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Festa C, De Marino S, Zampella A, Fiorucci S. Theonella: A Treasure Trove of Structurally Unique and Biologically Active Sterols. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21050291. [PMID: 37233485 DOI: 10.3390/md21050291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine environment is considered a vast source in the discovery of structurally unique bioactive secondary metabolites. Among marine invertebrates, the sponge Theonella spp. represents an arsenal of novel compounds ranging from peptides, alkaloids, terpenes, macrolides, and sterols. In this review, we summarize the recent reports on sterols isolated from this amazing sponge, describing their structural features and peculiar biological activities. We also discuss the total syntheses of solomonsterols A and B and the medicinal chemistry modifications on theonellasterol and conicasterol, focusing on the effect of chemical transformations on the biological activity of this class of metabolites. The promising compounds identified from Theonella spp. possess pronounced biological activity on nuclear receptors or cytotoxicity and result in promising candidates for extended preclinical evaluations. The identification of naturally occurring and semisynthetic marine bioactive sterols reaffirms the utility of examining natural product libraries for the discovery of new therapeutical approach to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Festa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona De Marino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza L. Severi, 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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3
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Hanif N, Murni A, Tanaka C, Tanaka J. Marine Natural Products from Indonesian Waters. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17060364. [PMID: 31248122 PMCID: PMC6627775 DOI: 10.3390/md17060364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are primal and have been a driver in the evolution of organic chemistry and ultimately in science. The chemical structures obtained from marine organisms are diverse, reflecting biodiversity of genes, species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is an extraordinary feature of life and provides benefits to humanity while promoting the importance of environment conservation. This review covers the literature on marine natural products (MNPs) discovered in Indonesian waters published from January 1970 to December 2017, and includes 732 original MNPs, 4 structures isolated for the first time but known to be synthetic entities, 34 structural revisions, 9 artifacts, and 4 proposed MNPs. Indonesian MNPs were found in 270 papers from 94 species, 106 genera, 64 families, 32 orders, 14 classes, 10 phyla, and 5 kingdoms. The emphasis is placed on the structures of organic molecules (original and revised), relevant biological activities, structure elucidation, chemical ecology aspects, biosynthesis, and bioorganic studies. Through the synthesis of past and future data, huge and partly undescribed biodiversity of marine tropical invertebrates and their importance for crucial societal benefits should greatly be appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novriyandi Hanif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Anggia Murni
- Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16128, Indonesia.
| | - Chiaki Tanaka
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
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Abou-Hussein DR, Youssef DTA. Mirabolides A and B; New Cytotoxic Glycerides from the Red Sea Sponge Theonella mirabilis. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14080155. [PMID: 27548191 PMCID: PMC4999916 DOI: 10.3390/md14080155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As a part of our continuing work to find out bioactive lead molecules from marine invertebrates, the CHCl3 fraction of the organic extract of the Red Sea sponge Theonella mirabilis showed cytotoxic activity in our primary screen. Bioassay-guided purification of the active fractions of the sponge’s extract resulted in the isolation of two new glycerides, mirabolides A and B (1 and 2), together with the reported 4-methylene sterols, conicasterol (3) and swinhosterol B (4). The structures of the compounds were assigned by interpretation of their 1D (1H, 13C), 2D (COSY, HSQC, HMBC, ROESY) NMR spectral data and high-resolution mass determinations. Compounds 1–4 displayed marked cytotoxic activity against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) with IC50 values of 16.4, 5.18, 6.23 and 3.0 μg/mL, respectively, compared to 5.4 μg/mL observed by doxorubicin as reference drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina R Abou-Hussein
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Diaa T A Youssef
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Sinisi A, Calcinai B, Cerrano C, Dien HA, Zampella A, D'Amore C, Renga B, Fiorucci S, Taglialatela-Scafati O. New tridecapeptides of the theonellapeptolide family from the Indonesian sponge Theonella swinhoei. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1643-51. [PMID: 24062824 PMCID: PMC3778368 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical analysis of the organic extract of Theonella swinhoei yielded two new tridecadepsipeptides of the theonellapeptolide family, namely sulfinyltheonellapeptolide, characterized by a methylsulfinylacetyl group at the N-terminus, and theonellapeptolide If, the first member of this class of compounds to show four valine residues. The structures of the compounds, isolated along with the known theonellapeptolide Id, were determined by extensive 2D NMR and MS/MS analyses followed by application of Marfey’s method. The isolated peptides exhibited moderate antiproliferative activity against HepG2 cells, a hepatic carcinoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Sinisi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Sinisi A, Calcinai B, Cerrano C, Dien HA, Zampella A, D'Amore C, Renga B, Fiorucci S, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Isoswinholide B and swinholide K, potently cytotoxic dimeric macrolides from Theonella swinhoei. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5332-8. [PMID: 23830699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of an Indonesian specimen of Theonella swinhoei afforded the new dimeric macrolides isoswinholide B (5) and swinholide K (6), along with the known swinholides A (1), B (2) and D (3) and isoswinholide A (4). Isoswinholide B showed an unprecedented 21/19' lactonization pattern, while swinholide K included an sp(2) methylene attached at C-4 and an additional oxymethine group at C-5, whose configuration has been determined through application of J-based configuration analysis. The isolated swinholides (1-6), with the exception of isoswinholide B, showed a cytotoxic activity on HepG2 (hepatocarcinoma cell line) in the nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Sinisi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Guo JK, Chiang CY, Lu MC, Chang WB, Su JH. 4-Methylenesterols from a sponge Theonella swinhoei. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1536-1544. [PMID: 22851924 PMCID: PMC3407929 DOI: 10.3390/md10071536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new 4-methylenesterols, theonellasterol K (1), acetyltheonellasterol (2) and acetyldehydroconicasterol (3), along with two known sterols, theonellasterol (4) and theonellasterone (5), were isolated from the sponge Theonella swinhoei. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic data and comparison of the NMR data with those of known analogues. Compound 1 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against HCT-116, K562 and Molt 4 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jheng-Kun Guo
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; (J.-K.G.); (M.-C.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Chiang
- Center of General Studies, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan;
| | - Mei-Chin Lu
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; (J.-K.G.); (M.-C.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Been Chang
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; (J.-K.G.); (M.-C.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (W.-B.C.); (J.-H.S.); Tel.: +886-8-8825001 (ext. 3126); Fax: +886-8-8825087
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; (J.-K.G.); (M.-C.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
- Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; (W.-B.C.); (J.-H.S.); Tel.: +886-8-8825001 (ext. 3126); Fax: +886-8-8825087
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9
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De Marino S, Ummarino R, D'Auria MV, Chini MG, Bifulco G, D'Amore C, Renga B, Mencarelli A, Petek S, Fiorucci S, Zampella A. 4-Methylenesterols from Theonella swinhoei sponge are natural pregnane-X-receptor agonists and farnesoid-X-receptor antagonists that modulate innate immunity. Steroids 2012; 77:484-95. [PMID: 22285937 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the isolation and the structural elucidation of a family of polyhydroxylated steroids from the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. Decodification of interactions of these family with nuclear receptors shows that these steroids are potent agonists of human pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) and antagonists of human farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) with the putative binding mode to nuclear receptors (NRs) obtained through docking experiments. By using monocytes isolated from transgenic mice harboring hPXR, we demonstrated that swinhosterol B counter-regulates induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a PXR-dependent manner. Exposure of CD4(+) T cells to swinhosterol B upregulates the expression of IL-10 causing a shift toward a T cells regulatory phenotype in a PXR dependent manner. These results pave the way to development of a dual PXR agonist/FXR antagonist with a robust immunomodulatory activity and endowed with the ability to modulate the expression of bile acid-regulated genes in the liver.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cholesterol/analogs & derivatives
- Cholesterol/chemistry
- Cholesterol/isolation & purification
- Cholesterol/pharmacology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Isomerism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Structure
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Pregnane X Receptor
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/agonists
- Receptors, Steroid/chemistry
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sterols/chemistry
- Sterols/isolation & purification
- Sterols/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Theonella/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona De Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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10
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Aurantoside J: a new tetramic acid glycoside from Theonella swinhoei. Insights into the antifungal potential of aurantosides. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:2809-2817. [PMID: 22363251 PMCID: PMC3280571 DOI: 10.3390/md9122809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical investigation of an Indonesian specimen of Theonella swinhoei afforded four aurantosides, one of which, aurantoside J (5), is a new compound. The structure of this metabolite, exhibiting the unprecedented N-α-glycosidic linkage between the pentose and the tetramate units, has been determined through detailed spectroscopic analysis. The four obtained aurantosides have been tested against five fungal strains (four Candida and one Fusarium) responsible of invasive infections in immuno-compromised patients. The non-cytotoxic aurantoside I (4) was the single compound to show an excellent potency against all the tested strains, thus providing valuable insights about the antifungal potential of this class of compounds and the structure-activity relationships.
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11
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Winder PL, Pomponi SA, Wright AE. Natural products from the Lithistida: a review of the literature since 2000. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:2643-2682. [PMID: 22363244 PMCID: PMC3280575 DOI: 10.3390/md9122643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithistid sponges are known to produce a diverse array of compounds ranging from polyketides, cyclic and linear peptides, alkaloids, pigments, lipids, and sterols. A majority of these structurally complex compounds have very potent and interesting biological activities. It has been a decade since a thorough review has been published that summarizes the literature on the natural products reported from this amazing sponge order. This review provides an update on the current taxonomic classification of the Lithistida, describes structures and biological activities of 131 new natural products, and discusses highlights from the total syntheses of 16 compounds from marine sponges of the Order Lithistida providing a compilation of the literature since the last review published in 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla L Winder
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution at Florida Atlantic University, Center for Marine Biomedical and Biotechnology Research, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Shirley A Pomponi
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution at Florida Atlantic University, Center for Marine Biomedical and Biotechnology Research, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Amy E Wright
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution at Florida Atlantic University, Center for Marine Biomedical and Biotechnology Research, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
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Chianese G, Fattorusso E, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Bavestrello G, Calcinai B, Dien HA, Ligresti A, Di Marzo V. Desulfohaplosamate, a new phosphate-containing steroid from Dasychalina sp., is a selective cannabinoid CB2 receptor ligand. Steroids 2011; 76:998-1002. [PMID: 21530566 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
From the polar organic extract of the Indonesian sponge Dasychalina sp. we have isolated haplosamate A (1), a unique C(28) sterol containing a sulfate group at C-3 and a methyl phosphate at C-15, along with its new desulfo analogue 2, whose structure has been secured by detailed NMR investigation. Compounds 1 and 2, as well as their semi-synthetic analogues 3-5, have been evaluated for interaction with CB(1) and CB(2) receptors through a binding test. Desulfohaplosamate (2) showed a selective affinity for CB(2) receptors in the low μM range, while a semi-synthetic derivative with cleaved ring B showed a complete loss of affinity for both receptors, highlighting the importance of an intact steroid nucleus. To our knowledge, haplosamate derivatives represent the first CB receptor ligands belonging to the class of steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Chianese
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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13
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De Marino S, Sepe V, D'Auria MV, Bifulco G, Renga B, Petek S, Fiorucci S, Zampella A. Towards new ligands of nuclear receptors. Discovery of malaitasterol A, an unique bis-secosterol from marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:4856-62. [PMID: 21584311 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05378g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Malaitasterol A, an unprecedented bis-secosterol, was isolated from a Solomon collection of Theonella swinhoei. The structure was elucidated on the basis of a combination of comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry and DFT (13)C chemical shift calculations. The biological characterization of malaitasterol A provided evidence that this compound is a potent agonist of pregnane-X-receptor and its putative binding mode to PXR has been obtained through docking calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona De Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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14
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De Marino S, Ummarino R, D’Auria MV, Chini MG, Bifulco G, Renga B, D’Amore C, Fiorucci S, Debitus C, Zampella A. Theonellasterols and Conicasterols from Theonella swinhoei. Novel Marine Natural Ligands for Human Nuclear Receptors. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3065-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200169t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona De Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Raffaella Ummarino
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria D’Auria
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Chini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Salerno, via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Barbara Renga
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Perugia, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Via Gerardo Dottori 1, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio D’Amore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Perugia, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Via Gerardo Dottori 1, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Perugia, Nuova Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Via Gerardo Dottori 1, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cécile Debitus
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Polynesian Research Center on Island Biodiversity, BP529, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Angela Zampella
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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15
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Blunt JW, Copp BR, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 28:196-268. [PMID: 21152619 DOI: 10.1039/c005001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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