1
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Demirer T, Morgenstern B, Andrada DM. Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding Analysis of Lewis Base and Lewis Acid/Base‐Stabilized Phosphanylgallanes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T.Ilgin Demirer
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes Chemistry Department Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken GERMANY
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes Chemistry Department Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken GERMANY
| | - Diego Marcelo Andrada
- Universitat des Saarlandes Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultat Fachberei Chemie Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken GERMANY
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2
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Li B, Geoghegan B, Weinert HM, Wölper C, Cutsail III G, Schulz S. Synthesis and redox activity of carbene-coordinated group 13 metal radicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4372-4375. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00216g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbenes are known to stabilize main group element compounds with unusual electronic properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of carbene-stabilized group 13 metal radicals (cAAC)MX2(IPr) (M = Al, X =...
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3
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Feuerstein W, Varava P, Fadaei-Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Severin K. Synthesis, structural characterization, and coordination chemistry of imidazole-based alkylidene ketenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11509-11512. [PMID: 34652353 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05161j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alkylidene ketenes typically display high intrinsic reactivity, impeding isolation on a preparative scale. Herein, we report the synthesis of alkylidene ketenes by reaction of imidazole-based diazoolefins with carbon monoxide. The good thermal stability of these heterocumulenes allows for characterization by single crystal X-ray diffraction. N-Heterocyclic alkylidene ketenes can be used as C-donor ligands for transition and main group metals, as evidenced by the isolation of complexes with AuCl, RhCl(CO)2, PdCl(C3H5) and GaCl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Feuerstein
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Varava
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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4
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Mikhaylov VN, Kazakov IV, Parfeniuk TN, Khoroshilova OV, Scheer M, Timoshkin AY, Balova IA. The carbene transfer to strong Lewis acids: copper is better than silver. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2872-2879. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00235j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Air-stable copper(i) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes are excellent reagents for carbene transfer to Lewis Acids based on group 13 metals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Manfred Scheer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Regensburg
- D-93040 Regensburg
- Germany
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5
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Liu SK, Chen WC, Yap GPA, Ong TG. Synthesis of Carbophosphinocarbene and Their Donating Ability: Expansion of the Carbone Class. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-kai Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-chu, Taiwan
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-chu,Taiwan
| | | | - Glenn P. A. Yap
- The Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Tiow-Gan Ong
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-chu, Taiwan
- The Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Hock A, Werner L, Luz C, Radius U. N-Heterocyclic carbene and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene adducts of gallium hydrides, gallium chlorides and gallium hydrochlorides. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:11108-11119. [PMID: 32743616 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (cAAC) gallane and chlorogallane adducts of the type (NHC)·GaH3 (NHC = Me2ImMe1, iPr2Im 2, iPr2ImMe3 and Dipp2ImH4; Me2ImMe = 1,3,4,5-tetra-methyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene; R2Im = 1,3-di-organyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene; Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl; Dipp2ImH = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolidin-2-ylidene), (NHC)·GaH2Cl (NHC = iPr2ImMe9, Dipp2Im 10 and Dipp2ImH11; iPr2ImMe = 1,3 diisopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene), (NHC)·GaHCl2 (NHC = iPr2ImMe12, Dipp2Im 13 and Dipp2ImH14) and (cAACMe)·GaHCl215 is reported. Compounds 1-3 and 9-11 are unstable in solution as heating to the boiling temperature of toluene (110 °C) leads to decomposition into elemental gallium and the corresponding dihydroaminal NHC-H2. The reaction of the mono-NHC adducts with a second equivalent of NHC also afforded decomposition and formation of NHC-H2, whereas the reaction of the NHC-stabilized gallanes with one equivalent cAACMe leads to an insertion of the cAACMe carbene carbon atom into the Ga-H bond. The synthesis and characterization of (NHC)·GaH2(cAACMeH) (NHC = Me2ImMe5, iPr2ImMe6 and Dipp2Im 7), the products of an oxidative addition of (NHC)·GaH3 to cAACMe, are presented. The adduct (Dipp2ImH)·GaH34 reacts with two equivalents of cAACMe under the release of Dipp2ImH and insertion of two cAACMe molecules into the Ga-H bond to give the bisalkylgallane (cAACMeH)2GaH 8. If one or two hydrogen atoms of the NHC gallane adducts are replaced with an electron-withdrawing chloride substituent, a selective insertion of cAACMe into the Ga-H bond occurs only for the adducts of sterically less demanding NHCs such as iPr2ImMe. The reaction of cAACMe with (iPr2ImMe)·GaH2Cl 9 and (iPr2ImMe)·GaHCl212 afforded (iPr2ImMe)·GaHCl(cAACMeH) 16 and (iPr2ImMe)·GaCl2(cAACMeH) 17. The reaction of cAACMe with (NHC)·GaHCl2 and (NHC)·GaH2Cl (NHC = Dipp2Im, Dipp2ImH), adducts of the sterically more demanding NHCs, leads to an extrusion of the NHC to (cAACMe)·GaHCl215 and (cAACMeH)2GaCl 18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hock
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Luis Werner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Luz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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7
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Feng Z, Fang Y, Ruan H, Zhao Y, Tan G, Wang X. Stable Radical Cation and Dication of an N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Stabilized Digallene: Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Huapeng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination ChemistryJiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing University Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
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8
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Feng Z, Fang Y, Ruan H, Zhao Y, Tan G, Wang X. Stable Radical Cation and Dication of an N-Heterocyclic Carbene Stabilized Digallene: Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6769-6774. [PMID: 31994317 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
One- and two-electron oxidation of a digallene stabilized by an N-heterocyclic carbene afforded the first stable gallium-based radical cation and dication salts, respectively. Structural analysis and theoretical calculations reveal that the oxidation occurs at the Ga=Ga double bond, leading to removal of π electrons of the double bond and a decrease of the bond order. The spin density of the radical cation mainly locates at the two gallium centers as demonstrated by EPR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Moreover, the reactivity of the radical cation salt toward nBu3 SnH and cyclo-S8 was studied; a digallium-hydride cation salt containing a Ga-Ga single bond and a gallium sulfide cluster bearing an unprecedented ladder-like Ga4 S4 core structure were obtained, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Huapeng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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9
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Ho LP, Anders L, Tamm M. Group 13 Element Trihalide Complexes of Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:845-851. [PMID: 32011782 PMCID: PMC7154526 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of group 13 complexes of the general type [{(WCA-IDipp)EX3 }Li(solv)] (E=B, Al, Ga, In; X=Cl, Br) that bear an anionic N-heterocyclic carbene ligand with a weakly coordinating borate moiety (WCA-IDipp, WCA=B(C6 F5 )3 and IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene) were prepared by the reaction of the respective group 13 trihalides (EX3 ) with the lithium salt [(WCA-IDipp)Li ⋅ toluene]. The molecular structures of the BBr3 , AlCl3 , AlBr3 , GaCl3 and InCl3 adducts were established by X-ray diffraction analyses, revealing the formation of coordination polymers linked by halide-lithium interactions, except for the indium derivative, which consists of isolated [Li(THF)4 ]+ and [(WCA-IDipp)InCl3 ]- ions in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luong Phong Ho
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Lisa Anders
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
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10
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Schödel F, Bolte M, Wagner M, Lerner H. NHC Supersilyl Silver Complex [Ag(IPr)Si
t
Bu
3
] as a Promising Agent for Substitution Reactions. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Schödel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe‐Universität Max‐von‐Laue‐Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe‐Universität Max‐von‐Laue‐Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe‐Universität Max‐von‐Laue‐Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Hans‐Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe‐Universität Max‐von‐Laue‐Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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11
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Djurovic A, Vayer M, Li Z, Guillot R, Baltaze JP, Gandon V, Bour C. Synthesis of Medium-Sized Carbocycles by Gallium-Catalyzed Tandem Carbonyl–Olefin Metathesis/Transfer Hydrogenation. Org Lett 2019; 21:8132-8137. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Djurovic
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, Orsay 91405 Cedex, France
| | - Marie Vayer
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, Orsay 91405 Cedex, France
| | - Zhilong Li
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, Orsay 91405 Cedex, France
| | - Regis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, Orsay 91405 Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baltaze
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, Orsay 91405 Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, Orsay 91405 Cedex, France
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS UMR 9168, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, Palaiseau 91128 Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Bour
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, Orsay 91405 Cedex, France
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12
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Nesterov V, Reiter D, Bag P, Frisch P, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Inoue S. NHCs in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9678-9842. [PMID: 29969239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first stable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in the beginning of the 1990s, these divalent carbon species have become a common and available class of compounds, which have found numerous applications in academic and industrial research. Their important role as two-electron donor ligands, especially in transition metal chemistry and catalysis, is difficult to overestimate. In the past decade, there has been tremendous research attention given to the chemistry of low-coordinate main group element compounds. Significant progress has been achieved in stabilization and isolation of such species as Lewis acid/base adducts with highly tunable NHC ligands. This has allowed investigation of numerous novel types of compounds with unique electronic structures and opened new opportunities in the rational design of novel organic catalysts and materials. This Review gives a general overview of this research, basic synthetic approaches, key features of NHC-main group element adducts, and might be useful for the broad research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Prasenjit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
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13
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Dagorne S, Wehmschulte R. Recent Developments on the Use of Group 13 Metal Complexes in Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Dagorne
- Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS; 1 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Rudolf Wehmschulte
- Department of Chemistry; Florida Institute of Technology; 150 West University Boulevard Melbourne FL 32901 USA
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14
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Wu MM, Gill AM, Yunpeng L, Yongxin L, Ganguly R, Falivene L, García F. Aryl-NHC-group 13 trimethyl complexes: structural, stability and bonding insights. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:854-864. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04448d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of aromatic N-substituted N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) with trimethylgallium and -indium yielded the new Lewis acid–base adducts (as shown in the Figure). The steric and electronic factors affecting the stability of these complexes were quantified using percent buried volume, topographic steric maps and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Wu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Arran M. Gill
- Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Highfield Southampton
- UK
| | - Lu Yunpeng
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Li Yongxin
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Laura Falivene
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Felipe García
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
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15
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Swarnakar AK, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Rivard E. Azido- and amido-substituted gallium hydrides supported by N-heterocyclic carbenes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:1406-1412. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04595b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of azido- and amido-gallanes supported by hindered N-heterocyclic carbene donors is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada T6G 2G2
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16
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Michelet B, Tang S, Thiery G, Monot J, Li H, Guillot R, Bour C, Gandon V. Catalytic applications of [IPr·GaX2][SbF6] and related species. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00470a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The broad applicability of cationic NHC complexes of gallium in molecular catalysis is revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Michelet
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay
- CNRS UMR 8182
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91405 Orsay cedex
| | - Shun Tang
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay
- CNRS UMR 8182
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91405 Orsay cedex
| | - Guillaume Thiery
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay
- CNRS UMR 8182
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91405 Orsay cedex
| | - Julien Monot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay
- CNRS UMR 8182
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91405 Orsay cedex
| | - Huijing Li
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay
- CNRS UMR 8182
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91405 Orsay cedex
| | - Régis Guillot
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay
- CNRS UMR 8182
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91405 Orsay cedex
| | - Christophe Bour
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay
- CNRS UMR 8182
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91405 Orsay cedex
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay
- CNRS UMR 8182
- Univ. Paris-Sud
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91405 Orsay cedex
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17
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Michelet B, Thiery G, Bour C, Gandon V. Non-Innocent Behavior of Substrate Backbone Esters in Metal-Catalyzed Carbocyclizations and Friedel–Crafts Reactions of Enynes and Arenynes. J Org Chem 2015; 80:10925-38. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Michelet
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS 8182), Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Thiery
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS 8182), Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Christophe Bour
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS 8182), Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS 8182), Université Paris-Sud, Bâtiment 420, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
- Institut
de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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18
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Uzelac M, Hernán-Gómez A, Armstrong DR, Kennedy AR, Hevia E. Rational synthesis of normal, abnormal and anionic NHC-gallium alkyl complexes: structural, stability and isomerization insights. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5719-5728. [PMID: 29910864 PMCID: PMC5975842 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02086g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Advancing the rational design of main-group N-heterocyclic carbene complexes, this study reports the synthesis, X-ray crystallographic and NMR spectroscopic characterisation of a novel series of Ga complexes containing neutral or anionic NHC ligands using the unsaturated carbene IPr (IPr = 1,3-bis-(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene). Starting from normal adduct GaR3·IPr (1) (R = CH2SiMe3), the addition of polar LiR led to the formation of NHC-stabilised gallate species IPr·LiGaR4 (2), resulting from co-complexation of the single-metal species. Contrastingly, reversing the order of addition of these organometallic reagents, by treating unsaturated free IPr, first with LiR followed by GaR3, furnished novel heteroleptic gallate (THF)2Li[:C{[N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2CHCGa(CH2SiMe3)3}] (3), which contains an anionic NHC ligand acting as an unsymmetrical bridge between the two metals, coordinating through its abnormal C4 position to Ga and through its normal C2 position to Li. Electrophilic interception studies of 3 using methyl triflate (MeOTf), methanol and imidazolium salt (IMes·HCl) led to the isolation and structural elucidation of the two novel neutral abnormal NHC (aNHC) complexes [CH3C{[N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2CHCGa(CH2SiMe3)3}] (4) and aIPr·GaR3 (5) (aIPr = HC{[N(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2CHC}). These studies disclose the preference of the anionic IPr ligand present in 3 to react with electrophiles via its C2 position, leaving its Ga-C4 bond intact. Abnormal complex 5 can also be accessed by a thermally induced rearrangement of its normal isomer 1. Combining NMR spectroscopic and kinetic studies with DFT calculations, new light has been shed on this intriguing transformation, which suggests that it occurs via a dissociative mechanism, highlighting the importance of the donor ability of the solvent used in these thermal isomerizations as well as the steric bulk of the substituents on the NHC and the Ga reagent. These findings intimate that relief of the steric hindrance around Ga by forming an abnormal complex is a key driving force behind these rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Uzelac
- WestCHEM , Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , G1 1XL , UK .
| | - Alberto Hernán-Gómez
- WestCHEM , Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , G1 1XL , UK .
| | - David R Armstrong
- WestCHEM , Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , G1 1XL , UK .
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM , Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , G1 1XL , UK .
| | - Eva Hevia
- WestCHEM , Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , G1 1XL , UK .
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19
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Michelet B, Colard-Itté JR, Thiery G, Guillot R, Bour C, Gandon V. Dibromoindium(iii) cations as a π-Lewis acid: characterization of [IPr·InBr2][SbF6] and its catalytic activity towards alkynes and alkenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7401-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00740b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Wu. M M, Gill AM, Yunpeng L, Falivene L, Yongxin L, Ganguly R, Cavallo L, García F. Synthesis, structural studies and ligand influence on the stability of aryl-NHC stabilised trimethylaluminium complexes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:15166-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00079c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of a series of aromatic NHCs with trimethylaluminium produced their corresponding NHC·AlMe3 adducts displaying different stabilities. Their stabilities are rationalized using topographic steric maps and NHC % V Bur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Wu. M
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
| | - Arran M. Gill
- Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- University of Southampton
- Highfield Southampton
- UK
| | - Lu Yunpeng
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
| | - Laura Falivene
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Li Yongxin
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal
- Saudi Arabia
- Dipartimento di chimica
- Univerità di Salerno
| | - Felipe García
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
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21
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Bour C, Gandon V. Well-defined organo-gallium complexes as Lewis acids for molecular catalysis: Structure–stability–activity relationships. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Michelet B, Bour C, Gandon V. Gallium-assisted transfer hydrogenation of alkenes. Chemistry 2014; 20:14488-92. [PMID: 25213294 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report a rare case of alkene transfer hydrogenation using a main-group compound instead of a transition-metal complex as catalyst. We disclosed that 1,4-cyclohexadiene can be used as H2 surrogate towards olefin reduction in the presence of [IPrGaCl2 ][SbF6 ]. Hydrogenative cyclizations have also been carried out because this cationic gallium complex is also a potent hydroarylation catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Michelet
- Université Paris-Sud, ICMMO (UMR CNRS 8182), LabEx CHARMAAAT, 91405 Orsay cedex (France), Fax: (+ 33)169154747, Homepage: www.polycata.u-psud.fr
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23
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Fliedel C, Schnee G, Avilés T, Dagorne S. Group 13 metal (Al, Ga, In, Tl) complexes supported by heteroatom-bonded carbene ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Tan G, Szilvási T, Inoue S, Blom B, Driess M. An Elusive Hydridoaluminum(I) Complex for Facile C–H and C–O Bond Activation of Ethers and Access to Its Isolable Hydridogallium(I) Analogue: Syntheses, Structures, and Theoretical Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9732-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ja504448v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gengwen Tan
- Department
of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tibor Szilvási
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department
of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Burgert Blom
- Department
of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department
of Chemistry: Metalorganics and Inorganic Materials, Sekr. C2, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Bour C, Monot J, Tang S, Guillot R, Farjon J, Gandon V. Structure, Stability, and Catalytic Activity of Fluorine-Bridged Complexes IPr·GaCl2(μ-F)EFn–1 (EFn– = SbF6–, PF6–, or BF4–). Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om4012054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Bour
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS 8182), LabEx CHARMMMAT, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Julien Monot
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS 8182), LabEx CHARMMMAT, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Shun Tang
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS 8182), LabEx CHARMMMAT, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS 8182), LabEx CHARMMMAT, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Jonathan Farjon
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS 8182), LabEx CHARMMMAT, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS 8182), LabEx CHARMMMAT, Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- ICSN-CNRS, Bat 27-1
avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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26
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El-Hellani A, Monot J, Tang S, Guillot R, Bour C, Gandon V. Relationship between Gallium Pyramidalization in L·GaCl3 Complexes and the Electronic Ligand Properties. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:11493-502. [DOI: 10.1021/ic401817g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El-Hellani
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS
8182), Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Julien Monot
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS
8182), Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Shun Tang
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS
8182), Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS
8182), Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Bour
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS
8182), Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- ICMMO
(UMR CNRS
8182), Université Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- ICSN-CNRS, Bat 27-1 avenue
de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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27
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Sarmah S, Guha AK, Phukan AK. Donor-Acceptor Complexes of Normal and Abnormal N-Heterocyclic Carbenes with Group 13 (B, Al, Ga) Elements: A Combined DFT and Atoms-in-Molecules Study. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Yang YF, Ganguly R, Li Y, So CW. Reactivity of a Tin(II) 1,3-Benzodi(thiophosphinoyl)methanediide Complex toward Gallium, Germanium, and Zinc Compounds. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400141j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Yang
- Division of Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- Division of Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry
and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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29
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El-Hellani A, Monot J, Guillot R, Bour C, Gandon V. Molecular versus Ionic Structures in Adducts of GaX3 with Monodentate Carbon-Based Ligands. Inorg Chem 2012; 52:506-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302440g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El-Hellani
- ICMMO (UMR CNRS 8182), Université
Paris-sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Julien Monot
- ICMMO (UMR CNRS 8182), Université
Paris-sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Régis Guillot
- ICMMO (UMR CNRS 8182), Université
Paris-sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Bour
- ICMMO (UMR CNRS 8182), Université
Paris-sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- ICMMO (UMR CNRS 8182), Université
Paris-sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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30
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Timoshkin AY, Bodensteiner M, Sevastianova TN, Lisovenko AS, Davydova EI, Scheer M, Graßl C, Butlak AV. Do Solid-State Structures Reflect Lewis Acidity Trends of Heavier Group 13 Trihalides? Experimental and Theoretical Case Study. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:11602-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ic301507c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Y. Timoshkin
- Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, University Pr. 26, Old Peterhof, St.
Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Michael Bodensteiner
- Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tatiana N. Sevastianova
- Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, University Pr. 26, Old Peterhof, St.
Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Anna S. Lisovenko
- Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, University Pr. 26, Old Peterhof, St.
Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Elena I. Davydova
- Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, University Pr. 26, Old Peterhof, St.
Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Graßl
- Department of Inorganic
Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alina V. Butlak
- Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, University Pr. 26, Old Peterhof, St.
Petersburg 198504, Russia
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31
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Tang S, Monot J, El-Hellani A, Michelet B, Guillot R, Bour C, Gandon V. Cationic Gallium(III) Halide Complexes: A New Generation of π-Lewis Acids. Chemistry 2012; 18:10239-43. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Peczonczyk SL, Mukherjee J, Carim AI, Maldonado S. Wet chemical functionalization of III-V semiconductor surfaces: alkylation of gallium arsenide and gallium nitride by a Grignard reaction sequence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:4672-4682. [PMID: 22372474 DOI: 10.1021/la204698a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline gallium arsenide (GaAs) (111)A and gallium nitride (GaN) (0001) surfaces have been functionalized with alkyl groups via a sequential wet chemical chlorine activation, Grignard reaction process. For GaAs(111)A, etching in HCl in diethyl ether effected both oxide removal and surface-bound Cl. X-ray photoelectron (XP) spectra demonstrated selective surface chlorination after exposure to 2 M HCl in diethyl ether for freshly etched GaAs(111)A but not GaAs(111)B surfaces. GaN(0001) surfaces exposed to PCl(5) in chlorobenzene showed reproducible XP spectroscopic evidence for Cl-termination. The Cl-activated GaAs(111)A and GaN(0001) surfaces were both reactive toward alkyl Grignard reagents, with pronounced decreases in detectable Cl signal as measured by XP spectroscopy. Sessile contact angle measurements between water and GaAs(111)A interfaces after various levels of treatment showed that GaAs(111)A surfaces became significantly more hydrophobic following reaction with C(n)H(2n-1)MgCl (n = 1, 2, 4, 8, 14, 18). High-resolution As 3d XP spectra taken at various times during prolonged direct exposure to ambient lab air indicated that the resistance of GaAs(111)A to surface oxidation was greatly enhanced after reaction with Grignard reagents. GaAs(111)A surfaces terminated with C(18)H(37) groups were also used in Schottky heterojunctions with Hg. These heterojunctions exhibited better stability over repeated cycling than heterojunctions based on GaAs(111)A modified with C(18)H(37)S groups. Raman spectra were separately collected that suggested electronic passivation by surficial Ga-C bonds at GaAs(111)A. Specifically, GaAs(111)A surfaces reacted with alkyl Grignard reagents exhibited Raman signatures comparable to those of samples treated with 10% Na(2)S in tert-butanol. For GaN(0001), high-resolution C 1s spectra exhibited the characteristic low binding energy shoulder demonstrative of surface Ga-C bonds following reaction with CH(3)MgCl. In addition, 4-fluorophenyl groups were attached and detected after reaction with C(6)H(4)FMgBr, further confirming the susceptibility of Cl-terminated GaN(0001) to surface alkylation. However, the measured hydrophobicities of alkyl-terminated GaAs(111)A and GaN(0001) were markedly distinct, indicating differences in the resultant surface layers. The results presented here, in conjunction with previous studies on GaP, show that atop Ga atoms at these crystallographically related surfaces can be deliberately functionalized and protected through Ga-C surface bonds that do not involve thiol/sulfide chemistry or gas-phase pretreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina L Peczonczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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33
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Tai CC, Chang YT, Tsai JH, Jurca T, Yap GPA, Ong TG. Subtle Reactivities of Boron and Aluminum Complexes with Amino-Linked N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligation. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om200878e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Cheng Tai
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic
of China
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic
of China
- National Taiwan Science and Technology University, Taipei, Taiwan,
Republic of China
| | - Jie-Hong Tsai
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic
of China
| | - Titel Jurca
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic
of China
| | - Glenn P. A. Yap
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Tiow-Gan Ong
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic
of China
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34
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Horeglad P, Szczepaniak G, Dranka M, Zachara J. The first facile stereoselectivity switch in the polymerization of rac-lactide—from heteroselective to isoselective dialkylgallium alkoxides with the help of N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:1171-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc16072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Ball GE, Cole ML, McKay AI. Low valent and hydride complexes of NHC coordinated gallium and indium. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:946-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11202c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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36
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Holzmann N, Stasch A, Jones C, Frenking G. Structures and Stabilities of Group 13 Adducts [(NHC)(EX3)] and [(NHC)2(E2Xn)] (E=B to In; X=H, Cl; n=4, 2, 0; NHC=N-Heterocyclic Carbene) and the Search for Hydrogen Storage Systems: A Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2011; 17:13517-25. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Li HJ, Guillot R, Gandon V. A gallium-catalyzed cycloisomerization/Friedel-Crafts tandem. J Org Chem 2010; 75:8435-49. [PMID: 21082803 DOI: 10.1021/jo101709n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Under noble (Au, Pt, Ru) and group 13 (Ga, In) metals catalysis, 1,6-arenynes rearrange to give 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes in a high yielding, regiocontrolled fashion. When the reaction is carried out in the presence of electron-rich arenes (anisole, phenol, indole derivatives), Friedel-Crafts addition may follow the cycloisomerization step. Only GaX(3) salts proved able to catalyze these two C-C bond formation events. This specificity of gallium has been exploited for the synthesis of valuable polycyclic compounds that would be very difficult to prepare otherwise. For instance, tetrahydroisoquinolines and tetrahydrobenzoazepines have been obtained by selective 6-exo-dig or 7-endo-dig cyclization of N-tethered 1,6-arenynes. DFT calculations were carried out to shed light on the mechanism and provide a rationale for this regiodivergency. Computations also reveal the fundamental role of the tether in the stabilization of carbocationic species. Differential reactivities of other types of substrates in gallium- and gold-catalyzed cascades are also exposed, showing that the two approaches are complementary. In particular, bimolecular Friedel-Crafts additions are facilitated under gallium catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jing Li
- ICMMO, UMR CNRS 8182, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
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38
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Davydova E, Sevastianova T, Suvorov A, Timoshkin A. Molecular complexes formed by halides of group 4,5,13–15 elements and the thermodynamic characteristics of their vaporization and dissociation found by the static tensimetric method. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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39
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Mukherjee J, Peczonczyk S, Maldonado S. Wet chemical functionalization of III-V semiconductor surfaces: alkylation of gallium phosphide using a Grignard reaction sequence. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:10890-10896. [PMID: 20486651 DOI: 10.1021/la100783w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystalline gallium phosphide (GaP) surfaces have been functionalized with alkyl groups via a sequential Cl-activation, Grignard reaction process. X-ray photoelectron (XP) spectra of freshly etched GaP(111)A surfaces demonstrated reproducible signals for surficial Cl after treatment with PCl(5) in chlorobenzene. The measured Cl content consistently corresponded to approximately a monolayer of coverage on GaP(111)A. In contrast, GaP(111)B surfaces treated with the same PCl(5) solution under the same conditions exhibited macroscale roughening and yielded XP spectra that showed irreproducible Cl surface content often below the limit of detection of the spectrometer. The Cl-activated GaP(111)A surfaces were reactive toward alkyl Grignard reagents. Sessile contact angle measurements between water and GaP(111)A after various levels of treatment showed that GaP(111)A surfaces became significantly more hydrophobic following reaction with either CH(3)MgCl or C(18)H(37)MgCl. GaP(111)A surfaces reacted with C(18)H(37)MgCl demonstrated wetting properties consistent with surfaces modified with a dense layer of long alkyl chains. High-resolution C 1s XP spectra indicated that the carbonaceous species at GaP(111)A surfaces treated with Grignard reagents could not be ascribed solely to adventitious carbon. A shoulder in the C 1s XP spectra occurred at slightly lower binding energies for these samples, commensurate with the formation of Ga-C bonds. High-resolution P 2p XP spectra taken at various times during prolonged direct exposure to ambient laboratory air indicated that the resistance of GaP(111)A to surface oxidation was greatly enhanced after surface modification with alkyl groups. GaP(111)A samples that had been functionalized with C(18)H(37)- groups exhibited less than 0.1 nm of surface oxide after 7 weeks of continuous exposure to ambient air. GaP(111)A surfaces terminated with C(18)H(37)- groups were also used as platforms in Schottky heterojunctions with Hg. In comparison to freshly etched GaP(111)A, the alkyl-terminated GaP(111)A samples yielded current-voltage responses that were in accord with metal-insulator-semiconductor devices and indicated that this reaction strategy could be used to alter rates of heterogeneous charge transfer controllably. The wet chemical surface functionalization strategy described herein does not involve thiol/sulfide chemistry or gas-phase pretreatments and represents a new synthetic methodology for controlling the interfacial properties of GaP and related Ga-based III-V semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhindan Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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Clavier H, Nolan SP. Percent buried volume for phosphine and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands: steric properties in organometallic chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:841-61. [DOI: 10.1039/b922984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 760] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tapu D, Dixon DA, Roe C. 13C NMR Spectroscopy of “Arduengo-type” Carbenes and Their Derivatives. Chem Rev 2009; 109:3385-407. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800521g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tapu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, and Central Research & Development, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, and Central Research & Development, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
| | - Christopher Roe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, and Central Research & Development, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Co., Inc., Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880
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Shih WC, Wang CH, Chang YT, Yap GPA, Ong TG. Synthesis and Structure of an Amino-Linked N-Heterocyclic Carbene and the Reactivity of its Aluminum Adduct. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om800917j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Shih
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Chun-Han Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Yang-Ting Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Glenn P. A. Yap
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Tiow-Gan Ong
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
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