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Buckley MP, Hayman KP, Burns L, Schrunk D, Gorden PJ. Pharmacokinetics of long-acting cephapirin and cloxacillin after intramammary administration in dairy goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38573025 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Determining the pharmacokinetics of intramammary antimicrobials in goats can assist in predicting appropriate meat and milk withdrawal intervals for drugs that are effective at treating subclinical mastitis due to non-aureus Staphylococci during the dry period. Twenty-four healthy, lactating does were enrolled in this study. Half were administered 300 mg of cephapirin benzathine (ToMORROW, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Duluth, GA) via intramammary infusion into each half of the udder. The remaining does had 500 mg cloxacillin benzathine (Orbenin DC, Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ) administered per half. Plasma was collected before treatment and for 7 days post-treatment followed by analysis via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental methods via commercial software (MonolixSuite). The mean maximum concentration (Cmax) of cephapirin of 0.073 μg/mL was noted at 7.06 h post-administration (Tmax). The area under the plasma concentration curve based on the final sampling point (AUClast) was 1.06 h × μg/mL. The mean residence time until the final sampling point (MRTlast) was 13.55 h. Mean terminal half-life (T½) of cephapirin was 6.98 h. In CLOX does, Cmax was 0.074 μg/mL with a Tmax of 18 h, AUClast was 5.71 h × μg/mL, T½ was 77.45 h, and MRTlast was 65.36 h. Despite both products being formulated with benzathine salts, marked differences were noted in pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC, T1/2, and MRTlast. This data will be used to plan sampling schedules for milk and tissue residue depletion studies for both products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P Buckley
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kristen P Hayman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Laura Burns
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Dwayne Schrunk
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Patrick J Gorden
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Sahoo DK, Martinez MN, Dao K, Gabriel V, Zdyrski C, Jergens AE, Atherly T, Iennarella-Servantez CA, Burns LE, Schrunk D, Volpe DA, Allenspach K, Mochel JP. Canine Intestinal Organoids as a Novel In Vitro Model of Intestinal Drug Permeability: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091269. [PMID: 37174669 PMCID: PMC10177590 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A key component of efforts to identify the biological and drug-specific aspects contributing to therapeutic failure or unexpected exposure-associated toxicity is the study of drug-intestinal barrier interactions. While methods supporting such assessments are widely described for human therapeutics, relatively little information is available for similar evaluations in support of veterinary pharmaceuticals. There is, therefore, a critical need to develop novel approaches for evaluating drug-gut interactions in veterinary medicine. Three-dimensional (3D) organoids can address these difficulties in a reasonably affordable system that circumvents the need for more invasive in vivo assays in live animals. However, a first step in developing such systems is understanding organoid interactions in a 2D monolayer. Given the importance of orally administered medications for meeting the therapeutic need of companion animals, we demonstrate growth conditions under which canine-colonoid-derived intestinal epithelial cells survive, mature, and differentiate into confluent cell systems with high monolayer integrity. We further examine the applicability of this canine-colonoid-derived 2D model to assess the permeability of three structurally diverse, passively absorbed β-blockers (e.g., propranolol, metoprolol, and atenolol). Both the absorptive and secretive apparent permeability (Papp) of these drugs at two different pH conditions were evaluated in canine-colonoid-derived monolayers and compared with that of Caco-2 cells. This proof-of-concept study provides promising preliminary results with regard to the utility of canine-derived organoid monolayers for species-specific assessments of therapeutic drug passive permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Marilyn N Martinez
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Kimberly Dao
- 3D Health Solutions, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Vojtech Gabriel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Christopher Zdyrski
- 3D Health Solutions, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Albert E Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Todd Atherly
- 3D Health Solutions, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Laura E Burns
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Dwayne Schrunk
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Donna A Volpe
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20852, USA
| | - Karin Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- 3D Health Solutions, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- 3D Health Solutions, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Hoff SE, Berger DJ, Viall AK, Schrunk D, Noxon JO. Chemical and microbiological stability of diluted ceftazidime in three different solutions under three storage temperatures over a 28 day period. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:456-e124. [PMID: 34189794 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ceftazidime (CAZ) solutions are being used based on anecdotal reports for otitis externa complicated by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR PA). The chemical and microbiological stability of these proposed compounded solutions have not been evaluated, and likely are affected by the diluent and storage duration or temperature. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Compounded CAZ solutions would show variable degradation dependent on diluent, time and temperature. The antimicrobial activity of the solutions would reflect changes in concentration and not alterations to the chemical compound. METHODS AND MATERIALS Ceftazidime was compounded with 100 mL 0.9% sodium chloride (NA+CAZ), 118 mL Triz-EDTA Aqueous flush (TE+CAZ) and 125 mL Douxo Micellar Solution (MI+CAZ). Aliquots of the solutions were stored at 25ºC, 4ºC and -20ºC for 28 days. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyse CAZ recovery from compounded solutions at weekly intervals. A modified broth dilution technique was utilised to assess minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to monitor antimicrobial activity against a reference PA strain. RESULTS Temperature, duration of storage and diluent each had independent effects on the chemical stability of CAZ. CAZ concentrations decreased over time as well as with increased temperature. NA+CAZ solutions exhibited the least degradation compared to the other solutions. The MIC for PA was most consistent for NA+CAZ solutions regardless of storage temperature and duration of storage. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Chemical and microbiological stability of compounded CAZ solutions varied by diluent, storage temperature and duration of storage. Dilution in NA resulted in the lowest variation in stability over 28 days when stored at refrigerated or frozen temperatures compared to other diluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hoff
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Darren J Berger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Austin K Viall
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, 2764 Vet Med, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Dwayne Schrunk
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1850 Christensen Dr, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - James O Noxon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, 1809 South Riverside Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Cochrane ZN, Berger DJ, Viall AK, Schrunk D, Hans Coetzee JF. Evaluation of compounded aqueous milbemycin oxime: issues with formulation potency and reproducibility. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 60:27-31. [PMID: 29998573 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the potency and reproducibility of milbemycin oxime when compounded as an aqueous suspension (20 mg/mL). MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation choice reflected current prescribing practices. Samples were acquired by prescription from two national veterinary compounding pharmacies at three time points. Two different storage conditions were evaluated and sampled at four time points from the order date (day 7, 14, 21 and 28). Milbemycin oxime recovery was performed by solid-phase extraction and concentration strength measured via high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The average concentration on day 7 for Pharmacy A samples was 16.29 mg/mL [confidence interval (CI): 15.66 to 16.92] with a coefficient of variation (CV) = 11%, while for Pharmacy B it was 20.46 mg/mL (CI: 19.83 to 21.08) with CV = 22%. The mean decrease in concentration over 28 days for Pharmacy A was 22% (CI: 9% to 34%) while Pharmacy B was 18% (CI: 2% to 35%). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The compounded milbemycin oxime suspensions evaluated in this study deviated by more than 10% from their labelled strength in five of the six lots. Clinical efficacy of compounded milbemycin oxime suspensions remains unknown and the use of these products should be discouraged at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z N Cochrane
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - D J Berger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - A K Viall
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - D Schrunk
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - J F Hans Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66505, USA
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Blank CP, Gunn PJ, Schrunk D, Ensley S, Madson D, Hansen SL. 0244 Effects of injectable trace mineral supplementation on yearling bull growth, carcass characteristics, testicular development and semen quality attributes. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Anantharam P, Shao D, Imerman PM, Burrough E, Schrunk D, Sedkhuu T, Tang S, Rumbeiha W. Improved Tissue-Based Analytical Test Methods for Orellanine, a Biomarker of Cortinarius Mushroom Intoxication. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050158. [PMID: 27213453 PMCID: PMC4885072 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orellanine (OR) toxin is produced by mushrooms of the genus Cortinarius which grow in North America and in Europe. OR poisoning is characterized by severe oliguric acute renal failure, with a mortality rate of 10%–30%. Diagnosis of OR poisoning currently hinges on a history of ingestion of Cortinarius mushrooms and histopathology of renal biopsies. A key step in the diagnostic approach is analysis of tissues for OR. Currently, tissue-based analytical methods for OR are nonspecific and lack sensitivity. The objectives of this study were: (1) to develop definitive HPLC and LC-MS/MS tissue-based analytical methods for OR; and (2) to investigate toxicological effects of OR in mice. The HPLC limit of quantitation was 10 µg/g. For fortification levels of 15 µg/g to 50 µg/g OR in kidney, the relative standard deviation was between 1.3% and 9.8%, and accuracy was within 1.5% to 7.1%. A matrix-matched calibration curve was reproduced in this range with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.97–0.99. The limit of detection was 20 ng/g for LC-MS/MS. In OR-injected mice, kidney OR concentrations were 97 ± 51 µg/g on Day 0 and 17 ± 1 µg/g on termination Day 3. Splenic and liver injuries were novel findings in this mouse model. The new tissue-based analytical tests will improve diagnosis of OR poisoning, while the mouse model has yielded new data advancing knowledge on OR-induced pathology. The new tissue-based analytical tests will improve diagnosis of OR poisoning, while the mouse model has yielded new data advancing knowledge on OR-induced pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poojya Anantharam
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Dahai Shao
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Paula M Imerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Eric Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Dwayne Schrunk
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Tsevelmaa Sedkhuu
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, 8200 Zaisan, Khan-Uul District, Ulaanbaatar 017024, Mongolia.
| | - Shusheng Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wilson Rumbeiha
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Stahr
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-1250, USA
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