1
|
Vacas S, Navarro Fuertes I, García-García V, Marzo Bargues J, Abad-Somovilla A, Primo J, Navarro-Llopis V. New Monoterpenoid as the Sex Pheromone of Spanish Populations of the Longtailed Mealybug Pseudococcus Longispinus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12478-12488. [PMID: 38769753 PMCID: PMC11157542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae), a polyphagous and cosmopolitan pest native to Australia, is a highly damaging pest for numerous crops of economic importance. The sex pheromone of this species (2-(1,5,5-trimethylcyclopent-2-en-1-yl)ethyl acetate), currently used for pest monitoring purposes, was not attractive to males in field experiments conducted in Spanish persimmon orchards infested with this mealybug. The virgin and mated female volatile profiles of these P. longispinus populations were studied by the volatile collection of effluvia in Porapak-Q. The resulting extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealing a new compound specific to virgin females and different from the previously described sex pheromone. Based on GC-MS data and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, we envisaged monoterpene 2-(1,5-dimethyl-4-methylenecyclopent-2-en-1-yl)ethyl acetate as the new sex pheromone candidate, which was synthesized and shown to be attractive in the field to P. longispinus males of the Spanish population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Vacas
- CEQA-Instituto
Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino de Vera
s/n, edificio 6C-5 planta, Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Ismael Navarro Fuertes
- Universitat
de València, Facultat de Químiques, Departamento de
Química Orgánica, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Víctor García-García
- Universitat
de València, Facultat de Químiques, Departamento de
Química Orgánica, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Javier Marzo Bargues
- Ecología
y Protección Agrícola SL, Pol. Ind. Ciutat de Carlet, Carlet, Valencia 46240, Spain
| | - Antonio Abad-Somovilla
- Universitat
de València, Facultat de Químiques, Departamento de
Química Orgánica, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Jaime Primo
- CEQA-Instituto
Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino de Vera
s/n, edificio 6C-5 planta, Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Vicente Navarro-Llopis
- CEQA-Instituto
Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino de Vera
s/n, edificio 6C-5 planta, Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ballesteros C, Romero A, Castro MC, Miranda S, Bergmann J, Zaviezo T. Mating Disruption of Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) in Fruit Crops. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040343. [PMID: 33924297 PMCID: PMC8069303 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The citrophilous mealybug is an economically important pest that is mainly controlled using insecticides, not always successfully, and with unintended negative environmental side effects. In our research, we tested a specific and sustainable control tool using the mealybug sex pheromone. Mating disruption is a technique that aims to reduce mating between males and females by inundating the area with the synthetic sex pheromone of the species, thereby reducing reproduction and consequently populations over time and damage. For this purpose, the mealybug pheromone, incorporated into a polymeric substance for its release, was applied in a tangerine and an apple orchard, in two seasons (2017/2018 and 2019/2020). In all seasons, a reduction in the males catches in traps after deploying pheromone was observed, which would indicate a decrease in the probability of successful mating compared to control plots. The duration of this effect was around one year. Mealybug abundance on trees was extremely low throughout the trials, so it was not possible to observe a reduction of populations or damage. This research shows that the use of this pheromone-based technique has good potential for controlling the citrophilous mealybug, with the advantage of being environmentally friendly and non-toxic. Abstract Pseudococcus calceolariae, the citrophilous mealybug, is a species of economic importance. Mating disruption (MD) is a potential control tool. During 2017–2020, trials were conducted to evaluate the potential of P. calceolariae MD in an apple and a tangerine orchard. Two pheromone doses, 6.32 g/ha (2017–2018) and 9.45 g/ha (2019–2020), were tested. The intermediate season (2018–2019) was evaluated without pheromone renewal to study the persistence of the pheromone effect. Male captures in pheromone traps, mealybug population/plant, percentage of infested fruit at harvest and mating disruption index (MDI) were recorded regularly. In both orchards, in the first season, male captures were significantly lower in MD plots compared to control plots, with an MDI > 94% in the first month after pheromone deployment. During the second season, significantly lower male captures in MD plots were still observed, with an average MDI of 80%. At the third season, male captures were again significant lower in MD than control plots shortly after pheromone applications. In both orchards, population by visual inspection and infested fruits were very low, without differences between MD and control plots. These results show the potential use of mating disruption for the control of P. calceolariae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ballesteros
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.B.); (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Alda Romero
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.B.); (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - María Colomba Castro
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.B.); (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Sofía Miranda
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.B.); (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Jan Bergmann
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avda. Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | - Tania Zaviezo
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (C.B.); (A.R.); (M.C.C.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tabata J, Kamo T, Watanabe T, Kinsho T. Sex pheromone of the aerial root mealybug, Pseudococcus baliteus: A unique monoterpenoid containing an α-hydroxyketone moiety. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
4
|
Rycek L, Hudlicky T. Applications of the Wittig-Still Rearrangement in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6022-6066. [PMID: 28211171 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This Review traces the discovery of the Wittig-Still rearrangement and its applications in organic synthesis. Its relationship to Wittig rearrangements is discussed along with detailed analysis of E/Z- and diastereoselectivity. Modifications of the products arising from the Wittig-Still rearrangement are reviewed in the context of increased complexity in intermediates potentially useful in target-oriented synthesis. Early applications of the Wittig-Still rearrangement to modifications of steroids are reviewed as are applications to various terpene and alkaloid natural product targets and miscellaneous compounds. To the best of our knowledge, the literature is covered through December 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Rycek
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Tomas Hudlicky
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rycek L, Hudlicky T. Anwendungen der Wittig-Still-Umlagerung in der organischen Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Rycek
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology; Brock University; 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way St. Catharines Ontario L2S 3A1 Canada
| | - Tomas Hudlicky
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biotechnology; Brock University; 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way St. Catharines Ontario L2S 3A1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mori K. Pheromone synthesis. Part 260: Synthesis of (±)-(anti-1,2-dimethyl-3-methylenecyclopentyl)acetaldehyde, the racemate of the female-produced sex pheromone of the pineapple mealybug (Dysmicoccus brevipes), and its syn-isomer. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Ramesh R, Bell V, Twidle AM, Gonnade R, Reddy DS. Enantiospecific Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of the Longtailed Mealybug Pheromone and Their Evaluation in a New Zealand Vineyard. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7785-9. [PMID: 26154579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The irregular monoterpenoid sex pheromone of Pseudococcus longispinus and its enantiomer were prepared from the corresponding bornyl acetates. The use of readily accessible chiral starting materials and lactone-lactone rearrangement are the highlights of the present synthesis. The biological activities of the two enantiomers and racemic mixture were tested in a New Zealand vineyard. The (S)-(+)-enantiomer was significantly more attractive to P. longispinus males than the racemic mixture or the (R)-(-)-enantiomer.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
This article comprehensively reviews the syntheses of all known sex pheromones of scales and mealybugs, describes how they were identified, and how the synthetic pheromones are used in insect management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Zou
- Department of Entomology
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Jocelyn G. Millar
- Department of Entomology
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Naidu R, Rowhani A, Fuchs M, Golino D, Martelli GP. Grapevine Leafroll: A Complex Viral Disease Affecting a High-Value Fruit Crop. PLANT DISEASE 2014; 98:1172-1185. [PMID: 30699617 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-13-0880-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is one of the most widely grown fruit crops in the world. It is a deciduous woody perennial vine for which the cultivation of domesticated species began approximately 6,000 to 8,000 years ago in the Near East. Grapevines are broadly classified into red- and white-berried cultivars based on their fruit skin color, although yellow, pink, crimson, dark blue, and black-berried cultivars also exist. Grapevines can be subject to attacks by many different pests and pathogens, including graft-transmissible agents such as viruses, viroids, and phytoplasmas. Among the virus and virus-like diseases, grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) is by far the most widespread and economically damaging viral disease of grapevines in many regions around the world. The global expansion of the grape and wine industry has seen a parallel increase in the incidence and economic impact of GLD. Despite the fact that GLD was recognized as a potential threat to grape production for several decades, our knowledge of the nature of the disease is still quite limited due to a variety of challenges related to the complexity of this virus disease, the association of several distinct GLD-associated viruses, and contrasting symptoms in red- and white-berried cultivars. In view of the growing significance of GLD to wine grape production worldwide, this feature article provides an overview of the state of knowledge on the biology and epidemiology of the disease and describes management strategies currently deployed in vineyards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc Fuchs
- Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva
| | | | - Giovanni P Martelli
- Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro" and Istituto di Virologia Vegetale del CNR, UOS Bari, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oliveira MD, Barbosa PRR, Silva-Torres CSA, Torres JB. Performance of the Striped Mealybug Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under Variable Conditions of Temperature and Mating. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:1-8. [PMID: 27193398 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-013-0171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mealybugs have strong associations with their host plants due to their limitations for dispersal. Thus, environmental conditions and host quality may impact the biological traits of mealybugs. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report on the biology of a Brazilian population of the striped mealybug Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), which has recently been reported to infest cotton in Brazil. We evaluated the development and reproductive performance of F. virgata reared under different temperatures (25, 27, and 28°C) and mating status. The type of reproduction was also studied with insects reared on a factitious host and on cotton plants. Shorter development was obtained at 28°C as follows: nymphs generating males and females exhibited three and four instars with a mean duration of 19.1 and 20.5 days, respectively. The nymphal viability ranged from 77 to 96%, and was highest at 25°C. Females reared at 28°C initiated reproduction earlier (16.4 days), but the reproductive period was similar in all temperatures (∼16.2 days). Females produced more nymphs at 27 and 28°C (440 and 292 neonates) than at 25°C (277 neonates), although they lived longer at 25°C (63 days). Ferrisia virgata females exhibited only sexual reproduction. Thus, only mated females produced offspring, whereas unmated females died without reproducing. Therefore, the studied population of F. virgata exhibited only sexual reproduction with high survival and offspring production when fed cotton. Furthermore, pumpkin is a feasible host for mass rearing this mealybug species in the laboratory, an opening avenue for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M D Oliveira
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - P R R Barbosa
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - C S A Silva-Torres
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - J B Torres
- Depto de Agronomia-Entomologia, Univ Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hanessian S, Dorich S, Chattopadhyay AK, Büschleb M. Studies toward the Generation of Functionalized Quaternary Carbon Centers Relying on Wittig and Wittig–Still Allylic Ether Anionic Transpositions. J Org Chem 2013; 78:8915-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401488y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C.P. 6128,
Montreal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stéphane Dorich
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C.P. 6128,
Montreal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Amit Kumar Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C.P. 6128,
Montreal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Martin Büschleb
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, C.P. 6128,
Montreal, Qc, H3C 3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ramesh R, Swaroop PS, Gonnade RG, Thirupathi C, Waterworth RA, Millar JG, Reddy DS. Syntheses and Determination of Absolute Configurations and Biological Activities of the Enantiomers of the Longtailed Mealybug Pheromone. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6281-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400491n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Remya Ramesh
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | | | - Rajesh G. Gonnade
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | | | - Rebeccah A. Waterworth
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside California 92521,
United States
| | - Jocelyn G. Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside California 92521,
United States
| | - D. Srinivasa Reddy
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bailey WF, Bakonyi JM. Intramolecular Carbolithiation as a Route to a Sterically Congested Cyclopentene: Synthesis of the Longtailed Mealybug Pheromone. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3493-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4002118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William F. Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United
States
| | - Johanna M. Bakonyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tabata J, Narai Y, Sawamura N, Hiradate S, Sugie H. A new class of mealybug pheromones: a hemiterpene ester in the sex pheromone of Crisicoccus matsumotoi. Naturwissenschaften 2012; 99:567-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-012-0935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Waterworth RA, Millar JG. Reproductive biology of Pseudococcus maritimus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 105:949-956. [PMID: 22812135 DOI: 10.1603/ec12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized several parameters associated with reproductive behaviors of a Californian population of the grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn). Experiments with caged adults confirmed that females from this population could not reproduce parthenogenetically. Both sexes were capable of mating multiple times on the same day and on sequential days. Median times between copulations were short (< 10 min) on the first day that males were presented with females, but tended to increase with sequential copulation events. Unmated females lived for up to 19 wk, whereas mating and oviposition resulted in reduced longevity. We hypothesized that constant exposure to pheromone might stimulate males to leave their cocoons sooner and increase their activity levels compared with males that were not exposed to pheromone, resulting in shortened life-spans. However, whereas exposure to pheromone did stimulate males to emerge slightly sooner than control males, pheromone exposure had no effect on the longevity of males. The implications of the results of these experiments for pheromone-based methods of detection and control of mealybugs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah A Waterworth
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Waterworth RA, Redak RA, Millar JG. Pheromone-baited traps for assessment of seasonal activity and population densities of mealybug species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in nurseries producing ornamental plants. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:555-565. [PMID: 21510204 DOI: 10.1603/ec10317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Operational parameters of traps baited with the pheromones of three mealybug species were optimized in nurseries producing ornamental plants. All pheromone doses (1-320 microg) attracted Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) and Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) males, with the lowest dose (1 microg) attracting the fewest males for both species. Doses of 3.2-100 microg were as attractive to male P. longispinus as the highest dose (320 microg); doses from 10 to 320 microg were equally attractive for P. viburni males. Lures containing 25-microg doses of either pheromone had effective field lifetimes of at least 12 wk. Experiments were performed to test the efficacy of combining multiple pheromones to attract several species of mealybugs simultaneously. Lures loaded with a mixture of the pheromones of P. longispinus, P. viburni, and Planococcus citri (Risso) were as attractive to P. viburni and P. citri as lures with their individual pheromones. Response of P. longispinus to the blend was decreased by 38% compared with its pheromone as a single component. A subsequent trial with two-component blends showed that the pheromone ofP. citri was responsible for this modest decrease in P. longispinus response. This should not affect the overall efficacy of using these lures for monitoring the presence of all three mealybug species simultaneously. Pheromone traps were used to detect infestations of P. longispinus throughout the season and to track population cycles. When pheromone-baited traps for P. longispinus were compared with manual sampling, trap counts of male mealybugs were significantly correlated with mealybugs counted on plants in the vicinity of the traps.
Collapse
|
17
|
Unelius CR, El-Sayed AM, Twidle A, Bunn B, Zaviezo T, Flores MF, Bell V, Bergmann J. The Absolute Configuration of the Sex Pheromone of the Citrophilous Mealybug, Pseudococcus calceolariae. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:166-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9904-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Zou Y, Millar JG. Synthesis of the Pheromone of the Longtailed Mealybug, a Sterically Congested, Irregular Monoterpenoid. J Org Chem 2009; 74:7207-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901505y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Zou
- Department of Entomology
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California, Riverside, California, 92521-0001
| | - Jocelyn G. Millar
- Department of Entomology
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California, Riverside, California, 92521-0001
| |
Collapse
|