryo-EM methods, inspiring the "real-time revolution" in nanoscale imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah F Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Liza-Anastasia DiCecco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada. https://twitter.com/LizaDiCecco
| | - G M Jonaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Bioinformatics and Genomics Graduate Program, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - William J Dearnaley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Structural Oncology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. https://twitter.com/PennStateMRI
| | - Michael S Spilman
- Direct Electron, LP, San Diego, CA 92128, USA. https://twitter.com/DirectElectron
| | - Jennifer L Gray
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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5
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Connexin 43 confers chemoresistance through activating PI3K. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:2. [PMID: 35022385 PMCID: PMC8755794 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circumventing chemoresistance is crucial for effectively treating cancer including glioblastoma, a lethal brain cancer. The gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) renders glioblastoma resistant to chemotherapy; however, targeting Cx43 is difficult because mechanisms underlying Cx43-mediated chemoresistance remain elusive. Here we report that Cx43, but not other connexins, is highly expressed in a subpopulation of glioblastoma and Cx43 mRNA levels strongly correlate with poor prognosis and chemoresistance in this population, making Cx43 the prime therapeutic target among all connexins. Depleting Cx43 or treating cells with αCT1–a Cx43 peptide inhibitor that sensitizes glioblastoma to the chemotherapy temozolomide–inactivates phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), whereas overexpression of Cx43 activates this signaling. Moreover, αCT1-induced chemo-sensitization is counteracted by a PI3K active mutant. Further research reveals that αCT1 inactivates PI3K without blocking the release of PI3K-activating molecules from membrane channels and that Cx43 selectively binds to the PI3K catalytic subunit β (PIK3CB, also called PI3Kβ or p110β), suggesting that Cx43 activates PIK3CB/p110β independent of its channel functions. To explore the therapeutic potential of simultaneously targeting Cx43 and PIK3CB/p110β, αCT1 is combined with TGX-221 or GSK2636771, two PIK3CB/p110β-selective inhibitors. These two different treatments synergistically inactivate PI3K and sensitize glioblastoma cells to temozolomide in vitro and in vivo. Our study has revealed novel mechanistic insights into Cx43/PI3K-mediated temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma and demonstrated that targeting Cx43 and PIK3CB/p110β together is an effective therapeutic approach for overcoming chemoresistance.
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Li R, Wang H, Liang Q, Chen L, Ren J. Radiotherapy for glioblastoma: clinical issues and nanotechnology strategies. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:892-908. [PMID: 34989724 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01401c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer in adults with poor prognosis. Despite the current state of knowledge on its genetic characteristics, relatively little progress has been made in improving the treatment of patients with this fatal disease. Radiotherapy (RT) has been identified as a crucial treatment for GBM following surgical resection to improve both local control and survival. Unfortunately, radiotherapy resistance is frequently observed in GBM patients, which is the major reason for the high mortality rate of cancer patients. Radioresistance of GBM is often multifactorial and heterogeneous, and associated with the recurrence of GBM after surgery. Nanotechnology has gained increasing attention and has already been investigated for optimization of radiosensitization due to the unique properties of nanobiomaterials, such as photoelectric decay characteristics or potential as carriers for drug delivery to the central nervous system. A large body of preclinical data has accumulated over the past several years, in which nanotechnology-based strategies exhibit promising potential to enhance the radiosensitivity of GBM, both in cellular and animal models. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of GBM radioresistance, including tumor cell-intrinsic factors as well as tumor microenvironment (TME). We further discuss current nano-biotechnology-based radiosensitizer in the treatment of GBM, summarize the latest findings, highlight challenges, and put forward prospects for the future of nano-radiosensitizers. These data suggest that nanotechnology has the potential to address many of the clinical challenges and nanobiomaterials would become promising next-generation radiotherapy sensitizers for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, P. R. China.
| | - Haihong Wang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, P. R. China.
| | - Qing Liang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, P. R. China.
| | - Lian Chen
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, P. R. China.
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, P. R. China.
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7
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The adaptive transition of glioblastoma stem cells and its implications on treatments. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:124. [PMID: 33753720 PMCID: PMC7985200 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most malignant tumor occurring in the human central nervous system with overall median survival time <14.6 months. Current treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy cannot reach an optimal remission since tumor resistance to therapy remains a challenge. Glioblastoma stem cells are considered to be responsible for tumor resistance in treating glioblastoma. Previous studies reported two subtypes, proneural and mesenchymal, of glioblastoma stem cells manifesting different sensitivity to radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Mesenchymal glioblastoma stem cells, as well as tumor cells generate from which, showed resistance to radiochemotherapies. Besides, two metabolic patterns, glutamine or glucose dependent, of mesenchymal glioblastoma stem cells also manifested different sensitivity to radiochemotherapies. Glutamine dependent mesenchymal glioblastoma stem cells are more sensitive to radiotherapy than glucose-dependent ones. Therefore, the transition between proneural and mesenchymal subtypes, or between glutamine-dependent and glucose-dependent, might lead to tumor resistance to radiochemotherapies. Moreover, neural stem cells were also hypothesized to participate in glioblastoma stem cells mediated tumor resistance to radiochemotherapies. In this review, we summarized the basic characteristics, adaptive transition and implications of glioblastoma stem cells in glioblastoma therapy.
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8
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Lee J, Nicholls D, Browning ND, Mehdi BL. Controlling radiolysis chemistry on the nanoscale in liquid cell scanning transmission electron microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:17766-17773. [PMID: 33729249 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06369j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
When high-energy electrons from a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) are incident on a liquid, the vast majority of the chemical reactions that are observed are induced by the radiolysis breakdown of the liquid molecules. In the study of liquids, the radiolysis products of pure water are well known, and their rate of formation for a given flux of high-energy electrons has been studied intensively over the last few years for uniform TEM illumination. In this paper, we demonstrate that the temporal and spatial distribution of the electron illumination can significantly affect the final density of radiolysis products in water and even change the type of reaction taking place. We simulate the complex array of possible spatial/temporal distributions of electrons that are accessible experimentally by controlling the size, the scan rate and the hopping distance of the electron probe in STEM mode and then compare the results to the uniformly illuminated TEM mode of imaging. By distributing the electron dose both spatially and temporally in the STEM through a randomised "spot-scan" mode of imaging, the diffusion overlap of the radiolysis products can be reduced, and the resulting reactions can be more readily controlled. This control allows the resolution of the images to be separated from the speed of the induced reaction (which is based on beam current alone) and this facet of the experiment will allow a wide range of chemical reactions to be uniquely tailored and observed in all liquid cell STEM experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhan Lee
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering and Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GH, UK.
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9
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Noh N, Park J, Park JS, Koo K, Park JY, Yuk JM. Lithographically patterned well-type graphene liquid cells with rational designs. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2796-2803. [PMID: 32633750 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00440e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene liquid cell transmission electron microscopy allows in situ observation of nanomaterial dynamics in a liquid environment. However, this method suffers from both random formation and small size of liquid pockets. Here, we introduce facile and mass-producible graphene-sealed well-type liquid cells with rational designs. The developed liquid cell structure and its formation mechanism depending on hole diameter (d)/spacer thickness (h) ratio are systematically analyzed. Finally, we show its high-resolution imaging and chemical analysis capability for nanoparticles and biomaterial applications. This work will provide an enhanced liquid cell platform for diverse liquid environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namgyu Noh
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Abstract
As a promising tool over the optical resolution limits, liquid electron microscopy is practically utilized to visualize the structural information on wet biological specimens, such as cells, proteins, and nucleic acids. However, the functionality of biomolecules during their observation is still controversial. Here we show the feasibility of live-cell electron microscopy using graphene veils. We demonstrate that the electron dose resistivity of live bacterial cells increases to 100-fold in graphene veils, and thus they maintain their structures and functions after electron microscopy experiments. Our results provide the guidelines and show possibilities for the electron microscopy imaging of live cells and functional biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunmo Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 355 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Seong Dae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 355 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Hahn
- Biomedical Convergence Science & Technology, Industrial Technology Advances, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Yuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 355 Science Road, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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11
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Liu Y, Zou Y, Feng C, Lee A, Yin J, Chung R, Park JB, Rizos H, Tao W, Zheng M, Farokhzad OC, Shi B. Charge Conversional Biomimetic Nanocomplexes as a Multifunctional Platform for Boosting Orthotopic Glioblastoma RNAi Therapy. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1637-1646. [PMID: 32013452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based RNA interference (RNAi) has shown great promise in overcoming the limitations of traditional clinical treatments for glioblastoma (GBM). However, because of the complexity of brain physiology, simple blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration or tumor-targeting strategies cannot entirely meet the demanding requirements of different therapeutic delivery stages. Herein, we developed a charge conversional biomimetic nanoplatform with a three-layer core-shell structure to programmatically overcome persistent obstacles in siRNA delivery to GBM. The resulting nanocomplex presents good biocompatibility, prolonged blood circulation, high BBB transcytosis, effective tumor accumulation, and specific uptake by tumor cells in the brain. Moreover, red blood cell membrane (RBCm) disruption and effective siRNA release can be further triggered elegantly by charge conversion from negative to positive in the endo/lysosome (pH 5.0-6.5) of tumor cells, leading to highly potent target-gene silencing with a strong anti-GBM effect. Our study provides an intelligent biomimetic nanoplatform tailored for systemically siRNA delivery to GBM, leveraging Angiopep-2 peptide-modified, immune-free RBCm and charge conversional components. Improved therapeutic efficacy, higher survival rates, and minimized systemic side effects were achieved in orthotopic U87MG-luc human glioblastoma tumor-bearing nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Chan Feng
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Albert Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Jinlong Yin
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, South Korea
| | - Roger Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Jong Bea Park
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, South Korea
| | - Helen Rizos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Wei Tao
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Meng Zheng
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bingyang Shi
- Henan-Macquarie Uni Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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12
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Pan R, Hu K, Jia R, Rotenberg SA, Jiang D, Mirkin MV. Resistive-Pulse Sensing Inside Single Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5778-5784. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Rui Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Susan A. Rotenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, New York 10016, United States
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13
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Mamani JB, Marinho BS, Rego GNDA, Nucci MP, Alvieri F, Santos RSD, Ferreira JVM, Oliveira FAD, Gamarra LF. Magnetic hyperthermia therapy in glioblastoma tumor on-a-Chip model. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2020; 18:eAO4954. [PMID: 31939525 PMCID: PMC6924828 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020ao4954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the magnetic hyperthermia therapy in glioblastoma tumor-on-a-Chip model using a microfluidics device. METHODS The magnetic nanoparticles coated with aminosilane were used for the therapy of magnetic hyperthermia, being evaluated the specific absorption rate of the magnetic nanoparticles at 300 Gauss and 305kHz. A preculture of C6 cells was performed before the 3D cells culture on the chip. The process of magnetic hyperthermia on the Chip was performed after administration of 20μL of magnetic nanoparticles (10mgFe/mL) using the parameters that generated the specific absorption rate value. The efficacy of magnetic hyperthermia therapy was evaluated by using the cell viability test through the following fluorescence staining: calcein acetoxymethyl ester (492/513nm), for live cells, and ethidium homodimer-1 (526/619nm) for dead cells dyes. RESULTS Magnetic nanoparticles when submitted to the alternating magnetic field (300 Gauss and 305kHz) produced a mean value of the specific absorption rate of 115.4±6.0W/g. The 3D culture of C6 cells evaluated by light field microscopy imaging showed the proliferation and morphology of the cells prior to the application of magnetic hyperthermia therapy. Fluorescence images showed decreased viability of cultured cells in organ-on-a-Chip by 20% and 100% after 10 and 30 minutes of the magnetic hyperthermia therapy application respectively. CONCLUSION The study showed that the therapeutic process of magnetic hyperthermia in the glioblastoma on-a-chip model was effective to produce the total cell lise after 30 minutes of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mariana Penteado Nucci
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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14
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Smith JW, Chen Q. Liquid-phase electron microscopy imaging of cellular and biomolecular systems. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:8490-8506. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01300e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-phase electron microscopy, a new method for real-time nanoscopic imaging in liquid, makes it possible to study cells or biomolecules with a singular combination of spatial and temporal resolution. We review the state of the art in biological research in this growing and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
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15
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Pu S, Gong C, Robertson AW. Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy and its applications. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191204. [PMID: 32218950 PMCID: PMC7029903 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has long been an essential tool for understanding the structure of materials. Over the past couple of decades, this venerable technique has undergone a number of revolutions, such as the development of aberration correction for atomic level imaging, the realization of cryogenic TEM for imaging biological specimens, and new instrumentation permitting the observation of dynamic systems in situ. Research in the latter has rapidly accelerated in recent years, based on a silicon-chip architecture that permits a versatile array of experiments to be performed under the high vacuum of the TEM. Of particular interest is using these silicon chips to enclose fluids safely inside the TEM, allowing us to observe liquid dynamics at the nanoscale. In situ imaging of liquid phase reactions under TEM can greatly enhance our understanding of fundamental processes in fields from electrochemistry to cell biology. Here, we review how in situ TEM experiments of liquids can be performed, with a particular focus on microchip-encapsulated liquid cell TEM. We will cover the basics of the technique, and its strengths and weaknesses with respect to related in situ TEM methods for characterizing liquid systems. We will show how this technique has provided unique insights into nanomaterial synthesis and manipulation, battery science and biological cells. A discussion on the main challenges of the technique, and potential means to mitigate and overcome them, will also be presented.
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16
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Maia FR, Reis RL, Oliveira JM. Finding the perfect match between nanoparticles and microfluidics to respond to cancer challenges. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 24:102139. [PMID: 31843662 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The clinical translation of new cancer theranostic has been delayed by inherent cancer's heterogeneity. Additionally, this delay has been enhanced by the lack of an appropriate in vitro model, capable to produce accurate data. Nanoparticles and microfluidic devices have been used to obtain new and more efficient strategies to tackle cancer challenges. On one hand, nanoparticles-based therapeutics can be modified to target specific cells, and/or molecules, and/or modified with drugs, releasing them over time. On the other hand, microfluidic devices allow the exhibition of physiologically complex systems, incorporation of controlled flow, and control of the chemical environment. Herein, we review the use of nanoparticles and microfluidic devices to address different cancer challenges, such as detection of CTCs and biomarkers, point-of-care devices for early diagnosis and improvement of therapies. The future perspectives of cancer challenges are also addressed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Raquel Maia
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's PT Government Associate Lab, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's PT Government Associate Lab, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's PT Government Associate Lab, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal; The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters at University of Minho, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
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17
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He K, Shokuhfar T, Shahbazian-Yassar R. Imaging of soft materials using in situ liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:103001. [PMID: 30524096 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaf616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the breakthroughs in the field of soft material characterization by in situ liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The focus of this review is mostly on soft biological species such as cells, bacteria, viruses, proteins and polymers. The comparison between the two main liquid-cell systems (silicon nitride membranes liquid cell and graphene liquid cell) is also discussed in terms of their spatial resolution and imaging/analytical capabilities. We have showcased how liquid-cell TEM can reveal the structural details of whole cells, enable the chemical probing of proteins, detect the structural conformation of viruses, and monitor the dynamics of polymerization. In addition, the challenges faced by decoupling electron beam effect on beam-sensitive soft materials are discussed. At the end, future perspectives of in situ liquid-cell TEM studies of soft materials are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun He
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
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18
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Bhattarai N, Prozorov T. Direct Observation of Early Stages of Growth of Multilayered DNA-Templated Au-Pd-Au Core-Shell Nanoparticles in Liquid Phase. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:19. [PMID: 30863747 PMCID: PMC6399153 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here on direct observation of early stages of formation of multilayered bimetallic Au-Pd core-shell nanocubes and Au-Pd-Au core-shell nanostars in liquid phase using low-dose in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) with the continuous flow fluid cell. The reduction of Pd and formation of Au-Pd core-shell is achieved through the flow of the reducing agent. Initial rapid growth of Pd on Au along <111> direction is followed by a slower rearrangement of Pd shell. We propose the mechanism for the DNA-directed shape transformation of Au-Pd core-shell nanocubes to adopt a nanostar-like morphology in the presence of T30 DNA and discuss the observed nanoparticle motion in the confined volume of the fluid cell. The growth of Au shell over Au-Pd nanocube is initiated at the vertices of the nanocubes, leading to the preferential growth of the {111} facets and resulting in formation of nanostar-like particles. While the core-shell nanostructures formed in a fluid cell in situ under the low-dose imaging conditions closely resemble those obtained in solution syntheses, the reaction kinetics in the fluid cell is affected by the radiolysis of liquid reagents induced by the electron beam, altering the rate-determining reaction steps. We discuss details of the growth processes and propose the reaction mechanism in liquid phase in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanya Prozorov
- Emergent Atomic and Magnetic Structures, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Ames, IA, United States
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19
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Pridham KJ, Le L, Guo S, Varghese RT, Algino S, Liang Y, Fajardin R, Rodgers CM, Simonds GR, Kelly DF, Sheng Z. PIK3CB/p110β is a selective survival factor for glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:494-505. [PMID: 29016844 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is difficult to treat. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is an attractive therapeutic target for GBM; however, targeting this pathway to effectively treat GBM is not successful because the roles of PI3K isoforms remain to be defined. The aim of this study is to determine whether PIK3CB/p110β, but not other PI3K isoforms, is a biomarker for GBM recurrence and important for cell survival. Methods Gene expression and clinical relevance of PI3K genes in GBM patients were analyzed using online databases. Expression/activity of PI3K isoforms was determined using immunoblotting. PI3K genes were inhibited using short hairpin RNAs or isoform-selective inhibitors. Cell viability/growth was assessed by the MTS assay and trypan blue exclusion assay. Apoptosis was monitored using the caspase activity assay. Mouse GBM xenograft models were used to gauge drug efficacy. Results PIK3CB/p110β was the only PI3K catalytic isoform that significantly correlated with high incidence rate, risk, and poor survival of recurrent GBM. PIK3CA/p110α, PIK3CB/p110β, and PIK3CD/p110δ were differentially expressed in GBM cell lines and primary tumor cells derived from patient specimens, whereas PIK3CG/p110γ was barely detected. PIK3CB/p110β protein levels presented a stronger association with the activities of PI3K signaling than other PI3K isoforms. Blocking p110β deactivated PI3K signaling, whereas inhibition of other PI3K isoforms had no effect. Specific inhibitors of PIK3CB/p110β, but not other PI3K isoforms, remarkably suppressed viability and growth of GBM cells and xenograft tumors in mice, with minimal cytotoxic effects on astrocytes. Conclusions PIK3CB/p110β is a biomarker for GBM recurrence and selectively important for GBM cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Pridham
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Lamvy Le
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Sujuan Guo
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Robin T Varghese
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Sarah Algino
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Yanping Liang
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Renee Fajardin
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Cara M Rodgers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Gary R Simonds
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Deborah F Kelly
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Zhi Sheng
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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20
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Casein Kinase 1 Epsilon Regulates Glioblastoma Cell Survival. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13621. [PMID: 30206363 PMCID: PMC6134061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant brain cancer with a dismal prognosis. The difficulty in treating glioblastoma is largely attributed to the lack of effective therapeutic targets. In our previous work, we identified casein kinase 1 ε (CK1ε, also known as CSNK1E) as a potential survival factor in glioblastoma. However, how CK1ε controls cell survival remains elusive and whether targeting CK1ε is a possible treatment for glioblastoma requires further investigation. Here we report that CK1ε was expressed at the highest level among six CK1 isoforms in glioblastoma and enriched in high-grade glioma, but not glia cells. Depletion of CK1ε remarkably inhibited the growth of glioblastoma cells and suppressed self-renewal of glioblastoma stem cells, while having limited effect on astrocytes. CK1ε deprivation activated β-catenin and induced apoptosis, which was further counteracted by knockdown of β-catenin. The CK1ε inhibitor IC261, but not PF-4800567, activated β-catenin and blocked the growth of glioblastoma cells and glioblastoma stem cells. Congruently, IC261 elicited a robust growth inhibition of human glioblastoma xenografts in mice. Together, our results demonstrate that CK1ε regulates the survival of glioblastoma cells and glioblastoma stem cells through β-catenin signaling, underscoring the importance of targeting CK1ε as an effective treatment for glioblastoma.
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21
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Meola A, Rao J, Chaudhary N, Sharma M, Chang SD. Gold Nanoparticles for Brain Tumor Imaging: A Systematic Review. Front Neurol 2018; 9:328. [PMID: 29867737 PMCID: PMC5960696 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Demarcation of malignant brain tumor boundaries is critical to achieve complete resection and to improve patient survival. Contrast-enhanced brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for diagnosis and pre-surgical planning, despite limitations of gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents to depict tumor margins. Recently, solid metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) have shown potential as diagnostic probes for brain tumors. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) emerged among those, because of their unique physical and chemical properties and biocompatibility. The aim of the present study is to review the application of GNPs for in vitro and in vivo brain tumor diagnosis. Methods We performed a PubMed search of reports exploring the application of GNPs in the diagnosis of brain tumors in biological models including cells, animals, primates, and humans. The search words were "gold" AND "NP" AND "brain tumor." Two reviewers performed eligibility assessment independently in an unblinded standardized manner. The following data were extracted from each paper: first author, year of publication, animal/cellular model, GNP geometry, GNP size, GNP coating [i.e., polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Gd], blood-brain barrier (BBB) crossing aids, imaging modalities, and therapeutic agents conjugated to the GNPs. Results The PubMed search provided 100 items. A total of 16 studies, published between the 2011 and 2017, were included in our review. No studies on humans were found. Thirteen studies were conducted in vivo on rodent models. The most common shape was a nanosphere (12 studies). The size of GNPs ranged between 20 and 120 nm. In eight studies, the GNPs were covered in PEG. The BBB penetration was increased by surface molecules (nine studies) or by means of external energy sources (in two studies). The most commonly used imaging modalities were MRI (four studies), surface-enhanced Raman scattering (three studies), and fluorescent microscopy (three studies). In two studies, the GNPs were conjugated with therapeutic agents. Conclusion Experimental studies demonstrated that GNPs might be versatile, persistent, and safe contrast agents for multimodality imaging, thus enhancing the tumor edges pre-, intra-, and post-operatively improving microscopic precision. The diagnostic GNPs might also be used for multiple therapeutic approaches, namely as "theranostic" NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Meola
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jianghong Rao
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Navjot Chaudhary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mayur Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Steven D Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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22
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Gilmore BL, Varano AC, Dearnaley W, Liang Y, Marcinkowski BC, Dukes MJ, Kelly DF. Preparation of Tunable Microchips to Visualize Native Protein Complexes for Single-Particle Electron Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1764:45-58. [PMID: 29605907 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7759-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in technology have enabled single-particle electron microscopy (EM) to rapidly progress as a preferred tool to study protein assemblies. Newly developed materials and methods present viable alternatives to traditional EM specimen preparation. Improved lipid monolayer purification reagents offer considerable flexibility, while ultrathin silicon nitride films provide superior imaging properties to the structural study of protein complexes. Here, we describe the steps for combining monolayer purification with silicon nitride microchips to create a tunable approach for the EM community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Cameron Varano
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health Graduate Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Yanping Liang
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Deborah F Kelly
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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23
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Kanabur P, Guo S, Simonds GR, Kelly DF, Gourdie RG, Verbridge SS, Sheng Z. Patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells respond differentially to targeted therapies. Oncotarget 2018; 7:86406-86419. [PMID: 27863440 PMCID: PMC5349922 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The dismal prognosis of glioblastoma is, at least in part, attributable to the difficulty in eradicating glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). However, whether this difficulty is caused by the differential responses of GSCs to drugs remains to be determined. To address this, we isolated and characterized ten GSC lines from established cell lines, xenografts, or patient specimens. Six lines formed spheres in a regular culture condition, whereas the remaining four lines grew as monolayer. These adherent lines formed spheres only in plates coated with poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The self-renewal capabilities of GSCs varied, with the cell density needed for sphere formation ranging from 4 to 23.8 cells/well. Moreover, a single non-adherent GSC either remained quiescent or divided into two cells in four-seven days. The stem cell identity of GSCs was further verified by the expression of nestin or glial fibrillary acidic protein. Of the two GSC lines that were injected in immunodeficient mice, only one line formed a tumor in two months. The protein levels of NOTCH1 and platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha positively correlated with the responsiveness of GSCs to γ-secretase inhibitor IX or imatinib, two compounds that inhibit these two proteins, respectively. Furthermore, a combination of temozolomide and a connexin 43 inhibitor robustly inhibited the growth of GSCs. Collectively, our results demonstrate that patient-derived GSCs exhibit different growth rates in culture, possess differential capabilities to form a tumor, and have varied responses to targeted therapies. Our findings underscore the importance of patient-derived GSCs in glioblastoma research and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Kanabur
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
| | - Sujuan Guo
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
| | - Gary R Simonds
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
| | - Deborah F Kelly
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.,Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Zhi Sheng
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.,Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States.,Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
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24
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Song Z, Liu T, Chen T. Overcoming blood–brain barrier by HER2-targeted nanosystem to suppress glioblastoma cell migration, invasion and tumor growth. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:568-579. [PMID: 32254485 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02677c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we synthesize an HER2 antibody-conjugated selenium nanoparticle platform can efficiently deliver both therapeutic agents and diagnostic agents (superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles) across the BBB into the tumor tissues and enhances their effects on brain tumor treatment and MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuan Song
- The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Ting Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
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25
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Kim BH, Yang J, Lee D, Choi BK, Hyeon T, Park J. Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy for Studying Colloidal Inorganic Nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1703316. [PMID: 29178589 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
For the past few decades, nanoparticles of various sizes, shapes, and compositions have been synthesized and utilized in many different applications. However, due to a lack of analytical tools that can characterize structural changes at the nanoscale level, many of their growth and transformation processes are not yet well understood. The recently developed technique of liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has gained much attention as a new tool to directly observe chemical reactions that occur in solution. Due to its high spatial and temporal resolution, this technique is widely employed to reveal fundamental mechanisms of nanoparticle growth and transformation. Here, the technical developments for liquid-phase TEM together with their application to the study of solution-phase nanoparticle chemistry are summarized. Two types of liquid cells that can be used in the high-vacuum conditions required by TEM are discussed, followed by recent in situ TEM studies of chemical reactions of colloidal nanoparticles. New findings on the growth mechanism, transformation, and motion of nanoparticles are subsequently discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hyo Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Yang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Back Kyu Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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26
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Feliu N, Docter D, Heine M, Del Pino P, Ashraf S, Kolosnjaj-Tabi J, Macchiarini P, Nielsen P, Alloyeau D, Gazeau F, Stauber RH, Parak WJ. In vivo degeneration and the fate of inorganic nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 45:2440-57. [PMID: 26862602 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00699f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
What happens to inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), such as plasmonic gold or silver, superparamagnetic iron oxide, or fluorescent quantum dot NPs after they have been administrated to a living being? This review discusses the integrity, biodistribution, and fate of NPs after in vivo administration. The hybrid nature of the NPs is described, conceptually divided into the inorganic core, the engineered surface coating comprising of the ligand shell and optionally also bio-conjugates, and the corona of adsorbed biological molecules. Empirical evidence shows that all of these three compounds may degrade individually in vivo and can drastically modify the life cycle and biodistribution of the whole heterostructure. Thus, the NPs may be decomposed into different parts, whose biodistribution and fate would need to be analyzed individually. Multiple labeling and quantification strategies for such a purpose will be discussed. All reviewed data indicate that NPs in vivo should no longer be considered as homogeneous entities, but should be seen as inorganic/organic/biological nano-hybrids with complex and intricately linked distribution and degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Feliu
- Advanced Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine (ACTREM), Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Ear, Nose and Throat, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden and Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Dominic Docter
- Department of Nanobiomedicine, ENT/University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Markus Heine
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Pablo Del Pino
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany. and Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain and CIC biomaGUNE, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sumaira Ashraf
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Jelena Kolosnjaj-Tabi
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
| | - Paolo Macchiarini
- Advanced Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine (ACTREM), Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Division of Ear, Nose and Throat, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nielsen
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Damien Alloyeau
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, UMR 7162 CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057 CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
| | - Roland H Stauber
- Department of Nanobiomedicine, ENT/University Medical Center of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany. and CIC biomaGUNE, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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Besztejan S, Keskin S, Manz S, Kassier G, Bücker R, Venegas-Rojas D, Trieu HK, Rentmeister A, Miller RJD. Visualization of Cellular Components in a Mammalian Cell with Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:46-55. [PMID: 28137345 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616012708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (liquid-cell TEM) imaging of fixed and non-fixed prostate cancer cells (PC3 and LNCaP) with high resolution in a custom developed silicon nitride liquid cell. Fixed PC3 cells were imaged for 90-120 min without any discernable damage. High contrast on the cellular structures was obtained even at low electron doses (~2.5 e-/nm2 per image). The images show distinct structures of cell compartments (nuclei and nucleoli) and cell boundaries without any further sample embedding, dehydration, or staining. Furthermore, we observed dynamics of vesicles trafficking from the cell membrane in consecutive still frames in a non-fixed cell. Our findings show that liquid-cell TEM, operated at low electron dose, is an excellent tool to investigate dynamic events in non-fixed cells with enough spatial resolution (few nm) and natural amplitude contrast to follow key intracellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Besztejan
- 1Chemistry Department,Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,University of Hamburg,Martin-Luther-King Platz 6,20146 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Sercan Keskin
- 3Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter,Luruper Chaussee 149,Geb. 99 (CFEL),22761 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Stephanie Manz
- 3Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter,Luruper Chaussee 149,Geb. 99 (CFEL),22761 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Günther Kassier
- 3Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter,Luruper Chaussee 149,Geb. 99 (CFEL),22761 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Robert Bücker
- 3Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter,Luruper Chaussee 149,Geb. 99 (CFEL),22761 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Deybith Venegas-Rojas
- 4Institute of Microsystems Technology,Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH),Eißendorfer Straße 42,21073 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Hoc K Trieu
- 4Institute of Microsystems Technology,Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH),Eißendorfer Straße 42,21073 Hamburg,Germany
| | - Andrea Rentmeister
- 5Institute of Biochemistry,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster,Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 2,48149 Muenster,Germany
| | - R J Dwayne Miller
- 2The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging,University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149,22761 Hamburg,Germany
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28
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Cho H, Jones MR, Nguyen SC, Hauwiller MR, Zettl A, Alivisatos AP. The Use of Graphene and Its Derivatives for Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy of Radiation-Sensitive Specimens. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:414-420. [PMID: 28026186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the key challenges facing liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of biological specimens has been the damaging effects of electron beam irradiation. The strongly ionizing electron beam is known to induce radiolysis of surrounding water molecules, leading to the formation of reactive radical species. In this study, we employ DNA-assembled Au nanoparticle superlattices (DNA-AuNP superlattices) as a model system to demonstrate that graphene and its derivatives can be used to mitigate electron beam-induced damage. We can image DNA-AuNP superlattices in their native saline environment when the liquid cell window material is graphene, but not when it is silicon nitride. In the latter case, initial dissociation of assembled AuNPs was followed by their random aggregation and etching. Using graphene-coated silicon nitride windows, we were able to replicate the observation of stable DNA-AuNP superlattices achieved with graphene liquid cells. We then carried out a correlative Raman spectroscopy and TEM study to compare the effect of electron beam irradiation on graphene with and without the presence of water and found that graphene reacts with the products of water radiolysis. We attribute the protective effect of graphene to its ability to efficiently scavenge reactive radical species, especially the hydroxyl radicals which are known to cause DNA strand breaks. We confirmed this by showing that stable DNA-AuNP assemblies can be imaged in silicon nitride liquid cells when graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots, which have also recently been reported as efficient radical scavengers, are added directly to the solution. We anticipate that our study will open up more opportunities for studying biological specimens using liquid-phase TEM with the use of graphene and its derivatives as biocompatible radical scavengers to alleviate the effects of radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoduk Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Son C Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg , Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew R Hauwiller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alex Zettl
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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29
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Yi Y, Hsieh IY, Huang X, Li J, Zhao W. Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells: Characteristics, Microenvironment, and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:477. [PMID: 28003805 PMCID: PMC5141588 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), grade IV astrocytoma, is the most fatal malignant primary brain tumor. GBM contains functional subsets of cells called glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs), which are radioresistant and chemoresistant and eventually lead to tumor recurrence. Recent studies showed that GSCs reside in particular tumor niches that are necessary to support their behavior. To successfully eradicate GBM growth and recurrence, new strategies selectively targeting GSCs and/or their microenvironmental niche should be designed. In this regard, here we focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms that govern these GSC properties and on understanding the mechanism of the microenvironmental signals within the tumor mass. Moreover, to overcome the blood–brain barrier, which represents a critical limitation of GBM treatments, a new drug delivery system should be developed. Nanoparticles can be easily modified by different methods to facilitate delivery efficiency of chemotherapeutics, to enhance the accumulation within the tumors, and to promote the capacity for targeting the GSCs. Therefore, nanotechnology has become the most promising approach to GSC-targeting therapy. Additionally, we discussed the future of nanotechnology-based targeted therapy and point out the disadvantages that should be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yi
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - I-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojia Huang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
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30
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Cameron Varano A, Rahimi A, Dukes MJ, Poelzing S, M McDonald S, Kelly DF. Visualizing virus particle mobility in liquid at the nanoscale. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:16176-9. [PMID: 26355472 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05744b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there remains a critical need to develop real-time imaging resources for life sciences. Here, we demonstrate the use of high resolution in situ imaging to observe biological complexes in liquid at the nanoscale. Using a model virus system, we produced the first time-resolved videos of individual biological complexes moving in solution within an electron microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cameron Varano
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
| | - Amina Rahimi
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
| | | | - Steven Poelzing
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
| | - Sarah M McDonald
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
| | - Deborah F Kelly
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy offers structural and compositional information with atomic resolution, but its use is restricted to thin, solid samples. Liquid samples, particularly those involving water, have been challenging because of the need to form a thin liquid layer that is stable within the microscope vacuum. Liquid cell electron microscopy is a developing technique that allows us to apply the powerful capabilities of the electron microscope to imaging and analysis of liquid specimens. We describe its impact in materials science and biology. We discuss how its applications have expanded via improvements in equipment and experimental techniques, enabling new capabilities and stimuli for samples in liquids, and offering the potential to solve grand challenge problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Ross
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA.
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32
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Murphy SF, Varghese RT, Lamouille S, Guo S, Pridham KJ, Kanabur P, Osimani AM, Sharma S, Jourdan J, Rodgers CM, Simonds GR, Gourdie RG, Sheng Z. Connexin 43 Inhibition Sensitizes Chemoresistant Glioblastoma Cells to Temozolomide. Cancer Res 2015; 76:139-49. [PMID: 26542214 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of glioblastoma (GBM) to the front-line chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide (TMZ) continues to challenge GBM treatment efforts. The repair of TMZ-induced DNA damage by O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) confers one mechanism of TMZ resistance. Paradoxically, MGMT-deficient GBM patients survive longer despite still developing resistance to TMZ. Recent studies indicate that the gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43) renders GBM cells resistant to TMZ through its carboxyl terminus (CT). In this study, we report insights into how Cx43 promotes TMZ resistance. Cx43 levels were inversely correlated with TMZ sensitivity of GBM cells, including GBM stem cells. Moreover, Cx43 levels inversely correlated with patient survival, including as observed in MGMT-deficient GBM patients. Addition of the C-terminal peptide mimetic αCT1, a selective inhibitor of Cx43 channels, sensitized human MGMT-deficient and TMZ-resistant GBM cells to TMZ treatment. Moreover, combining αCT1 with TMZ-blocked AKT/mTOR signaling, induced autophagy and apoptosis in TMZ-resistant GBM cells. Our findings suggest that Cx43 may offer a biomarker to predict the survival of patients with MGMT-independent TMZ resistance and that combining a Cx43 inhibitor with TMZ could enhance therapeutic responses in GBM, and perhaps other TMZ-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F Murphy
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia
| | | | - Samy Lamouille
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia. FirstString Research Inc., Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
| | - Sujuan Guo
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Kevin J Pridham
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Pratik Kanabur
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia
| | | | - Shaan Sharma
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Jane Jourdan
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Cara M Rodgers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Gary R Simonds
- Department of Neurosurgery, Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia. Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia. Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, Virginia. Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia.
| | - Zhi Sheng
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia. Faculty of Health Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia. Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia. Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia.
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33
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A Molecular Toolkit to Visualize Native Protein Assemblies in the Context of Human Disease. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14440. [PMID: 26395823 PMCID: PMC4585766 DOI: 10.1038/srep14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new molecular toolkit to investigate protein assemblies natively formed in the context of human disease. The system employs tunable microchips that can be decorated with switchable adaptor molecules to select for target proteins of interest and analyze them using molecular microscopy. Implementing our new streamlined microchip approach, we could directly visualize BRCA1 gene regulatory complexes from patient-derived cancer cells for the first time.
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34
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Fang Z, Wan LY, Chu LY, Zhang YQ, Wu JF. 'Smart' nanoparticles as drug delivery systems for applications in tumor therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1943-53. [PMID: 26193970 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1071352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the therapy of clinical diseases such as cancer, it is important to deliver drugs directly to tumor sites in order to maximize local drug concentration and reduce side effects. This objective may be realized by using 'smart' nanoparticles (NPs) as drug delivery systems, because they enable dramatic conformational changes in response to specific physical/chemical stimuli from the diseased cells for targeted and controlled drug release. AREAS COVERED In this review, we first briefly summarize the characteristics of 'smart' NPs as drug delivery systems in medical therapy, and then discuss their targeting transport, transmembrane and endosomal escape behaviors. Lastly, we focus on the applications of 'smart' NPs as drug delivery systems for tumor therapy. EXPERT OPINION Biodegradable 'smart' NPs have the potential to achieve maximum efficacy and drug availability at the desired sites, and reduce the harmful side effects for healthy tissues in tumor therapy. It is necessary to select appropriate NPs and modify their characteristics according to treatment strategies of tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Fang
- a 1 China Three Gorges University, Medical College , Yichang, Hubei 443002, China ;
| | - Lin-Yan Wan
- a 1 China Three Gorges University, Medical College , Yichang, Hubei 443002, China ; .,b 2 China Three Gorges University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy , Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
| | - Liang-Yin Chu
- c 3 Sichuan University, School of Chemical Engineering , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.,d 4 Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomaterials Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Zhang
- a 1 China Three Gorges University, Medical College , Yichang, Hubei 443002, China ;
| | - Jiang-Feng Wu
- a 1 China Three Gorges University, Medical College , Yichang, Hubei 443002, China ; .,b 2 China Three Gorges University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy , Yichang, Hubei 443002, China
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35
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Delach DL, Dukes MJ, Varano AC, Kelly DF, Dukes III AD. Real-time imaging of lead nanoparticles in solution – determination of the growth mechanism. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18054f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ electron microscopy is a tool which offers great promise for studying the mechanisms responsible for nanoparticle growth.
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