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Shakya J, Kang MA, Li J, VahidMohammadi A, Tian W, Zeglio E, Hamedi MM. 2D MXene electrochemical transistors. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2883-2893. [PMID: 38259225 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06540e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The solid-state field-effect transistor, FET, and its theories were paramount in the discovery and studies of graphene. In the past two decades another transistor based on conducting polymers, called organic electrochemical transistor (ECT), has been developed and largely studied. The main difference between organic ECTs and FETs is the mode and extent of channel doping; while in FETs the channel only has surface doping through dipoles, the mixed ionic-electronic conductivity of the channel material in organic ECTs enables bulk electrochemical doping. As a result, organic ECTs maximize conductance modulation at the expense of speed. To date ECTs have been based on conducting polymers, but here we show that MXenes, a class of 2D materials beyond graphene, enable the realization of electrochemical transistors (ECTs). We show that the formulas for organic ECTs can be applied to these 2D ECTs and used to extract parameters like mobility. These MXene ECTs have high transconductance values but low on-off ratios. We further show that conductance switching data measured using ECT, in combination with other in situ-ex situ electrochemical measurements, is a powerful tool for correlating the change in conductance to that of the redox state, to our knowledge, this is the first report of this important correlation for MXene films. 2D ECTs can draw great inspiration and theoretical tools from the field of organic ECTs and have the potential to considerably extend the capabilities of transistors beyond those of conducting polymer ECTs, with added properties such as extreme heat resistance, tolerance for solvents, and higher conductivity for both electrons and ions than conducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Shakya
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Min-A Kang
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Armin VahidMohammadi
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Innovation Partnership Building, UConn Tech Park, University of Conneticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Weiqian Tian
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Erica Zeglio
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Protein Science, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Digital Futures, Solna, Sweden.
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden
| | - Mahiar Max Hamedi
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Dadras-Toussi O, Khorrami M, Louis Sam Titus ASC, Majd S, Mohan C, Abidian MR. Multiphoton Lithography of Organic Semiconductor Devices for 3D Printing of Flexible Electronic Circuits, Biosensors, and Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200512. [PMID: 35707927 PMCID: PMC9339506 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, 3D printing of electronics have received growing attention due to their potential applications in emerging fields such as nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. Multiphoton lithography (MPL) is considered the state-of-the-art amongst the microfabrication techniques with true 3D fabrication capability owing to its excellent level of spatial and temporal control. Here, a homogenous and transparent photosensitive resin doped with an organic semiconductor material (OS), which is compatible with MPL process, is introduced to fabricate a variety of 3D OS composite microstructures (OSCMs) and microelectronic devices. Inclusion of 0.5 wt% OS in the resin enhances the electrical conductivity of the composite polymer about 10 orders of magnitude and compared to other MPL-based methods, the resultant OSCMs offer high specific electrical conductivity. As a model protein, laminin is incorporated into these OSCMs without a significant loss of activity. The OSCMs are biocompatible and support cell adhesion and growth. Glucose-oxidase-encapsulated OSCMs offer a highly sensitive glucose sensing platform with nearly tenfold higher sensitivity compared to previous glucose biosensors. In addition, this biosensor exhibits excellent specificity and high reproducibility. Overall, these results demonstrate the great potential of these novel MPL-fabricated OSCM devices for a wide range of applications from flexible bioelectronics/biosensors, to nanoelectronics and organ-on-a-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Dadras-Toussi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Milad Khorrami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | | | - Sheereen Majd
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Abidian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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3
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Nawaz A, Liu Q, Leong WL, Fairfull-Smith KE, Sonar P. Organic Electrochemical Transistors for In Vivo Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101874. [PMID: 34606146 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are presently a focus of intense research and hold great potential in expanding the horizons of the bioelectronics industry. The notable characteristics of OECTs, including their electrolyte-gating, which offers intimate interfacing with biological environments, and aqueous stability, make them particularly suitable to be operated within a living organism (in vivo). Unlike the existing in vivo bioelectronic devices, mostly based on rigid metal electrodes, OECTs form a soft mechanical contact with the biological milieu and ensure a high signal-to-noise ratio because of their powerful amplification capability. Such features make OECTs particularly desirable for a wide range of in vivo applications, including electrophysiological recordings, neuron stimulation, and neurotransmitter detection, and regulation of plant processes in vivo. In this review, a systematic compilation of the in vivo applications is presented that are addressed by the OECT technology. First, the operating mechanisms, and the device design and materials design principles of OECTs are examined, and then multiple examples are provided from the literature while identifying the unique device properties that enable the application progress. Finally, one critically looks at the future of the OECT technology for in vivo bioelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nawaz
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19044, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
- Center for Sensors and Devices, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK), Trento, 38123, Italy
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kathryn E Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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4
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Müller C, Ouyang L, Lund A, Moth-Poulsen K, Hamedi MM. From Single Molecules to Thin Film Electronics, Nanofibers, e-Textiles and Power Cables: Bridging Length Scales with Organic Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807286. [PMID: 30785223 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors are the centerpiece of several vibrant research fields from single-molecule to organic electronics, and they are finding increasing use in bioelectronics and even classical polymer technology. The versatile chemistry and broad range of electronic functionalities of conjugated materials enable the bridging of length scales 15 orders of magnitude apart, ranging from a single nanometer (10-9 m) to the size of continents (106 m). This work provides a taste of the diverse applications that can be realized with organic semiconductors. The reader will embark on a journey from single molecular junctions to thin film organic electronics, supramolecular assemblies, biomaterials such as amyloid fibrils and nanofibrillated cellulose, conducting fibers and yarns for e-textiles, and finally to power cables that shuffle power across thousands of kilometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Liangqi Ouyang
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mahiar M Hamedi
- Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Savagian LR, Österholm AM, Ponder JF, Barth KJ, Rivnay J, Reynolds JR. Balancing Charge Storage and Mobility in an Oligo(Ether) Functionalized Dioxythiophene Copolymer for Organic- and Aqueous- Based Electrochemical Devices and Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804647. [PMID: 30368946 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a soluble oligo(ether)-functionalized propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT)-based copolymer as a versatile platform for a range of high-performance electrochemical devices, including organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), electrochromic displays, and energy-storage devices. This polymer exhibits dual electroactivity in both aqueous and organic electrolyte systems, redox stability for thousands of redox cycles, and charge-storage capacity exceeding 80 F g-1 . As an electrochrome, this material undergoes full colored-to-colorless optical transitions on rapid time scales (<2 s) and impressive electrochromic contrast (Δ%T > 70%). Incorporation of the polymer into OECTs yields accumulation-mode devices with an ION/OFF current ratio of 105 , high transconductance without post-treatments, as well as competitive hole mobility and volumetric capacitance, making it an attractive candidate for biosensing applications. In addition to being the first ProDOT-based OECT active material reported to date, this is also the first reported OECT material synthesized via direct(hetero)arylation polymerization, which is a highly favorable polymerization method when compared to commonly used Stille cross-coupling. This work provides a demonstration of how a single ProDOT-based polymer, prepared using benign polymerization chemistry and functionalized with highly polar side chains, can be used to access a range of highly desirable properties and performance metrics relevant to electrochemical, optical, and bioelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Savagian
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Anna M Österholm
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - James F Ponder
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Katrina J Barth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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6
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Solin N, Inganäs O. Protein Nanofibrils Balance Colours in Organic White-Light-Emitting Diodes. Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Potyrailo RA, Surman C, Nagraj N, Burns A. Materials and transducers toward selective wireless gas sensing. Chem Rev 2011; 111:7315-54. [PMID: 21899304 PMCID: PMC3212628 DOI: 10.1021/cr2000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xu Y, Zhang F, Feng X. Patterning of conjugated polymers for organic optoelectronic devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:1338-1360. [PMID: 21520501 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201002336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have been attracting more and more attention because they possess various novel electrical, magnetical, and optical properties, which render them useful in modern organic optoelectronic devices. Due to their organic nature, conjugated polymers are light-weight and can be fabricated into flexible appliances. Significant research efforts have been devoted to developing new organic materials to make them competitive with their conventional inorganic counterparts. It is foreseeable that when large-scale industrial manufacture of the devices made from organic conjugated polymers is feasible, they would be much cheaper and have more functions. On one hand, in order to improve the performance of organic optoelectronic devices, it is essential to tune their surface morphologies by techniques such as patterning. On the other hand, patterning is the routine requirement for device processing. In this review, the recent progress in the patterning of conjugated polymers for high-performance optoelectronic devices is summarized. Patterning based on the bottom-up and top-down methods are introduced. Emerging new patterning strategies and future trends for conventional patterning techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyong Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, PR China
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9
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Miyamura Y, Park C, Kinbara K, Leibfarth FA, Hawker CJ, Aida T. Controlling Volume Shrinkage in Soft Lithography through Heat-Induced Cross-Linking of Patterned Nanofibers. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2840-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110901h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunao Miyamura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chiyoung Park
- ERATO-SORST Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, 2-41 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kazushi Kinbara
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Department of Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- ERATO-SORST Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, 2-41 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
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Szeghalmi A, Sklarek K, Helgert M, Brunner R, Erfurth W, Gosele U, Knez M. Flexible replication technique for high-aspect-ratio nanostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:2701-7. [PMID: 21069891 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A flexible, nondestructive, and cost-effective replication technique for nanostructures is presented. The advantages of the process are: 1) it allows for tailoring structural parameters of the replica (e.g., line width) nearly independent of the structural geometry of the master; 2) it allows for replication of high-aspect-ratio structures also in polymer materials from solution (especially noncurable polymers) such as polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate; 3) it includes an easy separation process, thus preserving the master for repeated use. Linear grating replicas with line widths ranging from 88 to 300 nm are obtained using a single nanostructured master. Nanofibers and complex nanopatterned replicas are achievable. The presented technique and its flexibility show that atomic layer deposition is a unique tool for the preparation of high-efficiency polarizer diffractive optics, photonics, electronics, and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Szeghalmi
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle, Saale 06120, Germany.
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Björk P, Herland A, Hamedi M, Inganäs O. Biomolecular nanowires decorated by organic electronic polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b910639a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Yu B, Dong H, Qian L, Chen Y, Yu J, Zhou Z. Friction-induced nanofabrication on monocrystalline silicon. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:465303. [PMID: 19847028 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/46/465303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of nanostructures has become a major concern as the scaling of device dimensions continues. In this paper, a friction-induced nanofabrication method is proposed to fabricate protrusive nanostructures on silicon. Without applying any voltage, the nanofabrication is completed by sliding an AFM diamond tip on a sample surface under a given normal load. Nanostructured patterns, such as linear nanostructures, nanodots or nanowords, can be fabricated on the target surface. The height of these nanostructures increases rapidly at first and then levels off with the increasing normal load or number of scratching cycles. TEM analyses suggest that the friction-induced hillock is composed of silicon oxide, amorphous silicon and deformed silicon structures. Compared to the tribochemical reaction, the amorphization and crystal defects induced by the mechanical interaction may have played a dominating role in the formation of the hillocks. Similar to other proximal probe methods, the proposed method enables fabrication at specified locations and facilitates measuring the dimensions of nanostructures with high precision. It is highlighted that the fabrication can also be realized on electrical insulators or oxide surfaces, such as quartz and glass. Therefore, the friction-induced method points out a new route in fabricating nanostructures on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjun Yu
- Tribology Research Institute, National Traction Power Laboratory, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
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