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Guo R, Li G, Zhang Z, Peng X. Structures and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from Trichoderma harzianum. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:701. [PMID: 36355024 PMCID: PMC9696559 DOI: 10.3390/md20110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum, from both marine and terrestrial environments, has attracted considerable attention. T. harzianum has a tremendous potential to produce a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs), which are an important source of new herbicides and antibiotics. This review prioritizes the SMs of T. harzianum from 1988 to June 2022, and their relevant biological activities. Marine-derived SMs, especially terpenoids, polyketides, and macrolides compounds, occupy a significant proportion of natural products from T. harzianum, deserving more of our attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaoping Peng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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2
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Bai B, Liu C, Zhang C, He X, Wang H, Peng W, Zheng C. Trichoderma species from plant and soil: An excellent resource for biosynthesis of terpenoids with versatile bioactivities. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00212-0. [PMID: 36195283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma species are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. In the past decades, a series of secondary metabolites were reported from different Trichoderma fungi, among which terpenoids possessing versatile structural diversities and extensive pharmacological activities are one of the particularly important categories. AIM OF REVIEW The review aims to summarize the terpenoids isolated from Trichoderma species regarding their structural diversities, biological activities, and promising biosynthetic potentials. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW So far, a total of 253 terpenoids, including 202 sesquiterpenes, 48 diterpenes, 2 monoterpenes and 1 meroterpenoid, were isolated and identified from Trichoderma species between 1948 and 2022. Pharmacological investigations of Trichoderma terpenoids mainly focused on their antibacterial activities, antifungal activities, inhibitory activities on marine plankton species and cytotoxic activities, indicating that Trichoderma species are important microbial agents for drug discovery and environmentally friendly agrochemicals development. Intriguing chemistry and enzymology involved in the biosynthesis of Trichoderma terpenoids were also presented to facilitate further precise genome mining-guided novel structure discovery. Taken together, the abundance of novel skeletons, bioactivities and biosynthetic potentials presents new opportunities for drug and agrochemicals discovery, genome mining and enzymology exploration from Trichoderma species. The work will provide references for the profound study of terpenoids derived from Trichoderma, and facilitate further studies on Trichoderma species in the areas of chemistry, medicine, agriculture and microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingke Bai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Chengzhong Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xuhui He
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China.
| | - Chengjian Zheng
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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3
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Saldívar-González FI, Aldas-Bulos VD, Medina-Franco JL, Plisson F. Natural product drug discovery in the artificial intelligence era. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1526-1546. [PMID: 35282622 PMCID: PMC8827052 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04471k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products (NPs) are primarily recognized as privileged structures to interact with protein drug targets. Their unique characteristics and structural diversity continue to marvel scientists for developing NP-inspired medicines, even though the pharmaceutical industry has largely given up. High-performance computer hardware, extensive storage, accessible software and affordable online education have democratized the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in many sectors and research areas. The last decades have introduced natural language processing and machine learning algorithms, two subfields of AI, to tackle NP drug discovery challenges and open up opportunities. In this article, we review and discuss the rational applications of AI approaches developed to assist in discovering bioactive NPs and capturing the molecular "patterns" of these privileged structures for combinatorial design or target selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F I Saldívar-González
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, School of Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Avenida Universidad 3000 04510 Mexico Mexico
| | - V D Aldas-Bulos
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Irapuato Guanajuato Mexico
| | - J L Medina-Franco
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, School of Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Avenida Universidad 3000 04510 Mexico Mexico
| | - F Plisson
- CONACYT - Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Irapuato Guanajuato Mexico
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4
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Trichoderma and Its Products From Laboratory to Patient Bedside in Medical Science: An Emerging Aspect. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Yin M, Fasoyin OE, Wang C, Yue Q, Zhang Y, Dun B, Xu Y, Zhang L. Herbicidal efficacy of harzianums produced by the biofertilizer fungus, Trichoderma brevicompactum. AMB Express 2020; 10:118. [PMID: 32613360 PMCID: PMC7329974 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbicides are important tools for weed control in modern agriculture. In the search for potential herbicidal natural products from fungal species, harzianum A and B were identified from the biofertilizer fungus, Trichoderma brevicompactum. In the phytotoxicity assays on the dicot species Brassica chinensis, harzianum A and B reduced both shoot and root lengths at low concentrations and inhibited the seed germination at 2 μg mL−1. In addition, harzianum A and B also exhibited phytotoxicity against monocots, Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare and Echinochloa crusgalli L. Beauv.. Compared with a common herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, harzianum A and B performed similar activity in a pot assay, and were more effective in post-emergence than pre-emergence conditions. Harzianum A and B have potential as efficient herbicide for controlling important dicotyledon and monocotyledon weeds at low concentrations. They can be sprayed in liquid form in both pre- and post-emergence conditions. Our results confirmed the importance of these molecules for the development of new herbicides.
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6
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Zhu M, Cen Y, Ye W, Li S, Zhang W. Recent Advances on Macrocyclic Trichothecenes, Their Bioactivities and Biosynthetic Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E417. [PMID: 32585939 PMCID: PMC7354583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrocyclic trichothecenes are an important group of trichothecenes bearing a large ring. Despite the fact that many of trichothecenes are of concern in agriculture, food contamination, health care and building protection, the macrocyclic ones are becoming the research hotspot because of their diversity in structure and biologic activity. Several researchers have declared that macrocyclic trichothecenes have great potential to be developed as antitumor agents, due to the plenty of their compounds and bioactivities. In this review we summarize the newly discovered macrocyclic trichothecenes and their bioactivities over the last decade, as well as identifications of genes tri17 and tri18 involved in the trichothecene biosynthesis and putative biosynthetic pathway. According to the search results in database and phylogenetic trees generated in the review, the species of the genera Podostroma and Monosporascus would probably be great sources for producing macrocyclic trichothecenes. Moreover, we propose that the macrocyclic trichothecene roridin E could be formed via acylation or esterification of the long side chain linked with C-4 to the hydroxyl group at C-15, and vice versa. More assays and evidences are needed to support this hypothesis, which would promote the verification of the proposed pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Weimin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.Z.); (Y.C.); (W.Y.); (S.L.)
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7
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RamyaSree B, Jose PA, Divakar K. Fermentative Production of Secondary Metabolites from Bioengineered Fungal Species and Their Applications. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Synthesis of Trichodermin Derivatives and Their Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203811. [PMID: 31652666 PMCID: PMC6833013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins are recognized as highly bioactive compounds that can be used in the design of new useful bioactive molecules. In Trichoderma brevicompactum, the first specific step in trichothecene biosynthesis is carried out by a terpene cyclase, trichodiene synthase, that catalyzes the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to trichodiene and is encoded by the tri5 gene. Overexpression of tri5 resulted in increased levels of trichodermin, a trichothecene-type toxin, which is a valuable tool in preparing new molecules with a trichothecene skeleton. In this work, we developed the hemisynthesis of trichodermin and trichodermol derivatives in order to evaluate their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities and to study the chemo-modulation of their bioactivity. Some derivatives with a short chain at the C-4 position displayed selective antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and they showed MIC values similar to those displayed by trichodermin. It is important to highlight the cytotoxic selectivity observed for compounds 9, 13, and 15, which presented average IC50 values of 2 μg/mL and were cytotoxic against tumorigenic cell line MCF-7 (breast carcinoma) and not against Fa2N4 (non-tumoral immortalized human hepatocytes).
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9
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Bai Y, Gao Y, Lu X, Wang H. Lipidomics characterization of the alterations of Trichoderma brevicompactum membrane glycerophospholipids during the fermentation phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 46:809-818. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-019-02152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The biological membrane lipid composition has been demonstrated to greatly influence the secretion of secondary metabolites. This study was conducted to investigate the periodical alterations of whole cellular lipids and their associations with secondary products in Trichoderma brevicompactum. An electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry-based lipidomics strategy was used to acquire the metabolic profiles of membrane lipids during fermentation. Univariate analyses showed that most fungi glycerophospholipids were significantly altered at the early phase compared with the late phase. In addition, correlation analyses showed high correlations between phosphatidylcholine alterations and fermentation duration. In addition, the fermentation-associated alterations of phosphatidylcholines were found to be in accordance with the degrees of unsaturation of acyl-chains. Harzianum A reached a maximum on the 12th day, while trichodermin and 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one showed the highest abundances on the 9th day, both of which were inclined to correlate with the alterations of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines, respectively. These findings demonstrated that the alterations of the membrane lipid species in Trichoderma spp. were associated with the fermentation phases and might influence the secretion of specific secondary products, which may be useful in studying the optimization of secondary products in Trichoderma spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Bai
- 0000 0001 0193 3564 grid.19373.3f School of Life Science and Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin City China
| | - Yuran Gao
- 0000 0001 0193 3564 grid.19373.3f School of Life Science and Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin City China
| | - Xin Lu
- 0000 0001 0193 3564 grid.19373.3f School of Life Science and Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin City China
| | - Huiyu Wang
- 0000 0004 1808 3289 grid.412613.3 School of Pharmacy Qiqihar Medical University No. 333, North Bukui Street 161000 Qiqihar City China
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10
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Yang HX, Ai HL, Feng T, Wang WX, Wu B, Zheng YS, Sun H, He J, Li ZH, Liu JK. Trichothecrotocins A-C, Antiphytopathogenic Agents from Potato Endophytic Fungus Trichothecium crotocinigenum. Org Lett 2018; 20:8069-8072. [PMID: 30540193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two trichothecene sesquiterpenoids, trichothecrotocins A (1) and B (2), and a merosesquiterpenoid racemate, (±)-trichothecrotocin C (3), were obtained from potato endophytic fungus Trichothecium crotocinigenum by bioguided isolation. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods, electronic circular dichroism calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 2 are trichothecenes possessing new ring systems. Compound 3 possesses a novel 6/6-5/5/5 fused ring system. Compounds 1-3 showed antiphytopathogenic activities with MIC values of 8-128 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xiang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Hong-Lian Ai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Wen-Xuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Yong-Sheng Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Huan Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Juan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Zheng-Hui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South-Central University for Nationalities , Wuhan 430074 , China
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11
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Fang ST, Wang YJ, Ma XY, Yin XL, Ji NY. Two new sesquiterpenoids from the marine-sediment-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum P1-4. Nat Prod Res 2018; 33:3127-3133. [PMID: 30398362 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1522314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three cyclonerane sesquiterpenoids, including the known cyclonerodiol (1), together with its new derivatives, (10E)-12-acetoxy-10-cycloneren-3,7 -diol (2) and 12-acetoxycycloneran-3,7-diol (3) were isolated from the cultures of marine-sediment-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum P1-4. The structures of the new compounds (2 and 3) were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic methods (1D/2D NMR and HR-MS) and optical rotation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Tao Fang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research , Yantai , China
| | - Ying-Jie Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research , Yantai , China
| | - Xin-Yue Ma
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research , Yantai , China
| | - Xiu-Li Yin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research , Yantai , China
| | - Nai-Yun Ji
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research , Yantai , China
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12
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Leylaie S, Zafari D. Antiproliferative and Antimicrobial Activities of Secondary Metabolites and Phylogenetic Study of Endophytic Trichoderma Species From Vinca Plants. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1484. [PMID: 30050508 PMCID: PMC6051055 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi have been recognized as a potential source of bioactive secondary metabolites. The endophytic Trichoderma species were isolated from Vinca plants (Vinca major, Vinca herbacea, and Vinca minor), found in Iran and screened for antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activity. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, four fungal species were identified: T. asperellum, T. brevicompactum, T. koningiopsis, and T. longibrachiatum. In addition, endophytic fungi bioactivity of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts (7.8–250 μgml−1) were assessed against a panel of pathogenic fungi and bacteria and IC80 was calculated. Data showed that both methanol and ethyl acetate extracts from all endophytic isolates had significant cytotoxic effects against the model target fungus Pyricularia oryzae. Further research indicated that they had significant antimicrobial bioactivity against the human pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and plant pathogenic bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum and Clavibacter michiganensis as well. According to the bioactivity results, crude ethyl acetate extract of T. koningiopsis VM115 isolate was determined for TLC and GC-MS analysis. An antifungal compound was isolated from ethyl acetate extract of T. koningiopsis VM115 based on bioassay guided fractionation. The 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopic data showed that the compound was trichodermin, which exhibited strong fungicidal effects against P. oryzae, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Botrytis cinera with MICs of 31.25 μg ml−1 through in vitro antifungal tests. GC-MS analysis identified six classes of volatile compound produced by T. koningiopsis VM115 (alcohols, esters, pyrones (lactones), acids, furanes and lipids). 6-n-pentyl-6H-pyran-2-one (6PP) was identified as one of the most abundant metabolites in this research. These results indicate that the fungal endophytes from Vinca plants had antibacterial and cytotoxic activities; evidence that endophytes are a good source of biological activity and compounds. This work is the first report of Trichodermin production by T. koningiopsis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Leylaie
- Department of Plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Doustmorad Zafari
- Department of Plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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Evolution of structural diversity of trichothecenes, a family of toxins produced by plant pathogenic and entomopathogenic fungi. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006946. [PMID: 29649280 PMCID: PMC5897003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a family of terpenoid toxins produced by multiple genera of fungi, including plant and insect pathogens. Some trichothecenes produced by the fungus Fusarium are among the mycotoxins of greatest concern to food and feed safety because of their toxicity and frequent occurrence in cereal crops, and trichothecene production contributes to pathogenesis of some Fusarium species on plants. Collectively, fungi produce over 150 trichothecene analogs: i.e., molecules that share the same core structure but differ in patterns of substituents attached to the core structure. Here, we carried out genomic, phylogenetic, gene-function, and analytical chemistry studies of strains from nine fungal genera to identify genetic variation responsible for trichothecene structural diversity and to gain insight into evolutionary processes that have contributed to the variation. The results indicate that structural diversity has resulted from gain, loss, and functional changes of trichothecene biosynthetic (TRI) genes. The results also indicate that the presence of some substituents has arisen independently in different fungi by gain of different genes with the same function. Variation in TRI gene duplication and number of TRI loci was also observed among the fungi examined, but there was no evidence that such genetic differences have contributed to trichothecene structural variation. We also inferred ancestral states of the TRI cluster and trichothecene biosynthetic pathway, and proposed scenarios for changes in trichothecene structures during divergence of TRI cluster homologs. Together, our findings provide insight into evolutionary processes responsible for structural diversification of toxins produced by pathogenic fungi. Toxins produced by pathogens can contribute to infection and/or colonization of hosts. Some toxins consist of a family of metabolites with similar but distinct chemical structures. This structural variation can affect biological activity, which in turn likely contributes to adaptation to different environments, including to different hosts. Trichothecene toxins consist of over 150 structurally distinct molecules produced by certain fungi, including some plant and insect pathogens. In multiple systems that have been examined, trichothecenes contribute to pathogenesis on plants. To elucidate the evolutionary processes that have given rise to trichothecene structural variation, we conducted comparative analyses of nine fungal genera, most of which produce different trichothecene structures. Using genomic, molecular biology, phylogenetic, and analytical chemistry approaches, we obtained evidence that trichothecene structural variation has arisen primarily from gain, loss, and functional changes of trichothecene biosynthetic genes. Our results also indicate that some structural changes have arisen independently in different fungi. Our findings provide insight into genetic and biochemical changes that can occur in toxin biosynthetic pathways as fungi with the pathways adapt to different environmental conditions.
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Ryu SM, Lee HM, Song EG, Seo YH, Lee J, Guo Y, Kim BS, Kim JJ, Hong JS, Ryu KH, Lee D. Antiviral Activities of Trichothecenes Isolated from Trichoderma albolutescens against Pepper Mottle Virus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4273-4279. [PMID: 28490172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A bioassay-guided isolation using a green fluorescence protein (GFP)-tagged pepper mottle virus (PepMoV-GFP) based leaf-disk method to obtain new antiviral agents led to the isolation of trichodermin, 1, and a new compound trichoderminol, 2, from EtOAc extract of Trichoderma albolutescens culture medium. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were determined by MS and NMR experiments, and the absolute configurations of the compounds were established by experimental and calculated vibrational circular dichroism spectra. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their anti-PepMoV potential in systemic host plants, such as tobacco and pepper, by PepMoV-GFP based systemic host method. All compounds exhibited inactivation effects against PepMoV. Furthermore, compound 1 showed protective effects against PepMoV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hae Min Lee
- Plant Virus GenBank, Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Seoul Women's University , Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Gyeong Song
- Plant Virus GenBank, Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Seoul Women's University , Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hye Seo
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuanqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University , Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Jin Sung Hong
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University , Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Ryu
- Plant Virus GenBank, Department of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Seoul Women's University , Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea
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15
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Samuels GJ, Dodd SL, Gams W, Castlebury LA, Petrini O. Trichodermaspecies associated with the green mold epidemic of commercially grownAgaricus bisporus. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2003.11833257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L. Dodd
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Rm. 304, B-011A, BARC-W, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Walter Gams
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa A. Castlebury
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Rm. 304, B-011A, BARC-W, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
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16
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Relationship between mycoparasites lifestyles and biocontrol behaviors against Fusarium spp. and mycotoxins production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5257-72. [PMID: 27121573 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Global food security research is seeking eco-friendly solutions to control mycotoxins in grain infected by fungi (molds). In particular, mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. outbreak is a chronic threat for cereal grain production, human, and animal health. In this review paper, we discuss up-to-date biological control strategies in applying mycoparasites as biological control agents (BCA) to prevent plant diseases in crops and mycotoxins in grain, food, and feed. The aim is to increase food safety and to minimize economic losses due to the reduced grain yield and quality. However, recent papers indicate that the study of the BCA specialists with biotrophic lifestyle lags behind our understanding of the BCA generalists with necrotrophic lifestyle. We examine critical behavioral traits of the two BCA groups of mycoparasites. The goal is to highlight their major characteristics in the context of future research towards an efficient biocontrol strategy against mycotoxin-producing Fusarium species. The emphasis is put on biocontrol of Fusarium graminearum, F. avenaceum, and F. culmorum causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals and their mycotoxins.
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Abstract
The widely used biotechnologically important fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma are rich sources of secondary metabolites. Even though the genomes of several Trichoderma spp. have been published, and data are available on the genes involved in biosynthesis of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases, no genome-wide data are available for the terpenoid biosynthesis machinery in these organisms. In the present study, we have identified the genes involved in terpene biosynthesis in the genomes of three Trichoderma spp., viz., T. virens, T. atroviride and T. reesei. While the genes involved in the condensation steps are highly conserved across the three species, these fungi differed in the number and organization of terpene cyclases. T. virens genome harbours eleven terpene cyclases, while T. atroviride harbours seven, and T. reeseisix in their genomes; seven, three and two being part of putative secondary metabolism related gene clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Bansal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Prasun Kumar Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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Effects of Trichothecene Production on the Plant Defense Response and Fungal Physiology: Overexpression of the Trichoderma arundinaceum tri4 Gene in T. harzianum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:6355-66. [PMID: 26150463 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01626-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are fungal sesquiterpenoid compounds, the majority of which have phytotoxic activity. They contaminate food and feed stocks, resulting in potential harm to animals and human beings. Trichoderma brevicompactum and T. arundinaceum produce trichodermin and harzianum A (HA), respectively, two trichothecenes that show different bioactive properties. Both compounds have remarkable antibiotic and cytotoxic activities, but in addition, trichodermin is highly phytotoxic, while HA lacks this activity when analyzed in vivo. Analysis of Fusarium trichothecene intermediates led to the conclusion that most of them, with the exception of the hydrocarbon precursor trichodiene (TD), have a detectable phytotoxic activity which is not directly related to the structural complexity of the intermediate. In the present work, the HA intermediate 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) was produced by expression of the T. arundinaceum tri4 gene in a transgenic T. harzianum strain that already produces TD after transformation with the T. arundinaceum tri5 gene. Purified EPT did not show antifungal or phytotoxic activity, while purified HA showed both antifungal and phytotoxic activities. However, the use of the transgenic T. harzianum tri4 strain induced a downregulation of defense-related genes in tomato plants and also downregulated plant genes involved in fungal root colonization. The production of EPT by the transgenic tri4 strain raised levels of erg1 expression and reduced squalene accumulation while not affecting levels of ergosterol. Together, these results indicate the complex interactions among trichothecene intermediates, fungal antagonists, and host plants.
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Malmierca MG, Barua J, McCormick SP, Izquierdo-Bueno I, Cardoza RE, Alexander NJ, Hermosa R, Collado IG, Monte E, Gutiérrez S. Novel aspinolide production by Trichoderma arundinaceum with a potential role in Botrytis cinerea antagonistic activity and plant defence priming. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:1103-18. [PMID: 24889745 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Harzianum A (HA), a trichothecene produced by Trichoderma arundinaceum, has recently been described to have antagonistic activity against fungal plant pathogens and to induce plant defence genes. In the present work, we have shown that a tri5 gene-disrupted mutant that lacks HA production overproduces two polyketides, aspinolides B and C, which were not detected in the wild-type strain. Furthermore, four new aspinolides (D-G) were characterized. These compounds confirm that a terpene-polyketide cross-pathway exists in T. arundinaceum, and they may be responsible for the antifungal activity and the plant sensitization effect observed with the tri5-disrupted mutant. In addition, the molecular changes involving virulence factors in the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea 98 (Bc98) during interaction with T. arundinaceum were investigated. The expression of genes involved in the production of botrydial by Bc98 was relatively repressed by HA, whereas other virulence genes of this pathogen were induced by the presence of T. arundinaceum, for example atrB and pg1 which encode for an ABC transporter and endopolygalacturonase 1 respectively. In addition, the interaction with Bc98 significantly repressed the production of HA by T. arundinaceum, indicating that a bidirectional transcriptional regulation is established between these two antagonistic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica G Malmierca
- Area of Microbiology, Universitary School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, Ponferrada, 24400, Spain
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Ayers S, Ehrmann BM, Adcock AF, Kroll DJ, Carcache de Blanco EJ, Shen Q, Swanson SM, Falkinham JO, Wani MC, Mitchell SM, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Peptaibols from two unidentified fungi of the order Hypocreales with cytotoxic, antibiotic, and anthelmintic activities. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:500-10. [PMID: 22744757 PMCID: PMC3494480 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing investigation of filamentous fungi for anticancer leads, an active culture was identified from the Mycosynthetix library (MSX 70741, of the order Hypocreales, Ascomycota). The fungal extract exhibited cytotoxic activity against the H460 (human nonsmall cell lung carcinoma) cell line, and bioactivity-directed fractionation yielded peptaibols 1-12 and harzianums A (13) and B (14). Structure elucidation of 1-12 was facilitated by high-resolution MS/MS using higher-energy collisional dissociation and by high field NMR (950 MHz). The absolute configuration was determined by Marfey's analysis of the individual amino acids; the time required for such analysis was decreased via the development of a 10-min ultra performance liquid chromatography method. The isolated peptaibols (1-12), along with three other peptaibols isolated and elucidated from a different fungus (MSX 57715) of the same order (15-17), were examined for activity in a suite of biological assays, including those for cytotoxic, antibacterial, and anthelmintic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sloan Ayers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Brandie M. Ehrmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Audrey F. Adcock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David J. Kroll
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRITE, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Esperanza J. Carcache de Blanco
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qi Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven M. Swanson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph O. Falkinham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Mansukh C. Wani
- Natural Products Laboratory, Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sheila M. Mitchell
- Mycosynthetix, Inc., 505 Meadowland Dr., Suite 103, Hillsborough, NC 27278
| | - Cedric J. Pearce
- Mycosynthetix, Inc., 505 Meadowland Dr., Suite 103, Hillsborough, NC 27278
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Wang LW, Xu BG, Wang JY, Su ZZ, Lin FC, Zhang CL, Kubicek CP. Bioactive metabolites from Phoma species, an endophytic fungus from the Chinese medicinal plant Arisaema erubescens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1231-9. [PMID: 21814808 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Through bioassay-guided fractionation, the EtOAc extract of a culture broth of the endophytic fungus Phoma species ZJWCF006 in Arisaema erubescens afforded a new α-tetralone derivative, (3S)-3,6,7-trihydroxy-α-tetralone (1), together with cercosporamide (2), β-sitosterol (3), and trichodermin (4). The structures of compounds were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 were obtained from Phoma species for the first time. Additionally, the compounds were subjected to bioactivity assays, including antimicrobial activity, against four plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporium, Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Magnaporthe oryzae) and two plant pathogenic bacteria (Xanthomonas campestris and Xanthomonas oryzae), as well as in vitro antitumor activities against HT-29, SMMC-772, MCF-7, HL-60, MGC80-3, and P388 cell lines. Compound 1 showed growth inhibition against F. oxysporium and R. solani with EC₅₀ values of 413.22 and 48.5 μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, compound 1 showed no cytotoxicity, whereas compound 2 exhibited cytotoxic activity against the six tumor cell lines tested, with IC₅₀ values of 9.3 ± 2.8, 27.87 ± 1.78, 48.79 ± 2.56, 37.57 ± 1.65, 27.83 ± 0.48, and 30.37 ± 0.28 μM, respectively. We conclude that endophytic Phoma are promising sources of natural bioactive and novel metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Cardoza RE, Malmierca MG, Hermosa MR, Alexander NJ, McCormick SP, Proctor RH, Tijerino AM, Rumbero A, Monte E, Gutiérrez S. Identification of loci and functional characterization of trichothecene biosynthesis genes in filamentous fungi of the genus Trichoderma. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4867-77. [PMID: 21642405 PMCID: PMC3147405 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00595-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichothecenes are mycotoxins produced by Trichoderma, Fusarium, and at least four other genera in the fungal order Hypocreales. Fusarium has a trichothecene biosynthetic gene (TRI) cluster that encodes transport and regulatory proteins as well as most enzymes required for the formation of the mycotoxins. However, little is known about trichothecene biosynthesis in the other genera. Here, we identify and characterize TRI gene orthologues (tri) in Trichoderma arundinaceum and Trichoderma brevicompactum. Our results indicate that both Trichoderma species have a tri cluster that consists of orthologues of seven genes present in the Fusarium TRI cluster. Organization of genes in the cluster is the same in the two Trichoderma species but differs from the organization in Fusarium. Sequence and functional analysis revealed that the gene (tri5) responsible for the first committed step in trichothecene biosynthesis is located outside the cluster in both Trichoderma species rather than inside the cluster as it is in Fusarium. Heterologous expression analysis revealed that two T. arundinaceum cluster genes (tri4 and tri11) differ in function from their Fusarium orthologues. The Tatri4-encoded enzyme catalyzes only three of the four oxygenation reactions catalyzed by the orthologous enzyme in Fusarium. The Tatri11-encoded enzyme catalyzes a completely different reaction (trichothecene C-4 hydroxylation) than the Fusarium orthologue (trichothecene C-15 hydroxylation). The results of this study indicate that although some characteristics of the tri/TRI cluster have been conserved during evolution of Trichoderma and Fusarium, the cluster has undergone marked changes, including gene loss and/or gain, gene rearrangement, and divergence of gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Cardoza
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - M. G. Malmierca
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - M. R. Hermosa
- Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Departament of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - N. J. Alexander
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3902
| | - S. P. McCormick
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3902
| | - R. H. Proctor
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois 61604-3902
| | - A. M. Tijerino
- Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Departament of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - A. Rumbero
- Departament of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Autonomous University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E. Monte
- Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Departament of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - S. Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
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Bräse S, Encinas A, Keck J, Nising CF. Chemistry and Biology of Mycotoxins and Related Fungal Metabolites. Chem Rev 2009; 109:3903-90. [DOI: 10.1021/cr050001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bräse
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Arantxa Encinas
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julia Keck
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carl F. Nising
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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25
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Chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activities ofTrichoderma sp. growing in Tunisia. ANN MICROBIOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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26
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Degenkolb T, von Döhren H, Fog Nielsen K, Samuels G, Brückner H. Recent Advances and Future Prospects in Peptaibiotics, Hydrophobin, and Mycotoxin Research, and Their Importance for Chemotaxonomy ofTrichoderma andHypocrea. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:671-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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The Trichothecenes and Their Biosynthesis. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-49389-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Jin HZ, Lee JH, Zhang WD, Lee HB, Hong YS, Kim YH, Lee JJ. Harzianums A and B produced by a fungal strain, Hypocrea sp. F000527, and their cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2007; 9:203-7. [PMID: 17566911 DOI: 10.1080/10286020500531977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A new compound, harzianum B (1), was isolated from the culture broth of a fungal strain, Hypocrea sp. F000527, together with a known trichothecene, harzianum A (2). Its structure was determined by spectroscopic analyses including HRFAB-MS and various (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectral data. Harzianum B (1) was characterised as (E,Z,E)-2', 4', 6'-octatriendioic acid esterified on the 4beta-hydroxyl group of trichodermol. Harzianums A (2) and B (1) showed cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Z Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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29
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Cardoza RE, Hermosa MR, Vizcaíno JA, González F, Llobell A, Monte E, Gutiérrez S. Partial silencing of a hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase-encoding gene in Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 results in a lower level of resistance to lovastatin and lower antifungal activity. Fungal Genet Biol 2007; 44:269-83. [PMID: 17218128 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2006.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present article, we describe the cloning and characterization of the Trichoderma harzianum hmgR gene encoding a hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of terpene compounds. In T. harzianum, partial silencing of the hmgR gene gave rise to transformants with a higher level of sensitivity to lovastatin, a competitive inhibitor of the HMGR enzyme. In addition, these hmgR-silenced transformants produced lower levels of ergosterol than the wild-type strain in a minimal medium containing lovastatin. The silenced transformants showed a decrease in hmgR gene expression (up to a 8.4-fold, after 72h of incubation), together with an increase in the expression of erg7 (up to a 15.8-fold, after 72h of incubation), a gene involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenes. Finally, hmgR-silenced transformants showed a reduction in their antifungal activity against the plant-pathogen fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Elena Cardoza
- Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research, Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental Lab 208, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Valero A, Sanchis V, Ramos AJ, Marín S. Studies on the interaction between grape-associated filamentous fungi on a synthetic medium. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 113:271-6. [PMID: 16996158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Eleven fungi isolated from grapes and sun-dried grapes (Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Eurotium amstelodami, Penicillium janthinellum, P. decumbens, Trichoderma harzianum, Candida sp., Aspergillus carbonarius OTA-negative, A. carbonarius OTA-positive, A. niger var. niger. and A. japonicus var. aculeatus), were grown in SNM medium at different water activities (0.82-0.97) and temperature (20-40 degrees C) levels for 18 days. Pairs of one Aspergillus faced with one non-Aspergillus were grown at 0.87-0.97 a(w) and at 20 and 30 degrees C. In single cultures, daily radii were recorded. In paired cultures radii were recorded and each A. section Nigri isolate was given a dominance score. At high temperatures and low water activities, Penicillium isolates, E. amstelodami and A. niger var. niger showed higher growth rates, while T. harzianum only grew well at the highest water activity. In addition, A. section Nigri was dominant in most paired assays, being only surpassed by T. harzianum at 0.97 a(w) and 20 degrees C. Thus, prevalence of A. section Nigri in sun-dried grapes can be explained by its adaptation to environmental conditions of sun-drying, and by its capability to dominate other fungal species when coming into contact with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valero
- Food Technology Department, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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31
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Dickinson JM, Hanson JR, Truneh A. Metabolites of some biological control agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780440411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Antimicrobial activities of various essential oils against foodborne pathogenic or spoilage moulds. ANN MICROBIOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03174972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Lee HB, Kim Y, Jin HZ, Lee JJ, Kim CJ, Park JY, Jung HS. A new Hypocrea strain producing harzianum A cytotoxic to tumour cell lines. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 40:497-503. [PMID: 15892749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify a new fungal strain, Hypocrea sp. F000527 producing a trichothecene metabolite, harzianum A, and to evaluate its cytotoxicity to tumour cell lines. METHODS AND RESULTS A fungal strain, F000527, with cytotoxic activity was identified as a new Hypocrea strain based on morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacers rDNA sequence data. Harzianum A was isolated from wheat bran culture by 50% acetone extraction, silica gel chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography and HPLC. The chemical structures were determined by ESI- or HRFAB-MS and (1)H and (13)C-NMR analyses. Harzianum A showed cytotoxicity to HT1080 and HeLa cell lines with IC(50) value of 0.65 and 5.07 Łg ml(-1) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Harzianum A with a chemical formula of C(23)H(28)O(6) was isolated from a new Hypocrea strain and showed moderate to strong cytotoxicity to human cancer cell lines. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report of the production of cytotoxic harzianum A by a new Hypocrea strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
The role of 6-n-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one and other metabolites of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum, in its application as a bio-control agent, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK.
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Blumenthal CZ. Production of toxic metabolites in Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei: justification of mycotoxin testing in food grade enzyme preparations derived from the three fungi. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2004; 39:214-28. [PMID: 15041150 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei are three important production organisms used in industrial fermentations. Several of the fungal secondary metabolites produced by selected strains of these three fungi are capable of eliciting toxicity in animals. Among those toxic substances are the well-known mycotoxins 3-nitropropionic acid and ochratoxin A. However, many others, such as kojic acid, may not be true mycotoxins. The production, extraction, chemical structure, and the toxicity (expressed as LD(50)) of these substances are reviewed. Production of toxic secondary metabolites in A. niger, A. oryzae, and T. reesei is strain-specific and environment-dependent. Considering all of the safety measures taken in the industrial production process, these three fungal species are safe to use. The recently revised JECFA specification for mycotoxins in food enzyme preparations is also discussed. The extent of mycotoxin tests in food enzyme preparations should be judged on a case-by-case basis, through a careful evaluation based on knowledge of taxonomy, biochemistry, and genetics. In many cases, the testing scope at the level of genus should be sufficient. In other cases, the scope can even be further narrowed based on scientific knowledge and assessment.
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Krupke OA, Castle AJ, Rinker DL. The North American mushroom competitor, Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum, produces antifungal compounds in mushroom compost that inhibit mycelial growth of the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 107:1467-75. [PMID: 15000247 DOI: 10.1017/s0953756203008621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum is a ubiquitously distributed asexual soil fungus that produces a variety of antibiotic compounds. Colonisation of soil inhabited by competing microbiota is facilitated by the antibiotic activity of these compounds. In addition, T. harzianum produces hydrolytic enzymes that degrade the cell wall components of many microorganisms, which can then be used as a source of nutrients. Recently, biotypes of T. harzianum differing morphologically from those originally described by Rifai were isolated on commercial mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) farms. These 'aggressive' biotypes cause devastating crop loss on mushroom farms. The aggressive biotype in North America was originally known as 'Th4' but has been recently renamed Trichoderma aggressivum f. aggressivum. In contrast, 'non-aggressive' biotypes, have no noticeable effect on the crop, are similar to T. harzianum and are commonly found on mushroom farms. The mechanism of disease establishment is unknown. We have identified a metabolite produced by T. aggressivum isolates in vitro that inhibits growth of A. bisporus and other fungi. This antifungal compound is not produced by 'non-aggressive' T. harzianum isolates under the culture conditions tested and is identified as 3,4-dihydro-8-hydroxy-3-methylisocoumarin. Another compound was isolated from both liquid culture and infested compost. Although its chemical structure could not be precisely determined, this compound also inhibits A. bisporus growth, is predominant in infested compost and likely has a inhibitory effect on the mycelia present in mushroom compost, resulting in devastating crop loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Albert Krupke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Fungal growth in buildings starts at a water activity (a(w)) near 0.8, but significant quantities of mycotoxins are not produced unless a(w) reaches 0.95. Stachybotrys generates particularly high quantities of many chemically distinct metabolites in water-damaged buildings. These metabolites are carried by spores, and can be detected in air samples at high spore concentrations. Very little attention has been paid to major metabolites of Stachybotrys called spirocyclic drimanes, and the precise structures of the most abundant of these compounds are unknown. Species of Aspergillus and Penicillium prevalent in the indoor environment produce relatively low concentrations of mycotoxins, with the exception of sterigmatocystins that can represent up to 1% of the biomass of A. versicolor at a(w)'s close to 1. The worst-case scenario for homeowners is produced by consecutive episodes of water damage that promote fungal growth and mycotoxin synthesis, followed by drier conditions that facilitate the liberation of spores and hyphal fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Fog Nielsen
- The Mycology Group, BioCentrum-DTU, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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Konishi K, Iida A, Kaneko M, Tomioka K, Tokuda H, Nishino H, Kumeda Y. Cancer preventive potential of trichothecenes from Trichothecium roseum. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:2511-8. [PMID: 12757719 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided separation of extracts from the culture broth and mycelium of the fungus Trichothecium roseum, aiming at the discovery for cancer preventive agents, resulted in the isolation of three new trichothecene sesquiterpenes, trichothecinols A-C (1-3) together with three known analogues, trichothecin (4), trichodermol (5) and trichothecolone (6). Compounds 1-6 exhibited remarkably potent inhibition against Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Further compound 1 strongly inhibited TPA-induced tumor promotion on mouse skin initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in two-stage carcinogenesis tests. These results suggest that compound 1 might be a valuable lead for further evaluation as a cancer preventive agent. In addition to their cancer preventive activity, compound 2 was found to show modest antifungal activity against Crypotcoccus albidus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Konishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Fodor E, Dósa E, Nagy A, Nagy E, Ferenczy L. Karyotyping of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata isolates from recurrent vaginal infections by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2002; 49:59-68. [PMID: 12073826 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.49.2002.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, 16 women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) due to Candida albicans and Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata were followed for a period of 4 to 12 months, and 36 vaginal isolates were evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Eleven women were infected by C. albicans and 5 by C. glabrata. Three electrophoretic karyotypes of C. albicans and 3 of C. glabrata were identified throughout the follow-up. All patients but one was infected with the same karyotype of C. albicans or C. glabrata during the follow-up period. Two different karyotypes of C. glabrata were identified in one patient in the course of 12 months. The results confirmed the diversity of the karyotypes of C. albicans and C. glabrata causing vulvovaginitis, and demonstrated the persistence of colonization with the same strain over different periods of time despite therapy (15/16 women).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonóra Fodor
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Bioactive metabolites from soilborne fungi: natural fungicides and biocontrol agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Effect of metabolites produced by trichoderma harzianum biotypes and agaricus bisporus on their respective growth radii in culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:5053-6. [PMID: 9835609 PMCID: PMC90969 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.12.5053-5056.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum biotypes Th1, Th2, and Th3 produced volatile metabolites in vitro which had similar fungistatic effects on the growth of Agaricus bisporus. Metabolites present in agar colonized by these strains also inhibited mycelial growth of A. bisporus, although the reduction in growth was less in the presence of metabolites produced by biotype Th2 than that in the presence of metabolites produced by Th1 or Th3. A. bisporus produced metabolites in liquid culture that inhibited the growth of Th1 and Th3 but stimulated the growth of Th2. A compound(s) responsible for the inhibition and stimulation was extracted from A. bisporus culture filtrate and from compost-grown fruit bodies with n-butanol, but the identity of the compound(s) was not determined. We suggest that the stimulation of Th2 by metabolites produced by A. bisporus and the relatively low level of inhibition of A. bisporus by Th2 facilitate colonization of compost by both fungi. However, as compost colonization reaches a maximum, a change in the competitive balance in favor of Th2 results in the inhibition of fruit body production by A. bisporus and the devastating green mold epidemics affecting mushroom production.
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Tezuka Y, Tasaki M, Huang Q, Hatanaka Y, Kikuchi T. Studies on Metabolites of Mycoparasitic Fungi, 6. 15-Hydroxyacorenone: New Acorane-Type Sesquiterpene from the Culture Broth of the Mycoparasitic FungusTrichoderma harzianum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199719971224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Turóczi G, Fekete C, Kerényi Z, Nagy R, Pomázi A, Hornok L. Biological and molecular characterisation of potential biocontrol strains of Trichoderma. J Basic Microbiol 1996; 36:63-72. [PMID: 8819847 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620360113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-four strains of seven species of Trichoderma isolated from various fungal sources were compared for direct mycoparasitic activity (MPA), chitinase production and antibiotic activity (ANA) in order to choose the most appropriate partners for a strain-breeding programme. Within species genetic differences were also assesses in T. hamatum, T. harzianum and T. viride by means of random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Endochitinase activities of the Trichoderma strains ranged between 20.4 and 1264.5 units/g dry weight of mycelium. The correlation between MPA and chitinase activity was not unambiguous and no correlation existed between MPA and ANA. The RAPD patterns of T. viride strains were highly variable, while isolates of T. harzianum proved to be more uniform; T. hamatum revealed remarkable intraspecific divergence. All these three comprised certain pairs of strains that are promising participants of a strain-improving programme, since their strong genetic affinities offer good changes for combining their contrasted biocontrol traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Turóczi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Protection Insitute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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