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The Donor-Dependent and Colon-Region-Dependent Metabolism of (+)-Catechin by Colonic Microbiota in the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010073. [PMID: 35011305 PMCID: PMC8746996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal absorption of dietary catechins is quite low, resulting in most of them being metabolized by gut microbiota in the colon. It has been hypothesized that microbiota-derived metabolites may be partly responsible for the association between catechin consumption and beneficial cardiometabolic effects. Given the profound differences in gut microbiota composition and microbial load between individuals and across different colon regions, this study examined how microbial (+)-catechin metabolite profiles differ between colon regions and individuals. Batch exploration of the interindividual variability in (+)-catechin microbial metabolism resulted in a stratification based on metabolic efficiency: from the 12 tested donor microbiota, we identified a fast- and a slow-converting microbiota that was subsequently inoculated to SHIME, a dynamic model of the human gut. Monitoring of microbial (+)-catechin metabolites from proximal and distal colon compartments with UHPLC-MS and UPLC-IMS-Q-TOF-MS revealed profound donor-dependent and colon-region-dependent metabolite profiles with 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone being the largest contributor to differences between the fast- and slow-converting microbiota and the distal colon being a more important region for (+)-catechin metabolism than the proximal colon. Our findings may contribute to further understanding the role of the gut microbiota as a determinant of interindividual variation in pharmacokinetics upon (+)-catechin ingestion.
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2
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Sun Y, Kang K, Li YL, Sang LX, Chang B. Tea polyphenols protect mice from acute ethanol-Induced liver injury by modulating the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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3
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Rafiq T, Azab SM, Teo KK, Thabane L, Anand SS, Morrison KM, de Souza RJ, Britz-McKibbin P. Nutritional Metabolomics and the Classification of Dietary Biomarker Candidates: A Critical Review. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2333-2357. [PMID: 34015815 PMCID: PMC8634495 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in metabolomics allow for more objective assessment of contemporary food exposures, which have been proposed as an alternative or complement to self-reporting of food intake. However, the quality of evidence supporting the utility of dietary biomarkers as valid measures of habitual intake of foods or complex dietary patterns in diverse populations has not been systematically evaluated. We reviewed nutritional metabolomics studies reporting metabolites associated with specific foods or food groups; evaluated the interstudy repeatability of dietary biomarker candidates; and reported study design, metabolomic approach, analytical technique(s), and type of biofluid analyzed. A comprehensive literature search of 5 databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, BIOSIS, and CINAHL) was conducted from inception through December 2020. This review included 244 studies, 169 (69%) of which were interventional studies (9 of these were replicated in free-living participants) and 151 (62%) of which measured the metabolomic profile of serum and/or plasma. Food-based metabolites identified in ≥1 study and/or biofluid were associated with 11 food-specific categories or dietary patterns: 1) fruits; 2) vegetables; 3) high-fiber foods (grain-rich); 4) meats; 5) seafood; 6) pulses, legumes, and nuts; 7) alcohol; 8) caffeinated beverages, teas, and cocoas; 9) dairy and soya; 10) sweet and sugary foods; and 11) complex dietary patterns and other foods. We conclude that 69 metabolites represent good candidate biomarkers of food intake. Quantitative measurement of these metabolites will advance our understanding of the relation between diet and chronic disease risk and support evidence-based dietary guidelines for global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Rafiq
- Medical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sandi M Azab
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Koon K Teo
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Russell J de Souza
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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4
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Metabolomics Technologies for the Identification and Quantification of Dietary Phenolic Compound Metabolites: An Overview. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060846. [PMID: 34070614 PMCID: PMC8229076 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for natural products with properties that may protect against or slow down chronic and degenerative diseases (e.g., cancer, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative conditions), phenolic compounds (PC) with benefits for human health have been identified. The biological effects of PC in vivo depend on their bioavailability, intestinal absorption, metabolism, and interaction with target tissues. The identification of phenolic compounds metabolites (PCM), in biological samples, after food ingestion rich in PC is a first step to understand the overall effect on human health. However, their wide range of physicochemical properties, levels of abundance, and lack of reference standards, renders its identification and quantification a challenging task for existing analytical platforms. The most frequent approaches to metabolomics analysis combine mass spectrometry and NMR, parallel technologies that provide an overview of the metabolome and high-power compound elucidation. In this scenario, the aim of this review is to summarize the pre-analytical separation processes for plasma and urine samples and the technologies applied in quantitative and qualitative analysis of PCM. Additionally, a comparison of targeted and non-targeted approaches is presented, not available in previous reviews, which may be useful for future metabolomics studies of PCM.
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Docampo-Palacios ML, Alvarez-Hernández A, de Fátima Â, Lião LM, Pasinetti GM, Dixon RA. Efficient Chemical Synthesis of (Epi)catechin Glucuronides: Brain-Targeted Metabolites for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30095-30110. [PMID: 33251444 PMCID: PMC7689943 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Grape seed extract (GSE) is rich in flavonoids and has been recognized to possess human health benefits. Our group and others have demonstrated that GSE is able to attenuate the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, our results have disclosed that the anti-Alzheimer's benefits are not directly/solely related to the dietary flavonoids themselves, but rather to their metabolites, particularly to the glucuronidated ones. To facilitate the understanding of regioisomer/stereoisomer-specific biological effects of (epi)catechin glucuronides, we here describe a concise chemical synthesis of authentic standards of catechin and epicatechin metabolites 3-12. The synthesis of glucuronides 9 and 12 is described here for the first time. The key reactions employed in the synthesis of the novel glucuronides 9 and 12 include the regioselective methylation of the 4'-hydroxyl group of (epi)catechin (≤1.0/99.0%; 3'-OMe/4'-OMe) and the regioselective deprotection of the tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) group at position 5 (yielding up to 79%) over the others (3, 7 and 3' or 4').
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite L. Docampo-Palacios
- BioDiscovery
Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
- . Phone: +1-214-601-5892. Fax: +1-580-224-6692
| | - Anislay Alvarez-Hernández
- BioDiscovery
Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Ângelo de Fátima
- Department
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luciano Morais Lião
- Institute
of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Giulio M. Pasinetti
- Department
of Psychiatry, The Mount Sinai School of
Medicine, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Richard A. Dixon
- BioDiscovery
Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
- . Phone: +1-940-565-2308
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Lakshmi SP, Reddy AT, Kodidhela LD, Varadacharyulu NC. Epigallocatechin gallate diminishes cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation in human bronchial epithelial cells. Life Sci 2020; 259:118260. [PMID: 32795541 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS), the major risk factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), contains numerous free radicals that can cause oxidative stress and exaggerated inflammatory responses in the respiratory system. Lipid peroxidation which is oxidative degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and results in cell damage has also been associated with COPD pathogenesis. Increased levels of lipid peroxidation as well as its end product 4-hydroxynonenal have indeed been detected in COPD patients. Additionally, reactive oxygen species such as those contained in CS can activate nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway, initiating cascades of proinflammatory mediator expression. As emerging evidence attests to the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of tea catechins, we sought to determine whether epigallocatechin gallate, the most abundant tea catechin, can provide protection against oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory responses caused by CS. We found that EGCG treatment blocked cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced oxidative stress as indicated by decreased production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species in airway epithelial cells (AECs). Likewise, lipid peroxidation in CSE-stimulated AECs was suppressed by EGCG. Our findings further suggest that EGCG sequestered 4-hydroxynonenal and interfered with its protein adduct formation. Lastly, we show that EGCG inhibited nuclear factor-κB activation and the downstream expression of proinflammatory mediators. In summary, our study describing the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of EGCG in CSE-exposed AECs provide valuable information about the therapeutic potential of this tea catechin for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya P Lakshmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Aravind T Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lakshmi Devi Kodidhela
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - N Ch Varadacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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7
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Rathaur P, SR KJ. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Phytochemicals in the Human Body. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:1085-1102. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200103090757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background:Phytochemicals are obtained from various plants and used for the treatment of diseases as both traditional and modern medicines. Poor bioavailability of phytochemicals is a major concern in applying phytochemicals as a therapeutic agent. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals for its implication as a therapeutic agent.Methods:Articles on the metabolism of phytochemicals from the PubMed database. The articles were classified into the digestion, absorption, metabolism, excretion, toxicity, and bioavailability of phytochemicals and the effect of gut microbiota on the metabolism of phytochemicals.Results:The metabolism of each phytochemical is largely dependent on the individual's digestive ability, membrane transporters, metabolizing enzymes and gut microbiota. Further, the form of the phytochemical and genetic make-up of the individual greatly influences the metabolism of phytochemicals.Conclusion:The metabolism of phytochemicals is mostly depended on the form of phytochemicals and individualspecific variations in the metabolism of phytochemicals. Understanding the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals might help in applying plant-based medicines for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Rathaur
- Department of Life Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kaid Johar SR
- Department of Zoology, Biomedical Technology and Human Genetics, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
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8
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Dong R, Liu S, Zheng Y, Zhang X, He Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Xie J, Chen Y, Yu Q. Release and metabolism of bound polyphenols from carrot dietary fiber and their potential activity in in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation. Food Funct 2020; 11:6652-6665. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00975j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fiber is a carrier of abundant polyphenols and the potential benefits have attracted increasing attention.
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9
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Mena P, Bresciani L, Brindani N, Ludwig IA, Pereira-Caro G, Angelino D, Llorach R, Calani L, Brighenti F, Clifford MN, Gill CIR, Crozier A, Curti C, Del Rio D. Phenyl-γ-valerolactones and phenylvaleric acids, the main colonic metabolites of flavan-3-ols: synthesis, analysis, bioavailability, and bioactivity. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:714-752. [PMID: 30468210 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00062j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1958 to June 2018 Phenyl-γ-valerolactones (PVLs) and their related phenylvaleric acids (PVAs) are the main metabolites of flavan-3-ols, the major class of flavonoids in the human diet. Despite their presumed importance, these gut microbiota-derived compounds have, to date, in terms of biological activity, been considered subordinate to their parent dietary compounds, the flavan-3-ol monomers and proanthocyanidins. In this review, the role and prospects of PVLs and PVAs as key metabolites in the understanding of the health features of flavan-3-ols have been critically assessed. Among the topics covered, are proposals for a standardised nomenclature for PVLs and PVAs. The formation, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of PVLs and PVAs from different types of flavan-3-ols are discussed, taking into account in vitro and animal studies, as well as inter-individual differences and the existence of putative flavan-3-ol metabotypes. Synthetic strategies used for the preparation of PVLs are considered and the methodologies for their identification and quantification assessed. Metabolomic approaches unravelling the role of PVLs and PVAs as biomarkers of intake are also described. Finally, the biological activity of these microbial catabolites in different experimental models is summarised. Knowledge gaps and future research are considered in this key area of dietary (poly)phenol research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mena
- Department of Food & Drugs, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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10
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Obrenovich ME, Jaskiw GE, Mana TSC, Bennett CP, Cadnum J, Donskey CJ. Urinary Metabolites of Green Tea as Potential Markers of Colonization Resistance to Pathogenic Gut Bacteria in Mice. Pathog Immun 2019; 4:271-293. [PMID: 31773068 PMCID: PMC6863553 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v4i2.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiome (GMB) generates numerous chemicals that are absorbed systemically and excreted in urine. Antibiotics can disrupt the GMB ecosystem and weaken its resistance to colonization by enteric pathogens such as Clostridium difficile. If the changes in GMB composition and metabolism are sufficiently large, they can be reflected in the urinary metabo-lome. Characterizing these changes could provide a potentially valuable biomarker of the status of the GMB. While preliminary studies suggest such a possibility, the high level of data variance presents a challenge to translational applications. Since many GMB-generated chemicals are derived from the biotransformation of plant-derived dietary polyphenols, administering an oral precursor challenge should amplify GMB-dependent changes in urinary metabolites. Methods A course of antibiotics (clindamycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, or aztreonam) was administered SC daily (days 1 and 2) to mice receiving polyphenol-rich green tea in drinking water. Urine was collected at baseline as well as days 3, 7, and 11. Levels of pyrogallol and pyrocatechol, two phenolic molecules unequivocally GMB-dependent in humans but that had not been similarly examined in mice, were quantified. Results In confirmation of our hypothesis, differential changes in murine urinary pyrogallol levels identified the treatments (clindamycin, piperacillin/tazobactam) previously associated with a weakening of colonization resistance to Clostridium difficile. The changes in pyrocatechol levels did not withstand corrections for multiple comparisons. Conclusions In the mouse, urinary pyrogallol and, in all likelihood, pyrocatechol levels, are GMB-dependent and, in combination with precursor challenge, deserve further consideration as potential metabolomic biomarkers for the health and dysbiotic vulnerability of the GMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Obrenovich
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service; Veterans Affairs Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (VANEOHS); Cleveland, Ohio.,Research Service; VANEOHS; Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Chemistry; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry; University of Toledo; Toledo, Ohio
| | - George E Jaskiw
- Psychiatry Service; VANEOHS; Cleveland, Ohio.,School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | - Curtis J Donskey
- School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, Ohio.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center; VANEOHS; Cleveland, Ohio
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11
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Effect of Stereochemical Configuration on the Transport and Metabolism of Catechins from Green Tea across Caco-2 Monolayers. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061185. [PMID: 30917581 PMCID: PMC6470784 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcellular transport and metabolism of eight green tea catechins (GTCs) were studied in Caco-2 monolayers, with the aim of investigating the effect of cis–trans isomerism on the membrane permeability and biotransformation of GTCs. The results showed that the catechin stereochemistry significantly affects the efflux transport rather than the absorption transport in the Caco-2 monolayers. The trans catechins showed a better transcellular permeability than their corresponding cis (epi) catechins in the efflux transport, as the efflux amount of trans catechins were all significantly higher than that of the cis (epi) catechins at each concentration and each time point tested. Moreover, the relative contents of the (+)-catechin (C)-O-sulfate, (+)-gallocatechin (GC)-O-sulfate, (−)-catechin gallate (CG)-O-sulfate, and (−)-gallocatechin gallate (GCG)-O-sulfate in the efflux transport were 2.67, 16.08, 50.48, and 31.54 times higher than that of the (−)-epicatechin (EC)-O-sulfate, (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC)-O-sulfate, (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG)-O-sulfate, and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-O-sulfate, respectively. It indicated that more metabolites were observed after the transcellular efflux of trans catechins. Furthermore, after two hours of incubation, the GTCs could significantly increase the expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) and breast cancer-resistance protein (BCRP), and decrease the expression of P-glycoprotein in the Caco-2 cells. The regulation of GTCs on P-glycoprotein, MRP2, and BCRP could also be significantly influenced by the chemical and dimensional structure. In a conclusion, catechin stereochemistry significantly affects the transport and metabolism of GTCs when refluxed in the Caco-2 monolayers.
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Wang L, Shen X, Mi L, Jing J, Gai S, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhang S. Simultaneous determinations of four major bioactive components in Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extracts by LC-MS/MS: Application to its herb-herb interactions based on pharmacokinetic, tissue distribution and excretion studies in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 56:64-73. [PMID: 30668355 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd (ACW) and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) are two famous herbs and often used in many traditional Chinese compound prescriptions. In clinical practice, ACW-SBG couple as a famous traditional herb couple, was widely used for treating infantile cough, phlegm and fever which caused by pulmonary infection. Meanwhile, a standardized bioflavonoid composition-UP446 with ACW extract and SBG extract has been used in both special nutritional products and joint care dietary supplements. However, its herb-herb interactions based on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) study had not been investigated. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate potential pharmacokinetic, tissue distribution and excretion interactions between ACW and SBG, and to provide useful information for the development of suitable dosage forms and clinical applications. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A sensitive and reliable LC-MS/MS method was established to the quantification of four major bioactive components in rat biological samples. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, range, selectivity, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), recovery, and matrix effect. All validation parameters met the acceptance criteria according to regulatory guidelines. Based on this, we obtained and compared the parameters about pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of four major bioactive components in this study. RESULTS This work revealed that the parameters including plasma pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of (+)-catechin (C), (-)-epicatechin (EC), baicalin (BL) and baicalein (BLE) in single administration had significant differences compared co-administration. The results illustrated that interactions between two herbs are related to the effect of competitive gastrointestinal absorption inhibition and drug metabolism by liver metabolic enzymes. Moreover, the alteration of C and EC in the tissue of lung maybe could enhance the pharmacological activity for treating pulmonary infection. CONCLUSION This is the first report to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of co-administration of ACW or SBG to rats and compared its properties of four major bioactive components. The results demonstrate that herb -herb interactions occurred in this herb couple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Street, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Street, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Le Mi
- Department of Pharmacy, 455 Hospital of PLA, Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Juan Jing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Street, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shouchang Gai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Street, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Street, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Qingwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 New temple Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changlexi Street, Xi'an 710032, China
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13
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Daily Green Tea Infusions in Hypercalciuric Renal Stone Patients: No Evidence for Increased Stone Risk Factors or Oxalate-Dependent Stones. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020256. [PMID: 30678344 PMCID: PMC6412450 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea is widely used as a ‘’healthy’’ beverage due to its high level of antioxidant polyphenol compounds. However tea is also known to contain significant amount of oxalate. The objective was to determine, in a cross-sectional observational study among a population of 273 hypercalciuric stone-formers referred to our center for metabolic evaluation, whether daily green tea drinkers (n = 41) experienced increased stone risk factors (especially for oxalate) compared to non-drinkers. Stone risk factors and stone composition were analyzed according to green tea status and sex. In 24-h urine collection, the comparison between green tea drinkers and non-drinkers showed no difference for stone risk factors such as urine oxalate, calcium, urate, citrate, and pH. In females, the prevalence of calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) and calcium phosphate stones, assessed by infrared analysis (IRS) was similar between green tea drinkers and non-drinkers, whereas prevalence of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) stones was strikingly decreased in green tea drinkers (0% vs. 42%, p = 0.04), with data in accordance with a decreased oxalate supersaturation index. In males, stone composition and supersaturation indexes were similar between the two groups. Our data show no evidence for increased stone risk factors or oxalate-dependent stones in daily green tea drinkers.
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14
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Williamson G, Kay CD, Crozier A. The Bioavailability, Transport, and Bioactivity of Dietary Flavonoids: A Review from a Historical Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1054-1112. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin D. Kay
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Inst. North Carolina State Univ. North Carolina Research Campus Kannapolis NC 28081 U.S.A
| | - Alan Crozier
- Dept. of Nutrition Univ. of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, Univ. Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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15
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Brindani N, Mena P, Calani L, Benzie I, Choi SW, Brighenti F, Zanardi F, Curti C, Del Rio D. Synthetic and analytical strategies for the quantification of phenyl-γ-valerolactone conjugated metabolites in human urine. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Brindani
- Human Nutrition Unit; Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
- Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit; Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Luca Calani
- Human Nutrition Unit; Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Iris Benzie
- The Department of Health Technology and Informatics; Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Siu-Wai Choi
- The Department of Health Technology and Informatics; Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Furio Brighenti
- Human Nutrition Unit; Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Franca Zanardi
- Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Claudio Curti
- Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit; Department of Food & Drug; University of Parma; Parma Italy
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16
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Krupkova O, Ferguson SJ, Wuertz-Kozak K. Stability of (−)-epigallocatechin gallate and its activity in liquid formulations and delivery systems. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 37:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Zinellu A, Sotgia S, Scanu B, Forteschi M, Giordo R, Cossu A, Posadino AM, Carru C, Pintus G. Human Serum Albumin Increases the Stability of Green Tea Catechins in Aqueous Physiological Conditions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134690. [PMID: 26230943 PMCID: PMC4521934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechingallate (ECG) and epigallocatechingallate (EGCG) are antioxidants present in the green tea, a widely used beverage whose health benefits are largely recognized. Nevertheless, major physicochemical limitations, such as the high instability of catechins, pose important questions concerning their potential pharmacological use. Recent studies indicate that binding of catechins with plasmatic proteins may modulate their plasma concentration, tissue delivery and biological activity. After 5 minutes of incubation with HSA both ECG and EGCG were fully bound to HSA, while after 48h incubation only 41% of EC and 70% of EGC resulted linked. HSA had a strong stabilizing effect on all catechins, which could be found in solution between 29 and 85% even after 48h of incubation. In the absence of HSA, EGC and EGCG disappeared in less than 24h, while ECG and EC were found after 48h at 5 and 50%, respectively. The stabilizing effect of HSA toward EGCG, obtained in aqueous physiological conditions, resulted stronger in comparison to cysteine and HCl, previously reported to stabilize this polyphenol. Because of the multitude of contradictory data concerning in vivo and in vitro antioxidant-based experimentations, we believe our work may shed some light on this debated field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail: (GP); (AZ)
| | - Salvatore Sotgia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Bastianina Scanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mauro Forteschi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Roberta Giordo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Redox Biology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cossu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Redox Biology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Redox Biology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Quality Control Unit, Hospital University of Sassari (AOU), Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Redox Biology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- * E-mail: (GP); (AZ)
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18
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Ogura T, Bamba T, Tai A, Fukusaki E. Method for the Compound Annotation of Conjugates in Nontargeted Metabolomics Using Accurate Mass Spectrometry, Multistage Product Ion Spectra and Compound Database Searching. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 4:A0036. [PMID: 26819907 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Owing to biotransformation, xenobiotics are often found in conjugated form in biological samples such as urine and plasma. Liquid chromatography coupled with accurate mass spectrometry with multistage collision-induced dissociation provides spectral information concerning these metabolites in complex materials. Unfortunately, compound databases typically do not contain a sufficient number of records for such conjugates. We report here on the development of a novel protocol, referred to as ChemProphet, to annotate compounds, including conjugates, using compound databases such as PubChem and ChemSpider. The annotation of conjugates involves three steps: 1. Recognition of the type and number of conjugates in the sample; 2. Compound search and annotation of the deconjugated form; and 3. In silico evaluation of the candidate conjugate. ChemProphet assigns a spectrum to each candidate by automatically exploring the substructures corresponding to the observed product ion spectrum. When finished, it annotates the candidates assigning a rank for each candidate based on the calculated score that ranks its relative likelihood. We assessed our protocol by annotating a benchmark dataset by including the product ion spectra for 102 compounds, annotating the commercially available standard for quercetin 3-glucuronide, and by conducting a model experiment using urine from mice that had been administered a green tea extract. The results show that by using the ChemProphet approach, it is possible to annotate not only the deconjugated molecules but also the conjugated molecules using an automatic interpretation method based on deconjugation that involves multistage collision-induced dissociation and in silico calculated conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tairo Ogura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University; Analytical and Measuring Instruments Division, Shimadzu Corporation
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Akihiro Tai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
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19
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Butler LM, Huang JY, Wang R, Lee MJ, Yang CS, Gao YT, Yuan JM. Urinary biomarkers of catechins and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the Shanghai Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 181:397-405. [PMID: 25713334 PMCID: PMC4380019 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary catechins are phytochemicals with both antioxidative and prooxidative stress properties. Green tea is a major source of catechins and may be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk, but the catechin-HCC relationship has not been evaluated using a biomarker-based approach. A nested case-control study of HCC (211 cases and 1,067 matched controls) was conducted within the Shanghai Cohort Study, which enrolled 18,244 men between 1986 and 1989. Concentrations of specific catechins, including epicatechin, epigallocatechin (EGC), and 4'-O-methyl-epigallocatechin, were measured in urine specimens that had been collected prior to HCC diagnosis. None of the catechins measured were associated with HCC risk. In stratified analyses, there was a statistically significant trend for an association of higher urinary EGC with increased HCC risk among subjects with positive serology for hepatitis B surface antigen (P for trend = 0.02). This positive EGC-HCC association became stronger for hepatitis B surface antigen-positive persons who also had low serum retinol levels (for detectable levels vs. undetectable levels, odds ratio = 2.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.25, 5.51). There was no evidence supporting a protective role of catechins in the development of HCC. Instead, exposure to high levels of catechins may increase the risk of developing HCC for high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley M. Butler
- Correspondence to Dr. Lesley M. Butler, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, UPMC Cancer Pavilion, Suite 4C, 5150 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232 (e-mail: )
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20
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Xu L, Liang Y, Chen X, Chen B, Han Y, Zhang L. Hyperlipidemia affects the absorption, distribution and excretion of seven catechins in rats following oral administration of tea polyphenols. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19699j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the effects of hyperlipidemia on the pharmacokinetics of tea polyphenols, a comparative pharmacokinetics study of seven catechins between normal and obese rats was conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- China
| | - Yuhong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- China
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- China
| | - Yuhui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- China
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21
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Alkyl imidazolium ionic liquid based sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography for simultaneous determination of seven tea catechins in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 969:224-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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22
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Antioxidative Activity of Microbial Metabolites of (−)-Epigallocatechin Gallate Produced in Rat Intestines. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:582-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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van Duynhoven J, van der Hooft JJJ, van Dorsten FA, Peters S, Foltz M, Gomez-Roldan V, Vervoort J, de Vos RCH, Jacobs DM. Rapid and Sustained Systemic Circulation of Conjugated Gut Microbial Catabolites after Single-Dose Black Tea Extract Consumption. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2668-78. [DOI: 10.1021/pr5001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John van Duynhoven
- Unilever
Discover Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Biophysics and Wageningen NMR Centre, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Justin J. J. van der Hooft
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand A. van Dorsten
- Unilever
Discover Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Peters
- Unilever
Discover Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Foltz
- Unilever
Discover Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Victoria Gomez-Roldan
- Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6700 ET Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ric C. H. de Vos
- Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Doris M. Jacobs
- Unilever
Discover Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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25
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Low and medium but not high doses of green tea polyphenols ameliorated dextran sodium sulfate-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:1223-8. [PMID: 23748761 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.121003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that a diet containing a high dose (1%) of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) disrupted liver and kidney function via a reduction in antioxidant enzyme and heat shock protein (HSP) levels in both colitis and non-treated ICR mice. In the present study, we assessed the effects of 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1% dietary GTPs on liver and kidney physiological functioning in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-exposed and normal mice. GTPs at 0.01% and 0.1% significantly suppressed DSS-increased serum aspartate 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. In contrast, GTPs at 1% increased kidney weight, serum creatinine levels, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs) in both the kidney and the liver in normal mice, as compared with DSS-exposed mice. GTPs at 0.01% and 0.1% remarkably upregulated the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA in the liver and kidney of mice exposed to DSS, whereas GTPs at 1% abolished it. Our results indicate that low and medium doses of GTPs have beneficial effects on DSS-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity via upregulation of self-protective enzymes, while these effects disappeared at a high dose.
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26
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Kurlbaum M, Mülek M, Högger P. Facilitated uptake of a bioactive metabolite of maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol) into human erythrocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63197. [PMID: 23646194 PMCID: PMC3639945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plant secondary metabolites exhibit some degree of biological activity in humans. It is a common observation that individual plant-derived compounds in vivo are present in the nanomolar concentration range at which they usually fail to display measurable activity in vitro. While it is debatable that compounds detected in plasma are not the key effectors of bioactivity, an alternative hypothesis may take into consideration that measurable concentrations also reside in compartments other than plasma. We analysed the binding of constituents and the metabolite δ-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-γ-valerolactone (M1), that had been previously detected in plasma samples of human consumers of pine bark extract Pycnogenol, to human erythrocytes. We found that caffeic acid, taxifolin, and ferulic acid passively bind to red blood cells, but only the bioactive metabolite M1 revealed pronounced accumulation. The partitioning of M1 into erythrocytes was significantly diminished at higher concentrations of M1 and in the presence of glucose, suggesting a facilitated transport of M1 via GLUT-1 transporter. This concept was further supported by structural similarities between the natural substrate α-D-glucose and the S-isomer of M1. After cellular uptake, M1 underwent further metabolism by conjugation with glutathione. We present strong indication for a transporter-mediated accumulation of a flavonoid metabolite in human erythrocytes and subsequent formation of a novel glutathione adduct. The physiologic role of the adduct remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Kurlbaum
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Mülek
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Petra Högger
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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27
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Zhang M, Jagdmann GE, Van Zandt M, Sheeler R, Beckett P, Schroeter H. Chemical synthesis and characterization of epicatechin glucuronides and sulfates: bioanalytical standards for epicatechin metabolite identification. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:157-69. [PMID: 23356946 DOI: 10.1021/np300568m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The monoglucuronides and sulfates of epicatechin, 3'-O-methylepicatechin, and 4'-O-methylepicatechin, respectively, were synthesized as authentic bioanalytical standards. Reversed-phase HPLC methods capable of baseline separation of the glucuronides and sulfates have been developed. Both the epicatechin glucuronides and sulfates were stable in the solid state when stored under ambient conditions and in aqueous solution when stored refrigerated. These results should prove invaluable to the research community as analytical standards as well as in future studies of the biological and pharmacological effects of epicatechin in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingbao Zhang
- Institutes for Pharmaceutical Discovery, 23 Business Park Drive, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
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28
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Henning SM, Wang P, Abgaryan N, Vicinanza R, de Oliveira DM, Zhang Y, Lee RP, Carpenter CL, Aronson WJ, Heber D. Phenolic acid concentrations in plasma and urine from men consuming green or black tea and potential chemopreventive properties for colon cancer. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:483-93. [PMID: 23319439 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Tea polyphenols are metabolized by the colonic microflora yielding phenolic metabolites, which may contribute to the health benefits of tea. We determined the serum and urine concentrations of phenolic acids, hippuric acid, and polyhydroxyphenyl-γ-valerolactones during green tea (GT) and black tea (BT) administration. The effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (3,4-DHPAA) alone and in combination on bioavailability, intracellular metabolism, and antiproliferative activity were determined in HCT-116 colon cancer cells. METHODS AND RESULTS The concentration of phenolic metabolites was quantified by HPLC with electrochemical detection and MS. Urine concentrations of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4-HPAA), 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPAA), and polyhydroxy-γ-valerolactones were increased significantly in men drinking GT compared to control. Urine concentration of 3-O-methylgallic acid (3OMGA) was significantly increased in men drinking BT compared to control. Serum 3,4-DHPAA was significantly increased after consumption of GT and BT and 4-HPAA after GT consumption. In vitro treatment of HCT-116 colon cancer cells with 3,4-DHPAA and EGCG exhibited an additive antiproliferative effect, while methylation of 3,4-DHPAA was significantly decreased. 3OMGA exhibited the strongest antiproliferative activity among the phenolic acids. CONCLUSION The consumption of both, GT and BT, was associated with a significant increase in urinary and serum phenolic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Henning
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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29
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Niu W, Zhu X, Yu K, Li L, Sun Y, Li C. Nebulizing conditions of pneumatic electrospray ionization significantly influence electrolyte effects on compound measurement. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:370-80. [PMID: 22431465 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Composition of mobile phase can greatly influence the success of electrospray ionization (ESI)-interfaced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. To investigate the relationship between formic-acid-based modification of mobile phase and ESI nebulizing conditions, an API 4000 ESI source and a TSQ Quantum one were compared under the same chromatographic conditions. Ginkgo terpene lactones and flavonols were measured in plasma, which involved using ascorbic acid to circumvent cross-interference between the analytes. ESI responses to using formic acid included changes in signal intensity, matrix effect, and upper limit of quantification. Significant disparities in the responses were observed between the two ESI sources, suggesting that the use of electrolyte modifier in liquid chromatography mobile phase and the pneumatic nebulization for ESI should be properly balanced to accomplish optimal ESI-based analysis. The distribution of unpaired ions toward the surface of the initial droplet was assumed to be an important step in the pneumatic ESI process. When using the electrolyte in mobile phase, a too fast droplet reduction by rapid-heating-assisted pneumatic nebulization could negatively decrease the time available for the unpaired ions to migrate from droplet interior to its surface. Ascorbic acid was identified as a major interfering substance for the bioanalytical assay; the interference mechanism might be associated with hindering the unpaired analyte ions from distributing toward the droplet surface rather than outcompeting the analyte ions for the limited excess charge on droplets surface. The current work extends the knowledge base of pneumatic ESI, which has implication for optimal use of the ESI-interfaced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Niu
- Laboratory of DMPK Research of Herbal Medicines, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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30
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Ou K, Percival SS, Zou T, Khoo C, Gu L. Transport of cranberry A-type procyanidin dimers, trimers, and tetramers across monolayers of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:1390-1396. [PMID: 22263899 DOI: 10.1021/jf2040912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A-type procyanidin oligomers in cranberries are known to inhibit the adhesion of uropathogenic bacteria. B-type procyanidin dimers and trimers are absorbed by humans. The absorption of A-type procyanidins from cranberries in humans has not been demonstrated. This study examined the transport of A-type cranberry procyanidin dimers, trimers, and tetramers on differentiated human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell monolayers. Procyanidins were extracted from cranberries and purified using chromatographic methods. Fraction I contained predominantly A-type procyanidin dimer A2 [epicatechin-(2-O-7, 4-8)-epicatechin]. Fraction II contained primarily A-type trimers and tetramers, with B-type trimers, A-type pentamers, and A-type hexamers being minor components. Fraction I or II in solution was added onto the apical side of the Caco-2 cell membranes. The media at the basolateral side of the membranes were analyzed using HPLC-MS(n) after 2 h. Data indicated that procyanidin dimer A2 in fraction I and A-type trimers and tetramers in fraction II traversed across Caco-2 cell monolayers with transport ratio of 0.6%, 0.4%, and 0.2%, respectively. This study demonstrated that A-type dimers, trimers, and tetramers were transported across Caco-2 cells at low rates, suggesting that they could be absorbed by humans after cranberry consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqin Ou
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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31
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Neilson AP, Ferruzzi MG. Influence of formulation and processing on absorption and metabolism of flavan-3-ols from tea and cocoa. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2012; 2:125-51. [PMID: 22129378 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-022510-133725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols are a major subclass of the class of plant phytochemicals known as flavonoids. Flavan-3-ols are commonly found in fruit, vegetable, and botanical products, including tea, cocoa, grapes, and apples. Both monomeric catechins and polymeric procyanidins are common in the diet, along with several derivatives produced by degradation of these species during processing. Both epidemiological and biological evidence suggests a health-protective role for dietary flavan-3-ols, leading to increased interest in the bioavailability of these compounds from foods. Flavan-3-ol bioavailability depends on numerous factors, including digestive release, absorption, metabolism, and elimination. In addition to these in vivo factors, the complexity of whole-food systems (physical form, flavan-3-ol form and dose, macronutrient and micronutrient profile, processing, etc.) influences the absorption efficiency and circulating profile of flavan-3-ols. An understanding of how food matrices may influence flavan-3-ol absorption will provide a framework to design and develop functional products that positively affect flavan-3-ol absorption and, by extension, potential bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Neilson
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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32
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Inoue H, Akiyama S, Maeda-Yamamoto M, Nesumi A, Tanaka T, Murakami A. High-dose green tea polyphenols induce nephrotoxicity in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice by down-regulation of antioxidant enzymes and heat-shock protein expressions. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:653-62. [PMID: 21766215 PMCID: PMC3220383 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-011-0280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that oral feeding of 1% green tea polyphenols (GTPs) aggravated the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In the present study, we assessed the toxicity of 1% GTPs in several organs from normal and DSS-exposed mice. Sixty-two male ICR mice were initially divided into four groups. Non-treated group (group 1, n = 15) was given standard diet and water, GTPs (group 2, n = 15) received 1% GTPs in diet and water, DSS (group 3, n = 15) received diet and 5% DSS in water, and GTPs + DSS group (group 4, n = 17) received 1% GTPs in diet and 5% DSS in water. We found that group 4 significantly increased (P < 0.05) kidney weight, the levels of serum creatinine and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in both kidney and liver, as compared with those in group 3. The mRNA expression levels of antioxidant enzymes and heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in group 4 were lower than those of group 3. For instance, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), HSP27, and 90 mRNA in the kidney of group 4 were dramatically down-regulated as compared with those of group 3. Furthermore, 1% GTPs diet decreased the expression of HO-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and HSP90 in kidney and liver of non-treated mice. Taken together, our results indicate that high-dose GTPs diet disrupts kidney functions through the reduction of antioxidant enzymes and heat-shock protein expressions in not only colitis but also non-treated ICR mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Inoue
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Satoko Akiyama
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Mari Maeda-Yamamoto
- National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2769 Kanaya, Shimada, Shizuoka 428-8501 Japan
| | - Atsushi Nesumi
- National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2769 Kanaya, Shimada, Shizuoka 428-8501 Japan
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- The Tohkai Cytopathology Institute: Cancer Research and Prevention (TCI-CaPP), 4-33 Minami-Uzura, Gifu, 500-8285 Japan
| | - Akira Murakami
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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Stalmach A, Edwards CA, Wightman JD, Crozier A. Identification of (poly)phenolic compounds in concord grape juice and their metabolites in human plasma and urine after juice consumption. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9512-9522. [PMID: 21812481 DOI: 10.1021/jf2015039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of Concord grape juice by HPLC with ESI-MS(n), PDA, and fluorescence detection resulted in the identification and quantification of 60 flavonoids and related phenolic compounds, which were present at an overall concentration of 1508 ± 31 μmol/L. A total of 25 anthocyanins were detected, which were mono- and di-O-glucosides, O-acetylglucosides, O-p-coumaroyl-O-diglucosides, and O-p-coumaroylglucosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin. The anthocyanins represented 46% of the total phenolic content of the juice (680 μmol/L). Tartaric esters of hydroxycinnamic acids, namely, trans-caftaric and trans-coutaric acids, and to a lesser extent trans-fertaric acid accounted for 29% of the phenolic content, with a total concentration of 444 μmol/L, of which 85% comprised trans-caftaric acid. Free hydroxycinnamic acids were also quantified but contributed to <1% of the total phenolic content (8.4 μmol/L). The other groups of polyphenolic compounds present in the juice, accounting for 24% of the total, comprised monomeric and oligomeric units of (epi)catechin and (epi)gallocatechin (248 μmol/L), flavonols (76 μmol/L), gallic acid (51 μmol/L), and trans-resveratrol (1.5 μmol/L). The bioavailability of the (poly)phenolic compounds in 350 mL of juice was investigated following acute intake by healthy volunteers. Plasma and urine were collected over 0-24 h and analyzed for parent compounds and metabolites. In total, 41 compounds, principally metabolites, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Stalmach
- Joseph Black Building, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 888, United Kingdom
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Sang S, Lambert JD, Ho CT, Yang CS. The chemistry and biotransformation of tea constituents. Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:87-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dadkhah A, Fatemi F. Heart and kidney oxidative stress status in septic rats treated with caraway extracts. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:679-86. [PMID: 21517705 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.539618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Carum carvi L., (Umbelliferae) known as caraway, is a famous traditional herbal plant supposed to contain active components with pharmacological properties. OBJECTIVE In this study, the effects of caraway extracts on preventing sepsis induced by oxidative tissue injuries have been investigated by measuring heart and kidney oxidative stress parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sepsis was induced in rats (n = 6) by experimental cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. Then, either hydroalcoholic extract or essential oils (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight) were injected intraperitonially immediately after CLP operation. Twenty-four hours after CLP, the rats were anesthetized when kidney and heart tissues were removed to analyze the tissue oxidative stress parameters, that is, glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LP). RESULTS Sepsis induction caused a significant increase in kidney but not heart LP, indicating that kidney was more affected by sepsis induction than heart. Kidney LP and plasma urea/creatinine ratio levels were readily reversed in rats treated with essential oils but not in those treated with hydroalcoholic extract. Unlike LP, the heart and kidney GSH levels were not affected in all treated groups. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our data imply that caraway oils probably have a protective role in kidney tissue against oxidative injury in advanced stages of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Dadkhah
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 37185/364, Qom, Iran
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Chow HHS, Hakim IA. Pharmacokinetic and chemoprevention studies on tea in humans. Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:105-12. [PMID: 21624470 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Green tea and its major polyphenols constituents, tea catechins, have been shown to have many health benefits including cancer prevention. Tea catechins and tea catechin metabolites/catabolites are bioavailable in the systemic circulation after oral intake of green tea or green tea catechins. The metabolites/catabolites identified in humans include glucuronide/sulfate conjugates, methylated tea catechin conjugates, and microflora-mediated ring fission products and phenolic acid catabolites. Plasma levels of unchanged tea catechins in humans are mostly in the sub-μM or nM concentration range, which is much lower than the effective concentrations determined in most in vitro studies. However, some of the catechin metabolites/catabolites are present in the systemic circulation at levels much higher than those of the parent catechins. The contribution of catechin derived metabolites/catabolites to the biological effects associated with green tea is yet to be defined. A limited number of chemoprevention trials of green tea or green tea catechins have been conducted to date and have observed potential preventive activity for oral, prostate, and colorectal cancer. Emerging data from multiple ongoing intervention trials will further contribute to defining the cancer preventive activity of green tea or green tea catechins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-H Sherry Chow
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States.
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Williamson G, Dionisi F, Renouf M. Flavanols from green tea and phenolic acids from coffee: Critical quantitative evaluation of the pharmacokinetic data in humans after consumption of single doses of beverages. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:864-73. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Monagas M, Urpi-Sarda M, Sánchez-Patán F, Llorach R, Garrido I, Gómez-Cordovés C, Andres-Lacueva C, Bartolomé B. Insights into the metabolism and microbial biotransformation of dietary flavan-3-ols and the bioactivity of their metabolites. Food Funct 2010; 1:233-53. [PMID: 21776473 DOI: 10.1039/c0fo00132e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols, occurring in monomeric, as well as in oligomeric and polymeric forms (also known as condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins), are among the most abundant and bioactive dietary polyphenols, but their in vivo health effects in humans may be limited because of their recognition as xenobiotics. Bioavailability of flavan-3-ols is largely influenced by their degree of polymerization; while monomers are readily absorbed in the small intestine, oligomers and polymers need to be biotransformed by the colonic microbiota before absorption. Therefore, phenolic metabolites, rather than the original high molecular weight compounds found in foods, may be responsible for the health effects derived from flavan-3-ol consumption. Flavan-3-ol phenolic metabolites differ in structure, amount and excretion site. Phase II or tissular metabolites derived from the small intestine and hepatic metabolism are presented as conjugated derivatives (glucuronic acid or sulfate esters, methyl ether, or their combined forms) of monomeric flavan-3-ols and are preferentially eliminated in the bile, whereas microbial metabolites are rather simple conjugated lactones and phenolic acids that are largely excreted in urine. Although the colon is seen as an important organ for the metabolism of flavan-3-ols, the microbial catabolic pathways of these compounds are still under consideration, partly due to the lack of identification of bacteria with such capacity. Studies performed with synthesized or isolated phase II conjugated metabolites have revealed that they could have an effect beyond their antioxidant properties, by interacting with signalling pathways implicated in important processes involved in the development of diseases, among other bioactivities. However, the biological properties of microbe-derived metabolites in their actual conjugated forms remain largely unknown. Currently, there is an increasing interest in their effects on intestinal infections, inflammatory intestinal diseases and overall gut health. The present review will give an insight into the metabolism and microbial biotransformation of flavan-3-ols, including tentative catabolic pathways and aspects related to the identification of bacteria with the ability to catabolize these kinds of polyphenols. Also, the in vitro bioactivities of phase II and microbial phenolic metabolites will be covered in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Monagas
- Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Chang X, Peng W, Yao YF, Koek J. Concise Synthesis of Ring-Fission Metabolites of Epicatechin: 5-(3,4-Dihydroxybenzyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one M6. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910903419845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Llorach R, Garrido I, Monagas M, Urpi-Sarda M, Tulipani S, Bartolome B, Andres-Lacueva C. Metabolomics study of human urinary metabolome modifications after intake of almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) skin polyphenols. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5859-67. [PMID: 20853910 DOI: 10.1021/pr100639v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Almond, as a part of the nut family, is an important source of biological compounds, and specifically, almond skins have been considered an important source of polyphenols, including flavan-3-ols and flavonols. Polyphenol metabolism may produce several classes of metabolites that could often be more biologically active than their dietary precursor and could also become a robust new biomarker of almond polyphenol intake. In order to study urinary metabolome modifications during the 24 h after a single dose of almond skin extract, 24 volunteers (n = 24), who followed a polyphenol-free diet for 48 h before and during the study, ingested a dietary supplement of almond skin phenolic compounds (n = 12) or a placebo (n = 12). Urine samples were collected before ((-2)-0 h) and after (0-2 h, 2-6 h, 6-10 h, and 10-24 h) the intake and were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-q-TOF) and multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures (OPLS)). Putative identification of relevant biomarkers revealed a total of 34 metabolites associated with the single dose of almond extract, including host and, in particular, microbiota metabolites. As far as we know, this is the first time that conjugates of hydroxyphenylvaleric, hydroxyphenylpropionic, and hydroxyphenylacetic acids have been identified in human samples after the consumption of flavan-3-ols through a metabolomic approach. The results showed that this non-targeted approach could provide new intake biomarkers, contributing to the development of the food metabolome as an important part of the human urinary metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Llorach
- Nutrition and Food Science Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Schantz M, Erk T, Richling E. Metabolism of green tea catechins by the human small intestine. Biotechnol J 2010; 5:1050-9. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Larsen CA, Dashwood RH, Bisson WH. Tea catechins as inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases: mechanistic insights and human relevance. Pharmacol Res 2010; 62:457-64. [PMID: 20691268 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play important roles in the control of fundamental cellular processes, influencing the balance between cell proliferation and death. RTKs have emerged as molecular targets for the treatment of various cancers. Green tea and its polyphenolic compounds, the catechins, exhibit chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic properties in many human cancer cell types, as well as in various carcinogenicity models in vivo. Epidemiological studies are somewhat less convincing, but some positive correlations have been observed. The tea catechins, including (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have pleiotropic effects on cellular proteins and signaling pathways. This review focuses on the ability of the tea constituents to suppress RTK signaling, and summarizes the mechanisms by which EGCG and other catechins might exert their protective effects towards dysregulated RTKs in cancer cells. The findings are discussed in the context of ongoing clinical trials with RTK inhibitors, and the possibility for drug/nutrient interactions enhancing therapeutic efficacy.
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Stalmach A, Mullen W, Steiling H, Williamson G, Lean MEJ, Crozier A. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of green tea flavan-3-ols in humans with an ileostomy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:323-34. [PMID: 19937856 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Green tea containing 634 micromol of flavan-3-ols was ingested by human subjects with an ileostomy. Ileal fluid, plasma, and urine collected 0-24 h after ingestion were analysed by HPLC-MS. The ileal fluid contained 70% of the ingested flavan-3-ols in the form of parent compounds (33%) and 23 metabolites (37%). The main metabolites effluxed back into the lumen of the small intestine were O-linked sulphates and methyl-sulphates of (epi)catechin and (epi)gallocatechin. Thus, in subjects with a functioning colon substantial quantities of flavan-3-ols would pass from the small to the large intestine. Plasma contained 16 metabolites, principally methylated, sulphated, and glucuronidated conjugates of (epi)catechin and (epi)gallocatechin, exhibiting 101-256 nM peak plasma concentration and the time to reach peak plasma concentration ranging from 0.8 to 2.2 h. Plasma pharmacokinetic profiles were similar to those obtained with healthy subjects, indicating that flavan-3-ol absorption occurs in the small intestine. Ileostomists had earlier plasma time to reach peak plasma concentration values than subjects with an intact colon, indicating the absence of an ileal brake. Urine contained 18 metabolites of (epi)catechin and (epi)gallocatechin in amounts corresponding to 6.8+/-0.6% of total flavan-3-ol intake. However, excretion of (epi)catechin metabolites was equivalent to 27% of the ingested (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Stalmach
- Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Hong Byun E, Fujimura Y, Yamada K, Tachibana H. TLR4 signaling inhibitory pathway induced by green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate through 67-kDa laminin receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:33-45. [PMID: 20511545 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major active polyphenol of green tea, has been shown to downregulate inflammatory responses in macrophages; however, the underlying mechanism has not been understood. Recently, we identified the 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR) as a cell-surface EGCG receptor that mediates the anticancer action of EGCG at physiologically relevant concentrations (0.1-1 microM). In this study, we show the molecular basis for the downregulation of TLR4 signal transduction by EGCG at 1 microM in macrophages. Anti-67LR Ab treatment or RNA interference-mediated silencing of 67LR resulted in abrogation of the inhibitory action of EGCG on LPS-induced activation of downstream signaling pathways and target gene expressions. Additionally, we found that EGCG reduced the TLR4 expression through 67LR. Interestingly, EGCG induced a rapid upregulation of Toll-interacting protein (Tollip), a negative regulator of TLR signaling, and this EGCG action was prevented by 67LR silencing or anti-67LR Ab treatment. RNA interference-mediated silencing of Tollip impaired the TLR4 signaling inhibitory activity of EGCG. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that 67LR plays a critical role in mediating anti-inflammatory action of a physiologically relevant EGCG, and Tollip expression could be modulated through 67LR. These results provide a new insight into the understanding of negative regulatory mechanisms for the TLR4 signaling pathway and consequent inflammatory responses that are implicated in the development and progression of many chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Hong Byun
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Bae MJ, Ishii T, Minoda K, Kawada Y, Ichikawa T, Mori T, Kamihira M, Nakayama T. Albumin stabilizes (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in human serum: binding capacity and antioxidant property. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:709-15. [PMID: 19437485 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) is the major component of green tea and is known to show strong biological activity, although it can be easily oxidized under physiological conditions. In this study, we indicate that EGCg is stable in human serum and that human serum albumin (HSA) stabilizes EGCg under aerobic condition. Although EGCg is usually decomposed within 1 h in aqueous solution at neutral pH, EGCg in serum and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing HSA was stable over 1 h, even at neutral and slightly alkaline pH. Under these conditions, EGCg binds to HSA non-covalently. The sulfhydryl group acts as an antioxidant for EGCg oxidation. Incubation of EGCg with HSA is accompanied by the oxidation of a free sulfhydryl group in HSA. These results suggest that the antioxidant property and the binding capacity of HSA contribute to the stabilization of EGCg in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Bae
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, and Global COE Program, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Yang CS, Lambert JD, Sang S. Antioxidative and anti-carcinogenic activities of tea polyphenols. Arch Toxicol 2008; 83:11-21. [PMID: 19002670 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis, Theaceace), a popular beverage consumed world-wide, has been studied for its preventive effects against cancer as well as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and other diseases. Most of the proposed beneficial effects have been attributed to the polyphenolic compounds in tea, but the nature of these activities and the molecular mechanisms of their actions remain unclear. Tea polyphenols are known to be strong antioxidants. Prevention of oxidative stress, modulation of carcinogen metabolism, and prevention of DNA damage have been suggested as possible cancer preventive mechanisms for tea and tea polyphenols. In this chapter, we discuss these topics in the light of biotransformation and bioavailability of tea polyphenols. We also review the preventive effects of tea polyphenols in animal models of carcinogenesis and some of the possible post-initiation mechanisms of action. Finally, we discuss the effects of tea consumption on cancer risk in humans. It is our aim to raise some of the unanswered questions regarding cancer prevention by tea and to stimulate further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Sang S, Yang CS. Structural identification of novel glucoside and glucuronide metabolites of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mouse urine using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3693-3699. [PMID: 18951414 PMCID: PMC2829845 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant and most biologically active polyphenolic compound in tea, has been proposed to have many health beneficial effects. The metabolic fate of EGCG, however, is not well understood. In the present study, we identified a novel EGCG metabolite, 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-EGCG-4''-O-beta-D-glucupyranoside, in a mouse urine sample using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The structure of this metabolite was confirmed by analyzing the MSn (n = 1-4) spectra as well as comparing the MS/MS spectra of its product ions with those from EGCG and EGCG-4''-O-beta-D-glucupyranoside standards. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the identification of a glucoside metabolite of EGCG in mammals. Our results indicate that glucosidation represents a novel pathway in the metabolism of EGCG in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmin Sang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
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Yang CS, Sang S, Lambert JD, Lee MJ. Bioavailability issues in studying the health effects of plant polyphenolic compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52 Suppl 1:S139-51. [PMID: 18551457 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds are common in the diet and have been suggested to have a number of beneficial health effects including prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and others. For some dietary polyphenols, certain benficial effects are suggested by epidemiological studies, some are supported by studies in animal models, and still others are extrapolated from studies in vitro. Because of the relatively poor bioavailability of many of these compounds, the molecular basis of these beneficial effects is not clear. In the present review, we discuss the potential health benefits of dietary polyphenols from the point of view of bioavailability. Tea catechins, curcumin, and proanthocyanidins are used as examples to illustrate some of the problems that need to be resolved. Further research on both the biological activity and bioavailability of dietary polyphenols is needed to properly assess their usefulness for the prevention and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
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A new role for tamoxifen in oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer when it is combined with epigallocatechin gallate. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:1056-63. [PMID: 18797454 PMCID: PMC2567064 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that tamoxifen+epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is synergistically cytotoxic towards oestrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer cells. To determine if this response would correlate with significant tumour suppression in vivo, athymic nude female mice were implanted with MDA-MB-231 cells and treated with tamoxifen, EGCG, EGCG+tamoxifen, or vehicle control for 10 weeks. Tumour volume in EGCG- (25 mg kg−1)+tamoxifen (75 μg kg−1)-treated mice decreased by 71% as compared with vehicle control (P<0.05), whereas tumour weight was decreased by 80% compared with control (P<0.01). Epigallocatechin gallate treatment did not alter ER protein expression in MDA-MB-231 cells and thus was not a mechanism for the observed tumour suppression. However, western blotting of tumour extracts demonstrated that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; 85% lower than control), pEGFR (78% lower than control), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR; 78% lower than control), and CYP1B1 (75% lower than control) were significantly lower after the combination treatment as compared with all other treatments. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), b-Raf, p-MEK, S6K, 4EBP1, Akt, vascular EGFR-1 (VEGFR-1) and VEGF expressions were decreased in control but not in the individual treatments, whereas MEK, phospholipase D 1/2, TGFα, and ERK expressions were not changed after any treatment. The results demonstrate that tamoxifen at realistic doses (75 μg kg−1) can suppress the growth of ER-negative breast cancer when combined with EGCG. In addition, the dominant mechanism for tumour suppression is the concomitant decrease in tumour protein expressions of mTOR and the EGFR.
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Dai JY, Yang JL, Li C. Transport and metabolism of flavonoids from Chinese herbal remedy Xiaochaihu- tang across human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:1086-93. [PMID: 18718184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the limiting factors for oral bioavailability of flavonoids derived from the Chinese herbal remedy Xiaochaihu-tang. The investigational flavonoids included baicalin, wogonoside, oroxylin-A 7-O-beta-Dglucopyranosiduronide, liquiritin, liquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin, and isoliquiritin apioside, as well as their aglycones baicalein, wogonin, oroxylin-A, liquiritigenin, and isoliquiritigenin. METHODS Caco-2 cell monolayers were used and the apparent permeability both in apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical directions was measured for each investigational compound. Meanwhile, chemoinformatics was carried out to provide insight into the mechanism governing the permeability. In addition, carrier-mediated transport with or without inhibitors, as well as the metabolism by conjugation, was also examined with Caco- 2 cell monolayers for the flavonoids. RESULTS The investigational flavonoid aglycones exhibited favorable membrane permeability, but efficient glucuronidation and/or sulfation by the enterocytes may limit their bioavailability. For the flavonoid glycosides, their poor membrane permeability was found to be caused by high hydrogen-bonding potential. Among the glycosides, oroxylin-A 7-O-beta- D-glucopyranosiduronide, isoliquiritin, and isoliquiritin apioside were transported under the mediation of the efflux transporters multidrug resistance-associated protein and/or P-glycoprotein. CONCLUSION The limiting factors of oral bioavailability for the flavonoids derived from Xiaochaihu-tang appeared to include poor membrane permeability, significant efflux, and efficient intestinal metabolism by conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-yu Dai
- Shanghai Center for DMPK Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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