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Koval L, Zemskaya N, Aliper A, Zhavoronkov A, Moskalev A. Evaluation of the geroprotective effects of withaferin A in Drosophila melanogaster. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:1817-1841. [PMID: 33498013 PMCID: PMC7880378 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Withanolides are a class of compounds usually found in plant extracts which are an attractive geroprotective drug design starting point. We evaluated the geroprotective properties of Withaferin A (WA) in vivo using the Drosophila model. Flies were supplemented by nutrient medium with WA (at a concentration of 1, 10, or 100 μM dissolved in ethanol) for the experiment group and 30 μM of ethanol for the control group. WA treatment at 10 and 100 μM concentrations prolong the median life span of D. melanogaster's male by 7.7, 9.6% (respectively) and the maximum life span (the age of death 90% of individuals) by 11.1% both. Also WA treatment at 1, 10 and 100 μM improved the intestinal barrier permeability in older flies and affected an expression of genes involved in antioxidant defense (PrxV), recognition of DNA damage (Gadd45), heat shock proteins (Hsp68, Hsp83), and repair of double-strand breaks (Ku80). WA was also shown to have a multidirectional effect on the resistance of flies to the prooxidant paraquat (oxidative stress) and 33° C hyperthermia (heat shock). WA treatment increased the resistance to oxidative stress in males at 4 and 7 week old and decreased it at 6 weeks old. It increased the male's resistance to hyperthermia at 2, 4 and 7 weeks old and decreased it at 3, 5 and 8 weeks old. WA treatment decreased the resistance to hyperthermia in females at 1, 2 and 3 weeks old and not affected on their resistance to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Koval
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Zemskaya
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia
| | - Alexander Aliper
- Deep Longevity Ltd, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Deep Longevity Ltd, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alexey Moskalev
- Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia
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Maher S, Choudhary MI, Saleem F, Rasheed S, Waheed I, Halim SA, Azeem M, Abdullah IB, Froeyen M, Mirza MU, Ahmad S. Isolation of Antidiabetic Withanolides from Withania coagulans Dunal and Their In Vitro and In Silico Validation. Biology (Basel) 2020; 9:biology9080197. [PMID: 32751610 PMCID: PMC7464911 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Withania coagulans (W. coagulans) is well-known in herbal medicinal systems for its high biological potential. Different parts of the plant are used against insomnia, liver complications, asthma, and biliousness, as well as it is reported to be sedative, emetic, diuretic, antidiabetic antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antihyperglycemic, cardiovascular, immuno-suppressive and central nervous system depressant. Withanolides present in W. coagulans have attracted an immense interest in the scientific field due to their diverse therapeutic applications. The current study deals with chemical and biological evaluation of chloroform, and n-butanol fractions of W. coagulans. The activity-guided fractionation of both extracts via multiple chromatographic steps and structure elucidation of pure isolates using spectroscopies (NMR, mass spectrometry, FTIR and UV-Vis) led to the identification of a new withanolide glycoside, withacogulanoside-B (1) from n-butanol extract and five known withanolides from chloroform extract [withanolid J (2), coagulin E (3), withaperuvin C (4), 27-hydroxywithanolide I (5), and ajugin E (6)]. Among the tested compounds, compound 5 was the most potent α-glucosidase inhibitor with IC50 = 66.7 ± 3.6 µM, followed by compound 4 (IC50: 407 ± 4.5 µM) and compound 2 (IC50: 683 ± 0.94 µM), while no antiglycation activity was observed with the six isolated compounds. Molecular docking was used to predict the binding potential and binding site interactions of these compounds as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Consequently, this study provides basis to discover specific antidiabetic compounds from W. coagulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Maher
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Bahadur Khan Woman University, Quetta 95000, Pakistan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (M.I.C.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (S.A.)
| | - M. Iqbal Choudhary
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (M.I.C.); (S.R.)
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farooq Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (F.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Saima Rasheed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; (M.I.C.); (S.R.)
| | - Imran Waheed
- Akhtar Saeed College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bahria Town, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman;
| | - Muhammad Azeem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (F.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Iskandar Bin Abdullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Matheus Froeyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.F.); (M.U.M.)
| | - Muhammad Usman Mirza
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.F.); (M.U.M.)
| | - Sarfraz Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (S.A.)
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Liu Y, Guan W, Yang CL, Luo YM, Liu Y, Zhou YY, Liu LN, Yang BY, Kuang HX. Steroids with potential anti-inflammatory activity from the roots of Datura metel L. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2019-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
One new C21-steroid, pregnane A (1), and two new anolides daturafolisides X and Y (2 and 3), together with six known with anolides (4–9), were isolated from the roots of Datura metel L. The structures of these compounds were established by 1D and 2D NMR spectra and mass spectroscopy by comparing our results with the literature values. Compounds 1–9 were evaluated for inhibition against nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. It was found that the isolated compounds showed the different levels of anti-inflammatory activities with IC50 values ranging from 24.2 to 43.4 μmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Wei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Chun-li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Yu-meng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Li-na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Bing-you Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
| | - Hai-xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
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Luan F, Han K, Li M, Zhang T, Liu D, Yu L, Lv H. Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of Species from the GenusAjugaL.: A Systematic Review. Am J Chin Med 2019; 47:959-1003. [PMID: 31416340 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present review is aimed at providing a comprehensive summary of the botanical characteristics, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological studies of the genus Ajuga L. The extensive literature survey revealed Ajuga L. species to be a group of important medicinal plants used for the ethnomedical treatment of rheumatism, fever, gout, sclerosis, analgesia, inflammation, hypertension, hyperglycemia, joint pain, palsy, amenorrhea, etc., although only a few reports address the clinical use and toxicity of these plants. Currently, more than 280 chemical constituents have been isolated and characterized from these plants. Among these constituents, neo-clerodane diterpenes and diterpenoids, phytoecdysteroids, flavonoids, and iridoids are the major bioactive compounds, possessing wide-reaching biological activities both in vivo and in vitro, including anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antitumor, anti-oxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antifeedant, antidiarrhoeal, hypolipidemic, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, immunomodulatory, vasorelaxant, larvicidal, antimutagenic, and neuroprotective activity. This review is aimed at summarizing the current knowledge of the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and toxicities of the genus Ajuga L. to reveal its therapeutic potentials, offering opportunities for future researches. Therefore, more focus should be paid to gathering information about their toxicology data, quality-control measures, and the clinical application of the bioactive ingredients from Ajuga L. species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi’an 710100, P. R. China
| | - Keqing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi’an 710100, P. R. China
| | - Maoxing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Treatment for Injury in Plateau of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi’an 710100, P. R. China
| | - Daoheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi’an 710100, P. R. China
| | - Linhong Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi’an 710100, P. R. China
| | - Haizhen Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi’an 710100, P. R. China
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Knoch E, Sugawara S, Mori T, Poulsen C, Fukushima A, Harholt J, Fujimoto Y, Umemoto N, Saito K. Third DWF1 paralog in Solanaceae, sterol Δ 24-isomerase, branches withanolide biosynthesis from the general phytosterol pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8096-E8103. [PMID: 30082386 PMCID: PMC6112714 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807482115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A large part of chemodiversity of plant triterpenes is due to the modification of their side chains. Reduction or isomerization of double bonds in the side chains is often an important step for the diversification of triterpenes, although the enzymes involved are not fully understood. Withanolides are a large group of structurally diverse C28 steroidal lactones derived from 24-methylenecholesterol. These compounds are found in the Indian medicinal plant Withania somnifera, also known as ashwagandha, and other members of the Solanaceae. The pathway for withanolide biosynthesis is unknown, preventing sustainable production via white biotechnology and downstream pharmaceutical usages. In the present study, based on genome and transcriptome data we have identified a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of withanolides: a DWF1 paralog encoding a sterol Δ24-isomerase (24ISO). 24ISO originated from DWF1 after two subsequent duplication events in Solanoideae plants. Withanolides and 24ISO appear only in the medicinal plants in the Solanoideae, not in crop plants such as potato and tomato, indicating negative selection during domestication. 24ISO is a unique isomerase enzyme evolved from a reductase and as such has maintained the FAD-binding oxidoreductase structure and requirement for NADPH. Using phylogenetic, metabolomic, and gene expression analysis in combination with heterologous expression and virus-induced gene silencing, we showed that 24ISO catalyzes the conversion of 24-methylenecholesterol to 24-methyldesmosterol. We propose that this catalytic step is the committing step in withanolide biosynthesis, opening up elucidation of the whole pathway and future larger-scale sustainable production of withanolides and related compounds with pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Knoch
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoko Sugawara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Fukushima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinori Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Umemoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan;
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Qing X, Yan HM, Ni ZY, Vavricka CJ, Zhang ML, Shi QW, Gu YC, Kiyota H. Chemical and pharmacological research on the plants from genus Ajuga. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2017-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe genus
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Yang BY, Guo R, Li T, Wu JJ, Zhang J, Liu Y, Wang QH, Kuang HX. New anti-inflammatory withanolides from the leaves of Datura metel L. Steroids 2014; 87:26-34. [PMID: 24844203 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nine new withanolides, named daturafolisides A-I (1-9), along with six known compounds (22R)-27-hydroxy-7α-methoxy-1-oxowitha-3,5,24-trienolide-27-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, daturataturin A, daturametelin J, daturataurin B, baimantuoluoside B, 12-deoxywithastramonolide (10-15), were isolated from the leaves of Datura metel L. The structures and absolute stereochemistry of these compounds were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR techniques, mass spectrometry and circular dichroism (CD) analyses. All isolates were evaluated for in vitro anti-inflammatory potential using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Among them, compounds 1, 2, 14, and 15 exhibited significant inhibition of nitrite production with values of IC50 at 20.9, 17.7, 17.8, and 18.4μM. Compounds 3, 4, 6, and 13 presented moderate inhibitory activities with values of IC50 at 59.0, 52.8, 71.2, and 53.1μM, while the rest compounds displayed weak suppressive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-You Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Ministry of Education of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China.
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Schirmer Pigatto AG, Mentz LA, Gonçalves Soares GL. Chemotaxonomic characterization and chemical similarity of tribes/genera of the Solanoideae subfamily (Solanaceae) based on occurrence of withanolides. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kuroyanagi M, Murata M, Nakane T, Shirota O, Sekita S, Fuchino H, Shinwari ZK. Leishmanicidal active withanolides from a pakistani medicinal plant, Withania coagulans. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:892-7. [PMID: 22790824 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c12-00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the course of screening for leishmanicidal constituents from Asian and South American medicinal plants, a Pakistani medicinal plant, Withania coagulans, showed activity. We therefore studied the active components of the methanol extract of aerial parts of W. coagulans. From the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the extract, four new withanolides (1-4) were isolated along with seven known withanolides (5-11). The new compounds were elucidated to be (14R,15R,17S,20S,22R)-14,15,17,20-tetrahydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,5,24-trienolide (1), (14R,15R,17S,20S,22R)-14,15,17,20-tetrahydroxy-1-oxowitha-3,5,24-trienolide (2), (14S,17R,20S,22R)-14,17,20-trihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,5,24-trienolide (3), and (14S,17R,20S,22R)-14,17,20-trihydroxy-1-oxowitha-3,5,24-trienolide (4), from 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR and high resolution (HR)-MS data. Some of these compounds having the partial structure 1-oxo-2,5-diene showed strong leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kuroyanagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciemces at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri Universiyty, Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan.
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Abstract
Ten new neo-clerodane diterpenes, ajugaciliatins A-J (1-5, 8-12), along with 17 known analogues (6, 7, 13-27) were isolated from the whole plants of Ajuga ciliata Bunge. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis (IR, ESIMS, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR), and the configuration of 1 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. All of the compounds were assessed for neuroprotective effects against MPP(+)-induced neuronal cell death in dopaminergic neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Compounds 2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15-17, 19, and 20 exhibited moderate neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guo
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana I Misico
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and UMYMFOR (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina.
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14
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Abstract
Three cytotoxic withanolides, two with new structures, were isolated from the leaves of Acnistus arborescens and their structures determined by a combination of 1D and 2D NMR, mass spectral, and molecular modeling studies. Dereplication analysis of the ethyl ether extract was useful for evaluating the components showing significant cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Minguzzi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Abstract
In this review, we consider the general principles and specific methods for the purification of different classes of phytosteroids which have been isolated from plant sources: brassinosteroids, bufadienolides, cardenolides, cucurbitacins, ecdysteroids, steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids, vertebrate-type steroids and withanolides. For each class we give a brief summary of the characteristic structural features, their distribution in the plant world and their biological effects and applications. Most classes are associated with one or a few plant families, e.g., the withanolides with the Solanaceae, but others, e.g., the saponins, are very widespread. Where a compound class has been extensively studied, a large number of analogues are present across a range of species. We discuss the general principles for the isolation of plant steroids. The predominant methods for isolation are solvent extraction/partition followed by column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography/HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dinan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Devon, UK.
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