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Sharma AN, Verma R. Source, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Natural Occurring 2,2'-Bipyridines. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300764. [PMID: 37996963 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecules containing bipyridine scaffold are fascinating and versatile compounds in the field of natural product chemistry and drug discovery, and these molecules have possible therapeutic applications due to possession of potent biological activities such as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antitumor, and phytotoxic. Significant efforts have been devoted to isolating various 2,2' bipyridine compounds from natural sources, with antimicrobial, anti-cancer, and immunosuppressive properties. This review describes recent developments in isolation from different microbial origins, synthesis, and investigation of different kinds of biological activities of 2,2' bipyridines, with a particular emphasis on caerulomycins, collismycins, and related derivates thereof in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Nath Sharma
- Research and Development unit, Pharmaffiliates Analytics & Synthetics (P) Ltd, Panchkula, Haryana, 134109, India
| | - Rajni Verma
- Department of Applied Sciences, Chandigarh Engineering College, Jhanjeri, Mohali, India
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Lyons MJ, Ehrhardt C, Walsh JJ. Orellanine: From Fungal Origin to a Potential Future Cancer Treatment. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1620-1631. [PMID: 37308446 PMCID: PMC10294258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fungal metabolites represent an underutilized resource in the development of novel anticancer drugs. This review will focus on the promising fungal nephrotoxin orellanine, found in mushrooms including Cortinarius orellanus (Fools webcap). Emphasis will be placed on its historical significance, structural features, and associated toxicomechanics. Chromatographic methods for analysis of the compound and its metabolites, its synthesis, and chemotherapeutic potential are also discussed. Although orellanine's exceptional selectivity for proximal tubular cells is well documented, the mechanics of its toxicity in kidney tissue remains disputed. Here, the most commonly proposed hypotheses are detailed in the context of the molecule's structure, the symptoms seen following ingestion, and its characteristic prolonged latency period. Chromatographic analysis of orellanine and its related substances remains challenging, while biological evaluation of the compound is complicated by uncertainty regarding the role of active metabolites. This has limited efforts to structurally refine the molecule; despite numerous established methods for its synthesis, there is minimal published material on how orellanine's structure might be optimized for therapeutic use. Despite these obstacles, orellanine has generated promising data in preclinical studies of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma, leading to the early 2022 announcement of phase I/II trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Lyons
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Carsten Ehrhardt
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John J. Walsh
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Flament E, Guitton J, Gicquel T, Paret N, Jarrier N, Creusat G, Tournoud C, Labadie M, Gaulier JM, Gaillard Y. Determination of Orellanine in Human Biological Matrices Using Liquid Chromatography with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Detection: A Validated Method Applied to Suspected Poisoning Cases. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:26-32. [PMID: 35294965 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of mushrooms can become unsafe for the consumer in case of confusion. Some fungi of Cortinarius genus contain the nephrotoxic mycotoxin orellanine responsible for their toxicity. Related case poisoning diagnosis is a challenge for both clinicians and analysts because of a long latency period between intake and toxic syndrome, the lack of available information in literature and the numerous pitfalls of orellanine identification/quantification in biological samples. In this situation, we propose an analytical method designed for the orellanine detection and/or quantification in biological matrices such as plasma, urine and whole blood, in a context of related intoxication suspected case. Using 1 mL biological sample volume, this liquid chromatographic with high-resolution mass spectrometry detection method (i) exhibits a limit of quantification for orellanine of 0.5 µg/L in plasma and urine and (ii) enables orellanine detection in whole blood with a limit of detection of 0.5 µg/L. This validated analytical method was successfully applied to 10 suspected intoxication cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Flament
- Laboratory LAT LUMTOX, 800 Avenue Marie Curie, La Voulte-sur-Rhône F-07800, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Medical Unity Pharmacology-Pharmacogenetic-Toxicology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud-HCL, 165 Rue du Grand Revoyet, Pierre Bénite F-69495, France.,Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy Lyon, 8 Avenue Rockefeller, Lyon F-69373, France
| | - Thomas Gicquel
- Clinical and Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, CHU Pontchaillou, 2 Rue Henri Le Guilloux, Rennes F-35033, France
| | - Nathalie Paret
- Poison Control Center of Lyon, SHUPT, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon F-69008, France
| | - Nathalie Jarrier
- Poison Control Center of Lyon, SHUPT, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon F-69008, France
| | - Gaelle Creusat
- Poison Control Center of Nancy, University Hospital, 29 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Christine Tournoud
- Poison Control Center of Nancy, University Hospital, 29 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Magali Labadie
- Poison Control Center of Bordeaux, University Hospital, Place Amélie Raba Léon, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie, CHU Lille, Bd Pr. J. Leclercq, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Yvan Gaillard
- Laboratory LAT LUMTOX, 800 Avenue Marie Curie, La Voulte-sur-Rhône F-07800, France
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He MQ, Wang MQ, Chen ZH, Deng WQ, Li TH, Vizzini A, Jeewon R, Hyde KD, Zhao RL. Potential benefits and harms: a review of poisonous mushrooms in the world. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Flament E, Guitton J, Gaulier JM, Gaillard Y. Human Poisoning from Poisonous Higher Fungi: Focus on Analytical Toxicology and Case Reports in Forensic Toxicology. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120454. [PMID: 33322477 PMCID: PMC7764321 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several families of higher fungi contain mycotoxins that cause serious or even fatal poisoning when consumed by humans. The aim of this review is to inventory, from an analytical point of view, poisoning cases linked with certain significantly toxic mycotoxins: orellanine, α- and β-amanitin, muscarine, ibotenic acid and muscimol, and gyromitrin. Clinicians are calling for the cases to be documented by toxicological analysis. This document is therefore a review of poisoning cases involving these mycotoxins reported in the literature and carries out an inventory of the analytical techniques available for their identification and quantification. It seems indeed that these poisonings are only rarely documented by toxicological analysis, due mainly to a lack of analytical methods in biological matrices. There are many reasons for this issue: the numerous varieties of mushroom involved, mycotoxins with different chemical structures, a lack of knowledge about distribution and metabolism. To sum up, we are faced with (i) obstacles to the documentation and interpretation of fatal (or non-fatal) poisoning cases and (ii) a real need for analytical methods of identifying and quantifying these mycotoxins (and their metabolites) in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Flament
- Laboratory LAT LUMTOX, 07800 La Voulte sur Rhône, France; (E.F.); (Y.G.)
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lyon-Sud University Hospital–Hospices Civil de Lyon, 69002 Pierre Bénite, France
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Claude Bernard, 69622 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- Department of Toxicology and Genopathy, Lille University Hospital, 59000 Lille, France;
| | - Yvan Gaillard
- Laboratory LAT LUMTOX, 07800 La Voulte sur Rhône, France; (E.F.); (Y.G.)
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Wrzeszcz Z, Siedlecka R. Heteroaromatic N-Oxides in Asymmetric Catalysis: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020330. [PMID: 31947566 PMCID: PMC7024222 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing interest in the synthesis and use of optically active pyridine N-oxides as chiral controllers for asymmetric reactions has been observed in the last few years. Chiral heteroaromatic N-oxides can work as powerful electron-pair donors, providing suitable electronic environments in the transition state formed within the reaction. The nucleophilicity of the oxygen atom in N-oxides, coupled with a high affinity of silicon to oxygen, represent ideal properties for the development of synthetic methodology based on nucleophilic activation of organosilicon reagents. The application of chiral N-oxides as efficient organocatalysts in allylation, propargylation, allenylation, and ring-opening of meso-epoxides, as well as chiral ligands for metal complexes catalyzing Michael addition or nitroaldol reaction, can also be found in the literature. This review deals with stereoselective applications of N-oxides, and how the differentiating properties are correlated with their structure. It contains more recent results, covering approximately the last ten years. All the reported examples have been divided into five classes, according to the chirality elements present in their basic molecular frameworks.
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Rasalanavho M, Moodley R, Jonnalagadda SB. Elemental distribution including toxic elements in edible and inedible wild growing mushrooms from South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7913-7925. [PMID: 30684184 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Macro-elements (Ca, Fe, K, Mg and Na) and trace elements including some toxic (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn) were determined in edible and inedible wild-growing mushrooms (Amanita rubescens, Auricularia polytricha, Boletus edulis, Boletus mirabilis, Clavulina cristata, Helvella crispa, Lactarius deliciosus, Suillus luteus, Termitomyces microcarpus, Termitomyces reticulatus, Termitomyces clypeatus, Termitomyces umkowaanii, Amanita foetidissima, Amanita muscaria, Amanita pantherina, Aseroe rubra, Chlorophyllum molybdites, Ganoderma lucidum, Gymnopilus junonius, Hypholoma fasciculare, Lentinus villosus, Lepista caffrorum, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Panaeolus papilionaceus, Pisolithus tinctorius, Pleurotus ostreatus, Podaxis pistillaris, Russula sardonia, Scleroderma citrinum, Scleroderma michiganense). Analyses of samples were carried out using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The elemental content in both edible and inedible mushrooms, in decreasing order, was found to be K >> Na > Ca > Mg > Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Se > Co > Ni > Be > Pb ≥ Cd > As. Our study revealed that the accumulation of metals from the soil is independent of whether mushrooms are edible or inedible as uptake is dependent on the soil quality and its environment. Edible mushroom species studied were found to be rich in Se (145-836% towards the RDA) with B. edulis being rich in it, C. cristata in Cu, S. luteus in Fe and H. crispa in Zn, and all contained low concentrations of toxic metals making them suitable for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muvhango Rasalanavho
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Roshila Moodley
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sreekantha B Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Nephrotoxin Orellanine in Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10080333. [PMID: 30126099 PMCID: PMC6116018 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Orellanine is a nephrotoxin found in mushrooms of the Cortinarius family. Accidental intake of this substance may cause renal failure. Orellanine is specific for proximal tubular cells and could, therefore, potentially be used as treatment for metastatic renal cancer, which originates from these cells. However, more information is needed about the distribution and elimination of orellanine from the body to understand its potential use for therapy. In this study, 5 mg/kg orellanine (unlabeled and 3H-labeled) was injected intravenously in rats (Wistar and Sprague Dawley). Distribution was measured (Wistar rats, n = 10, n = 12) using radioluminography and the highest amount of orellanine was found in the kidney cortex and bladder at all time-points investigated. The pharmacokinetic properties of orellanine were investigated using LC-MS/MS and β-scintillation to measure the amount of orellanine in plasma. Three groups of rats were investigated: control rats with intact kidneys (n = 10) and two groups with bilateral renal artery ligation (n = 7) where animals in one of these groups were treated with peritoneal dialysis (n = 8). Using LC-MS/MS, the half-life of orellanine was found to be 109 ± 6 min in the controls. In the groups with ligated renal arteries, orellanine had a half-life of 756 ± 98 min without and 238 ± 28 min with dialysis. Thus, orellanine was almost exclusively eliminated by glomerular filtration as well as by peritoneal dialysis.
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Buvall L, Hedman H, Khramova A, Najar D, Bergwall L, Ebefors K, Sihlbom C, Lundstam S, Herrmann A, Wallentin H, Roos E, Nilsson UA, Johansson M, Törnell J, Haraldsson B, Nyström J. Orellanine specifically targets renal clear cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:91085-91098. [PMID: 29207627 PMCID: PMC5710908 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), arising from the proximal tubule in the kidney, accounts for approximately 85% of kidney cancers and causes over 140,000 annual deaths worldwide. In the last decade, several new therapies have been identified for treatment of metastatic RCC. Although these therapies increase survival time compared to standard care, none of them has curative properties. The nephrotoxin orellanine specifically targets proximal tubular epithelial cells, leaving other organs unaffected. We therefore hypothesized that the selective toxicity of orellanine extends to clear cell RCC (ccRCC) cells since they emanate from proximal tubular cells. Orellanine would thus target both primary and metastatic ccRCC in vitro and in vivo. We found that orellanine induces dose-dependent cell death in proximal tubular cells and in all ccRCC cells tested, both primary and cell lines, with no toxicity detected in control cells. The toxic action of orellanine involve decreased protein synthesis, disrupted cell metabolism and induction of apoptosis. In nude rats carrying human ccRCC xenografts, brief orellanine treatment eliminated more than 90% of viable tumor mass compared to control rats. This identifies orellanine as a potential treatment concept for ccRCC patients on dialysis, due to its unique selective toxicity towards ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Buvall
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Alina Khramova
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Deman Najar
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Bergwall
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Ebefors
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sven Lundstam
- Institute of Clinical Sciences at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Hanna Wallentin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emelie Roos
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Martin Johansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pathology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jan Törnell
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Jenny Nyström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract
Mushrooms are known to produce over 140 natural products bearing an indole heterocycle. In this review, the isolation of these mushroom-derived indole alkaloids is discussed, along with their associated biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Homer
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Hedman H, Holmdahl J, Mölne J, Ebefors K, Haraldsson B, Nyström J. Long-term clinical outcome for patients poisoned by the fungal nephrotoxin orellanine. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:121. [PMID: 28372584 PMCID: PMC5379567 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accidental intake of mushrooms of the Cortinarius species (deadly webcap) may cause irreversible renal damage and the need for dialysis or transplantation. The species is found in forests of Northern Europe, Scandinavia and North America and may be mistaken for other edible mushrooms. The highly selective nephrotoxic compound of the mushroom is called orellanine. Very little is known about the long-term effects of the nephrotoxin. Methods We identified patients who ingested deadly webcap in the period of 1979 to 2012. Informed consent and medical records were obtained for 28 of the 39 cases that occurred during the 34-year period. A case control group was also studied based on sex, age and initiation of dialysis or transplantation. Results The average age at time of the accidental intake was 40 ± 3 (n = 28) years. 64% of patients were male, and 22 of 28 patients developed acute kidney injury requiring dialysis. Serum creatinine peaked at 1 329 ± 133 μmol/l, and serum urea was 31 ± 3.5 mmol/l. No signs of acute damage were present in any other organ. The average time of follow-up was 16.9 ± 2.1 years (1.24–34.3 years, n = 28). 15 patients were transplanted and 3 also had a second graft. At follow-up, 23 patients were alive, and five had died at ages of 67 ± 5 (range 54–84). The outcome was similar in the case control group with 6 deaths in 20 patients. Conclusion We conclude that the long-term prognosis for patients poisoned by deadly webcap who lost their renal function is not different compared to other patients in active uremic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Hedman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Holmdahl
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Mölne
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Ebefors
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 432, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Börje Haraldsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Nyström
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 432, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Pyridine N-Oxides and Derivatives Thereof in Organocatalysis. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Secondary Metabolites from Higher Fungi. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 106 2017; 106:1-201. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59542-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Soares M, Rocha-Pereira C, Carvalho F. Human and experimental toxicology of orellanine. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 35:1016-1029. [PMID: 26553321 DOI: 10.1177/0960327115613845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Orellanine is a nephrotoxic toxin produced by some mushroom species of the Cortinarius genus, typically found in Europe and North America. The nephrotoxicity of Cortinarius orellanus is well known and was first recognized in the 1950s when this mushroom was identified as the cause of a mass poisoning in Poland. Typically, onset of symptoms is delayed for 1-2 weeks after ingestion. Some patients suffer mild gastrointestinal discomfort in the latency period before developing signs of renal impairment due to severe interstitial nephritis, acute focal tubular damage, and interstitial fibrosis. There is no specific antidote to orellanine poisoning. The mainstay of treatment is the prevention of secondary complications of kidney failure, adequate dialysis and, in the case of incomplete recovery, management of chronic renal insufficiency. : In this work, we aim to review about Cortinarius species, including epidemiological studies, chemical structure, toxicokinetics, toxic doses, mechanisms of toxicity, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Department of Sciences, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (IINFACTS), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Soares
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Rocha-Pereira
- Department of Sciences, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (IINFACTS), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Anantharam P, Shao D, Imerman PM, Burrough E, Schrunk D, Sedkhuu T, Tang S, Rumbeiha W. Improved Tissue-Based Analytical Test Methods for Orellanine, a Biomarker of Cortinarius Mushroom Intoxication. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050158. [PMID: 27213453 PMCID: PMC4885072 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orellanine (OR) toxin is produced by mushrooms of the genus Cortinarius which grow in North America and in Europe. OR poisoning is characterized by severe oliguric acute renal failure, with a mortality rate of 10%–30%. Diagnosis of OR poisoning currently hinges on a history of ingestion of Cortinarius mushrooms and histopathology of renal biopsies. A key step in the diagnostic approach is analysis of tissues for OR. Currently, tissue-based analytical methods for OR are nonspecific and lack sensitivity. The objectives of this study were: (1) to develop definitive HPLC and LC-MS/MS tissue-based analytical methods for OR; and (2) to investigate toxicological effects of OR in mice. The HPLC limit of quantitation was 10 µg/g. For fortification levels of 15 µg/g to 50 µg/g OR in kidney, the relative standard deviation was between 1.3% and 9.8%, and accuracy was within 1.5% to 7.1%. A matrix-matched calibration curve was reproduced in this range with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.97–0.99. The limit of detection was 20 ng/g for LC-MS/MS. In OR-injected mice, kidney OR concentrations were 97 ± 51 µg/g on Day 0 and 17 ± 1 µg/g on termination Day 3. Splenic and liver injuries were novel findings in this mouse model. The new tissue-based analytical tests will improve diagnosis of OR poisoning, while the mouse model has yielded new data advancing knowledge on OR-induced pathology. The new tissue-based analytical tests will improve diagnosis of OR poisoning, while the mouse model has yielded new data advancing knowledge on OR-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poojya Anantharam
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Dahai Shao
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Paula M Imerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Eric Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Dwayne Schrunk
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Tsevelmaa Sedkhuu
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, 8200 Zaisan, Khan-Uul District, Ulaanbaatar 017024, Mongolia.
| | - Shusheng Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wilson Rumbeiha
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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A novel orellanine containing mushroom Cortinarius armillatus. Toxicon 2016; 114:65-74. [PMID: 26915341 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Orellanine (3,3',4,4'-tetrahydroxy-2,2'-bipyridine-1,1'-dioxide) is a tetrahydroxylated di-N-oxidized bipyridine compound. The toxin, present in certain species of Cortinarius mushrooms, is structurally similar to herbicides Paraquat and Diquat. Cortinarius orellanus and Cortinarius rubellus are the major orellanine-containing mushrooms. Cortinarius mushrooms are widely reported in Europe where they have caused human poisoning and deaths through accidental ingestion of the poisonous species mistaken for the edible ones. In North America, Cortinarius orellanosus mushroom poisoning was recently reported to cause renal failure in a Michigan patient. Cortinarius mushroom poisoning is characterized by delayed acute renal failure, with some cases progressing to end-stage kidney disease. There is debate whether other Cortinarius mushroom contain orellanine or not, especially in North America. Currently, there are no veterinary diagnostic laboratories in North America with established test methods for detection and quantitation of orellanine. We have developed two diagnostic test methods based on HPLC and LC-MSMS for identification and quantitation of orellanine in mushrooms. Using these methods, we have identified Cortinarius armillatus as a novel orellanine-containing mushroom in North America. The mean toxin concentration of 145 ug/g was <1% of that of the more toxic C. rubellus. The HPLC method can detect orellanine at 17 μg g(-1) while the LC-MSMS method is almost 2000 times more sensitive and can detect orellanine at 30 ng g(-1). Both tests are quantitative, selective and are now available for veterinary diagnostic applications.
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Rossi R, Lessi M, Manzini C, Marianetti G, Bellina F. Transition Metal-Free Direct CH (Hetero)arylation of Heteroarenes: A Sustainable Methodology to Access (Hetero)aryl-Substituted Heteroarenes. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Approximately 100 of the known species of mushrooms are poisonous to humans. New toxic mushroom species continue to be identified. Some species initially classified as edible are later reclassified as toxic. This results in a continually expanding list of toxic mushrooms. As new toxic species are identified, some classic teachings about mycetism no longer hold true. As more toxic mushrooms are identified and more toxic syndromes are reported, older classification systems fail to effectively accommodate mycetism. This review provides an update of myscetism and classifies mushroom poisonings by the primary organ system affected, permitting expansion, as new, toxic mushroom species are discovered.
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