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Das N, Mishra SK, Bishayee A, Ali ES, Bishayee A. The phytochemical, biological, and medicinal attributes of phytoecdysteroids: An updated review. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1740-1766. [PMID: 34386319 PMCID: PMC8343124 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytoecdysteroids (PEs) comprise a large group of biologically-active plant steroids, which have structures similar to those of insect-molting hormones. PEs are distributed in plants as secondary metabolites that offer protection against phytophagus (plant-eating) insects. When insects consume the plants containing these chemicals, they promptly molt and undergo metabolic destruction; the insects eventually die. Chemically, ecdysteroids are a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids that are structurally similar to androgens. The carbon skeleton of ecdysteroids is termed as cyclopentanoperhydro-phenanthrene with a β-side chain at carbon-17. The essential characteristics of ecdysteroids are a cis-(5β-H) junction of rings A and B, a 7-en-6-one chromophore, and a trans-(14α-OH) junction of rings C and D. Plants only synthesize PEs from mevalonic acid in the mevalonate pathway of the plant cell using acetyl-CoA as a precursor; the most common PE is 20-hydroxyecdysone. So far, over 400 PEs have been identified and reported, and a compilation of 166 PEs originating from 1998 has been previously reviewed. In the present review, we have summarized 212 new PEs reported between 1999 and 2019. We have also critically analyzed the biological, pharmacological, and medicinal properties of PEs to understand the full impact of these phytoconstituents in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College, Belonia-799 155, Tripura, India
| | - Siddhartha Kumar Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar-470 003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Eunüs S. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
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Side-chain cleaved phytoecdysteroid metabolites as activators of protein kinase B. Bioorg Chem 2019; 82:405-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Csábi J, Hsieh TJ, Hasanpour F, Martins A, Kele Z, Gáti T, Simon A, Tóth G, Hunyadi A. Oxidized Metabolites of 20-Hydroxyecdysone and Their Activity on Skeletal Muscle Cells: Preparation of a Pair of Desmotropes with Opposite Bioactivities. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:2339-45. [PMID: 26465254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the activation of protein kinase B (Akt) has been suggested as a key signaling step in the nonhormonal anabolic activity of the phytoecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in mammals. Base-catalyzed autoxidation of this compound was shown previously to yield interesting B-ring-modified analogues. Herein is reported a thorough study on this reaction, resulting in the preparation and complete NMR spectroscopic assignments of calonysterone (5) and its previously overlooked desmotropic pair (7), along with two new sensitive metabolites of 20E. The two isomers showed considerable stability in solution. Time dependency of the reaction for yield optimization is also presented; by means of analytical HPLC, the two desmotropes can reach a maximum combined yield of >90%. The activity of these compounds on Akt phosphorylation was tested in murine skeletal muscle cells. Compounds 2 and 5 showed more potent activity than 20E in increasing Akt activation, while compound 7 exerted an opposite effect. As such, the present study provides the first direct evidence for a pair of desmotropes exerting significantly different bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tusty-Jiuan Hsieh
- Department of Genome Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | - Tamás Gáti
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, NMR Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics , 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Simon
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, NMR Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics , 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tóth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, NMR Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics , 1111 Budapest, Hungary
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Savchenko RG, Kostyleva SA, Kachala VV, Khalilov LM, Odinokov VN. Hydroxylation and epimerization of ecdysteroids in alkaline media: stereoselective synthesis of 9α-hydroxy-5α-ecdysteroids. Steroids 2014; 88:101-5. [PMID: 24998869 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Autoxidation of diacetonides of 20-hydroxyecdysone and ponasterone A under treatment with excess of NaOH in methanol leads to the formation of 9α-hydroxy-5α-ecdysteroids previously not described. Their structures have been determined by detailed NMR analysis. Catalytic hydrogenation (Pd-C, MeOH-MeONa) of hydroxylated ecdysteroids affords the 7,8α-dihydro-9α-hydroxy-5α-ecdysteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimma G Savchenko
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Science, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation.
| | - Svetlana A Kostyleva
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Science, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim V Kachala
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Leonard M Khalilov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Science, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Victor N Odinokov
- Institute of Petrochemistry and Catalysis, Russian Academy of Science, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Prospekt Oktyabrya 141, 450075 Ufa, Russian Federation
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Diversity of Secondary Metabolites in the Genus Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae)—Structures, Distribution, and Biological Properties. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/d6030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genus Silene (family Caryophyllaceae) comprises more than 700 species, which are widely distributed in temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere, but are also present in Africa and have been introduced in other continents. Silene produces a high diversity of secondary metabolites and many of them show interesting biological and pharmacological activities. More than 450 compounds have been isolated; important classes include phytoecdysteroids (which mimic insect molting hormones), triterpene saponins (with detergent properties), volatiles, other terpenoids and phenolics. This review focusses on the phytochemical diversity, distribution of Silene secondary metabolites and their biological activities.
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Ves’kina NA, Odinokov VN. Transformations of ecdysteroids in the synthesis of their structural analogs and minor phytoecdysteroids. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428012090011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Afon’kina SR, Savchenko RG, Ves’kina NA, Galyautdinov IV, Odinokov VN. 9α-hydroxylation of 25-fluoroponasterone a diacetonide in lithium-ammonia solution. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428012030232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Takács M, Simon A, Liktor-Busa E, Báthori M, Zsila F, Bikádi Z, Horváth P, Veress G, Gergely A, Tóth G. Structure and stereochemistry of novel ecdysteroids from the roots of Serratula wolffii. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2010; 48:386-391. [PMID: 20205207 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Three new natural ecdysteroids viz. 22-dehydro-20-deoxy-ajugasterone C (1), 1-hydroxy-22-deoxy-20,21-didehydro-ecdysone (2) and 22-deoxy-20,21-didehydro-ecdysone (3) were isolated from the methanol extract of the roots of Serratula wolffii. The structures of compounds 1-3 were established by various spectroscopic techniques, including one- and two-dimensional NMR, circular dichroism and mass spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Takács
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Högyes Endre utca 9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary.
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Simon A, Tóth N, Tóth G, Kele Z, Groska J, Báthori M. Ecdysteroids fromSilene viridiflora. Helv Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200800362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wang P, Li S, Ownby S, Zhang Z, Yuan W, Zhang W, Scott Beasley R. Ecdysteroids and a sucrose phenylpropanoid ester from Froelichia floridana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:430-436. [PMID: 19254799 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytoecdysteroid glycosides (1-5) and a phenylpropanoid ester of sucrose (6) were isolated from the whole plant of Froelichia floridana, along with eight known compounds including three ecdysteroids (7-9), four flavonoids (10-13), and one phenolic compound (14). Structures were determined using a combination of spectroscopic techniques. Compounds 1, 2 and 6-14 were tested in vitro for their activity against human DNA topoisomerase I. Compound 13 (diosmetin) showed marginal inhibition against topoisomerase I with IC(50) of 130 microM in conjunction with low intercalation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Crops, Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA
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Odinokov VN, Galyautdinov IV, Ibragimova AS, Veskina NA, Khalilov LM, Dolgushin FM, Starikova ZA. Novel ecdysteroid analogs with oxygen-containing heterocycles in the steroid skeleton. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-008-0157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Guarrera PM, Lucia LM. Ethnobotanical remarks on Central and Southern Italy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2007; 3:23. [PMID: 17537240 PMCID: PMC1906747 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-3-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present paper is a brief survey on the ethnobotanical works published by the Authors since 1981, concerning the research carried out in some southern and central Italian regions. Before Roman domination these territories were first inhabited by local people, while the southern areas were colonized by the Greeks. These different cultural contributions left certain traces, both in the toponyms and in the vernacular names of the plants and, more generally, in the culture as a whole. METHODS Field data were collected through open interviews, mainly of farmers, shepherds and elderly people, born or living in these areas for a long time. Voucher specimens of collected plants are preserved in the respective herbaria of the Authors and in the herbarium of "Roma Tre" University. Important contributions have been made by several students native to the areas under consideration. A comparative analysis with local specific ethnobotanical literature was carried out. RESULTS The paper reports several examples concerning human and veterinary popular medicine and in addition some anti-parasitic, nutraceutic, dye and miscellaneous uses are also described. Moreover vernacular names and toponyms are cited. Eight regions of central and southern Italy (particularly Latium, Abruzzo, Marche and Basilicata) were investigated and the data obtained are presented in 32 papers. Most of the species of ethnobotanical interest have been listed in Latium (368 species), Marche (274) and Abruzzo (203). The paper also highlights particularly interesting aspects or uses not previously described in the specific ethnobotanical literature. CONCLUSION Phyto-therapy in central and southern Italy is nowadays practised by a few elderly people who resort to medicinal plants only for mild complaints (on the contrary food uses are still commonly practised). Nowadays therapeutic uses, unlike in the past, are less closely or not at all linked to ritual aspects. Several plants deserve to be taken into consideration not only from the anthropological or cultural point of view, but also for further phyto-chemical investigation. Our studies, as well as those of other authors, try to provide an original picture of the local ethno-biodiversity.
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Simon A, Pongrácz Z, Tóth G, Mák M, Máthé I, Báthori M. A new ecdysteroid with unique 9beta-OH and four other ecdysteroids from Silene italica ssp. nemoralis. Steroids 2004; 69:389-94. [PMID: 15219788 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Revised: 03/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new natural ecdysteroid, 9beta,20-dihydroxyecdysone (1) and four related compounds 5alpha-20-hydroxyecdysone (2), 5alpha-2-deoxy-integristerone A (3), integristerone A (4) and 22-deoxy-integristerone A (5) were isolated from the herb of Silene italica ssp. nemoralis. Compound 1 is the C-9 epimer of the known 9alpha,20-dihydroxyecdysone (6) and represents a peculiar steroid skeleton. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR, IR and MS spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Simon
- Institute for General and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Szt. Gellért tér 4, H-1111 Hungary
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Zibareva L, Volodin V, Saatov Z, Savchenko T, Whiting P, Lafont R, Dinan L. Distribution of phytoecdysteroids in the Caryophyllaceae. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 64:499-517. [PMID: 12943768 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Certain genera within the Caryophyllaceae (especially Silene and Lychnis) have received a significant amount of attention with regard to the isolation and identification of ecdysteroids. However, the taxonomy of this family is difficult. Hence, the occurrence of phytoecdysteroids in members of the Caryophyllaceae is presented, and combined with new data on ecdysteroid agonist (phytoecdysteroid) and antagonist activities, in order to survey the distribution of phytoecdysteroid-containing species within this large family, and to assess the utility of phytoecdysteroids as chemotaxonomic markers. The new data presented (representing ca. 110 species) have been obtained by the application of sensitive biological/biochemical methods for the detection of ecdysteroid agonists and antagonists, using Drosophila melanogaster B(II) bioassay and ecdysteroid-specific immunoassays. In the antagonist version of the B(II) bioassay, only weak ecdysteroid antagonist activities were detected in a few of the extracts. From both new and previously available data, it was found that phytoecdysteroids were present predominantly in the Genera Lychnis, Petrocoptis, Sagina and Silene. Comparison of ecdysteroid occurrence with a molecular phylogeny for the tribe Sileneae [Taxon 44 (1995) 525] revealed close association of ecdysteroid occurrence with certain groups of this tribe. In 14 species of Silene examined, there is a reasonable, but not absolute, relationship between the presence of ecdysteroids in the seeds and in other plant parts. Where ecdysteroids are present in the plant, highest concentrations are generally present in the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Zibareva
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Siberian Botanical Garden, State University of Tomsk, Tomsk 634050, Russia
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