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Munoz B, Hayes M, Perkins-Veazie P, Gillitt N, Munoz M, Kay CD, Lila MA, Ferruzzi MG, Iorizzo M. Genotype and ripening method affect carotenoid content and bio-accessibility in banana. Food Funct 2024; 15:3433-3445. [PMID: 38436090 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04632j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Bananas (Musa spp.) are a target crop for provitamin A carotenoids (pVACs) biofortification programs aiming at reducing the negative impact on health caused by vitamin A deficiency in vulnerable populations. However, studies to understand the effect of ripening methods and stages and the genotype on carotenoid content and bioaccessibility in the banana germplasm are scarce. This study evaluated carotenoid content and bioaccessibility in 27 different banana accessions at three maturation stages and two ripening methods (natural ripening and ethylene ripening). Across most accessions, total carotenoid content (TCC) increased from unripe to ripe fruit; only two accessions showed a marginal decrease. The ripening method affected carotenoid accumulation; 18 accessions had lower TCC when naturally ripened compared with the ethylene ripening group, while nine accessions showed higher TCC when ripened with exogenous ethylene, suggesting that treating bananas with exogenous ethylene might directly affect TCC accumulation, but the response is accession dependent. Additionally, carotenoid bioaccessibility varied across genotypes and was correlated with the amount of soluble starch and resistant starch. These findings highlight the importance of ripening methods and genotypes in maximizing banana carotenoid content and bioaccessibility, which could contribute to improving pVACs delivery in biofortification programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Munoz
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 9 28081, USA
| | - Micaela Hayes
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Penelope Perkins-Veazie
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 9 28081, USA
| | | | - Miguel Munoz
- Research & Development Department, Dole, Standard Fruit Company de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Colin D Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center (ACNC), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center (ACNC), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Massimo Iorizzo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 9 28081, USA
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Curtis PJ, van der Velpen V, Berends L, Jennings A, Haag L, Minihane AM, Chandra P, Kay CD, Rimm EB, Cassidy A. Chronic and postprandial effect of blueberries on cognitive function, alertness, and mood in participants with metabolic syndrome - results from a six-month, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:658-668. [PMID: 38432713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanin and blueberry intakes positively associated with cognitive function in population-based studies and cognitive benefits in randomized controlled trials of adults with self-perceived or clinical cognitive dysfunction. To date, adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS) but without cognitive dysfunction are understudied. OBJECTIVES Cognitive function, mood, alertness, and sleep quality were assessed as secondary end points in MetS participants, postprandially (>24 h) and following 6-mo blueberry intake. METHODS A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted, assessing the primary effect of consuming freeze-dried blueberry powder, compared against an isocaloric placebo, on cardiometabolic health >6 mo and a 24 h postprandial period (at baseline). In this secondary analysis of the main study, data from those completing mood, alertness, cognition, and sleep assessments are presented (i.e., n = 115 in the 6 mo study, n = 33 in the postprandial study), using the following: 1) Bond-Lader self-rated scores, 2) electronic cognitive battery (i.e., testing attention, working memory, episodic memory, speed of memory retrieval, executive function, and picture recognition), and 3) the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire. Urinary and serum anthocyanin metabolites were quantified, and apolipoprotein E genotype status was determined. RESULTS Postprandial self-rated calmness significantly improved after 1 cup of blueberries (P = 0.01; q = 0.04; with an 11.6% improvement compared with baseline between 0 and 24 h for the 1 cup group), but all other mood, sleep, and cognitive function parameters were unaffected after postprandial and 6-mo blueberries. Across the ½ and 1 cup groups, microbial metabolites of anthocyanins and chlorogenic acid (i.e., hydroxycinnamic acids, benzoic acids, phenylalanine derivatives, and hippuric acids) and catechin were associated with favorable chronic and postprandial memory, attention, executive function, and calmness. CONCLUSIONS Although self-rated calmness improved postprandially, and significant cognition-metabolite associations were identified, our data did not support strong cognitive, mood, alertness, or sleep quality improvements in MetS participants after blueberry intervention. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02035592.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Curtis
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - Vera van der Velpen
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsey Berends
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Jennings
- Institute for Global Food Security, Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Laura Haag
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie Minihane
- Nutrition and Preventive Medicine Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
| | - Preeti Chandra
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Colin D Kay
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aedín Cassidy
- Institute for Global Food Security, Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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Vauzour D, Scholey A, White DJ, Cohen NJ, Cassidy A, Gillings R, Irvine MA, Kay CD, Kim M, King R, Legido-Quigley C, Potter JF, Schwarb H, Minihane AM. A combined DHA-rich fish oil and cocoa flavanols intervention does not improve cognition or brain structure in older adults with memory complaints: results from the CANN randomized, controlled parallel-design study. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:369-381. [PMID: 37315924 PMCID: PMC10447509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that both omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) and cocoa flavanols can improve cognitive performance in both healthy individuals and in those with memory complaints. However, their combined effect is unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate the combined effect of EPA/DHA and cocoa flavanols (OM3FLAV) on cognitive performance and brain structures in older adults with memory complaints. METHODS A randomized placebo-controlled trial of DHA-rich fish oil (providing 1.1 g/d DHA and 0.4 g/d EPA) and a flavanol-rich dark chocolate (providing 500 mg/d flavan-3-ols) was conducted in 259 older adults with either subjective cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment. Participants underwent assessment at baseline, 3 mo, and 12 mo. The primary outcome was the number of false-positives on a picture recognition task from the Cognitive Drug Research computerized assessment battery. Secondary outcomes included other cognition and mood outcomes, plasma lipids, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glucose levels. A subset of 110 participants underwent structural neuroimaging at baseline and at 12 mo. RESULTS 197 participants completed the study. The combined intervention had no significant effect on any cognitive outcomes, with the exception of reaction time variability (P = 0.007), alertness (P < 0.001), and executive function (P < 0.001), with a decline in function observed in the OM3FLAV group (118.6 [SD 25.3] at baseline versus 113.3 [SD 25.4] at 12 mo for executive function) relative to the control, and an associated decrease in cortical volume (P = 0.039). Compared with the control group, OM3FLAV increased plasma HDL, total cholesterol ratio (P < 0.001), and glucose (P = 0.008) and reduced TG concentrations (P < 0.001) by 3 mo, which were sustained to 12 mo, with no effect on BDNF. Changes in plasma EPA and DHA and urinary flavonoid metabolite concentrations confirmed compliance to the intervention. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cosupplementation with ω-3 PUFAs and cocoa flavanols for 12 mo does not improve cognitive outcomes in those with cognitive impairment. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02525198.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Australia.
| | - David J White
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Australia
| | - Neal J Cohen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Aedín Cassidy
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, United Kingdom; Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Rachel Gillings
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Irvine
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Colin D Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Min Kim
- Translational and Clinical Chemistry, Kings College London, London, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca King
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Australia
| | | | - John F Potter
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary Schwarb
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Minihane
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia (UEA), Norwich, United Kingdom; Norwich Institute of Healthy Ageing (NIHA), UEA, Norwich, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Krueger ES, Griffin LE, Beales JL, Lloyd TS, Brown NJ, Elison WS, Kay CD, Neilson AP, Tessem JS. Bioavailable Microbial Metabolites of Flavanols Demonstrate Highly Individualized Bioactivity on In Vitro β-Cell Functions Critical for Metabolic Health. Metabolites 2023; 13:801. [PMID: 37512508 PMCID: PMC10385630 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary flavanols are known for disease preventative properties but are often poorly absorbed. Gut microbiome flavanol metabolites are more bioavailable and may exert protective activities. Using metabolite mixtures extracted from the urine of rats supplemented with flavanols and treated with or without antibiotics, we investigated their effects on INS-1 832/13 β-cell glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) capacity. We measured insulin secretion under non-stimulatory (low) and stimulatory (high) glucose levels, insulin secretion fold induction, and total insulin content. We conducted treatment-level comparisons, individual-level dose responses, and a responder vs. non-responder predictive analysis of metabolite composition. While the first two analyses did not elucidate treatment effects, metabolites from 9 of the 28 animals demonstrated significant dose responses, regardless of treatment. Differentiation of responders vs. non-responder revealed that levels of native flavanols and valerolactones approached significance for predicting enhanced GSIS, regardless of treatment. Although treatment-level patterns were not discernable, we conclude that the high inter-individual variability shows that metabolite bioactivity on GSIS capacity is less related to flavanol supplementation or antibiotic treatment and may be more associated with the unique microbiome or metabolome of each animal. These findings suggest flavanol metabolite activities are individualized and point to the need for personalized nutrition practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Krueger
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (E.S.K.); (J.L.B.); (T.S.L.); (N.J.B.); (W.S.E.)
| | - Laura E. Griffin
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (L.E.G.); (C.D.K.); (A.P.N.)
| | - Joseph L. Beales
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (E.S.K.); (J.L.B.); (T.S.L.); (N.J.B.); (W.S.E.)
| | - Trevor S. Lloyd
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (E.S.K.); (J.L.B.); (T.S.L.); (N.J.B.); (W.S.E.)
| | - Nathan J. Brown
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (E.S.K.); (J.L.B.); (T.S.L.); (N.J.B.); (W.S.E.)
| | - Weston S. Elison
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (E.S.K.); (J.L.B.); (T.S.L.); (N.J.B.); (W.S.E.)
| | - Colin D. Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (L.E.G.); (C.D.K.); (A.P.N.)
| | - Andrew P. Neilson
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (L.E.G.); (C.D.K.); (A.P.N.)
| | - Jeffery S. Tessem
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (E.S.K.); (J.L.B.); (T.S.L.); (N.J.B.); (W.S.E.)
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Nieman DC, Omar AM, Kay CD, Kasote DM, Sakaguchi CA, Lkhagva A, Weldemariam MM, Zhang Q. Almond intake alters the acute plasma dihydroxy-octadecenoic acid (DiHOME) response to eccentric exercise. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1042719. [PMID: 36698469 PMCID: PMC9868138 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1042719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This investigation determined if 4-weeks ingestion of nutrient-dense almonds mitigated post-exercise inflammation and muscle soreness and damage. Methods An acute 90-min of eccentric exercise (90-EE) was used to induce muscle damage in 64 non-obese adults not engaging in regular resistance training (ages 30-65 years, BMI < 30 kg/m2). Using a parallel group design, participants were randomized to almond (AL) (57 g/d) or cereal bar (CB) (calorie matched) treatment groups for a 4-week period prior to the 90-EE (17 exercises). Blood and 24-h urine samples were collected before and after supplementation, with additional blood samples collected immediately post-90-EE, and then daily during 4 additional days of recovery. Changes in plasma oxylipins, urinary gut-derived phenolics, plasma cytokines, muscle damage biomarkers, mood states, and exercise performance were assessed. Results The 90-EE protocol induced significant muscle damage, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), inflammation, reduced strength and power performance, and mood disturbance. Interaction effects (2 group × 7 time points) supported that AL vs. CB was associated with reduced post-exercise fatigue and tension (p = 0.051, 0.033, respectively) and higher levels of leg-back strength (p = 0.029). No group differences were found for post-90-EE increases in DOMS and six cytokines. AL was associated with lower levels of serum creatine kinase immediately- and 1-day post-exercise (p = 0.034 and 0.013, respectively). The 90-EE bout increased plasma levels immediately post-exercise for 13 oxylipins. Interaction effects revealed significantly higher levels for AL vs. CB for 12,13-DiHOME (p < 0.001) and lower levels for 9,10-DiHOME (p < 0.001). Urine levels increased in AL vs. CB for seven gut-derived phenolics including 5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone that was inversely related to changes in plasma 9,10-DiHOME (r = -0.029, p = 0.021). Discussion These data support some positive effects of almond intake in improving mood state, retaining strength, decreasing muscle damage, increasing the generation of gut-derived phenolic metabolites, and altering the plasma oxylipin DiHOME response to unaccustomed eccentric exercise in untrained adults. The elevated post-exercise plasma levels of 12,13-DiHOME with almond intake support positive metabolic outcomes for adults engaging in unaccustomed eccentric exercise bouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States,*Correspondence: David C. Nieman,
| | - Ashraf M. Omar
- UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Colin D. Kay
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Deepak M. Kasote
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Camila A. Sakaguchi
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Ankhbayar Lkhagva
- UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Mehari Muuz Weldemariam
- UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Qibin Zhang
- UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
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Li Y, Rushing B, Schroder M, Sumner S, Kay CD. Exploring the Contribution of (Poly)phenols to the Dietary Exposome Using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Untargeted Metabolomics. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2100922. [PMID: 35106906 PMCID: PMC9343475 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE This study presents a workflow to construct a Dietary Exposome Library (DEL) comprised of phytochemicals and their metabolites derived from host and gut microbiome metabolism for use in peak identification/annotation of untargeted metabolomics datasets. METHODS AND RESULTS An evidence mapping initiative established target analytes related to the consumption of phytochemical-rich foods. Analytes were confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS(n)) analysis of human biospecimens from dietary intervention studies of (poly)phenol-rich diets. One hundred and sixty six verified compounds were subsequently analyzed on an untargeted metabolomics platform to acquire chromatographic and high-resolution mass spectral data for construction of a DEL. The DEL facilitated identification/annotation of 123 metabolites associate with exposure to (poly)phenol enriched diets, which included aromatic ketones, benzoic acids, ellagic acids, caffeoylquinic acids, catecholamines, coumarins, hippuric acid, hydroxytoluenes, phenylamines, stilbenes, urolithins, valerolactones, and xanthonoids, in untargeted metabolomics datasets acquire from human plasma and urine reference materials. CONCLUSIONS The DEL focusing on (poly)phenols and their metabolites of dietary exposure facilitated identification/annotation of ingested food components and their associated pathways in untargeted metabolomics datasets acquired from human biospecimens. The DEL continues to expand with the aim to provide evidence-based data for dietary metabolites in exposome research and inform the development of dietary intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan‐Yuan Li
- Nutrition Research InstituteUNC Chapel Hill500 Laureate WayKannapolisNC28081USA,North Carolina Human Health Exposure Analysis Resource (NC HHEAR) HubNC28081USA
| | - Blake Rushing
- Nutrition Research InstituteUNC Chapel Hill500 Laureate WayKannapolisNC28081USA,North Carolina Human Health Exposure Analysis Resource (NC HHEAR) HubNC28081USA
| | - Madison Schroder
- Nutrition Research InstituteUNC Chapel Hill500 Laureate WayKannapolisNC28081USA,North Carolina Human Health Exposure Analysis Resource (NC HHEAR) HubNC28081USA
| | - Susan Sumner
- Nutrition Research InstituteUNC Chapel Hill500 Laureate WayKannapolisNC28081USA,North Carolina Human Health Exposure Analysis Resource (NC HHEAR) HubNC28081USA
| | - Colin D. Kay
- North Carolina Human Health Exposure Analysis Resource (NC HHEAR) HubNC28081USA,Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences DepartmentPlants for Human Health InstituteNorth Carolina State UniversityKannapolisNC28081USA
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Racine KC, Iglesias-Carres L, Herring JA, Ferruzzi MG, Kay CD, Tessem JS, Neilson AP. Cocoa extract exerts sex-specific anti-diabetic effects in an aggressive type-2 diabetes model: A pilot study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 626:205-210. [PMID: 35994831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Cocoa may slow T2D development and progression. This study employed male and female BTBR.Cg-Lepob/ob/WiscJ (ob/ob) and wild type (WT) controls to assess the potential for cocoa to ameliorate progressive T2D and compare responses between sexes. Mice received diet without (WT, ob/ob) or with cocoa extract (ob/ob + c) for 10 weeks. Acute cocoa reduced fasting hyperglycemia in females, but not males, after 2 weeks. Chronic cocoa supplementation (6-10 weeks) ameliorated hyperinsulinemia in males and worsened hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia in females, yet also preserved and enhanced beta cell survival in females. The underlying mechanisms of these differences warrant further study. If sex differences are apparent in subsequent preclinical studies, clinical studies will be warranted to establish whether these differences are relevant in humans. Sex differences may need to be considered when designing human dietary interventions for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Racine
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
| | - Lisard Iglesias-Carres
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
| | - Jacob A Herring
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, & Food Science, Brigham Young University, S-243 ESC, Provo, UT, 84042, USA.
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
| | - Colin D Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
| | - Jeffery S Tessem
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, & Food Science, Brigham Young University, S-243 ESC, Provo, UT, 84042, USA.
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
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Cremonini E, Daveri E, Iglesias DE, Kang J, Wang Z, Gray R, Mastaloudis A, Kay CD, Hester SN, Wood SM, Fraga CG, Oteiza PI. A randomized placebo-controlled cross-over study on the effects of anthocyanins on inflammatory and metabolic responses to a high-fat meal in healthy subjects. Redox Biol 2022; 51:102273. [PMID: 35255426 PMCID: PMC8902616 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of supplementation with a cyanidin- and delphinidin-rich extract (CDRE) on the postprandial dysmetabolism, inflammation, and redox and insulin signaling, triggered by the consumption of a high fat meal (HFM) in healthy individuals. Participants (n = 25) consumed a 1026-kcal HFM simultaneously with either the CDRE providing 320.4 mg of anthocyanins (90% cyanidin and delphinidin) or placebo. Diets were randomly assigned in a double blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Blood was collected prior to (fasted, time 0), and for 5 h after meal consumption; plasma, serum, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated. AC metabolites were detected in serum as early as 30 min after CDRE consumption. The CDRE mitigated HFM-induced endotoxemia, reducing increases in plasma LPS and LPS-binding protein. The CDRE also reduced other events associated with HFM-triggered postprandial dysmetabolism including: i) plasma glucose and triglyceride increases; ii) TNFα and NOX4 upregulation in PBMC; and iii) JNK1/2 activation in PBMC. The CDRE did not significantly affect HFM-mediated increases in plasma insulin, GLP-1, GLP-2, GIP, and LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, and IKK phosphorylation in PBMC. In summary, dietary AC, i.e. cyanidin and delphinidin, exerted beneficial actions against unhealthy diets by modulating the associated postprandial dysmetabolism, endotoxemia, alterations of glycemia and lipidemia, and redox and insulin signaling.
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Griffin LE, Kohrt SE, Rathore A, Kay CD, Grabowska MM, Neilson AP. Microbial Metabolites of Flavanols in Urine are Associated with Enhanced Anti-Proliferative Activity in Bladder Cancer Cells In Vitro. Nutr Cancer 2022; 74:194-210. [PMID: 33522303 PMCID: PMC8790827 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1869277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Flavanols are metabolized by the gut microbiota to bioavailable metabolites, and the absorbed fraction is excreted primarily via urine. Uroepithelial cells are thus a potential site of activity due to exposure to high concentrations of these compounds. Chemoprevention by flavanols may be partly due to these metabolites. In Vitro work in this area relies on a limited pool of commercially available microbial metabolites, and little has been done in bladder cancer. The impact of physiologically relevant mixtures of flavanols and their metabolites remains unknown. Rats were fed various flavanols and urine samples, approximating the bioavailable metabolome, were collected. Urines were profiled by UPLC-MS/MS, and their anti-proliferative activities were assayed In Vitro in four bladder cancer models. Significant interindividual variability was observed for composition and proliferation. Microbial metabolite concentrations (valerolactones, phenylalkyl acids and hippuric acids) were positively associated with reduced bladder cancer proliferation In Vitro, while native flavanols were poorly correlated with activity. These results suggest that microbial metabolites may be responsible for chemoprevention in uroepithelial cells following flavanol consumption. This highlights the potential to use individual genetics and microbial metabotyping to design personalized dietary interventions for cancer prevention and/or adjuvant therapy to reduce bladder cancer incidence and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Griffin
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Sarah E. Kohrt
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH,Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Atul Rathore
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Colin D. Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Magdalena M. Grabowska
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH,Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH,Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH,Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Andrew P. Neilson
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC,Corresponding author: Dr. Andrew Neilson, , Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, 704-250-5495
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10
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Curtis PJ, Berends L, van der Velpen V, Jennings A, Haag L, Chandra P, Kay CD, Rimm EB, Cassidy A. Blueberry anthocyanin intake attenuates the postprandial cardiometabolic effect of an energy-dense food challenge: Results from a double blind, randomized controlled trial in metabolic syndrome participants. Clin Nutr 2021; 41:165-176. [PMID: 34883305 PMCID: PMC8757535 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background & aims Whilst the cardioprotective effects of blueberry intake have been shown in prospective studies and short-term randomized controlled trials (RCTs), it is unknown whether anthocyanin-rich blueberries can attenuate the postprandial, cardiometabolic dysfunction which follows energy-dense food intakes; especially in at-risk populations. We therefore examined whether adding blueberries to a high-fat/high-sugar meal affected the postprandial cardiometabolic response over 24 h. Methods A parallel, double-blind RCT (n = 45; age 63.4 ± 7.4 years; 64% male; BMI 31.4 ± 3.1 kg/m2) was conducted in participants with metabolic syndrome. After baseline assessments, an energy-dense drink (969 Kcals, 64.5 g fat, 84.5 g carbohydrate, 17.9 g protein) was consumed with either 26 g (freeze-dried) blueberries (equivalent to 1 cup/150 g fresh blueberries) or 26 g isocaloric matched placebo. Repeat blood samples (30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 360 min and 24 h), a 24 h urine collection and vascular measures (at 3, 6, and 24 h) were performed. Insulin and glucose, lipoprotein levels, endothelial function (flow mediated dilatation (FMD)), aortic and systemic arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity (PWV), Augmentation Index (AIx) respectively), blood pressure (BP), and anthocyanin metabolism (serum and 24 h urine) were assessed. Results Blueberries favorably affected postprandial (0–24 h) concentrations of glucose (p < 0.001), insulin (p < 0.01), total cholesterol (p = 0.04), HDL-C, large HDL particles (L-HDL-P) (both p < 0.01), extra-large HDL particles (XL-HDL-P; p = 0.04) and Apo-A1 (p = 0.01), but not LDL-C, TG, or Apo-B. After a transient higher peak glucose concentration at 1 h after blueberry intake ([8.2 mmol/L, 95%CI: 7.7, 8.8] vs placebo [6.9 mmol/L, 95%CI: 6.4, 7.4]; p = 0.001), blueberries significantly attenuated 3 h glucose ([4.3 mmol/L, 95%CI: 3.8, 4.8] vs placebo [5.1 mmol/L, 95%CI: 4.6, 5.6]; p = 0.03) and insulin concentrations (blueberry: [23.4 pmol/L, 95%CI: 15.4, 31.3] vs placebo [52.9 pmol/L, 95%CI: 41.0, 64.8]; p = 0.0001). Blueberries also improved HDL-C ([1.12 mmol/L, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.19] vs placebo [1.08 mmol/L, 95%CI: 1.02, 1.14]; p = 0.04) at 90 min and XL-HDLP levels ([0.38 × 10-6, 95%CI: 0.35, 0.42] vs placebo [0.35 × 10-6, 95%CI: 0.32, 0.39]; p = 0.02) at 3 h. Likewise, significant improvements were observed 6 h after blueberries for HDL-C ([1.17 mmol/L, 95%CI: 1.11, 1.24] vs placebo [1.10 mmol/L, 95%CI: 1.03, 1.16]; p < 0.001), Apo-A1 ([1.37 mmol/L, 95%CI: 1.32, 1.41] vs placebo [1.31 mmol/L, 95%CI: 1.27, 1.35]; p = 0.003), L-HDLP ([0.70 × 10-6, 95%CI: 0.60, 0.81] vs placebo [0.59 × 10-6, 95%CI: 0.50, 0.68]; p = 0.003) and XL-HDLP ([0.44 × 10-6, 95%CI: 0.40, 0.48] vs placebo [0.40 × 10-6, 95%CI: 0.36, 0.44]; p < 0.001). Similarly, total cholesterol levels were significantly lower 24 h after blueberries ([4.9 mmol/L, 95%CI: 4.6, 5.1] vs placebo [5.0 mmol/L, 95%CI: 4.8, 5.3]; p = 0.04). Conversely, no effects were observed for FMD, PWV, AIx and BP. As anticipated, total anthocyanin-derived phenolic acid metabolite concentrations significantly increased in the 24 h after blueberry intake; especially hippuric acid (6-7-fold serum increase, 10-fold urinary increase). In exploratory analysis, a range of serum/urine metabolites were associated with favorable changes in total cholesterol, HDL-C, XL-HDLP and Apo-A1 (R = 0.43 to 0.50). Conclusions For the first time, in an at-risk population, we show that single-exposure to the equivalent of 1 cup blueberries (provided as freeze-dried powder) attenuates the deleterious postprandial effects of consuming an energy-dense high-fat/high-sugar meal over 24 h; reducing insulinaemia and glucose levels, lowering cholesterol, and improving HDL-C, fractions of HDL-P and Apo-A1. Consequently, intake of anthocyanin-rich blueberries may reduce the acute cardiometabolic burden of energy-dense meals. Clinical trial registry NCT02035592 at www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Curtis
- Nutrition & Preventive Medicine Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR47UQ, UK
| | - Lindsey Berends
- Nutrition & Preventive Medicine Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR47UQ, UK
| | - Vera van der Velpen
- Nutrition & Preventive Medicine Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR47UQ, UK
| | - Amy Jennings
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5DL, Ireland
| | - Laura Haag
- Nutrition & Preventive Medicine Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR47UQ, UK
| | - Preeti Chandra
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Colin D Kay
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Departments of Epidemiology & Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aedín Cassidy
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 5DL, Ireland.
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11
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Mengist MF, Bostan H, Young E, Kay KL, Gillitt N, Ballington J, Kay CD, Ferruzzi MG, Ashrafi H, Lila MA, Iorizzo M. High-density linkage map construction and identification of loci regulating fruit quality traits in blueberry. Hortic Res 2021; 8:169. [PMID: 34333532 PMCID: PMC8325695 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fruit quality traits play a significant role in consumer preferences and consumption in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L). The objectives of this study were to construct a high-density linkage map and to identify the underlying genetic basis of fruit quality traits in blueberry. A total of 287 F1 individuals derived from a cross between two southern highbush blueberry cultivars, 'Reveille' and 'Arlen', were phenotyped over three years (2016-2018) for fruit quality-related traits, including titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, and fruit weight. A high-density linkage map was constructed using 17k single nucleotide polymorphisms markers. The linkage map spanned a total of 1397 cM with an average inter-loci distance of 0.08 cM. The quantitative trait loci interval mapping based on the hidden Markov model identified 18 loci for fruit quality traits, including seven loci for fruit weight, three loci for titratable acidity, five loci for pH, and three loci for total soluble solids. Ten of these loci were detected in more than one year. These loci explained phenotypic variance ranging from 7 to 28% for titratable acidity and total soluble solid, and 8-13% for pH. However, the loci identified for fruit weight did not explain more than 10% of the phenotypic variance. We also reported the association between fruit quality traits and metabolites detected by Proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis directly responsible for these fruit quality traits. Organic acids, citric acid, and quinic acid were significantly (P < 0.05) and positively correlated with titratable acidity. Sugar molecules showed a strong and positive correlation with total soluble solids. Overall, the study dissected the genetic basis of fruit quality traits and established an association between these fruit quality traits and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molla F Mengist
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Hamed Bostan
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Elisheba Young
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kristine L Kay
- David H. Murdock Research Institute, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | | | - James Ballington
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Colin D Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
- Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
- Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hamid Ashrafi
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
- Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Massimo Iorizzo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA.
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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12
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Kay KL, Strauch RC, Granillo CD, Bame MW, Xiong J, Mast AC, Burton-Freeman B, Kay CD, Lila MA. The berry health tool chest - an evidence map and interactive resource. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:68-77. [PMID: 33837434 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Berry consumption is linked to diverse health benefits, but numerous questions remain regarding mechanism of action, dose efficacy, and optimal duration and frequency of intake. Addressing these outstanding questions requires an organized assessment of current research, to inform future study designs and fill critical knowledge gaps. Tools that organize such information will also facilitate consumer messaging, targeted nutritional health initiatives, and dietary intake guidelines. This review aimed to describe the development and utility of the "Berry Health Tool Chest," an evidence map summarizing trial design features of studies characterizing the impact of berry consumption upon human health biomarkers. A systematic search strategy identified relevant high-quality human feeding studies, whose study design parameters were collected and compiled into an evidence map that is freely available as an interactive online interface enabling tabulated data to be interrogated, filtered, and exported. Of the 231 included studies, approximately 70% were of less than 3 months' duration and/or fewer than 50 participants, illustrating research gaps that could potentially inform the design of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine L Kay
- K.L. Kay, R.C. Strauch, C.D. Granillo, M.W Bame, J. Xiong, A.C. Mast, C.D. Kay, and M.A. Lila are with the Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA. B. Burton-Freeman is with the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
| | - Renee C Strauch
- K.L. Kay, R.C. Strauch, C.D. Granillo, M.W Bame, J. Xiong, A.C. Mast, C.D. Kay, and M.A. Lila are with the Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA. B. Burton-Freeman is with the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
| | - Cheryl D Granillo
- K.L. Kay, R.C. Strauch, C.D. Granillo, M.W Bame, J. Xiong, A.C. Mast, C.D. Kay, and M.A. Lila are with the Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA. B. Burton-Freeman is with the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
| | - Megan W Bame
- K.L. Kay, R.C. Strauch, C.D. Granillo, M.W Bame, J. Xiong, A.C. Mast, C.D. Kay, and M.A. Lila are with the Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA. B. Burton-Freeman is with the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
| | - Jia Xiong
- K.L. Kay, R.C. Strauch, C.D. Granillo, M.W Bame, J. Xiong, A.C. Mast, C.D. Kay, and M.A. Lila are with the Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA. B. Burton-Freeman is with the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
| | - Aubrey C Mast
- K.L. Kay, R.C. Strauch, C.D. Granillo, M.W Bame, J. Xiong, A.C. Mast, C.D. Kay, and M.A. Lila are with the Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA. B. Burton-Freeman is with the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
| | - Britt Burton-Freeman
- K.L. Kay, R.C. Strauch, C.D. Granillo, M.W Bame, J. Xiong, A.C. Mast, C.D. Kay, and M.A. Lila are with the Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA. B. Burton-Freeman is with the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
| | - Colin D Kay
- K.L. Kay, R.C. Strauch, C.D. Granillo, M.W Bame, J. Xiong, A.C. Mast, C.D. Kay, and M.A. Lila are with the Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA. B. Burton-Freeman is with the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- K.L. Kay, R.C. Strauch, C.D. Granillo, M.W Bame, J. Xiong, A.C. Mast, C.D. Kay, and M.A. Lila are with the Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA. B. Burton-Freeman is with the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
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13
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Virdee MS, Saini N, Kay CD, Neilson AP, Kwan STC, Helfrich KK, Mooney SM, Smith SM. An enriched biosignature of gut microbiota-dependent metabolites characterizes maternal plasma in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Sci Rep 2021; 11:248. [PMID: 33420159 PMCID: PMC7794323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80093-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) causes permanent cognitive disability. The enteric microbiome generates microbial-dependent products (MDPs) that may contribute to disorders including autism, depression, and anxiety; it is unknown whether similar alterations occur in PAE. Using a mouse PAE model, we performed untargeted metabolome analyses upon the maternal–fetal dyad at gestational day 17.5. Hierarchical clustering by principal component analysis and Pearson’s correlation of maternal plasma (813 metabolites) both identified MDPs as significant predictors for PAE. The majority were phenolic acids enriched in PAE. Correlational network analyses revealed that alcohol altered plasma MDP-metabolite relationships, and alcohol-exposed maternal plasma was characterized by a subnetwork dominated by phenolic acids. Twenty-nine MDPs were detected in fetal liver and sixteen in fetal brain, where their impact is unknown. Several of these, including 4-ethylphenylsulfate, oxindole, indolepropionate, p-cresol sulfate, catechol sulfate, and salicylate, are implicated in other neurological disorders. We conclude that MDPs constitute a characteristic biosignature that distinguishes PAE. These MDPs are abundant in human plasma, where they influence physiology and disease. Their altered abundance here may reflect alcohol’s known effects on microbiota composition and gut permeability. We propose that the maternal microbiome and its MDPs are a previously unrecognized influence upon the pathologies that typify PAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjot S Virdee
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28082, USA
| | - Nipun Saini
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28082, USA
| | - Colin D Kay
- Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Sze Ting Cecilia Kwan
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28082, USA
| | - Kaylee K Helfrich
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28082, USA
| | - Sandra M Mooney
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28082, USA
| | - Susan M Smith
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28082, USA.
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Hayes M, Corbin S, Nunn C, Pottorff M, Kay CD, Lila MA, Iorrizo M, Ferruzzi MG. Influence of simulated food and oral processing on carotenoid and chlorophyll in vitro bioaccessibility among six spinach genotypes. Food Funct 2021; 12:7001-7016. [PMID: 34151926 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00600b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the density of micronutrients and phytochemicals in vegetable foods through plant breeding and processing is of value for consumers. However, the extent to which interactions between genetics and processing (G × P) can be leveraged for green leafy vegetables to improve the delivery of such compounds is unknown. Using spinach as a model, a three-phase in vitro digestion method with and without simulated oral processing (mastication) and coupling to a Caco-2 human intestinal cell culture model was used to determine whether bioaccessibility and intestinal uptake of carotenoids and chlorophylls can be modified from six spinach genotypes, fresh or processed as blanched, sterilized, and juiced products. Carotenoid and chlorophyll bioaccessibility varied significantly with the genotype (p < 0.001) and processing treatment (p < 0.001), with processing having a more profound influence on the bioaccessibility, decreasing micellarization of phytochemicals from juiced (25.8-29.3%), to fresh (19.5-27.9%), to blanched (14.9-20.5%), and sterilized spinach (10.4-13.0%). Oral mastication had a significant influence on the carotenoid bioaccessible content of sterilized spinach (0.3-0.5 μmoles per g DW) as compared to fresh spinach (0.1-0.3 μmoles per g DW), most likely due to the additive effect of thermal processing and mastication on facilitating digestive breakdown of the spinach matrix. Caco-2 accumulation of carotenoid and chlorophyll was modestly but significantly (<0.001) lower in fresh spinach (2.4%) compared to other treatment samples (3.7-4.8%). These results suggest that the genotype, processing treatment, and genotype × processing (G × P) interaction may affect carotenoid and chlorophyll bioaccessibility in spinach and that food processing remains a dominant factor in modulating the bioavailability of these phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Hayes
- North Carolina State University, Department of Food, Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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15
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Mengist MF, Burtch H, Debelo H, Pottorff M, Bostan H, Nunn C, Corbin S, Kay CD, Bassil N, Hummer K, Lila MA, Ferruzzi MG, Iorizzo M. Development of a genetic framework to improve the efficiency of bioactive delivery from blueberry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17311. [PMID: 33057109 PMCID: PMC7560831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we applied a novel high-throughput in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model to phenotype bioaccessibility of phenolics in a diverse germplasm collection representing cultivated highbush blueberries. Results revealed significant (P < 0.05) differences between accessions, years, and accession by year interaction for relative and absolute bioaccessibility of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Broad sense heritability estimates revealed low to moderate inheritances of relative and absolute bioaccessibility, suggesting that besides environmental variables, genetics factors could control bioaccessibility of phenolics. Acylated anthocyanins had significantly higher relative bioaccessibility than non-acylated anthocyanins. Correlation analysis indicated that relative bioaccessibility did not show significant association with fruit quality or raw concentration of metabolites. The study also identified accessions that have high relative and absolute bioaccessibility values. Overall, combining the bioaccessibility of phenolics with genetic and genomic approaches will enable the identification of genotypes and genetic factors influencing these traits in blueberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molla F Mengist
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Haley Burtch
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Hawi Debelo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Marti Pottorff
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Hamed Bostan
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Candace Nunn
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Sydney Corbin
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Colin D Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.,Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606, NC, USA
| | - Nahla Bassil
- USDA-ARS-National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Kim Hummer
- USDA-ARS-National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.,Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606, NC, USA
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA. .,Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606, NC, USA.
| | - Massimo Iorizzo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA. .,Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27607, NC, USA.
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Kay CD, Clifford MN, Mena P, McDougall GJ, Andres-Lacueva C, Cassidy A, Del Rio D, Kuhnert N, Manach C, Pereira-Caro G, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Scalbert A, Tomás-Barberán F, Williamson G, Wishart DS, Crozier A. Recommendations for standardizing nomenclature for dietary (poly)phenol catabolites. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:1051-1068. [PMID: 32936878 PMCID: PMC7528558 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of focus on the protective health effects of phytochemicals in dietary guidelines. Although a number of chemical libraries and databases contain dietary phytochemicals belonging to the plant metabolome, they are not entirely relevant to human health because many constituents are extensively metabolized within the body following ingestion. This is especially apparent for the highly abundant dietary (poly)phenols, for which the situation is compounded by confusion regarding their bioavailability and metabolism, partially because of the variety of nomenclatures and trivial names used to describe compounds arising from microbial catabolism in the gastrointestinal tract. This confusion, which is perpetuated in online chemical/metabolite databases, will hinder future discovery of bioactivities and affect the establishment of future dietary guidelines if steps are not taken to overcome these issues. In order to resolve this situation, a nomenclature system for phenolic catabolites and their human phase II metabolites is proposed in this article and the basis of its format outlined. Previous names used in the literature are cited along with the recommended nomenclature, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry terminology, and, where appropriate, Chemical Abstracts Service numbers, InChIKey, and accurate mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Michael N Clifford
- School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pedro Mena
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gordon J McDougall
- The James Hutton Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERfes), Institute of Health Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aedin Cassidy
- Institue for Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudine Manach
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Food Science and Health, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - David S Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Alan Crozier
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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17
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Frank J, Fukagawa NK, Bilia AR, Johnson EJ, Kwon O, Prakash V, Miyazawa T, Clifford MN, Kay CD, Crozier A, Erdman JW, Shao A, Williamson G. Terms and nomenclature used for plant-derived components in nutrition and related research: efforts toward harmonization. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:451-458. [PMID: 31769838 PMCID: PMC7212822 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many terms for plant-derived food components are commonly used in the literature, but there is a notable lack of standardization and definition of nomenclature. The use of terms is often field-specific, leading to misunderstanding and problems with literature searches and systematic reviews, and results in isolated and divided research; this impacts not only publication quality but also innovation, regulatory compliance, and enforcement. To begin to address this issue, this narrative review describes the current use and definition of terms. The terms are either chemical and/or origin-based, such as phytochemical (chemicals from plants), or function-based, such as phytonutrient, bioactive, or nutraceutical. The ultimate goal is to establish a common harmonized, evidence-based understanding for when to use each term, thereby providing clarity and a specific scientific basis for such nomenclature. Neither the quality nor the quantity of evidence needed to allow the use of functional terms such as phytonutrient or nutraceutical is specifically discussed here; rather, it is simply noted that evidence is needed to apply these terms. The next step would be to define the evidence necessary for a compound to have a functional descriptor. The aim in this article is to establish scientific criteria for definitions that could be applied to clearly define and differentiate commonly used terms and thus ensure their consistent application in the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frank
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Naomi K Fukagawa
- USDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Oran Kwon
- Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Vish Prakash
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, and RUAS Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Colin D Kay
- North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alan Crozier
- University of California, Davis, California, USA, and University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John W Erdman
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew Shao
- Chromadex Corp., Los Angeles, California, USA
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18
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Nieman DC, Gillitt ND, Chen GY, Zhang Q, Sha W, Kay CD, Chandra P, Kay KL, Lila MA. Blueberry and/or Banana Consumption Mitigate Arachidonic, Cytochrome P450 Oxylipin Generation During Recovery From 75-Km Cycling: A Randomized Trial. Front Nutr 2020; 7:121. [PMID: 32850939 PMCID: PMC7426440 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins are bioactive lipid oxidation products, have vital regulatory roles in numerous physiological processes including inflammation, and can be impacted by diet. This study determined if 2-weeks of blueberry and/or acute banana ingestion influenced generation of n-6 and n-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins during recovery from exercise-induced physiological stress. Cyclists (n = 59, 39 ± 2 years of age) were randomized to freeze-dried blueberry or placebo groups, and ingested 26 grams/d (1 cup/d blueberries equivalent) for 2 weeks. Cyclists reported to the lab in an overnight fasted state and engaged in a 75-km cycling time trial (185.5 ± 5.2 min). Cyclists from each group (blueberry, placebo) were further randomized to ingestion of a water-only control or water with a carbohydrate source (Cavendish bananas, 0.2 g/kg carbohydrate every 15 min) during exercise. Blood samples were collected pre- and post-2-weeks blueberry supplementation, and 0, 1.5, 3, 5, 24, and 48 h-post-exercise. Plasma oxylipins and blueberry and banana metabolites were measured with UPLC–tandem MS/MS. Significant time by treatment effects (eight time points, four groups) were found for 24 blueberry- and seven banana-derived phenolic metabolites in plasma (FDR adjusted p < 0.05). Significant post-exercise increases were observed for 64 of 67 identified plasma oxylipins. When oxylipins were grouped relative to fatty acid substrate [arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA)], and enzyme systems [cytochrome P450 (CYP), lipoxygenase (LOX)], banana and blueberry ingestion were independently associated with significant post-exercise reductions in pro-inflammatory ARA-CYP hydroxy- and dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs, DiHETrEs) (treatment effects, FDR adjusted p < 0.05). These trial differences were especially apparent within the first 3 h of recovery. In summary, heavy exertion evoked a transient but robust increase in plasma levels of oxylipins in cyclists, with a strong attenuation effect linked to both chronic blueberry and acute banana intake on pro-inflammatory ARA-CYP oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | | | - Guan-Yuan Chen
- UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Qibin Zhang
- UNCG Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Wei Sha
- Bioinformatics Services Division, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Colin D Kay
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Preeti Chandra
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Kristine L Kay
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, United States
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Mengist MF, Grace MH, Xiong J, Kay CD, Bassil N, Hummer K, Ferruzzi MG, Lila MA, Iorizzo M. Diversity in Metabolites and Fruit Quality Traits in Blueberry Enables Ploidy and Species Differentiation and Establishes a Strategy for Future Genetic Studies. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:370. [PMID: 32318085 PMCID: PMC7147330 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Blueberry is well recognized as a rich source of health promoting phytochemicals such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. Multiple studies in blueberry and other crops indicated that flavonoids and phenolic acids function as bioactive compounds in the human body promoting multiple health effects. Despite their importance, information is limited about the levels of variation in bioactive compounds within and between ploidy level and species, and their association with fruit quality traits. Such information is crucial to define a strategy to study the genetic mechanisms controlling these traits and to select for these traits in blueberry breeding programs. Here we evaluated 33 health related phytochemicals belonging to four major groups of flavonoids and phenolic acids across 128 blueberry accessions over two years together with fruit quality traits, including fruit weight, titratable acidity, total soluble acids and pH. Highly significant variation between accessions, years, and accession by year interaction were identified for most of the traits. Cluster analysis grouped phytochemicals by their functional structure (e.g., anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols, and phenolic acids). Multivariate analysis of the traits resulted in separation of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid accessions. Broad sense heritability of the traits estimated in 100 tetraploid accessions, ranged from 20 to 90%, with most traits revealing moderate to high broad sense heritability (H2 > 40%), suggesting that strong genetic factors control these traits. Fruit size can be estimated as a proxy of fruit weight or volume and vice versa, and it was negatively correlated with content of most of phytochemicals evaluated here. However, size-independent variation for anthocyanin content and profile (e.g., acylated vs. non-acylated anthocyanin) exists in the tetraploid accessions and can be explored to identify other factors such as genes related to the biosynthetic pathway that control this trait. This result also suggests that metabolite concentrations and fruit size, to a certain degree can be improved simultaneously in breeding programs. Overall, the results of this study provide a framework to uncover the genetic basis of bioactive compounds and fruit quality traits and will be useful to advance blueberry-breeding programs focusing on integrating these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molla F Mengist
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, NCRC, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Mary H Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, NCRC, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Jia Xiong
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, NCRC, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Colin D Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, NCRC, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Nahla Bassil
- USDA-ARS-National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Kim Hummer
- USDA-ARS-National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, NCRC, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, NCRC, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Massimo Iorizzo
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, NCRC, Kannapolis, NC, United States
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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20
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Abstract
Abstract
Anthocyanins are the largest group of water-soluble pigments in the plant kingdom. They are responsible for most of the red, blue, and purple colors of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and other plant tissues or products. The analysis of anthocyanins is complex as a result of their ability to undergo structural transformations and complexation reactions. In addition, they are difficult to measure independently of other flavonoids, as they have similar structural and reactivity characteristics. Anthocyanins are generally extracted with weakly acidified alcohol-based solvents, followed by concentration (under vacuum), and purification of the pigments. Paper and/or thin-layer chromatography and UV-Vis spectroscopy have traditionally been used for the identification of anthocyanins. Capillary zone electrophoresis, a hybrid of chromatography and electrophoresis, is gaining popularity for the analysis of anthocyanins; however, liquid chromatography (LC) has become the standard method for identification and separation in most laboratories and may be used for both preparative and quantitative analysis. LC with mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are possibly the most powerful methods for the structural elucidation of anthocyanins available, to date. At present, the most satisfactory method for mixture analysis is the multistep method of separation, isolation, and quantification by LC with peak identification by MS and high-field NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mazza
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, 4200 Hwy 97, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Juan E Cacace
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, 4200 Hwy 97, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Colin D Kay
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, 4200 Hwy 97, Summerland, BC, V0H 1Z0, Canada
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Chandra P, Rathore AS, Kay KL, Everhart JL, Curtis P, Burton-Freeman B, Cassidy A, Kay CD. Contribution of Berry Polyphenols to the Human Metabolome. Molecules 2019; 24:E4220. [PMID: 31757061 PMCID: PMC6930569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets rich in berries provide health benefits, however, the contribution of berry phytochemicals to the human metabolome is largely unknown. The present study aimed to establish the impact of berry phytochemicals on the human metabolome. A "systematic review strategy" was utilized to characterize the phytochemical composition of the berries most commonly consumed in the USA; (poly)phenols, primarily anthocyanins, comprised the majority of reported plant secondary metabolites. A reference standard library and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) quantitative metabolomics methodology were developed and applied to serum/plasma samples from a blueberry and a strawberry intervention, revealing a diversity of benzoic, cinnamic, phenylacetic, 3-(phenyl)propanoic and hippuric acids, and benzyldehydes. 3-Phenylpropanoic, 2-hydroxybenzoic, and hippuric acid were highly abundant (mean > 1 µM). Few metabolites at concentrations above 100 nM changed significantly in either intervention. Significant intervention effects (P < 0.05) were observed for plasma/serum 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and hippuric acid in the blueberry intervention, and for 3-methoxyphenylacetic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the strawberry intervention. However, significant within-group effects for change from baseline were prevalent, suggesting that high inter-individual variability precluded significant treatment effects. Berry consumption in general appears to cause a fluctuation in the pools of small molecule metabolites already present at baseline, rather than the appearance of unique berry-derived metabolites, which likely reflects the ubiquitous nature of (poly)phenols in the background diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chandra
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (P.C.); (A.S.R.); (J.L.E.)
| | - Atul S. Rathore
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (P.C.); (A.S.R.); (J.L.E.)
| | - Kristine L. Kay
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Nutrition Research Institute, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;
| | - Jessica L. Everhart
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (P.C.); (A.S.R.); (J.L.E.)
| | - Peter Curtis
- Department of Nutrition & Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK;
| | - Britt Burton-Freeman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Center for Nutrition Research, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60601, USA;
| | - Aedin Cassidy
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland;
| | - Colin D. Kay
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (P.C.); (A.S.R.); (J.L.E.)
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22
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Curtis PJ, van der Velpen V, Berends L, Jennings A, Feelisch M, Umpleby AM, Evans M, Fernandez BO, Meiss MS, Minnion M, Potter J, Minihane AM, Kay CD, Rimm EB, Cassidy A. Blueberries improve biomarkers of cardiometabolic function in participants with metabolic syndrome-results from a 6-month, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1535-1545. [PMID: 31136659 PMCID: PMC6537945 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanin-rich blueberry intake is associated with reduced type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in prospective studies, although long-term randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have not been conducted in at-risk populations. OBJECTIVE In the longest-duration RCT to date, we examined the effect of 6-mo blueberry intake on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic function in metabolic syndrome. METHODS A double-blind, parallel RCT (n = 115; age 63 ± 7 y; 68% male; body mass index 31.2 ± 3.0 kg/m2) was conducted, which fed 2 dietarily achievable blueberry intakes [equivalent to 1/2 and 1 cup/d (75/150 g)] compared with matched placebo. Insulin resistance was assessed via the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (primary endpoint) and confirmed by [6-6-2H2]-glucose-labeled, 2-step hyperinsulinemic clamp (n = 20). Clinically relevant cardiometabolic endpoints [including flow-mediated dilatation, augmentation index, lipoprotein status (by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), and nitric oxide (NO)-related metabolite assay] and anthocyanin metabolism were assessed. RESULTS A daily intake of 1 cup of blueberries improved endothelial function (flow-mediated dilatation: +1.45%; 95% CI: 0.83%, 2.1%; P = 0.003), systemic arterial stiffness (augmentation index: -2.24%; 95% CI: -3.97%, -0.61%; P = 0.04) and attenuated cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentrations. In statin nonusers (n = 71), elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+0.08 mmol/L; P = 0.03), high-density lipoprotein particle density (+0.48n, ×10-6; P = 0.002) and apolipoprotein A-I (+0.05 g/L; P = 0.01) concentrations were observed following the 1-cup/d intervention. Treatment compliance was 94.1% (wrapper returns) and total concentrations of anthocyanin-derived phenolic acid metabolites significantly increased, dose-dependently, in serum and 24-h urine (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Insulin resistance, pulse wave velocity, blood pressure, NO, and overall plasma thiol status were unaffected. Likewise, a half cup per day had no effect on any biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Despite insulin resistance remaining unchanged we show, to our knowledge, the first sustained improvements in vascular function, lipid status, and underlying NO bioactivity following 1 cup blueberries/d. With effect sizes predictive of 12-15% reductions in CVD risk, blueberries should be included in dietary strategies to reduce individual and population CVD risk. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02035592.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Curtis
- Department of Nutrition & Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Vera van der Velpen
- Department of Nutrition & Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsey Berends
- Department of Nutrition & Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Jennings
- Department of Nutrition & Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - A Margot Umpleby
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Evans
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette O Fernandez
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mia S Meiss
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Minnion
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - John Potter
- Department of Nutrition & Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie Minihane
- Department of Nutrition & Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Colin D Kay
- Department of Nutrition & Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Departments of Epidemiology & Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Aedín Cassidy
- Department of Nutrition & Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to AC (e-mail: )
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23
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Nieman DC, Kay CD, Rathore AS, Grace MH, Strauch RC, Stephan EH, Sakaguchi CA, Lila MA. Increased Plasma Levels of Gut-Derived Phenolics Linked to Walking and Running Following Two Weeks of Flavonoid Supplementation. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1718. [PMID: 30423955 PMCID: PMC6267437 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel group design, this investigation determined if the combination of two weeks of flavonoid supplementation (329 mg/day, quercetin, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols mixture) and a 45-minute walking bout (62.2 ± 0.9% VO2max (maximal oxygen consumption rate)) enhanced the translocation of gut-derived phenolics into circulation in a group of walkers (n = 77). The walkers (flavonoid, placebo groups) were randomized to either sit or walk briskly on treadmills for 45 min (thus, four groups: placebo⁻sit, placebo⁻walk, flavonoid⁻sit, flavonoid⁻walk). A comparator group of runners (n = 19) ingested a double flavonoid dose for two weeks (658 mg/day) and ran for 2.5 h (69.2 ± 1.2% VO2max). Four blood samples were collected (pre- and post-supplementation, immediately post- and 24 h post-exercise/rest). Of the 76 metabolites detected in this targeted analysis, 15 increased after the 2.5 h run, and when grouped were also elevated post-exercise (versus placebo⁻sit) for the placebo⁻ and flavonoid⁻walking groups (p < 0.05). A secondary analysis showed that pre-study plasma concentrations of gut-derived phenolics in the runners were 40% higher compared to walkers (p = 0.031). These data indicate that acute exercise bouts (brisk walking, intensive running) are linked to an increased translocation of gut-derived phenolics into circulation, an effect that is amplified when combined with a two-week period of increased flavonoid intake or chronic training as a runner.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| | - Colin D Kay
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| | - Atul S Rathore
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| | - Mary H Grace
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| | - Renee C Strauch
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| | - Ella H Stephan
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Camila A Sakaguchi
- Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
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24
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Williamson G, Kay CD, Crozier A. The Bioavailability, Transport, and Bioactivity of Dietary Flavonoids: A Review from a Historical Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1054-1112. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin D. Kay
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Inst. North Carolina State Univ. North Carolina Research Campus Kannapolis NC 28081 U.S.A
| | - Alan Crozier
- Dept. of Nutrition Univ. of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, Univ. Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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Warner EF, Rodriguez-Ramiro I, O'Connell MA, Kay CD. Cardiovascular Mechanisms of Action of Anthocyanins May Be Associated with the Impact of Microbial Metabolites on Heme Oxygenase-1 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040898. [PMID: 29652826 PMCID: PMC6017866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are reported to have cardio-protective effects, although their mechanisms of action remain elusive. We aimed to explore the effects of microbial metabolites common to anthocyanins and other flavonoids on vascular smooth muscle heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Thirteen phenolic metabolites identified by previous anthocyanin human feeding studies, as well as 28 unique mixtures of metabolites and their known precursor structures were explored for their activity on HO-1 protein expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). No phenolic metabolites were active when treated in isolation; however, five mixtures of phenolic metabolites significantly increased HO-1 protein expression (127.4–116.6%, p ≤ 0.03). The present study demonstrates that phenolic metabolites of anthocyanins differentially affect HO-1 activity, often having additive, synergistic or nullifying effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Warner
- Department of Nutrition and Preventative Medicine, Norwich Medical School, Bob Champion Research and Education Building, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK.
| | - Ildefonso Rodriguez-Ramiro
- Department of Nutrition and Preventative Medicine, Norwich Medical School, Bob Champion Research and Education Building, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK.
| | | | - Colin D Kay
- Department of Nutrition and Preventative Medicine, Norwich Medical School, Bob Champion Research and Education Building, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UQ, UK.
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Ahmad AF, Rich L, Koch H, Croft KD, Ferruzzi MG, Kay CD, Hodgson JM, Ward NC. Effect of adding milk to black tea on vascular function in healthy men and women: a randomised controlled crossover trial. Food Funct 2018; 9:6307-6314. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01019f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Addition of milk to black tea alters the acute/short-term benefical effect of regular black tea consumption on vascular function and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilah F. Ahmad
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Lisa Rich
- School of Public Health
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Henrietta Koch
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Western Australia
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Kevin D. Croft
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- University of Western Australia
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Mario G. Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute
- North Carolina State University
- Kannapolis
- USA
| | - Colin D. Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute
- North Carolina State University
- Kannapolis
- USA
| | - Jonathan M. Hodgson
- School of Health & Medical Sciences
- Edith Cowan University
- Perth
- Australia
- School of Medicine
| | - Natalie C. Ward
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute
- Curtin University
- Perth
- Australia
- School of Public Health
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Warner EF, Smith MJ, Zhang Q, Raheem KS, O'Hagan D, O'Connell MA, Kay CD. Signatures of anthocyanin metabolites identified in humans inhibit biomarkers of vascular inflammation in human endothelial cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61:1700053. [PMID: 28457017 PMCID: PMC5600085 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The physiological relevance of contemporary cell culture studies is often perplexing, given the use of unmetabolized phytochemicals at supraphysiological concentrations. We investigated the activity of physiologically relevant anthocyanin metabolite signatures, derived from a previous pharmacokinetics study of 500 mg 13 C5 -cyanidin-3-glucoside in eight healthy participants, on soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in human endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Signatures of peak metabolites (previously identified at 1, 6, and 24 h post-bolus) were reproduced using pure standards and effects were investigated across concentrations ten-fold lower and higher than observed mean (<5 μM) serum levels. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated VCAM-1 was reduced in response to all treatments, with maximal effects observed for the 6 and 24 h profiles. Profiles tested at ten-fold below mean serum concentrations (0.19-0.44 μM) remained active. IL-6 was reduced in response to 1, 6, and 24 h profiles, with maximal effects observed for 6 h and 24 h profiles at concentrations above 2 μM. Protein responses were reflected by reductions in VCAM-1 and IL-6 mRNA, however there was no effect on phosphorylated NFκB-p65 expression. CONCLUSION Signatures of anthocyanin metabolites following dietary consumption reduce VCAM-1 and IL-6 production, providing evidence of physiologically relevant biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F. Warner
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, Bob Champion Research and Education BuildingUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- School of PharmacyUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Michael J. Smith
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, Bob Champion Research and Education BuildingUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Qingzhi Zhang
- School of ChemistryUniversity of St. AndrewsFifeScotlandUK
| | - K. Saki Raheem
- School of ChemistryUniversity of St. AndrewsFifeScotlandUK
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of WestminsterLondonUK
| | - David O'Hagan
- School of ChemistryUniversity of St. AndrewsFifeScotlandUK
| | | | - Colin D. Kay
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, Bob Champion Research and Education BuildingUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health InstituteNorth Carolina State UniversityKannapolisNCUSA
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Nieman DC, Ramamoorthy S, Kay CD, Goodman CL, Capps CR, Shue ZL, Heyl N, Grace MH, Lila MA. Influence of Ingesting a Flavonoid-Rich Supplement on the Metabolome and Concentration of Urine Phenolics in Overweight/Obese Women. J Proteome Res 2017. [PMID: 28631923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of ingesting a flavonoid-rich supplement (329 mg/d) on total urine phenolics and shifts in plasma metabolites in overweight/obese female adults using untargeted metabolomics procedures. Participants (N = 103, 18-65 y, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were randomized to flavonoid (F) or placebo (P) groups for 12 weeks with blood and 24 h urine samples collected prestudy and after 4 and 12 weeks in a parallel design. Supplements were prepared as chewable tablets and included vitamin C, wild bilberry fruit extract, green tea leaf extract, quercetin, caffeine, and omega 3 fatty acids. At 4 weeks, urine total phenolics increased 24% in F versus P with similar changes at 12 weeks (interaction effect, P = 0.041). Groups did not differ in markers of inflammation (IL-6, MCP-1, CRP) or oxidative stress (oxLDL, FRAP). Metabolomics data indicated shifts in 63 biochemicals in F versus P with 70% from the lipid and xenobiotics superpathways. The largest fold changes in F were measured for three gut-derived phenolics including 3-methoxycatechol sulfate, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid sulfate, and 1,2,3-benzenetriol sulfate (interaction effects, p ≤ 0.050). This randomized clinical trial of overweight/obese women showed that 12 weeks ingestion of a mixed flavonoid nutrient supplement was associated with a corresponding increase in urine total phenolics and gut-derived phenolic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Nieman
- Human Performance Lab, Appalachian State University , North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | | | - Colin D Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Courtney L Goodman
- Human Performance Lab, Appalachian State University , North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Christopher R Capps
- Human Performance Lab, Appalachian State University , North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Zack L Shue
- Human Performance Lab, Appalachian State University , North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Nicole Heyl
- Human Performance Lab, Appalachian State University , North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Mary H Grace
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Mary A Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
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Kay CD, Pereira-Caro G, Ludwig IA, Clifford MN, Crozier A. Anthocyanins and Flavanones Are More Bioavailable than Previously Perceived: A Review of Recent Evidence. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2017; 8:155-180. [PMID: 28125348 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030216-025636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review considers recent investigations on the bioavailability of anthocyanins and flavanones. Both flavonoids are significant dietary components and are considered to be poorly bioavailable, as only low levels of phase II metabolites appear in the circulatory system and are excreted in urine. However, when lower molecular weight phenolic and aromatic ring-fission catabolites, produced primarily by the action of the colonic microbiota, are taken into account, it is evident that anthocyanins and flavanones are much more bioavailable than previously envisaged. The metabolic events to which these flavonoids are subjected as they pass along the gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed into the circulatory system prior to their rapid elimination by renal excretion are highlighted. Studies on the impact of other food components and the probiotic intake on flavonoid bioavailability are summarized, as is the bioactivity of metabolites and catabolites assayed using a variety of in vitro model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Kay
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fishery Research and Training, IFAPA, Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- Department of Food Technology, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Michael N Clifford
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Crozier
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270;
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Hazim S, Curtis PJ, Schär MY, Ostertag LM, Kay CD, Minihane AM, Cassidy A. Acute benefits of the microbial-derived isoflavone metabolite equol on arterial stiffness in men prospectively recruited according to equol producer phenotype: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:694-702. [PMID: 26843154 PMCID: PMC4763500 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.125690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is much speculation with regard to the potential cardioprotective benefits of equol, a microbial-derived metabolite of the isoflavone daidzein, which is produced in the large intestine after soy intake in 30% of Western populations. Although cross-sectional and retrospective data support favorable associations between the equol producer (EP) phenotype and cardiometabolic health, few studies have prospectively recruited EPs to confirm this association. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine whether the acute vascular benefits of isoflavones differ according to EP phenotype and subsequently investigate the effect of providing commercially produced S-(-)equol to non-EPs. DESIGN We prospectively recruited male EPs and non-EPs (n = 14/group) at moderate cardiovascular risk into a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study to examine the acute effects of soy isoflavones (80-mg aglycone equivalents) on arterial stiffness [carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity (cfPWV)], blood pressure, endothelial function (measured by using the EndoPAT 2000; Itamar Medical), and nitric oxide at baseline (0 h) and 6 and 24 h after intake. In a separate assessment, non-EPs consumed 40 mg S-(-)equol with identical vascular measurements performed 2 h after intake. RESULTS After soy intake, cfPWV significantly improved in EPs at 24 h (cfPWV change from 0 h: isoflavone, -0.2 ± 0.2 m/s; placebo, 0.6 ± 0.2 m/s; P < 0.01), which was significantly associated with plasma equol concentrations (R = -0.36, P = 0.01). No vascular effects were observed in EPs at 6 h or in non-EPs at any time point. Similarly, no benefit of commercially produced S-(-)equol was observed in non-EPs despite mean plasma equol concentrations reaching 3.2 μmol/L. CONCLUSIONS Acute soy intake improved cfPWV in EPs, equating to an 11-12% reduced risk of cardiovascular disease if sustained. However, a single dose of commercially produced equol had no cardiovascular benefits in non-EPs. These data suggest that the EP phenotype is critical in unlocking the vascular benefits of equol in men, and long-term trials should focus on confirming the implications of EP phenotype on cardiovascular health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01530893.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hazim
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Curtis
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Y Schär
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Luisa M Ostertag
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Colin D Kay
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie Minihane
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Aedín Cassidy
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Warner EF, Zhang Q, Raheem KS, O’Hagan D, O’Connell MA, Kay CD. Common Phenolic Metabolites of Flavonoids, but Not Their Unmetabolized Precursors, Reduce the Secretion of Vascular Cellular Adhesion Molecules by Human Endothelial Cells. J Nutr 2016; 146:465-73. [PMID: 26843586 PMCID: PMC4763483 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.217943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids have been implicated in the prevention of cardiovascular disease; however, their mechanisms of action have yet to be elucidated, possibly because most previous in vitro studies have used supraphysiological concentrations of unmetabolized flavonoids, overlooking their more bioavailable phenolic metabolites. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the effects of phenolic metabolites and their precursor flavonoids at physiologically achievable concentrations, in isolation and combination, on soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1). METHOD Fourteen phenolic acid metabolites and 6 flavonoids were screened at 1 μM for their relative effects on sVCAM-1 secretion by human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The active metabolites were further studied for their response at different concentrations (0.01 μM-100 μM), structure-activity relationships, and effect on vascular cellular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 mRNA expression. In addition, the additive activity of the metabolites and flavonoids was investigated by screening 25 unique mixtures at cumulative equimolar concentrations of 1 μM. RESULTS Of the 20 compounds screened at 1 μM, inhibition of sVCAM-1 secretion was elicited by 4 phenolic metabolites, of which protocatechuic acid (PCA) was the most active (-17.2%, P = 0.05). Investigations into their responses at different concentrations showed that PCA significantly reduced sVCAM-1 15.2-36.5% between 1 and 100 μM, protocatechuic acid-3-sulfate and isovanillic acid reduced sVCAM-1 levels 12.2-54.7% between 10 and 100 μM, and protocatechuic acid-4-sulfate and isovanillic acid-3-glucuronide reduced sVCAM-1 secretion 27.6% and 42.8%, respectively, only at 100 μM. PCA demonstrated the strongest protein response and was therefore explored for its effect on VCAM-1 mRNA, where 78.4% inhibition was observed only after treatment with 100 μM PCA. Mixtures of the metabolites showed no activity toward sVCAM-1, suggesting no additive activity at 1 μM. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that metabolism of flavonoids increases their vascular efficacy, resulting in a diversity of structures of varying bioactivity in human endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingzhi Zhang
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom; and
| | - K Saki Raheem
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom; and,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - David O’Hagan
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom; and
| | - Maria A O’Connell
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Colin D Kay
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, and
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Abstract
Many foods in our diets such as berries, tea, chocolate and wine contain flavonoids, which are natural components of plants. A substantial body of evidence supports the role of flavonoids in providing protection against cardio-metabolic diseases and disorders. Despite the nearly exponential growth in flavonoid research in the past 20 years, limited progress has been made in understanding how these dietary components work. Research initially focused on their antioxidant activity without taking into account their metabolism, which now appears extensive. This has provided a new research impetus to understand the biological activity of the flavonoid metabolites. Here, we outline recent research, which suggests a highly complex interplay between metabolism, intestinal microflora, the immune system and various tissues of our body.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Kay
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia Norwich, UK
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di Gesso JL, Kerr JS, Zhang Q, Raheem S, Yalamanchili SK, O'Hagan D, Kay CD, O'Connell MA. Flavonoid metabolites reduce tumor necrosis factor-α secretion to a greater extent than their precursor compounds in human THP-1 monocytes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1143-54. [PMID: 25801720 PMCID: PMC4973837 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Scope Flavonoids are generally studied in vitro, in isolation, and as unmetabolized precursor structures. However, in the habitual diet, multiple flavonoids are consumed together and found present in the circulation as complex mixtures of metabolites. Using a unique study design, we investigated the potential for singular or additive anti‐inflammatory effects of flavonoid metabolites relative to their precursor structures. Methods and results Six flavonoids, 14 flavonoid metabolites, and 29 combinations of flavonoids and their metabolites (0.1–10 μM) were screened for their ability to reduce LPS‐induced tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) secretion in THP‐1 monocytes. One micromolar peonidin‐3‐glucoside, cyanidin‐3‐glucoside, and the metabolites isovanillic acid (IVA), IVA‐glucuronide, vanillic acid‐glucuronide, protocatechuic acid‐3‐sulfate, and benzoic acid‐sulfate significantly reduced TNF‐α secretion when in isolation, while there was no effect on TNF‐α mRNA expression. Four combinations of metabolites that included 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (4HBA) and/or protocatechuic acid also significantly reduced TNF‐α secretion to a greater extent than the precursors or metabolites alone. The effects on LPS‐induced IL‐1β and IL‐10 secretion and mRNA expression were also examined. 4HBA significantly reduced IL‐1β secretion but none of the flavonoids or metabolites significantly modified IL‐10 secretion. Conclusion This study provides novel evidence suggesting flavonoid bioactivity results from cumulative or additive effects of circulating metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L di Gesso
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jason S Kerr
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Qingzhi Zhang
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Saki Raheem
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | | | - David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Colin D Kay
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Schär MY, Curtis PJ, Hazim S, Ostertag LM, Kay CD, Potter JF, Cassidy A. Orange juice-derived flavanone and phenolic metabolites do not acutely affect cardiovascular risk biomarkers: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in men at moderate risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:931-8. [PMID: 25788001 PMCID: PMC4409690 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.104364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic data suggest inverse associations between citrus flavanone intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, insufficient randomized controlled trial data limit our understanding of the mechanisms by which flavanones and their metabolites potentially reduce cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE We examined the effects of orange juice or a dose-matched hesperidin supplement on plasma concentrations of established and novel flavanone metabolites and their effects on cardiovascular risk biomarkers in men at moderate CVD risk. DESIGN In an acute, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial, 16 fasted participants (aged 51-69 y) received orange juice or a hesperidin supplement (both providing 320 mg hesperidin) or control (all matched for sugar and vitamin C content). At baseline and 5 h postintake, endothelial function (primary outcome), blood pressure, arterial stiffness, cardiac autonomic function, platelet activation, and NADPH oxidase gene expression and plasma flavanone metabolites were assessed. Before each intervention, a diet low in flavonoids, nitrate/nitrite, alcohol, and caffeine was followed, and a standardized low-flavonoid evening meal was consumed. RESULTS Orange juice intake significantly elevated mean ± SEM plasma concentrations of 8 flavanone (1.75 ± 0.35 μmol/L, P < 0.0001) and 15 phenolic (13.27 ± 2.22 μmol/L, P < 0.0001) metabolites compared with control at 5 h postconsumption. Despite increased plasma flavanone and phenolic metabolite concentrations, cardiovascular risk biomarkers were unaltered. After hesperidin supplement intake, flavanone metabolites were not different from the control, suggesting altered absorption/metabolism compared with the orange juice matrix. CONCLUSIONS After single-dose flavanone intake within orange juice, circulating flavanone and phenolic metabolites collectively reached a concentration of 15.20 ± 2.15 μmol/L, but no effects were observed on cardiovascular risk biomarkers. Longer-duration randomized controlled trials are required to examine previous associations between higher flavanone intakes and improved cardiovascular health and to ascertain the relative importance of food matrix and flavanone-derived phenolic metabolites. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01530893.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Y Schär
- From the Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Curtis
- From the Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Hazim
- From the Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Luisa M Ostertag
- From the Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Colin D Kay
- From the Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - John F Potter
- From the Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Aedín Cassidy
- From the Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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35
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Amin HP, Czank C, Raheem S, Zhang Q, Botting NP, Cassidy A, Kay CD. Anthocyanins and their physiologically relevant metabolites alter the expression of IL-6 and VCAM-1 in CD40L and oxidized LDL challenged vascular endothelial cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1095-106. [PMID: 25787755 PMCID: PMC4950056 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that dietary anthocyanins modulate cardiovascular disease risk; however, given anthocyanins extensive metabolism, it is likely that their degradation products and conjugated metabolites are responsible for this reported bioactivity. METHODS AND RESULTS Human vascular endothelial cells were stimulated with either oxidized LDL (oxLDL) or cluster of differentiation 40 ligand (CD40L) and cotreated with cyanidin-3-glucoside and 11 of its recently identified metabolites, at 0.1, 1, and 10 μM concentrations. Protein and gene expression of IL-6 and VCAM-1 was quantified by ELISA and RT-qPCR. In oxLDL-stimulated cells the parent anthocyanin had no effect on IL-6 production, whereas numerous anthocyanin metabolites significantly reduced IL-6 protein levels; phase II conjugates of protocatechuic acid produced the greatest effects (>75% reduction, p ≤ 0.05). In CD40L-stimulated cells the anthocyanin and its phase II metabolites reduced IL-6 protein production, where protocatechuic acid-4-sulfate induced the greatest reduction (>96% reduction, p ≤ 0.03). Similarly, the anthocyanin and its metabolites reduced VCAM-1 protein production, with ferulic acid producing the greatest effect (>65% reduction, p ≤ 0.04). CONCLUSION These novel data provide evidence to suggest that anthocyanin metabolites are bioactive at physiologically relevant concentrations and have the potential to modulate cardiovascular disease progression by altering the expression of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiren P Amin
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Charles Czank
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Saki Raheem
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Qingzhi Zhang
- School of Chemistry St. Andrews University, Fife, Scotland, UK
| | - Nigel P Botting
- School of Chemistry St. Andrews University, Fife, Scotland, UK
| | - Aedín Cassidy
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Colin D Kay
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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36
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Edwards M, Czank C, Woodward GM, Cassidy A, Kay CD. Phenolic metabolites of anthocyanins modulate mechanisms of endothelial function. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:2423-2431. [PMID: 25686009 DOI: 10.1021/jf5041993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are reported to have vascular bioactivity, however their mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Evidence suggests that anthocyanins modulate endothelial function, potentially by increasing nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, or enhancing NO bioavailability. This study compared the activity of cyanidin-3-glucoside, its degradation product protocatechuic acid, and phase II metabolite, vanillic acid. Production of NO and superoxide and expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), NADPH oxidase (NOX), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were established in human vascular cell models. Nitric oxide levels were not modulated by the treatments, although eNOS was upregulated by cyanidin-3-glucoside, and superoxide production was decreased by both phenolic acids. Vanillic acid upregulated p22(phox) mRNA but did not alter NOX protein expression, although trends were observed for p47(phox) downregulation and HO-1 upregulation. Anthocyanin metabolites may therefore modulate vascular reactivity by inducing HO-1 and modulating NOX activity, resulting in reduced superoxide production and improved NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Edwards
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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de Ferrars RM, Czank C, Zhang Q, Botting NP, Kroon PA, Cassidy A, Kay CD. The pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins and their metabolites in humans. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3268-82. [PMID: 24602005 PMCID: PMC4080980 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Anthocyanins are phytochemicals with reported vasoactive bioactivity. However, given their instability at neutral pH, they are presumed to undergo significant degradation and subsequent biotransformation. The aim of the present study was to establish the pharmacokinetics of the metabolites of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), a widely consumed dietary phytochemical with potential cardioprotective properties. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A 500 mg oral bolus dose of 6,8,10,3′,5′-13C5-C3G was fed to eight healthy male participants, followed by a 48 h collection (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 h) of blood, urine and faecal samples. Samples were analysed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS with elimination kinetics established using non-compartmental pharmacokinetic modelling. KEY RESULTS Seventeen 13C-labelled compounds were identified in the serum, including 13C5-C3G, its degradation products, protocatechuic acid (PCA) and phloroglucinaldehyde (PGA), 13 metabolites of PCA and 1 metabolite derived from PGA. The maximal concentrations of the phenolic metabolites (Cmax) ranged from 10 to 2000 nM, between 2 and 30 h (tmax) post-consumption, with half-lives of elimination observed between 0.5 and 96 h. The major phenolic metabolites identified were hippuric acid and ferulic acid, which peaked in the serum at approximately 16 and 8 h respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Anthocyanins are metabolized to a structurally diverse range of metabolites that exhibit dynamic kinetic profiles. Understanding the elimination kinetics of these metabolites is key to the design of future studies examining their utility in dietary interventions or as therapeutics for disease risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M de Ferrars
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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de Ferrars RM, Czank C, Saha S, Needs PW, Zhang Q, Raheem KS, Botting NP, Kroon PA, Kay CD. Methods for isolating, identifying, and quantifying anthocyanin metabolites in clinical samples. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10052-8. [PMID: 24828315 DOI: 10.1021/ac500565a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic fate of anthocyanins until recently was relatively unknown, primarily as a result of their instability at physiological pH and a lack of published methods for isolating and identifying their metabolites from biological samples. The aim of the present work was to establish methods for the extraction and quantification of anthocyanin metabolites present in urine, serum, and fecal samples. 35 commercial and 10 synthetic analytes, including both known and predicted human and microbial metabolites of anthocyanins, were obtained as reference standards. HPLC and MS/MS conditions were optimized for organic modifier, ionic modifier, mobile phase gradient, flow rate, column type, MS source, and compound dependent parameters. The impact of sorbent, solvent, acid, preservative, elution, and evaporation on solid phase extraction (SPE) efficiency was also explored. The HPLC-MS/MS method validation demonstrated acceptable linearity (R(2), 0.997 ± 0.002) and sensitivity (limits of detection (LODs): urine, 100 ± 375 nM; serum, 104 ± 358 nM; feces 138 ± 344 nM), and the final SPE methods provided recoveries of 88.3 ± 17.8% for urine, 86.5 ± 11.1% for serum, and 80.6 ± 20.9% for feces. The final methods were applied to clinical samples derived from an anthocyanin intervention study, where 36 of the 45 modeled metabolites were detected within urine, plasma, or fecal samples. The described methods provide suitable versatility for the identification and quantification of an extensive series of anthocyanin metabolites for use in future clinical studies exploring absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M de Ferrars
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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Davidson RK, Jupp O, de Ferrars R, Kay CD, Culley KL, Norton R, Driscoll C, Vincent TL, Donell ST, Bao Y, Clark IM. Sulforaphane represses matrix-degrading proteases and protects cartilage from destruction in vitro and in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 65:3130-40. [PMID: 23983046 PMCID: PMC4240673 DOI: 10.1002/art.38133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective Sulforaphane (SFN) has been reported to regulate signaling pathways relevant to chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of SFN treatment on signaling pathways in chondrocytes and to determine whether sulforaphane could block cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis. Methods Gene expression, histone acetylation, and signaling of the transcription factors NF-E2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and NF-κB were examined in vitro. The bovine nasal cartilage explant model and the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) model of osteoarthritis in the mouse were used to assess chondroprotection at the tissue and whole-animal levels. Results SFN inhibited cytokine-induced metalloproteinase expression in primary human articular chondrocytes and in fibroblast-like synovial cells. SFN acted independently of Nrf2 and histone deacetylase activity to regulate metalloproteinase expression in human articular chondrocytes but did mediate prolonged activation of JNK and p38 MAPK. SFN attenuated NF-κB signaling at least through inhibition of DNA binding in human articular chondrocytes, with decreased expression of several NF-κB–dependent genes. Compared with cytokines alone, SFN (10 μM) abrogated cytokine-induced destruction of bovine nasal cartilage at both the proteoglycan and collagen breakdown levels. An SFN-rich diet (3 μmoles/day SFN versus control chow) decreased the arthritis score in the DMM model of osteoarthritis in the mouse, with a concurrent block of early DMM-induced gene expression changes. Conclusion SFN inhibits the expression of key metalloproteinases implicated in osteoarthritis, independently of Nrf2, and blocks inflammation at the level of NF-κB to protect against cartilage destruction in vitro and in vivo.
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de Ferrars RM, Cassidy A, Curtis P, Kay CD. Phenolic metabolites of anthocyanins following a dietary intervention study in post-menopausal women. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:490-502. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. de Ferrars
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - Aedín Cassidy
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - Peter Curtis
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - Colin D. Kay
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
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Czank C, Cassidy A, Zhang Q, Morrison DJ, Preston T, Kroon PA, Botting NP, Kay CD. Human metabolism and elimination of the anthocyanin, cyanidin-3-glucoside: a (13)C-tracer study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:995-1003. [PMID: 23604435 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.049247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that the consumption of anthocyanin-rich foods beneficially affects cardiovascular health; however, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of anthocyanin-rich foods are relatively unknown. OBJECTIVE We investigated the ADME of a (13)C5-labeled anthocyanin in humans. DESIGN Eight male participants consumed 500 mg isotopically labeled cyanidin-3-glucoside (6,8,10,3',5'-(13)C5-C3G). Biological samples were collected over 48 h, and (13)C and (13)C-labeled metabolite concentrations were measured by using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The mean ± SE percentage of (13)C recovered in urine, breath, and feces was 43.9 ± 25.9% (range: 15.1-99.3% across participants). The relative bioavailability was 12.38 ± 1.38% (5.37 ± 0.67% excreted in urine and 6.91 ± 1.59% in breath). Maximum rates of (13)C elimination were achieved 30 min after ingestion (32.53 ± 14.24 μg(13)C/h), whereas (13)C-labeled metabolites peaked (maximum serum concentration: 5.97 ± 2.14 μmol/L) at 10.25 ± 4.14 h. The half-life for (13)C-labeled metabolites ranged between 12.44 ± 4.22 and 51.62 ± 22.55 h. (13)C elimination was greatest between 0 and 1 h for urine (90.30 ± 15.28 μg/h), at 6 h for breath (132.87 ± 32.23 μg/h), and between 6 and 24 h for feces (557.28 ± 247.88 μg/h), whereas the highest concentrations of (13)C-labeled metabolites were identified in urine (10.77 ± 4.52 μmol/L) and fecal samples (43.16 ± 18.00 μmol/L) collected between 6 and 24 h. Metabolites were identified as degradation products, phenolic, hippuric, phenylacetic, and phenylpropenoic acids. CONCLUSION Anthocyanins are more bioavailable than previously perceived, and their metabolites are present in the circulation for ≤48 h after ingestion. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01106729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Czank
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Ferrars RM, Cassidy A, Curtis P, Raheem KS, Zhang Q, Kay CD. The metabolic fate of anthocyanins in humans. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.125.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aedin Cassidy
- Department of NutritionUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Curtis
- Department of NutritionUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Qingzhi Zhang
- Department of ChemistrySt Andrews UniversitySt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Colin D. Kay
- Department of NutritionUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
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Kay CD, Botting NP, Cassidy A, Czank C, Ferrars R, Kroon PA, Morrison DJ, Preston T, Zang Q. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of a stable isotope‐labelled anthocyanin in Humans. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.125.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin D. Kay
- Department of NutritionUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Nigel P. Botting
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsFifeUnited Kingdom
| | - Aedin Cassidy
- Department of NutritionUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Charles Czank
- Department of NutritionUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Rachel Ferrars
- Department of NutritionUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Douglas J. Morrison
- Environmental Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowEast KilbrideUnited Kingdom
| | - Tom Preston
- Environmental Research CentreUniversity of GlasgowEast KilbrideUnited Kingdom
| | - Qingzhi Zang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsFifeUnited Kingdom
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Holligan S, West SG, Gebauer SK, Kay CD, Kris‐Etherton PM. A Moderate‐Fat Diet with Pistachios Lowers Small‐Dense LDL and Improves Markers of Insulin Sensitivity in Subjects with Moderately‐Elevated Cholesterol Levels. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1057.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Holligan
- Nutritional SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA
| | - Sheila G. West
- Nutritional SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA
- Biobehavioral HealthThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA
| | | | - Colin D. Kay
- Norwich Medical SchoolThe University of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
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Kay CD, Hooper L, Kroon PA, Rimm EB, Cassidy A. Relative impact of flavonoid composition, dose and structure on vascular function: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials of flavonoid-rich food products. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1605-16. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin D. Kay
- Department of Nutrition; Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; UK
| | - Lee Hooper
- Department of Nutrition; Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; UK
| | - Paul A. Kroon
- Institute of Food Research; Norwich Research Park; Norwich UK
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Channing Laboratory; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - Aedín Cassidy
- Department of Nutrition; Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; UK
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West SG, Gebauer SK, Kay CD, Bagshaw DM, Savastano DM, Diefenbach C, Kris-Etherton PM. Diets containing pistachios reduce systolic blood pressure and peripheral vascular responses to stress in adults with dyslipidemia. Hypertension 2012; 60:58-63. [PMID: 22665124 PMCID: PMC3862178 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.182147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nut consumption reduces cardiovascular risk, and reductions in blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance may be important mediators of this relationship. We evaluated effects of pistachios on flow-mediated dilation and blood pressure response to acute stress. Twenty-eight adults with dyslipidemia completed a randomized, crossover, controlled-feeding study. All of the meals were provided and calories were controlled. After 2 weeks on a typical Western diet (35% total fat and 11% saturated fat), test diets were presented in counterbalanced order for 4 weeks each, a low-fat control diet (25% total fat and 8% saturated fat), a diet containing 10% of energy from pistachios (on average, 1 serving per day; 30% total fat and 8% saturated fat), and a diet containing 20% of energy from pistachios (on average, 2 servings per day, 34% total fat and 8% saturated fat). None of the resting hemodynamic measures significantly differed from pretreatment values. When resting and stress levels were included in the repeated-measures analysis, average reductions in systolic blood pressure were greater after the diet containing 1 serving per day versus 2 servings per day of pistachios (mean change in systolic blood pressure, -4.8 vs -2.4 mm Hg, respectively; P<0.05). After the higher dose, there were significant reductions in peripheral resistance (-62.1 dyne · s × cm(-5)) and heart rate (-3 bpm) versus the control diet (P<0.0001). These changes were partially offset by increases in cardiac output. There was no effect of diet on fasting flow-mediated dilation. Reductions in peripheral vascular constriction and the resulting decrease in hemodynamic load may be important contributors to lower risk in nut consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila G West
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Zhang Q, Raheem KS, Botting NP, Slawin AM, Kay CD, O'Hagan D. Flavonoid metabolism: the synthesis of phenolic glucuronides and sulfates as candidate metabolites for bioactivity studies of dietary flavonoids. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
UNLABELLED It remains important to establish the stability of anthocyanins throughout commercial processing in order to maintain the bioactivity of the processed food/s. The present study aimed to assess the recovery and formation of anthocyanins and their free phenolic acid degradation products during the commercial processing of blackcurrant juice concentrate. A bench-scale processing model was also established to allow for alteration of predefined parameters to identify where commercial processes could be modified to influence anthocyanin yield. No significant loss in anthocyanins was observed throughout the commercial processing of blackcurrants, from whole berry through milling, to pectin hydrolysis and sodium bisulphite addition (P ≥ 0.7). No significant loss in anthocyanins was observed following the subsequent processing of pressed juice, through pasteurization, decantation, filtration, and concentration (P ≥ 0.9). Similarly, the bench-scale model showed no significant losses in anthocyanin content except during pasteurization (22%± 0.7%, P < 0.001). In the full-factorial Design of Experiment model analysis, only sodium bisulphite concentration had an impact on anthocyanin recovery, which resulted in an increase (23% to 27%; P < 0.001) in final anthocyanin concentration. No phenolic degradation products (free protocatechuic acid or gallic acid derived from cyanidin and delphinin species, respectively) were identified in any processed sample when compared to authentic analytical standards, analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography DAD. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This article provides crucial data directly applicable to commercial juice processing, such as improving anthocyanin yield and practical considerations for anthocyanin stability and degradation. This aspect is particularly pertinent considering the current commercial interest in anthocyanin-derived phenolic acids and their health-related benefits. Further research and development targets in the area of commercial juice product development are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Woodward
- School of Medicine, Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Holligan S, Gebauer S, West S, Kay CD, Kris‐Etherton P. Effects of pistachios on emerging CVD risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic individuals. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.971.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Gebauer
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research CenterBeltsvilleMD
| | - Sheila West
- Biobehavioral HealthThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA
| | - Colin D Kay
- School of MedicineUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUnited Kingdom
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Woodward GM, Needs PW, Kay CD. Anthocyanin-derived phenolic acids form glucuronides following simulated gastrointestinal digestion and microsomal glucuronidation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 55:378-86. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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