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Li C, Li CQ, Chen ZB, Liu BQ, Sun X, Wei KH, Li CY, Luan JB. Wolbachia symbionts control sex in a parasitoid wasp using a horizontally acquired gene. Curr Biol 2024:S0960-9822(24)00475-5. [PMID: 38692276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Host reproduction can be manipulated by bacterial symbionts in various ways. Parthenogenesis induction is the most effective type of reproduction manipulation by symbionts for their transmission. Insect sex is determined by regulation of doublesex (dsx) splicing through transformer2 (tra2) and transformer (tra) interaction. Although parthenogenesis induction by symbionts has been studied since the 1970s, its underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Here we identify a Wolbachia parthenogenesis-induction feminization factor gene (piff) that targets sex-determining genes and causes female-producing parthenogenesis in the haplodiploid parasitoid Encarsia formosa. We found that Wolbachia elimination repressed expression of female-specific dsx and enhanced expression of male-specific dsx, which led to the production of wasp haploid male offspring. Furthermore, we found that E. formosa tra is truncated and non-functional, and Wolbachia has a functional tra homolog, termed piff, with an insect origin. Wolbachia PIFF can colocalize and interact with wasp TRA2. Moreover, Wolbachia piff has coordinated expression with tra2 and dsx of E. formosa. Our results demonstrate the bacterial symbiont Wolbachia has acquired an insect gene to manipulate the host sex determination cascade and induce parthenogenesis in wasps. This study reveals insect-to-bacteria horizontal gene transfer drives the evolution of animal sex determination systems, elucidating a striking mechanism of insect-microbe symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Chu-Qiao Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhan-Bo Chen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Bing-Qi Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Kai-Heng Wei
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Chen-Yi Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jun-Bo Luan
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Economic and Applied Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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2
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Simkulet W. Parthenogenesis, identity, and value. Bioethics 2024. [PMID: 38652592 DOI: 10.1111/bioe.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which a gamete (ovum or sperm) develops without being fertilized. Tomer Jordi Chaffer uses parthenogenesis to challenge Don Marquis' future-like-ours (FLO) argument against abortion. According to Marquis, (1) what makes it morally wrong to kill us is that it would deprive us of a possible future that we might come to value-a future "like ours" (FLO) and (2) human fetuses are numerically identical to any adult human organism they may develop into, and thus have a FLO. Chaffer contends that if human ova are capable of parthenogenesis, then they would have a FLO, which contraception may deprive them of, but contends this is absurd. Bruce P. Blackshaw challenges Chaffer, contending sexually fertilized embryos are not identical to unfertilized ovum, but this would yield a more absurd implication, that fertilization deprives an ovum of a FLO! Here I show Marquis' account of identity rules out both Chaffer's and Blackshaw's accounts.
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3
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Fricke LC, Lindsey ARI. Identification of Parthenogenesis-Inducing Effector Proteins in Wolbachia. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae036. [PMID: 38530785 PMCID: PMC11019157 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in the genus Wolbachia have evolved numerous strategies to manipulate arthropod sex, including the conversion of would-be male offspring to asexually reproducing females. This so-called "parthenogenesis induction" phenotype can be found in a number of Wolbachia strains that infect arthropods with haplodiploid sex determination systems, including parasitoid wasps. Despite the discovery of microbe-mediated parthenogenesis more than 30 yr ago, the underlying genetic mechanisms have remained elusive. We used a suite of genomic, computational, and molecular tools to identify and characterize two proteins that are uniquely found in parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia and have strong signatures of host-associated bacterial effector proteins. These putative parthenogenesis-inducing proteins have structural homology to eukaryotic protein domains including nucleoporins, the key insect sex determining factor Transformer, and a eukaryotic-like serine-threonine kinase with leucine-rich repeats. Furthermore, these proteins significantly impact eukaryotic cell biology in the model Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We suggest that these proteins are parthenogenesis-inducing factors and our results indicate that this would be made possible by a novel mechanism of bacterial-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Fricke
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Amelia R I Lindsey
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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4
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Quiroz LF, Gondalia N, Brychkova G, McKeown PC, Spillane C. Haploid rhapsody: the molecular and cellular orchestra of in vivo haploid induction in plants. New Phytol 2024; 241:1936-1949. [PMID: 38180262 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In planta haploid induction (HI), which reduces the chromosome number in the progeny after fertilization, has garnered increasing attention for its significant potential in crop breeding and genetic research. Despite the identification of several natural and synthetic HI systems in different plant species, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these HI systems remain largely unknown. This review synthesizes the current understanding of HI systems in plants (with a focus on genes and molecular mechanisms involved), including the molecular and cellular interactions which orchestrate the HI process. As most HI systems can function across taxonomic boundaries, we particularly discuss the evidence for conserved mechanisms underlying the process. These include mechanisms involved in preserving chromosomal integrity, centromere function, gamete communication and/or fusion, and maintenance of karyogamy. While significant discoveries and advances on haploid inducer systems have arisen over the past decades, we underscore gaps in understanding and deliberate on directions for further research for a more comprehensive understanding of in vivo HI processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Felipe Quiroz
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
| | - Nikita Gondalia
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
| | - Galina Brychkova
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
| | - Peter C McKeown
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
| | - Charles Spillane
- Agriculture and Bioeconomy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 REW4, Ireland
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5
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Nikitin P, Sidorov S, Liehr T, Klimina K, Al-Rikabi A, Korchagin V, Kolomiets O, Arakelyan M, Spangenberg V. Variants of a major DNA satellite discriminate parental subgenomes in a hybrid parthenogenetic lizard Darevskia unisexualis (Darevsky, 1966). J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2024. [PMID: 38407543 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid parthenogenetic animals are an exceptionally interesting model for studying the mechanisms and evolution of sexual and asexual reproduction. A diploid parthenogenetic lizard Darevskia unisexualis is a result of an ancestral cross between a maternal species Darevskia raddei nairensis and a paternal species Darevskia valentini and presents a unique opportunity for a cytogenetic and computational analysis of a hybrid karyotype. Our previous results demonstrated a significant divergence between the pericentromeric DNA sequences of the parental Darevskia species; however, an in-depth comparative study of their pericentromeres is still lacking. Here, using target sequencing of microdissected pericentromeric regions, we reveal and compare the repertoires of the pericentromeric tandem repeats of the parental Darevskia lizards. We found species-specific sequences of the major pericentromeric tandem repeat CLsat, which allowed computational prediction and experimental validation of fluorescent DNA probes discriminating parental chromosomes within the hybrid karyotype of D. unisexualis. Moreover, we have implemented a generalizable computational method, based on the optimization of the Levenshtein distance between tandem repeat monomers, for finding species-specific fluorescent probes for pericentromere staining. In total, we anticipate that our comparative analysis of Darevskia pericentromeric repeats, the species-specific fluorescent probes that we found and the pipeline that we developed will form a basis for the future detailed cytogenomic studies of a wide range of natural and laboratory hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Nikitin
- Laboratory of Comparative Ethology and Biocommunication, Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sviatoslav Sidorov
- Computational Regulatory Genomics, MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Ksenia Klimina
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ahmed Al-Rikabi
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Oxana Kolomiets
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marine Arakelyan
- Department of Zoology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Victor Spangenberg
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, Moscow, Russia
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Machado G, Burns M. Reproductive biology of harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones): a review of a rapidly evolving research field. Curr Zool 2024; 70:115-135. [PMID: 38476141 PMCID: PMC10926269 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Harvestmen are a major arachnid order that has experienced a dramatic increase in biological knowledge in the 21st century. The publication of the book Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones in 2007 stimulated the development of many behavioral studies. Although the book is relatively recent, our understanding of the reproductive biology of harvestmen is already outdated due to the fast accumulation of new data. Our goal is to provide an updated review of the subject to serve as a benchmark for the following years. In the pre-copulatory phase, we explore the evolution of facultative parthenogenesis, the factors that may affect the types of mating system, and the role of nuptial gifts in courtship. Regarding the copulatory phase, harvestmen are unique arachnids because they have aflagellate spermatozoa and a penis with complex morphology. We discuss the implications of these two features for sperm competition and cryptic female choice. In the post-copulatory phase, we connect oviposition site selection and climate conditions to the widespread occurrence of resource defense polygyny, alternative reproductive tactics, and sexual dimorphism in several clades of tropical harvestmen. Finally, we present the different forms of parental care in the order, and discuss the benefits and costs of this behavior, which can be performed either by females or males. Throughout the review, we indicate gaps in our knowledge and subjects that deserve further studies. Hopefully, the information synthesized here will stimulate researchers worldwide to embrace harvestmen as a study system and to improve our effort to unravel the mysteries of their reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauco Machado
- LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mercedes Burns
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Kounosu A, Sun S, Maeda Y, Dayi M, Yoshida A, Maruyama H, Hunt V, Sugimoto A, Kikuchi T. Syntenic relationship of chromosomes in Strongyloides species and Rhabditophanes diutinus based on the chromosome-level genome assemblies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220446. [PMID: 38008120 PMCID: PMC10676810 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Strongyloides clade, to which the parasitic nematode genus Strongyloides belongs, contains taxa with diverse lifestyles, ranging from free-living to obligate vertebrate parasites. Reproductive strategies are also diverse in this group of nematodes, employing not only sexual reproduction but also parthenogenesis, making it an attractive group to study genome adaptation to specific conditions. An in-depth understanding of genome evolution, however, has been hampered by fragmented genome assemblies. In this study, we generated chromosome-level genome assemblies for two Strongyloides species and the outgroup species Rhabditophanes diutinus using long-read sequencing and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C). Our synteny analyses revealed a clearer picture of chromosome evolution in this group, suggesting that a functional sex chromosome has been maintained throughout the group. We further investigated sex chromosome dynamics in the lifecycle of Strongyloides ratti and found that bivalent formation in oocytes appears to be important for male production in the mitotic parthenogenesis. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Kounosu
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Simo Sun
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Maeda
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Mehmet Dayi
- Forestry Vocational School, Duzce University, 81620 Duzce, Türkiye
| | - Akemi Yoshida
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Maruyama
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Vicky Hunt
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA27AY, UK
| | - Asako Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Developmental Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Taisei Kikuchi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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8
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Araujo TQ, King-Trudeau S, VanDyke J, Hochberg R. First ultrastructural description of an apomictic opsiblastic egg in freshwater Gastrotricha. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21659. [PMID: 38100746 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater gastrotrichs have a biphasic lifecycle that reputedly involves the production of three types of eggs: apomictic and fast hatching (tachyblastic ova), apomictic and delayed hatching (opsiblastic ova), and plaque-bearing eggs (potentially derived from mixis). While some details of oogenesis and eggshell structure are known for tachyblastic ova, there are few details on other egg types. Here, we provide the first ultrastructural description of the oviposited opsiblastic eggs of the freshwater gastrotrich, Lepidodermella squamata. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the eggshell surface to be ornamented with long flattened pillar-like structures centered on polygonal plates that are pitted along their periphery. Transmission electron microscopy showed the pits to lead to a vast labyrinth of tubular spaces and larger cavities throughout the thick apical layer of the shell. The basal layer of the shell is amorphous and connected to a network of fine fibers that traverse an extra-oocyte space and forms a protective sheet around the uncleaved oocyte. The uncleaved oocyte has a dense layer of peripheral ooplasm surrounding a core of organelles including mitochondria, membrane-bound secretion granules, endoplasmic reticulum, and a single nucleus in a granular, ribosome-rich cytoplasm. Secretion granules are the most abundant organelles and presumably contain lipid-rich yolk that will be used as energy for delayed cleavage, thus functioning in temporal dispersal. These data are compared to the fine structure of invertebrate resting eggs across the phylogenetic spectrum to determine the novelty of opsiblastic egg structure in L. squamata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Q Araujo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon King-Trudeau
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joanna VanDyke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rick Hochberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
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Villegas LI, Ferretti L, Wiehe T, Waldvogel A, Schiffer PH. Parthenogenomics: Insights on mutation rates and nucleotide diversity in parthenogenetic Panagrolaimus nematodes. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10831. [PMID: 38192904 PMCID: PMC10771965 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Asexual reproduction is assumed to lead to the accumulation of deleterious mutations, and reduced heterozygosity due to the absence of recombination. Panagrolaimid nematode species display different modes of reproduction. Sexual reproduction with distinct males and females, asexual reproduction through parthenogenesis in the genus Panagrolaimus, and hermaphroditism in Propanagrolaimus. Here, we compared genomic features of free-living nematodes in populations and species isolated from geographically distant regions to study diversity, and genome-wide differentiation under different modes of reproduction. We firstly estimated genome-wide spontaneous mutation rates in a triploid parthenogenetic Panagrolaimus, and a diploid hermaphroditic Propanagrolaimus via long-term mutation accumulation lines. Secondly, we calculated population genetic parameters including nucleotide diversity, and fixation index (F ST) between populations of asexually and sexually reproducing nematodes. Thirdly, we used phylogenetic network methods on sexually and asexually reproducing Panagrolaimus populations to understand evolutionary relationships between them. The estimated mutation rate was slightly lower for the asexual population, as expected for taxa with this reproductive mode. Natural polyploid asexual populations revealed higher nucleotide diversity. Despite their common ancestor, a gene network revealed a high level of genetic differentiation among asexual populations. The elevated heterozygosity found in the triploid parthenogens could be explained by the third genome copy. Given their tendentially lower mutation rates it can be hypothesized that this is part of the mechanism to evade Muller's ratchet. Our findings in parthenogenetic triploid nematode populations seem to challenge common expectations of evolution under asexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Wiehe
- Institute for GeneticsUniversity of CologneKölnGermany
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10
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Angus RB. An updated Atlas of Helophorus chromosomes. Comp Cytogenet 2023; 17:295-326. [PMID: 38284104 PMCID: PMC10812385 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.17.112831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
An account is given of my development of techniques to obtain well-spread Giemsa-stained banded chromosome preparations. Apparent G-banding could be obtained following very slight trypsin treatment of freshly prepared slides, but this banding was very fine (close-grained) and possibly not a reflection of chromosome structure. However, treatment of developing embryos in vitro with 5-fluorouridine produced a similar chromomere banding, which is therefore regarded as genuine. Steady accumulation of Helophorus Fabricius, 1775 karyotypes has resulted in the production of an Atlas covering 62 of the 170 species known to occur in the Palaearctic. Chromosome polymorphisms involving pericentric inversions and addition of extra C-banding regions have been found, as well as small B-chromosomes in a few species. In general, karyotypes have proved very useful in establishing the limits of individual species. Parthenogenesis involving triploidy has been found in two species. Karyotypes of experimentally produced hybrids have revealed irregularities in chromosome condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Angus
- Department of Life Sciences (Insects), The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5 BD, UKThe Natural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
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11
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Guo LH, Wu SY, Gong RN, Tang LD. Parthenogenesis affects interspecific competition between Megalurothrips usitatus and Frankliniella intonsa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in changing environment: evidence from life table study. J Econ Entomol 2023; 116:2043-2051. [PMID: 37793039 PMCID: PMC10711564 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The thrips Megalurothrips usitatus Bagnall and Frankliniella intonsa Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) are important pests in cowpea-growing areas of south China. Parthenogenesis is an important reproductive form of thysanopterans, and plays an important role in maintaining population growth. To understand the developmental and reproductive characteristics of these 2 thrips species during parthenogenesis, we compared the age-stage life tables of M. usitatus and F. intonsa on cowpea pods under natural regimes during the summer and winter. The results showed that the total preadult period and total preoviposition period of M. usitatus were significantly longer than those of F. intonsa in both seasons. Moreover, longevity of adult M. usitatus (29.53 days) was shorter compared with adult F. intonsa (34.00 days) in summer, whereas higher fecundity (220.8 eggs/female) and more oviposition days (37.83 days) were observed in M. usitatus compared with F. intonsa in winter (fecundity = 179.83 eggs/female, oviposition days = 33.03 days). The net and gross reproductive rates of M. usitatus were significantly greater than those of F. intonsa during winter. In addition, the intrinsic and finite rates of increase of M. usitatus were significantly lower than those of F. intonsa, and the mean generation time of M. usitatus was significantly longer than that of F. intonsa both in summer and winter. These results indicated that parthenogenesis has species specificity among thrips, which in turn affects population development, especially under changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Hang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- School of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Run-Na Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Liang-De Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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12
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Fricke LC, Lindsey ARI. Identification of parthenogenesis-inducing effector proteins in Wolbachia. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.01.569668. [PMID: 38076953 PMCID: PMC10705499 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria in the genus Wolbachia have evolved numerous strategies to manipulate arthropod sex, including the conversion of would-be male offspring to asexually reproducing females. This so-called "parthenogenesis-induction" phenotype can be found in a number of Wolbachia strains that infect arthropods with haplodiploid sex determination systems, including parasitoid wasps. Despite the discovery of microbe-mediated parthenogenesis more than 30 years ago, the underlying genetic mechanisms have remained elusive. We used a suite of genomic, computational, and molecular tools to identify and characterize two proteins that are uniquely found in parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia and have strong signatures of host-associated bacterial effector proteins. These putative parthenogenesis-inducing proteins have structural homology to eukaryotic protein domains including nucleoporins, the key insect sex-determining factor Transformer, and a eukaryotic-like serine-threonine kinase with leucine rich repeats. Furthermore, these proteins significantly impact eukaryotic cell biology in the model, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We suggest these proteins are parthenogenesis-inducing factors and our results indicate this would be made possible by a novel mechanism of bacterial-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Fricke
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108
| | - Amelia RI Lindsey
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108
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13
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Stelzer CP, Pichler M, Stadler P. Genome streamlining and clonal erosion in nutrient-limited environments: a test using genome-size variable populations. Evolution 2023; 77:2378-2391. [PMID: 37724883 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Some selection-based theories propose that genome streamlining, favoring smaller genome sizes, is advantageous in nutritionally limited environments, particularly under P-limitation. To test this prediction, we conducted several experimental evolution trials on clonal populations of a facultatively asexual rotifer that exhibits intraspecific variation in genome size. Most trials showed a rapid decline in clonal diversity, which was accelerated in populations that were initially nonadapted. Populations consisting of three rotifer clones often became monoclonal within a few weeks, while populations starting with 120 clones eroded to 10 multilocus genotypes, of which only five were abundant in higher numbers. While P-limitation affected population growth during the experiments, it did not affect the outcome of clonal competition or the speed at which clonal diversity was lost. Common garden transplant experiments revealed that the evolved populations were better adapted to the experimental conditions than the ancestral controls. However, contrary to expectations, the evolved populations did not show an overrepresentation of small genomes. Intermediate genomes were also frequently abundant, although very large genomes were rare. Our findings suggest that fitness is more influenced by genotypic differences among clones than by differences in GS, and indicate that such differences might hinder genome streamlining during early adaptation to a new environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Pichler
- Research Department for Limnology, Universität Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Peter Stadler
- Research Department for Limnology, Universität Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
- Bundesamt für Wasserwirtschaft, Institut für Gewässerökologie und Fischereiwirtschaft, Mondsee, Austria
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14
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Valencia C, Pérez-García F, Aguila L, Felmer R, Arias ME. Combined Exogenous Activation of Bovine Oocytes: Effects on Maturation-Promoting Factor, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, and Embryonic Competence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15794. [PMID: 37958778 PMCID: PMC10649646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oocyte activation via dual inhibition of protein synthesis and phosphorylation has improved in vitro embryo production in different mammalian species. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the combination of cycloheximide (CHX), dimethyl amino purine (DMAP), and anisomycin (ANY) on the activation of bovine oocytes, particularly on dynamics of MPF and MAPKs, embryonic developmental potential, and quality. The results showed that the cleavage and blastocyst rates, as well as levels of CCNB1, CDK1, p-CDK1Thr161, and p-CDK1Thr14-Tyr15, were similar among groups; ANY and ANY + CHX reduced the expression of ERK1/2 compared to DMAP-combinations (p < 0.05), whereas ANY + DMAP, CHX + DMAP, and ANY + CHX + DMAP reduced p-ERK1/2 compared to ANY and ANY + CHX treatments (p < 0.05). The quality of blastocysts in terms of cell counts, their allocation, and the numbers of TUNEL-positive cells did not differ among groups. However, transcript levels of POU5F1 were higher in embryos derived from ANY + CHX + DMAP treatment compared to other groups, while expression levels of CDX2 did not show differences. In addition, the BCL2A1/BAX ratio of the ANY + CHX + DMAP treatment was significantly low compared to the ANY treatment (p < 0.05) and did not differ significantly from the other treatments. In conclusion, oocyte activation by dual inhibition of protein synthesis and phosphorylation induces MPF inactivation without degradation of CCNB1, while MAPK inactivation occurs differentially between these inhibitors. Thus, although the combined use of these inhibitors does not affect early developmental competence in vitro, it positively impacts the expression of transcripts associated with embryonic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Valencia
- Laboratory of Reproduction, Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811322, Chile (L.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Felipe Pérez-García
- Laboratory of Reproduction, Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811322, Chile (L.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Luis Aguila
- Laboratory of Reproduction, Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811322, Chile (L.A.); (R.F.)
| | - Ricardo Felmer
- Laboratory of Reproduction, Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811322, Chile (L.A.); (R.F.)
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811322, Chile
| | - María Elena Arias
- Laboratory of Reproduction, Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811322, Chile (L.A.); (R.F.)
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811322, Chile
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15
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Aguín-Pombo D, Kuznetsova VG. True Parthenogenesis and Female-Biased Sex Ratios in Cicadomorpha and Fulgoromorpha (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha). Insects 2023; 14:820. [PMID: 37887832 PMCID: PMC10607665 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Insects are renowned for their remarkable diversity of reproductive modes. Among these, the largest non-holometabolous order, Hemiptera, stands out with one of the most diversified arrays of parthenogenesis modes observed among insects. Although there are extensive reviews on reproduction without fertilization in some hemipteran higher taxa, no such analysis has been conducted for the large suborders Fulgoromorpha (planthoppers) and Cicadomorpha (leafhoppers). In both groups, there are species that reproduce by true parthenogenesis, specifically thelytoky, and in Fulgoromorpha, there are species that reproduce by pseudogamy or, more specifically, sperm-dependent parthenogenesis. In this review paper, we give and discuss the only currently known examples of true parthenogenesis in Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha, mainly from the planthopper family Delphacidae and the leafhopper family Cicadellidae. We analyze patterns of distribution, ecology, mating behavior, acoustic communication, and cytogenetic and genetic diversity of parthenoforms and discuss hypotheses about the origin of parthenogenesis in each case. We also highlight examples in which natural populations show a shift in sex ratio toward females and discuss possible causes of this phenomenon, primarily the influence of endosymbiotic bacteria capable of altering the reproductive strategies of the hosts. Our review is mainly based on studies in which the authors have participated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Aguín-Pombo
- Faculdade de Ciências da Vida, University of Madeira, 9000-390 Funchal, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Valentina G. Kuznetsova
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya emb. 1, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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16
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Freitas S, Parker DJ, Labédan M, Dumas Z, Schwander T. Evidence for cryptic sex in parthenogenetic stick insects of the genus Timema. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230404. [PMID: 37727092 PMCID: PMC10509586 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obligately parthenogenetic species are expected to be short lived since the lack of sex and recombination should translate into a slower adaptation rate and increased accumulation of deleterious alleles. Some, however, are thought to have been reproducing without males for millions of years. It is not clear how these old parthenogens can escape the predicted long-term costs of parthenogenesis, but an obvious explanation is cryptic sex. In this study, we screen for signatures of cryptic sex in eight populations of four parthenogenetic species of Timema stick insects, some estimated to be older than 1 Myr. Low genotype diversity, homozygosity of individuals and high linkage disequilibrium (LD) unaffected by marker distances support exclusively parthenogenetic reproduction in six populations. However, in two populations (namely, of the species Timema douglasi and T. monikensis) we find strong evidence for cryptic sex, most likely mediated by rare males. These populations had comparatively high genotype diversities, lower LD, and a clear LD decay with genetic distance. Rare sex in species that are otherwise largely parthenogenetic could help explain the unusual success of parthenogenesis in the Timema genus and raises the question whether episodes of rare sex are in fact the simplest explanation for the persistence of many old parthenogens in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Freitas
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Darren J. Parker
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Marjorie Labédan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zoé Dumas
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Di Ianni F, Albarella S, Vetere A, Torcello M, Ablondi M, Pugliano M, Di Mauro S, Parma P, Ciotola F. Demonstration of Parthenogenetic Reproduction in a Pet Ball Python ( Python regius) through Analysis of Early-Stage Embryos. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1744. [PMID: 37761884 PMCID: PMC10531270 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parthenogenesis is an asexual form of reproduction, normally present in various animal and plant species, in which an embryo is generated from a single gamete. Currently, there are some species for which parthenogenesis is supposed but not confirmed, and the mechanisms that activate it are not well understood. A 10-year-old, wild-caught female ball python (Python regius) laid four eggs without any prior contact with a male. The eggs were not incubated and, after 3 days, were submitted to the University of Parma for analysis due to the suspicion of potential embryo presence. Examination of the egg content revealed residual blood vessels and a small red spot, indicative of an early-stage embryo. DNA was extracted from the three deceased embryos and from the mother's blood, five microsatellites were analyzed to ascertain the origin of the embryos. The captive history data, together with the genetic microsatellite analysis approach, demonstrated the parthenogenetic origin of all three embryos. The embryos were homozygous for each of the maternal microsatellites, suggesting a terminal fusion automixis mode of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Ianni
- Department of Veterinary Science, Strada del Taglio 10, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Albarella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vetere
- Department of Veterinary Science, Strada del Taglio 10, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Torcello
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Dott. Di Mauro, Via Parini 8, 24043 Caravaggio, Italy
| | - Michela Ablondi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Strada del Taglio 10, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Mariagiulia Pugliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Susanna Di Mauro
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Dott. Di Mauro, Via Parini 8, 24043 Caravaggio, Italy
| | - Pietro Parma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Ciotola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
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18
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Rojek J, Ohad N. The phenomenon of autonomous endosperm in sexual and apomictic plants. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:4324-4348. [PMID: 37155961 PMCID: PMC10433939 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm is a key nutritive tissue that supports the developing embryo or seedling, and serves as a major nutritional source for human and livestock feed. In sexually-reproducing flowering plants, it generally develops after fertilization. However, autonomous endosperm (AE) formation (i.e. independent of fertilization) is also possible. Recent findings of AE loci/ genes and aberrant imprinting in native apomicts, together with a successful initiation of parthenogenesis in rice and lettuce, have enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms bridging sexual and apomictic seed formation. However, the mechanisms driving AE development are not well understood. This review presents novel aspects related to AE development in sexual and asexual plants underlying stress conditions as the primary trigger for AE. Both application of hormones to unfertilized ovules and mutations that impair epigenetic regulation lead to AE development in sexual Arabidopsis thaliana, which may point to a common pathway for both phenomena. Apomictic-like AE development under experimental conditions can take place due to auxin-dependent gene expression and/or DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rojek
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nir Ohad
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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19
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Kim M, Lee J, Cai L, Choi H, Oh D, Jawad A, Hyun SH. Neurotrophin-4 promotes the specification of trophectoderm lineage after parthenogenetic activation and enhances porcine early embryonic development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1194596. [PMID: 37519302 PMCID: PMC10373506 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1194596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), a neurotrophic factor, appears to affect early embryonic development because it is secreted not only by neurons but also by oviductal and uterine epithelial cells. However, no studies have characterized the effects of NT-4 on early embryonic development in pigs. In this study, we applied the experimental model of parthenogenetic-activation (PA)-derived embryos. Herein, we investigated the effect of NT-4 supplementation during the in vitro culture (IVC) of embryos, analyzed the transcription levels of specific genes, and outlined the first cell lineage specification for porcine PA-derived blastocysts. We confirmed that NT-4 and its receptor proteins were localized in both the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) in porcine blastocysts. Across different concentrations (0, 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL) of NT-4 supplementation, the optimal concentration of NT-4 to improve the developmental competence of porcine parthenotes was 10 ng/mL. NT-4 supplementation during porcine IVC significantly (p < 0.05) increased the proportion of TE cells by inducing the transcription of TE lineage markers (CDX2, PPAG3, and GATA3 transcripts). NT-4 also reduced blastocyst apoptosis by regulating the transcription of apoptosis-related genes (BAX and BCL2L1 transcripts) and improved blastocyst quality via the interaction of neurotrophin-, Hippo-yes-associated protein (Hippo-YAP) and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway. Additionally, NT-4 supplementation during IVC significantly (p < 0.05) increased YAP1 transcript levels and significantly (p < 0.01) decreased LATS2 transcript levels, respectively, in the porcine PA-derived blastocysts. We also confirmed through fluorescence intensity that the YAP1 protein was significantly (p < 0.001) increased in the NT-4-treated blastocysts compared with that in the control. NT-4 also promoted differentiation into the TE lineage rather than into the ICM lineage during porcine early embryonic development. In conclusion, 10 ng/mL NT-4 supplementation enhanced blastocyst quality by regulating the apoptosis- and TE lineage specification-related genes and interacting with neurotrophin-, Hippo-YAP-, and MAPK/ERK signaling pathway during porcine in vitro embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirae Kim
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohyeong Lee
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Lian Cai
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerin Choi
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjin Oh
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Jawad
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Veterinary Biosecurity and Protection, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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20
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Ward MCE, Barrios MC, Fallon AM. Paraquat is toxic to the soil-dwelling arthropod, Folsomia candida (Collembola: Isotomidae), and has potential effects on its Wolbachia endosymbiont. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107936. [PMID: 37196858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The springtail, Folsomia candida, is a soil arthropod commonly used to evaluate environmental toxins. Conflicting data on the toxicity of the herbicide paraquat prompted re-evaluation of its effects on F. candida survival and reproduction. Paraquat has an LC50 of about 80 μM when tested in the absence of charcoal; charcoal, often used in test arenas to facilitate visualization of the white Collembola, has a protective effect. Survivors of paraquat treatment fail to resume molting and oviposition, suggesting an irreversible effect on the Wolbachia symbiont that restores diploidy during parthenogenetic reproduction of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel C E Ward
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980, Folwell Ave. St. Paul, Mn 55108
| | - Maria C Barrios
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980, Folwell Ave. St. Paul, Mn 55108
| | - Ann M Fallon
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980, Folwell Ave. St. Paul, Mn 55108.
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21
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Neiman M, Sharbrough J. A tale of two genomes: What drives mitonuclear discordance in asexual lineages of a freshwater snail? Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200234. [PMID: 37026407 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
We use genomic information to tell us stories of evolutionary origins. But what does it mean when different genomes report wildly different accounts of lineage history? This genomic "discordance" can be a consequence of a fascinating suite of natural history and evolutionary phenomena, from the different inheritance mechanisms of nuclear versus cytoplasmic (mitochondrial and plastid) genomes to hybridization and introgression to horizontal transfer. Here, we explore how we can use these distinct genomic stories to provide new insights into the maintenance of sexual reproduction, one of the most important unanswered questions in biology. We focus on the strikingly distinct nuclear versus mitochondrial versions of the story surrounding the origin and maintenance of asexual lineages in Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a New Zealand freshwater snail. While key questions remain unresolved, these data inspire multiple testable hypotheses that can be powerfully applied across a broad range of taxa toward a deeper understanding of the causes and consequences of mitonuclear discordance, the maintenance of sex, and the origin of new asexual lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurine Neiman
- Department of Biology, Department of Gender, Women's, and Sexuality Studies, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Joel Sharbrough
- Department of Biology, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, New Mexico, USA
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22
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Croce ME, Hoshino M, Gauna MC, Parodi ER, Kogame K. Taxonomic study of Scytosiphon (Phaeophyceae) from temperate coasts of Argentina. J Phycol 2023; 59:383-401. [PMID: 36680561 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Scytosiphon is a common intertidal genus widely distributed on temperate coasts worldwide. Recently, eight species have been delimited with molecular tools. Although S. lomentaria is the only species that predominates in the macroalgal literature of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SwAO), unpublished molecular data obtained for a population study of S. lomentaria revealed hidden species diversity of Scytosiphon among the individuals collected from four localities at the SwAO. The aim of this study was to revise the identity and phylogenetic relationships of Scytosiphon from temperate coasts of the SwAO using DNA data. Thalli were collected from the Argentinean coast between 39° S and 43° S, from which cox1 and rbcL gene sequences were obtained. Phylogenies and haplotype networks were inferred and morphology of gametophytes was studied. Four species were recognized, S. lomentaria, S. promiscuus, S. shibazakiorum, and one species that belongs to a complex of species known as "Scytosiphon Atlantic complex." This complex was known to occur only in the North Atlantic, however, the results found in this study revealed that it has an extended distribution range that includes the southern hemisphere, where its populations have high genetic diversity and unique haplotypes. The morphological differences among the four species were subtle; denoting that previous Scytosiphon records from the SwAO attributed to the renowned S. lomentaria could represent different species. In addition, sex ratio and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analyses were done for populations of S. promiscuus presumably introduced to the SwAO, and the results indicated that they included female-dominant parthenogenetic populations, which were probably introduced from Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Emilia Croce
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, CONICET-Bahía Blanca, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Masakazu Hoshino
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maria Cecilia Gauna
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, CONICET-Bahía Blanca, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Elisa R Parodi
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, CONICET-Bahía Blanca, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Kazuhiro Kogame
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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23
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Abstract
Parthenogenesis has been documented in almost every phylum of animals, and yet this phenomenon is largely understudied. It has particular importance in dipterans since some parthenogenetic species are also disease vectors and agricultural pests. Here, we present a catalogue of parthenogenetic dipterans, although it is likely that many more remain to be identified, and we discuss how their developmental biology and interactions with diverse environments may be linked to different types of parthenogenetic reproduction. We discuss how the advances in genetics and genomics have identified chromosomal loci associated with parthenogenesis. In particular, a polygenic cause of facultative parthenogenesis has been uncovered in Drosophila mercatorum, allowing the corresponding genetic variants to be tested for their ability to promote parthenogenesis in another species, Drosophila melanogaster. This study probably identifies just one of many routes that could be followed in the evolution of parthenogenesis. We attempt to account for why the phenomenon has evolved so many times in the dipteran order and why facultative parthenogenesis appears particularly prevalent. We also discuss the significance of coarse genomic changes, including non-disjunction, aneuploidy, and polyploidy and how, together with changes to specific genes, these might relate to both facultative and obligate parthenogenesis in dipterans and other parthenogenetic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Sperling
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D. M. Glover
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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24
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Katano D, Kang W, Harada Y, Kawano N, Miyado M, Saito T, Fukuoka M, Yamada M, Miyado K. Sodium Hexametaphosphate Serves as an Inducer of Calcium Signaling. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040577. [PMID: 37189325 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, polymers of inorganic phosphates, particularly linear polyphosphate, are used as alternative phosphate donors for adenosine triphosphate production. A six-chain form of sodium metaphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), is believed to have no physiological functions in mammalian cells. In this study, we explored the possible effects of SHMP on mammalian cells, using mouse oocytes, which are useful for observing various spatiotemporal intracellular changes. Fertilization-competent oocytes were isolated from the oviducts of superovulated mice and cultured in an SHMP-containing medium. In the absence of co-incubation with sperm, SHMP-treated oocytes frequently formed pronuclei and developed into two-cell embryos owing to the increase in calcium concentration in the cytoplasm. We discovered an intriguing role for SHMP as an initiator of calcium rise in mouse oocytes, presumably in a wide variety of mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Katano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya 157-8535, Japan
| | - Woojin Kang
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya 157-8535, Japan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuichirou Harada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku 192-0397, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kawano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Mami Miyado
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Beppu University, 82 Kita-Ishigaki, Beppu 874-8501, Japan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takako Saito
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Shizuoka Institute for the Study of Marine Biology and Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Mio Fukuoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya 157-8535, Japan
- Division of Diversity Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya 157-8535, Japan
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Eleftheriadou N, Lubanga UK, Lefoe GK, Seehausen ML, Kenis M, Kavallieratos NG, Avtzis DN. Uncovering the Male Presence in Parthenogenetic Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Marchalinidae): Insights into Its mtDNA Divergence and Reproduction Strategy. Insects 2023; 14:256. [PMID: 36975941 PMCID: PMC10059969 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Marchalinidae), an endemic species in Greece and Turkey, is a major contributor to the annual honey production in its native range. However, in the areas that it invades, lacking natural enemies, it has detrimental effects on pine trees and potentially contributes to tree mortality. Although it was originally reported as thelytokous, males were later reported in Turkey and on several of the islands of Greece. To further disambiguate the exact parthenogenetic reproduction strategy of M. hellenica, we studied the emergence pattern of male individuals in Greece for two consecutive years (2021 and 2022). Furthermore, we examined the genetic variation among 15 geographically distant populations of M. hellenica in Greece using a mitochondrial DNA marker and compared the results with data from Turkey. The findings of this study document the existence of an additional M. hellenica population in its native range that repeatedly produces males, apart from the areas of Greece and Turkey in which they were initially reported, suggesting that males play a major, so far unknown role in the reproduction of this species. The populations in Greece and Turkey exhibited a strong genetic affinity, while human-aided dispersal seems to have obscured the genetic pattern acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Eleftheriadou
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Umar K. Lubanga
- Agriculture Victoria, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, AgriBio Centre, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Greg K. Lefoe
- Agriculture Victoria, Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Action, AgriBio Centre, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - M. Lukas Seehausen
- Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Marc Kenis
- Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Nickolas G. Kavallieratos
- Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N. Avtzis
- Forest Research Institute—Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (HAO Demeter), Vassilika, 57006 Thessaloniki, Greece
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26
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Tseng SP, Darras H, Hsu PW, Yoshimura T, Lee CY, Wetterer JK, Keller L, Yang CCS. Genetic analysis reveals the putative native range and widespread double-clonal reproduction in the invasive longhorn crazy ant. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1020-1033. [PMID: 36527320 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Clonal reproduction can provide an advantage for invasive species to establish as it can circumvent inbreeding depression which often plagues introduced populations. The world's most widespread invasive ant, Paratrechina longicornis, was previously found to display a double-clonal reproduction system, whereby both males and queens are produced clonally, resulting in separate male and queen lineages, while workers are produced sexually. Under this unusual reproduction mode, inbreeding is avoided in workers as they carry hybrid interlineage genomes. Despite the ubiquitous distribution of P. longicornis, the significance of this reproductive system for the ant's remarkable success remains unclear, as its prevalence is still unknown. Further investigation into the controversial native origin of P. longicornis is also required to reconstruct the evolutionary histories of double-clonal lineages. Here, we examine genetic variation and characterize the reproduction mode of P. longicornis populations sampled worldwide using microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA sequences to infer the ant's putative native range and the distribution of the double-clonal reproductive system. Analyses of global genetic variations indicate that the Indian subcontinent is a genetic diversity hotspot of this species, suggesting that P. longicornis probably originates from this geographical area. Our analyses revealed that both the inferred native and introduced populations exhibit double-clonal reproduction, with queens and males around the globe belonging to two separate, nonrecombining clonal lineages. By contrast, workers are highly heterozygous because they are first-generation interlineage hybrids. Overall, these data indicate a worldwide prevalence of double clonality in P. longicornis and support the prediction that the unusual genetic system may have pre-adapted this ant for global colonization by maintaining heterozygosity in the worker force and alleviating genetic bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Tseng
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.,Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hugo Darras
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Po-Wei Hsu
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yoshimura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - James K Wetterer
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Laurent Keller
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chin-Cheng Scotty Yang
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Barcaccia G, Mazzucato A, Albertini E, Zenoni S, Baldoni L, Mousavi S, Mendes MA, Coimbra S, Granell A, Pupilli F. Editorial: Genetics and genomics of plant reproduction for crop breeding, volume II. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1145208. [PMID: 36866376 PMCID: PMC9972970 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Barcaccia
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Mazzucato
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Emidio Albertini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (DSA3), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Zenoni
- Department of Biotechnologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luciana Baldoni
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Soraya Mousavi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Coimbra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonio Granell
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fulvio Pupilli
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), Perugia, Italy
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28
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Salmina K, Vainshelbaum NM, Kreishmane M, Inashkina I, Cragg MS, Pjanova D, Erenpreisa J. The Role of Mitotic Slippage in Creating a "Female Pregnancy-like System" in a Single Polyploid Giant Cancer Cell. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3237. [PMID: 36834647 PMCID: PMC9960874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In our recent work, we observed that triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells respond to doxorubicin (DOX) via "mitotic slippage" (MS), discarding cytosolic damaged DNA during the process that provides their resistance to this genotoxic treatment. We also noted two populations of polyploid giant cells: those budding surviving offspring, versus those reaching huge ploidy by repeated MS and persisting for several weeks. Their separate roles in the recovery from treatment remained unclear. The current study was devoted to characterising the origin and relationship of these two sub-populations in the context of MS. MS was hallmarked by the emergence of nuclear YAP1/OCT4A/MOS/EMI2-positivity featuring a soma-germ transition to the meiotic-metaphase-arrested "maternal germ cell". In silico, the link between modules identified in the inflammatory innate immune response to cytosolic DNA and the reproductive module of female pregnancy (upregulating placenta developmental genes) was observed in polyploid giant cells. Asymmetry of the two subnuclei types, one repairing DNA and releasing buds enriched by CDC42/ACTIN/TUBULIN and the other persisting and degrading DNA in a polyploid giant cell, was revealed. We propose that when arrested in MS, a "maternal cancer germ cell" may be parthenogenetically stimulated by the placental proto-oncogene parathyroid-hormone-like-hormone, increasing calcium, thus creating a "female pregnancy-like" system within a single polyploid giant cancer cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Salmina
- Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ninel Miriam Vainshelbaum
- Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, The University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
| | - Madara Kreishmane
- Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Inna Inashkina
- Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mark Steven Cragg
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Dace Pjanova
- Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jekaterina Erenpreisa
- Cancer Research Division, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
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Feldheim KA, Dubach J, Watson L. Parthenogenesis in an elasmobranch in the presence of conspecific males. J Fish Biol 2023; 102:525-527. [PMID: 36369968 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Parthenogenesis has been observed in several elasmobranch species, primarily in public aquaria. The majority of cases of parthenogenesis have occurred either when females were held without males or once a male was removed from a female's habitat. Here we report a second instance of parthenogenesis in a zebra shark female that was housed with conspecific mature males. This study calls into question the conditions under which elasmobranch females undergo parthenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Feldheim
- Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jean Dubach
- Loyola University, Chicago, Health Science Center, Comparative Medicine Facility, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Lise Watson
- John G. Shedd Aquarium, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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30
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Chen J, Du X, Xu X, Zhang S, Yao L, He X, Wang Y. Comparative Proteomic Analysis Provides New Insights into the Molecular Basis of Thermal-Induced Parthenogenesis in Silkworm ( Bombyx mori). Insects 2023; 14:insects14020134. [PMID: 36835703 PMCID: PMC9962255 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Artificial parthenogenetic induction via thermal stimuli in silkworm is an important technique that has been used in sericultural production. However, the molecular mechanism underlying it remains largely unknown. We have created a fully parthenogenetic line (PL) with more than 85% occurrence and 80% hatching rate via hot water treatment and genetic selection, while the parent amphigenetic line (AL) has less than 30% pigmentation rate and less than 1% hatching rate when undergoing the same treatment. Here, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based analysis were used to investigate the key proteins and pathways associated with silkworm parthenogenesis. We uncovered the unique proteomic features of unfertilized eggs in PL. In total, 274 increased abundance proteins and 211 decreased abundance proteins were identified relative to AL before thermal induction. Function analysis displayed an increased level of translation and metabolism in PL. After thermal induction, 97 increased abundance proteins and 187 decreased abundance proteins were identified. An increase in stress response-related proteins and decrease in energy metabolism suggested that PL has a more effective response to buffer the thermal stress than AL. Cell cycle-related proteins, including histones, and spindle-related proteins were decreased in PL, indicating an important role of this decrease in the process of ameiotic parthenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jine Chen
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xin Du
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lusong Yao
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiuling He
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Al-Shaer L, Leach W, Baban N, Yagodich M, Gibson MC, Layden MJ. Environmental and molecular regulation of asexual reproduction in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.27.525773. [PMID: 36747872 PMCID: PMC9900923 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.27.525773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cnidarians exhibit incredible reproductive diversity, with most capable of sexual and asexual reproduction. Here we investigate factors that influence asexual reproduction in the burrowing sea anemone Nematostella vectensis , which can propagate asexually by transverse fission of the body column. By altering culture conditions, we demonstrate that the presence of a burrowing substrate strongly promotes transverse fission. In addition, we show that animal size does not affect fission rates, and that the plane of fission is fixed along the oral-aboral axis of the polyp. Homeobox transcription factors and components of the TGFβ, Notch, and FGF signaling pathways are differentially expressed in polyps undergoing physal pinching suggesting they are important regulators of transverse fission. Gene ontology analyses further suggest that during transverse fission the cell cycle is suppressed and that cell adhesion and patterning mechanisms are downregulated to promote separation of the body column. Finally, we demonstrate that the rate of asexual reproduction is sensitive to population density. Collectively, these experiments provide a foundation for mechanistic studies of asexual reproduction in Nematostella , with implications for understanding the reproductive and regenerative biology of other cnidarian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Al-Shaer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Whitney Leach
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Noor Baban
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Mia Yagodich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Layden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
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32
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Kolarčik V, Mirková M, Mikoláš V. Reproduction Modes and Conservation Implications in Three Polyploid Sorbus Stenoendemics in Eastern Slovakia (Central Europe). Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:373. [PMID: 36679086 PMCID: PMC9863969 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable species diversity of the genus Sorbus is a result of polyploidization and frequent hybridization between interacting species of different cytotypes. Moreover, hybridization is possible between several parental taxa. Gametophytic apomixis, which is common among polyploid Sorbus taxa, indicates the role of clonal reproduction in the evolutionary stabilization of hybridogeneous genotypes. The precise determination of the origin of seeds and their quantitative evaluation may elucidate inter-cytotype interactions, the potential role of mixed-cytotype populations in evolutionary success, and the long-term survival of some hybrid species. We investigated the reproduction modes of selected species of Sorbus in mixed-cytotype populations in eastern Slovakia, Central Europe. We determined the pollen quality, seed production rate, and the ploidy level of mature trees, as well as the origin of the embryo and endosperm in seeds of the stenoendemics S. amici-petri, S. dolomiticola, and S. hornadensis. The tetraploids S. amici-petri and S. hornadensis are characterized by regular and highly stainable pollen grains and reproduce predominantly via pseudogamous apomixis. In contrast, triploid S. dolomiticola usually has oval, heterogenous, and weakly stainable pollen grains, suggesting male meiotic irregularities. Although seeds originate via pseudogamous apomixis in S. dolomiticola as well, the ploidy level of sperm cells participating in the fertilization of central cells is usually determined by co-occurring species of different cytotypes. This suggests that maintaining mating partners is necessary for the long-term survival of a triploid species. We documented rare BIII hybrids and the residual sexuality in tetraploids. The distribution of seeds of meiotic and apomeiotic origins in S. amici-petri shows bimodal characteristics; however, genotypes with predominantly sexual seed types are rare. Reproduction modes documented in polyploid stenoendemics of Sorbus and inferred microevolutionary intercytotype relationships highlight the mixed-cytotype populations as the source of biodiversity in apomictic plant complexes. We suggest that conservation efforts should focus on maintaining the species and cytotypic diversity of Sorbus populations, especially when it comes to the conservation of triploid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Kolarčik
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mária Mirková
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-041 54 Košice, Slovakia
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33
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Shen K, Qu M, Zhao P. The Roads to Haploid Embryogenesis. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12020243. [PMID: 36678955 PMCID: PMC9865920 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although zygotic embryogenesis is usually studied in the field of seed biology, great attention has been paid to the methods used to generate haploid embryos due to their applications in crop breeding. These mainly include two methods for haploid embryogenesis: in vitro microspore embryogenesis and in vivo haploid embryogenesis. Although microspore culture systems and maize haploid induction systems were discovered in the 1960s, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying haploid formation. In recent years, major breakthroughs have been made in in vivo haploid induction systems, and several key factors, such as the matrilineal (MTL), baby boom (BBM), domain of unknown function 679 membrane protein (DMP), and egg cell-specific (ECS) that trigger in vivo haploid embryo production in both the crops and Arabidopsis models have been identified. The discovery of these haploid inducers indicates that haploid embryogenesis is highly related to gamete development, fertilization, and genome stability in ealry embryos. Here, based on recent efforts to identify key players in haploid embryogenesis and to understand its molecular mechanisms, we summarize the different paths to haploid embryogenesis, and we discuss the mechanisms of haploid generation and its potential applications in crop breeding. Although these haploid-inducing factors could assist egg cells in bypassing fertilization to initiate embryogenesis or trigger genome elimination in zygotes after fertilization to form haploid embryos, the fertilization of central cells to form endosperms is a prerequisite step for haploid formation. Deciphering the molecular and cellular mechanisms for haploid embryogenesis, increasing the haploid induction efficiency, and establishing haploid induction systems in other crops are critical for promoting the application of haploid technology in crop breeding, and these should be addressed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mengxue Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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Himaki T, Hano K. Effects of alpha lipoic acid treatment during in vitro maturation on the development of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13889. [PMID: 38031165 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress influences the embryo production efficiency in vitro. We investigated the effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) treatment during the in vitro maturation (IVM) period on the porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryo production. After IVM, maturation rates of the 12.5- and 25-μM ALA-treated groups were not significantly different from those of the 0-μM ALA-treated group. Compared to those in the 0-μM ALA-treated group, the reactive oxygen species and glutathione levels were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, in the cytoplasm of matured oocytes in the 12.5-50-μM ALA-treated groups. Apoptosis rate in cumulus cells after IVM was significantly lower in the 12.5-50-μM ALA-treated groups than in the 0-μM ALA-treated group. Blastocyst formation rate was significantly higher in parthenogenetic oocytes treated with 12.5-μM ALA than in the 0-, 25-, and 50-μM ALA-treated groups. Similarly, in SCNT embryos, the 12.5-μM ALA-treated group showed a significantly higher blastocyst formation rate than the 0-μM ALA-treated group. Apoptosis rate in SCNT blastocysts was significantly decreased by 12.5-μM ALA treatment. The results showed that treatment with 12.5-μM ALA during IVM improves porcine SCNT embryo development and partial quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Himaki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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35
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Kolarčik V, Kocová V, Mikoláš V, Mártonfiová L, Hajdučeková N, Mártonfi P. Variability of Reproduction Pathways in the Central-European Populations of Hawthorns with Emphasis on Triploids. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:3497. [PMID: 36559608 PMCID: PMC9786806 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The role of apomeiosis, parthenogenesis, and pseudogamy in the asexual reproduction of some plant groups has not been fully elucidated in relation to species diversification. Quantitative analyses of seed origin may help in gaining better understanding of intercytotypic interactions. Asexual reproduction associated with polyploidy and frequent hybridization plays a crucial role in the evolutionary history of the genus Crataegus in North America. In Europe, the genus represents a taxonomically complex and very difficult species group not often studied using a modern biosystematic approach. We investigated the reproduction pathways in mixed-cytotype populations of selected taxa of Crataegus in eastern Slovakia, Central Europe. The investigated accessions were characterized by seed production data and the ploidy level of mature plants as well as the embryo and endosperm tissues of their seeds determined via flow cytometry. Diploid and polyploid hawthorns reproduce successfully; they also produce high numbers of seeds. An exception is represented by an almost sterile triploid. Diploids reproduce sexually. Polyploids shift to asexual reproduction, but pseudogamy seems to be essential for regular seed development. In rare cases, fertilization of unreduced gametes occurs, which offers opportunity for the establishment of new polyploid cytotypes between diploid sexuals and polyploid asexuals. Opposite to sexual diploids, triploids are obligate, and tetraploids almost obligate apomicts. Apomixis is considered to help stabilize individual weakly differentiated polyploid microspecies. Pseudogamy is a common feature and usually leads to unbalanced maternal to paternal contribution in the endosperm of triploid accessions. Parental contribution to endosperm gene dosage is somehow relaxed in triploids. Our Crataegus plant system resembles reproduction in the diploids and polyploids of North American hawthorns. Our data provide support for the hypothesis that polyploidization, shifts in reproduction modes, and hybridization shape the genus diversity also in Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Kolarčik
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Valéria Kocová
- Botanical Garden, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-043 52 Košice, Slovakia
| | | | - Lenka Mártonfiová
- Botanical Garden, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-043 52 Košice, Slovakia
| | | | - Pavol Mártonfi
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-041 54 Košice, Slovakia
- Botanical Garden, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-043 52 Košice, Slovakia
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Nokkala S, Kuznetsova VG, Pietarinen P, Nokkala C. Evolutionary Potential of Parthenogenesis-Bisexual Lineages within Triploid Apomictic Thelytoky in Cacopsylla ledi (Flor, 1861) (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) in Fennoscandia. Insects 2022; 13:1140. [PMID: 36555050 PMCID: PMC9781518 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A widely accepted hypothesis is that parthenogenesis is an evolutionary dead end since it is selectively advantageous in the short term only but results in lowered diversification rates. Triploid apomictic parthenogenesis might represent an exception, as in favorable environments, triploid females are able to produce rare males and diploid females. The aim of the present study was to analyze the modes of reproduction and their evolutionary implications in the parthenogenetic psyllid Cacopsylla ledi (Flor, 1861) from Fennoscandia. The cytogenetic assessment of ploidy levels and the analysis of the COI haplotype revealed two geographically separated bisexual lineages implying genuine bisexual populations. The southern lineage occurring south of latitude 65° N in Finland showed a COI haplotype different from that of parthenogenetic triploids in the same population but identical to the haplotype of specimens in a genuine bisexual population in the Czech Republic. This allows us to suggest that bisexuals in southern Fennoscandia represent the original bisexual C. ledi. By contrast, in the northern bisexual lineage north of latitude 65° N, rare males and diploid females carried the same haplotype as triploids in the same population, having been produced by the triploids. In the Kola Peninsula, a genuine bisexual population of presumably rare male/diploid female origin was discovered. As this population is geographically isolated from populations of the ancestral bisexual C. ledi, it can develop into a new bisexual species through peripatric speciation during evolution. Our findings demonstrate that apomictic triploid parthenogenesis is not necessarily an evolutionary dead end but is able to lead to the emergence of a new bisexual species of parthenogenetic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppo Nokkala
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Valentina G. Kuznetsova
- Department of Karyosystematics, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Peppi Pietarinen
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Christina Nokkala
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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Higgins J, Tomaszewska P, Pellny TK, Castiblanco V, Arango J, Tohme J, Schwarzacher T, Mitchell RA, Heslop-Harrison JS, De Vega JJ. Diverged subpopulations in tropical Urochloa (Brachiaria) forage species indicate a role for facultative apomixis and varying ploidy in their population structure and evolution. Ann Bot 2022; 130:657-669. [PMID: 36112370 PMCID: PMC9670755 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria) is a genus of tropical grasses sown as forage feedstock, particularly in marginal soils. Here we aimed to clarify the genetic diversity and population structure in Urochloa species to understand better how population evolution relates to ploidy level and occurrence of apomictic reproduction. METHODS We explored the genetic diversity of 111 accessions from the five Urochloa species used to develop commercial cultivars. These accessions were conserved from wild materials collected at their centre of origin in Africa, and they tentatively represent the complete Urochloa gene pool used in breeding programmes. We used RNA-sequencing to generate 1.1 million single nucleotide polymorphism loci. We employed genetic admixture, principal component and phylogenetic analyses to define subpopulations. RESULTS We observed three highly differentiated subpopulations in U. brizantha, which were unrelated to ploidy: one intermixed with U. decumbens, and two diverged from the former and the other species in the complex. We also observed two subpopulations in U. humidicola, unrelated to ploidy; one subpopulation had fewer accessions but included the only characterized sexual accession in the species. Our results also supported a division of U. decumbens between diploids and polyploids, and no subpopulations within U. ruziziensis and U. maxima. CONCLUSIONS Polyploid U. decumbens are more closely related to polyploid U. brizantha than to diploid U. decumbens, which supports the divergence of both polyploid groups from a common tetraploid ancestor and provides evidence for the hybridization barrier of ploidy. The three differentiated subpopulations of apomictic polyploid U. brizantha accessions constitute diverged ecotypes, which can probably be utilized in hybrid breeding. Subpopulations were not observed in non-apomictic U. ruziziensis. Sexual Urochloa polyploids were not found (U. brizantha, U. decumbens) or were limited to small subpopulations (U. humidicola). The subpopulation structure observed in the Urochloa sexual-apomictic multiploidy complexes supports geographical parthenogenesis, where the polyploid genotypes exploit the evolutionary advantage of apomixis, i.e. uniparental reproduction and clonality, to occupy extensive geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Higgins
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - P Tomaszewska
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- Department of Genetics and Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - T K Pellny
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - V Castiblanco
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), 6713 Cali, Colombia
| | - J Arango
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), 6713 Cali, Colombia
| | - J Tohme
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), 6713 Cali, Colombia
| | - T Schwarzacher
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - R A Mitchell
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - J S Heslop-Harrison
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial, Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
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Pequeno PACL, Franklin E, Norton RA. Hunger for sex: Abundant, heterogeneous resources select for sexual reproduction in the field. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1387-1395. [PMID: 36117406 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Major hypotheses on sex evolution predict that resource abundance and heterogeneity should either select for or against sexual reproduction. However, seldom have these predictions been explicitly tested in the field. Here, we investigated this question using soil oribatid mites, a diverse and abundant group of soil arthropods whose local communities can be dominated by either sexual or asexual species. First, we refined theoretical predictions by addressing how the effects of resource abundance, heterogeneity and abiotic conditions could modify each other. Then, we estimated the strength of selection for sexual species in local communities while controlling for phylogeny and neutral processes (ecological drift and dispersal), and tested its relation to resource and abiotic gradients. We show that sexual species tended to be favoured with increasing litter amount, a measure of basal resource abundance. Further, there was some evidence that this response occurred mainly under higher tree species richness, a measure of basal resource heterogeneity. This response to resources is unlikely to reflect niche partitioning between reproductive modes, as sexual and asexual species overlapped in trophic niche according to a comparative analysis using literature data on stable isotope ratios. Rather, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that sex facilitates adaptation by breaking unfavourable genetic associations, an advantage that should increase with effective population size when many loci are under selection and, thus, with resource abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Franklin
- Biodiversity Coordination, National Institute for Amazonia Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Roy A Norton
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Noyes RD. Mendelian segregation for parthenogenetic embryo development at the diploid level in the flowering plant Erigeron. Am J Bot 2022; 109:1641-1651. [PMID: 36112611 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Parthenogenesis is the capacity of organisms to develop embryos from unfertilized eggs. When parthenogenesis is coupled with unreduced gamete formation (apomeiosis), genetically maternal progeny result. Genetic elucidation of this form of reproduction in plants, apomixis, has important agronomic implications. However, genetic characterization of apomeiosis and parthenogenesis has been problematic in part because the traits usually co-occur and are restricted to polyploids. In this work, the inheritance of parthenogenetic embryo development, by itself, was studied at the diploid level. METHODS Progeny resulting from a cross between a diploid (2n = 18), heterozygous, parthenogenetic pollen donor, and a diploid, wildtype, sexual seed parent were evaluated. Paternity was tested with conserved orthologous sequence (COS) markers, reproductive development of F1s was evaluated with microscopy of cleared ovules, and an amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker (Eagc × Macg.615) co-segregating with parthenogenesis was characterized at the sequence level. RESULTS Of 102 diploid biparental progeny, 47 exhibited parthenogenetic embryo and endosperm development, and 55 lacked development of the egg and central cell. This result is consistent with Mendelian inheritance for a single locus (P = 0.43). Isolation and sequencing of the AFLP marker indicates that it is likely a portion of a Ty-Gypsy retrotransposon. Attempts to develop a sequence-characterized amplified region marker from the AFLP were unsuccessful. CONCLUSIONS This work shows that parthenogenesis can be transmitted simply at the diploid level. This advance is key in the development of a tractable system in Erigeron aimed at the identification of the parthenogenesis locus using genetic mapping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Noyes
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, US 72035
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40
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Chen F, Ma B, Lin Y, Luo X, Xu T, Zhang Y, Chen F, Li Y, Zhang Y, Luo B, Zhang Q, Xie X. Comparative maternal protein profiling of mouse biparental and uniparental embryos. Gigascience 2022; 11:6691138. [PMID: 36056732 PMCID: PMC9440387 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal proteins have important roles during early embryonic development. However, our understanding of maternal proteins is still very limited. The integrated analysis of mouse uniparental (parthenogenetic) and biparental (fertilized) embryos at the protein level creates a protein expression landscape that can be used to explore preimplantation mouse development. Results Using label-free quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, we report on the maternal proteome of mouse parthenogenetic embryos at pronucleus, 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages and highlight dynamic changes in protein expression. In addition, comparison of proteomic profiles of parthenogenotes and fertilized embryos highlights the different fates of maternal proteins. Enrichment analysis uncovered a set of maternal proteins that are strongly correlated with the subcortical maternal complex, and we report that in parthenogenotes, some of these maternal proteins escape the fate of protein degradation. Moreover, we identified a new maternal factor-Fbxw24, and highlight its importance in early embryonic development. We report that Fbxw24 interacts with Ddb1-Cul4b and may regulate maternal protein degradation in mouse. Conclusions Our study provides an invaluable resource for mechanistic analysis of maternal proteins and highlights the role of the novel maternal factor Fbw24 in regulating maternal protein degradation during preimplantation embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumei Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China
| | - Buguo Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China.,Central Laboratory, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China
| | - Yongda Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China.,Central Laboratory, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China.,Central Laboratory, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China.,Central Laboratory, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China.,Central Laboratory, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China
| | - Bin Luo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China.,Central Laboratory, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China
| | - Qingmei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China.,Central Laboratory, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxun Xie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China.,Central Laboratory, School of Pre-Clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P. R. China
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Chahal LS, Conner JA, Ozias-Akins P. Phylogenetically Distant BABY BOOM Genes From Setaria italica Induce Parthenogenesis in Rice. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:863908. [PMID: 35909735 PMCID: PMC9329937 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.863908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The combination of apomixis and hybrid production is hailed as the holy grail of agriculture for the ability of apomixis to fix heterosis of F1 hybrids in succeeding generations, thereby eliminating the need for repeated crosses to produce F1 hybrids. Apomixis, asexual reproduction through seed, achieves this feat by circumventing two processes that are fundamental to sexual reproduction (meiosis and fertilization) and replacing them with apomeiosis and parthenogenesis, resulting in seeds that are clonal to the maternal parent. Parthenogenesis, embryo development without fertilization, has been genetically engineered in rice, maize, and pearl millet using PsASGR-BABY BOOM-like (PsASGR-BBML) transgenes and in rice using the OsBABY BOOM1 (OsBBM1) cDNA sequence when expressed under the control of egg cell-specific promoters. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that BABY BOOM (BBM)/BBML genes from monocots cluster within three different clades. The BBM/BBML genes shown to induce parthenogenesis cluster within clade 1 (the ASGR-BBML clade) along with orthologs from other monocot species, such as Setaria italica. For this study, we tested the parthenogenetic potential of three BBM transgenes from S. italica, each a member of a different phylogenetic BBM clade. All transgenes were genomic constructs under the control of the AtDD45 egg cell-specific promoter. All SiBBM transgenes induced various levels of parthenogenetic embryo development, resulting in viable haploid T1 seedlings. Poor seed set and lower haploid seed production were characteristics of multiple transgenic lines. The results presented in this study illustrate that further functional characterization of BBMs in zygote/embryo development is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovepreet Singh Chahal
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Joann A. Conner
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Peggy Ozias-Akins
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
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Sidhu GS, Conner JA, Ozias-Akins P. Controlled Induction of Parthenogenesis in Transgenic Rice via Post-translational Activation of PsASGR-BBML. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:925467. [PMID: 35873991 PMCID: PMC9305695 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.925467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern plant breeding programs rely heavily on the generation of homozygous lines, with the traditional process requiring the inbreeding of a heterozygous cross for five to six generations. Doubled haploid (DH) technology, a process of generating haploid plants from an initial heterozygote, followed by chromosome doubling, reduces the process to two generations. Currently established in vitro methods of haploid induction include androgenesis and gynogenesis, while in vivo methods are based on uni-parental genome elimination. Parthenogenesis, embryogenesis from unfertilized egg cells, presents another potential method of haploid induction. PsASGR-BABY BOOM-like, an AP2 transcription factor, induces parthenogenesis in a natural apomictic species, Pennisetum squamulatum (Cenchrus squamulatus) and PsASGR-BBML transgenes promote parthenogenesis in several crop plants, including rice, maize, and pearl millet. The dominant nature of PsASGR-BBML transgenes impedes their use in DH technology. Using a glucocorticoid-based post-translational regulation system and watering with a 100 μM DEX solution before anthesis, PsASGR-BBML can be regulated at the flowering stage to promote parthenogenesis. Conditional expression presents a novel opportunity to use parthenogenetic genes in DH production technology and to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying parthenogenetic embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjot Singh Sidhu
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Joann A. Conner
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Peggy Ozias-Akins
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
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Radačovská A, Čisovská Bazsalovicsová E, Šoltys K, Štefka J, Minárik G, Gustinelli A, Chugunova JK, Králová-Hromadová I. Unique genetic structure of the human tapeworm Dibothriocephalus latus from the Alpine lakes region - a successful adaptation? Parasitology 2022; 149:1106-1118. [PMID: 35570686 PMCID: PMC11010471 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dibothriocephalus latus is the most frequent causative agent of fish-borne zoonosis (diphyllobothriosis) in Europe, where it is currently circulating mainly in the Alpine lakes region (ALR) and Russia. Three mitochondrial genes (cox1, cob and nad3) and 6 microsatellite loci were analysed to determine how is the recently detected triploidy/parthenogenesis in tapeworms from ALR displayed at the DNA level. A geographically distant population from the Krasnoyarsk Reservoir in Russia (RU-KR) was analysed as a comparative population. One or 2 alleles of each microsatellite locus was detected in plerocercoids from RU-KR, corresponding to the microsatellite pattern of a diploid organism. In contrast, 1–3 alleles were observed in tapeworms from ALR, in accordance with their triploidy. The high diversity of mitochondrial haplotypes in D. latus from RU-KR implied an original and relatively stable population, but the identical structure of mitochondrial genes of tapeworms from ALR was probably a consequence of a bottleneck typical of introduced populations. These results indicated that the diploid/sexually reproducing population from RU-KR was ancestral, located within the centre of the distribution of the species, and the triploid/parthenogenetically reproducing subalpine population was at the margin of the distribution. The current study revealed the allelic structure of the microsatellite loci in the triploid tapeworm for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžbeta Radačovská
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | | | - Katarína Šoltys
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Štefka
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriel Minárik
- Medirex, a.s., Galvaniho 17/C, P.O. Box 143, 82016 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Gustinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Julia K. Chugunova
- Krasnoyarsk Branch of the Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography ‘VNIRO’, Parizhskoi Kommuny, 33, 660097 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Chen B, Maas L, Figueiredo D, Zhong Y, Reis R, Li M, Horstman A, Riksen T, Weemen M, Liu H, Siemons C, Chen S, Angenent GC, Boutilier K. BABY BOOM regulates early embryo and endosperm development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201761119. [PMID: 35709319 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201761119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The zygote is a totipotent structure that develops into an embryo with all of the cells needed to produce an entire plant. The BABY BOOM (BBM) transcription factor induces spontaneous asexual embryo development on plant organs when ectopically expressed. Although BBM is at the top of a transcriptional network that promotes asexual embryo development, little is known about its expression and role during zygotic embryogenesis. Here we show in Arabidopsis that BBM regulates the progression of zygotic embryo development and embryo patterning, and division and cellularization of the filial endosperm. In line with its role as a totipotency factor, ectopic BBM expression in the egg cell is also sufficient to induce haploid embryo development in Arabidopsis and dicot crops. The BABY BOOM (BBM) AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE (AIL) AP2/ERF domain transcription factor is a major regulator of plant cell totipotency, as it induces asexual embryo formation when ectopically expressed. Surprisingly, only limited information is available on the role of BBM during zygotic embryogenesis. Here we reexamined BBM expression and function in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) using reporter analysis and newly developed CRISPR mutants. BBM was expressed in the embryo from the zygote stage and also in the maternal (nucellus) and filial (endosperm) seed tissues. Analysis of CRISPR mutant alleles for BBM (bbm-cr) and the redundantly acting AIL gene PLETHORA2 (PLT2) (plt2-cr) uncovered individual roles for these genes in the timing of embryo progression. We also identified redundant roles for BBM and PLT2 in endosperm proliferation and cellularization and the maintenance of zygotic embryo development. Finally, we show that ectopic BBM expression in the egg cell of Arabidopsis and the dicot crops Brassica napus and Solanum lycopersicon is sufficient to bypass the fertilization requirement for embryo development. Together these results highlight roles for BBM and PLT2 in seed development and demonstrate the utility of BBM genes for engineering asexual embryo development in dicot species.
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Abstract
Apomixis is a form of reproduction leading to clonal seeds and offspring that are genetically identical to the maternal plant. While apomixis naturally occurs in hundreds of plant species distributed across diverse plant families, it is absent in major crop species. Apomixis has a revolutionary potential in plant breeding, as it could allow the instant fixation and propagation though seeds of any plant genotype, most notably F1 hybrids. Mastering and implementing apomixis would reduce the cost of hybrid seed production, facilitate new types of hybrid breeding, and make it possible to harness hybrid vigor in crops that are not presently cultivated as hybrids. Synthetic apomixis can be engineered by combining modifications of meiosis and fertilization. Here, we review the current knowledge and recent major achievements toward the development of efficient apomictic systems usable in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Underwood
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany; ,
| | - Raphael Mercier
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany; ,
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Freitas S, Westram AM, Schwander T, Arakelyan M, Ilgaz Ç, Kumlutas Y, Harris DJ, Carretero MA, Butlin RK. Parthenogenesis in Darevskia lizards: A rare outcome of common hybridization, not a common outcome of rare hybridization. Evolution 2022; 76:899-914. [PMID: 35323995 PMCID: PMC9324800 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization is a common evolutionary process with multiple possible outcomes. In vertebrates, interspecific hybridization has repeatedly generated parthenogenetic hybrid species. However, it is unknown whether the generation of parthenogenetic hybrids is a rare outcome of frequent hybridization between sexual species within a genus or the typical outcome of rare hybridization events. Darevskia is a genus of rock lizards with both hybrid parthenogenetic and sexual species. Using capture sequencing, we estimate phylogenetic relationships and gene flow among the sexual species, to determine how introgressive hybridization relates to the origins of parthenogenetic hybrids. We find evidence for widespread hybridization with gene flow, both between recently diverged species and deep branches. Surprisingly, we find no signal of gene flow between parental species of the parthenogenetic hybrids, suggesting that the parental pairs were either reproductively or geographically isolated early in their divergence. The generation of parthenogenetic hybrids in Darevskia is, then, a rare outcome of the total occurrence of hybridization within the genus, but the typical outcome when specific species pairs hybridize. Our results question the conventional view that parthenogenetic lineages are generated by hybridization in a window of divergence. Instead, they suggest that some lineages possess specific properties that underpin successful parthenogenetic reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Freitas
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | - Anja Marie Westram
- IST AustriaKlosterneuburg3400Austria,Faculty of Biosciences and AquacultureNord UniversityBodøN‐8049Norway
| | - Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneCH‐1015Switzerland
| | | | - Çetin Ilgaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceDokuz Eylül Universityİzmir35400Turkey,Fauna and Flora Research CentreDokuz Eylül Universityİzmir35610Turkey
| | - Yusuf Kumlutas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceDokuz Eylül Universityİzmir35400Turkey,Fauna and Flora Research CentreDokuz Eylül Universityİzmir35610Turkey
| | - David James Harris
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIOUniversidade do PortoCampus de VairãoVairão4485–661Portugal
| | - Miguel A. Carretero
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIOUniversidade do PortoCampus de VairãoVairão4485–661Portugal,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de CiênciasUniversidade do PortoPorto4169‐007Portugal
| | - Roger K. Butlin
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesThe University of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUnited Kingdom,Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSE‐40530Sweden
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Zabelina V, Vrchotova M, Yonemura N, Sezutsu H, Tamura T, Klymenko V, Sehnal F, Zurovec M, Sehadova H, Sauman I. The Exact Timing of Microinjection of Parthenogenetic Silkworm Embryos Is Crucial for Their Successful Transgenesis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:822900. [PMID: 35399273 PMCID: PMC8990321 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.822900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of parthenogenetic silkworm (Bombyx mori) strains, which eliminate the problem of recombination, is a useful tool for maintaining transgenic clonal lines. The generation of genetically identical individuals is becoming an important tool in genetic engineering, allowing replication of an existing advantageous trait combination without the mixing that occurs during sexual reproduction. Thus, an animal with a particular genetic modification, such as the ability to produce transgenic proteins, can reproduce more rapidly than by natural mating. One obstacle to the widespread use of parthenogenesis in silkworm genetic engineering is the relatively low efficiency of downstream transgenesis techniques. In this work, we seek to optimize the use of transgenesis in conjunction with the production of parthenogenetic individuals. We found that a very important parameter for the introduction of foreign genes into a parthenogenetic strain is the precise timing of embryo microinjection. Our modification of the original method increased the efficiency of transgene injection as well as the survival rate of injected embryos. We also provide a detailed description of the methodological procedure including a graphical overview of the entire protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Zabelina
- Biology Center CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia.,National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Marketa Vrchotova
- Biology Center CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Naoyuki Yonemura
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideki Sezutsu
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tamura
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan.,Silk Sciences and Technology Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Vyacheslav Klymenko
- Faculty of Automation and Information Technology in Management, Ryazan State Radio Engineering University, Ryazan, Russia
| | - Frantisek Sehnal
- Biology Center CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Michal Zurovec
- Biology Center CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Hana Sehadova
- Biology Center CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Ivo Sauman
- Biology Center CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
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Yin PP, Tang LP, Zhang XS, Su YH. Options for Engineering Apomixis in Plants. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:864987. [PMID: 35371148 PMCID: PMC8967160 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.864987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In plants, embryogenesis and reproduction are not strictly dependent on fertilization. Several species can produce embryos in seeds asexually, a process known as apomixis. Apomixis is defined as clonal asexual reproduction through seeds, whereby the progeny is identical to the maternal genotype, and provides valuable opportunities for developing superior cultivars, as its induction in agricultural crops can facilitate the development and maintenance of elite hybrid genotypes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of apomixis and highlight the successful introduction of apomixis methods into sexual crops. In addition, we discuss several genes whose overexpression can induce somatic embryogenesis as candidate genes to induce parthenogenesis, a unique reproductive method of gametophytic apomixis. We also summarize three schemes to achieve engineered apomixis, which will offer more opportunities for the realization of apomictic reproduction.
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O’Connell LA, Crews D. Evolutionary insights into sexual behavior from whiptail lizards. J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol 2022; 337:88-98. [PMID: 33929097 PMCID: PMC8556411 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Is the brain bipotential or is sex-typical behavior determined during development? Thirty years of research in whiptail lizards transformed the field of behavioral neuroscience to show the brain is indeed bipotential, producing behaviors along a spectrum of male-typical and female-typical behavior via a parliamentary system of neural networks and not a predetermined program of constrained behavioral output. The unusual clade of whiptail lizards gave these insights as there are several parthenogenetic all-female species that display both male-typical and female-typical sexual behavior. These descendant species exist alongside their ancestors, allowing a unique perspective into how brain-behavior relationships evolve. In this review, we celebrate the over 40-year career of David Crews, beginning with the story of how he established whiptails as a model system through serendipitous behavioral observations and ending with advice to young scientists formulating their own questions. In between these personal notes, we discuss the discoveries that integrated hormones, neural activity, and gene expression to provide transformative insights into how brains function and reshaped our understanding of sexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Crews
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
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50
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Tamaki C, Takata M, Matsuura K. The lose-to-win strategy of the weak: intraspecific parasitism via egg abduction in a termite. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210540. [PMID: 34932926 PMCID: PMC8692029 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation by larger conspecifics poses a major threat to small juveniles in many animal species. However, in social insects, raids perpetrated by large colonies may provide smaller colonies with opportunities for parasitization. Herein, in the termite Reticulitermes speratus, we demonstrate that small incipient colonies parasitize large mature colonies through egg abduction when attacked by raiding conspecifics. We observed that the eggs of incipient colonies were brought into raiding colonies while their parents were killed during the attack. In this species, unmated females found new colonies with female-female (FF) cooperation, in addition to the typical monogamous colony foundation. Interestingly, the abducted eggs of FF pairs developed into nymphs (reproductive caste) in the raiding colonies, whereas the eggs of male-female (MF) pairs developed into workers (non-reproductive caste). Parthenogenetic eggs are known to be developmentally predisposed to becoming female reproductives owing to genomic imprinting in termites. This study demonstrates that the plundering of small colonies by larger conspecific colonies not only results in the extinction of the weaker colonies, but also serves as a strategy that incipient colonies use to obtain the reproductive position in large colonies by stealth. The results elucidate the diversity and complexity of inter-colonial interactions in social insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Tamaki
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mamoru Takata
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuura
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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