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Deng TT, Xie YB, Sun WW, Huang J, He TT, Liu JK, Wu B. Synthesis of Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogues by Cyclization of the Guanine Base with 1,1,3,3-Tetramethoxypropane. Org Lett 2022; 24:7834-7838. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yi-Bing Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wen-Wu Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jie Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ting-Ting He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
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2
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Peterson LA, Balbo S, Fujioka N, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS, Murphy SE, Stepanov I, Tretyakova NY, Turesky RJ, Villalta PW. Applying Tobacco, Environmental, and Dietary-Related Biomarkers to Understand Cancer Etiology and Evaluate Prevention Strategies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1904-1919. [PMID: 32051197 PMCID: PMC7423750 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Many human cancers are caused by environmental and lifestyle factors. Biomarkers of exposure and risk developed by our team have provided critical data on internal exposure to toxic and genotoxic chemicals and their connection to cancer in humans. This review highlights our research using biomarkers to identify key factors influencing cancer risk as well as their application to assess the effectiveness of exposure intervention and chemoprevention protocols. The use of these biomarkers to understand individual susceptibility to the harmful effects of tobacco products is a powerful example of the value of this type of research and has provided key data confirming the link between tobacco smoke exposure and cancer risk. Furthermore, this information has led to policy changes that have reduced tobacco use and consequently, the tobacco-related cancer burden. Recent technological advances in mass spectrometry led to the ability to detect DNA damage in human tissues as well as the development of adductomic approaches. These new methods allowed for the detection of DNA adducts in tissues from patients with cancer, providing key evidence that exposure to carcinogens leads to DNA damage in the target tissue. These advances will provide valuable insights into the etiologic causes of cancer that are not tobacco-related.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Environmental Carcinogenesis: Pathways to Prevention."
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Peterson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Silvia Balbo
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Naomi Fujioka
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Natalia Y Tretyakova
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Peter W Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Li H, Cui S, Wang S, Jiang X, Zhang S, Zhang R, Fu PP, Sun X. Ultrasensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for analysis of etheno-DNA adducts in human white blood cells. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:1049-54. [PMID: 25968941 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1006213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Etheno-DNA adducts are generated by interaction of cellular DNA with exogenous environmental carcinogens and end products of lipid peroxidation. It has been determined that 1,N(6)-etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine (εdA) and 3,N(4)-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine (εdC) adducts formed in human white blood cells can be used to serve as biomarkers of genetic damage mediated by oxidative stress. In this study, we developed an ultrasensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method used to detect and quantify εdA and dC adducts in human white blood cells. The percent recoveries of εdA and dC adducts were found to be 88.9% ± 2.8 and 95.7% ± 3.7, respectively. The detection limits were ∼ 1.45 fmol for εdA and ∼ 1.27 fmol for εdC in 20 μg of human white blood cell DNA samples, both εdA and εdC adducts could be detected using only ∼ 5 μg of DNA per sample. For validation of the method, 34 human blood cell DNA samples were assayed and the results revealed a significant difference (P < 0.01) between levels (fmol/μg DNA) of 0.82 ± 0.83 (standard deviation [SD]) (range: 0.15-3.11) for εdA, 3.28 ± 3.15 (SD) (range: 0.05-9.6) for εdC in benzene-exposed workers; and 0.04 ± 0.08 (SD) (range: 0.0-0.27) for εdA and 0.77 ± 1.02 (SD) (range: 0.10-4.11) for εdC in non-benzene-exposed workers. Our method shows a high sensitivity and specificity when applied to small amounts of human white blood cell DNA samples; background levels of εdA and εdC could be reproducibly detected. The ultrasensitive and simple detection method is thus suitable for applications in human biomonitoring and molecular epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , P. R. China
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4
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Ma B, Villalta PW, Balbo S, Stepanov I. Analysis of a malondialdehyde-deoxyguanosine adduct in human leukocyte DNA by liquid chromatography nanoelectrospray-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1829-36. [PMID: 25181548 PMCID: PMC4203394 DOI: 10.1021/tx5002699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Malondialdehyde
(MDA), an endogenous genotoxic product formed upon
lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin biosynthesis, can react with
DNA to form stable adducts. These adducts may contribute to the development
of such inflammation-mediated diseases as cancer and cardiovascular
and neurodegenerative diseases. The predominant MDA-derived DNA adduct
formed under physiological conditions is 3-(2-deoxy-β-d-erythro-pentafuranosyl)pyrimido[1,2-α]purin-10(3H)-one deoxyguanosine (M1dG). In this study, we developed
a novel liquid chromatography (LC)–nanoelectrospray ionization
(NSI)–high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) method
for the analysis of M1dG in human leukocyte DNA. After
enzymatic hydrolysis of DNA, M1dG and the added internal
standard [13C3]M1dG were reduced
to their 5,6-dihydro derivatives by addition of sodium borohydride
to the hydrolysate and purified by solid-phase extraction and column
chromatography. The 5,6-dihydro derivatives in the purified samples
were analyzed by LC–NSI–HRMS/MS using higher-energy
collisional dissociation (HCD) fragmentation, isolation widths of
1 Da for both the analyte and internal standard, and a resolution
of 50 000. The detection limit of the developed method is 5
amol on-column, and the limit of quantitation is 0.125 fmol/mg DNA
starting with 200 μg of DNA. Method accuracy and precision were
characterized. The developed method was further applied to the analysis
of leukocyte DNA from 50 human subjects. M1dG was detected
in all samples and ranged from 0.132 to 275 fmol/mg DNA, or 0.004
to 9.15 adducts per 108 bases. This unique and highly sensitive
HRMS/MS-based method can be used in future studies investigating the
pathophysiological role of M1dG in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- Masonic Cancer Center and ‡Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota , Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Basu S, Nachat-Kappes R, Caldefie-Chézet F, Vasson MP. Eicosanoids and adipokines in breast cancer: from molecular mechanisms to clinical considerations. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:323-60. [PMID: 22746381 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is one of the foremost risk factors for different types of malignancies, including breast cancer. Additional risk factors of this pathology in postmenopausal women are weight gain, obesity, estrogen secretion, and an imbalance in the production of adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin. Various signaling products of transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB, in particular inflammatory eicosanoids, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytokines, are thought to be involved in chronic inflammation-induced cancer. Together, these key components have an influence on inflammatory reactions in malignant tissue damage when their levels are deregulated endogenously. Prostaglandins (PGs) are well recognized in inflammation and cancer, and they are solely biosynthesized through cyclooxygenases (COXs) from arachidonic acid. Concurrently, ROS give rise to bioactive isoprostanes from arachidonic acid precursors that are also involved in acute and chronic inflammation, but their specific characteristics in breast cancer are less demonstrated. Higher aromatase activity, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme, is intimately connected to tumor growth in the breast through estrogen synthesis, and is interrelated to COXs that catalyze the formation of both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory PGs such as PGE(2), PGF(2α), PGD(2), and PGJ(2) synchronously under the influence of specific mediators and downstream enzymes. Some of the latter compounds upsurge the intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentration and appear to be associated with estrogen synthesis. This review discusses the role of COX- and ROS-catalyzed eicosanoids and adipokines in breast cancer, and therefore ranges from their molecular mechanisms to clinical aspects to understand the impact of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Basu
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Nutrition, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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6
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Sun X, Nair J, Linseisen J, Owen RW, Bartsch H. Lipid peroxidation and DNA adduct formation in lymphocytes of premenopausal women: Role of estrogen metabolites and fatty acid intake. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1983-90. [PMID: 22322480 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A diet high in linoleic acid (an ω-6 PUFA) increased the formation of miscoding etheno (ε)--DNA adducts in WBC-DNA of women, but not in men (Nair et al., Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 1997;6:597-601). This gender specificity could result from an interaction between ω-6 PUFA intake and estrogen catabolism, via redox-cycling of 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OH-E(2) ) and subsequent lipid peroxidation (LPO). In this study, we investigated whether in premenopausal women LPO-derived adducts in WBC-DNA are affected by serum concentration of 2- and 4-hydroxyestradiol metabolites and by fatty acid intake. DNA extracted from buffy coat and plasma samples, both blindly coded from healthy women (N = 124, median age 40 year) participating in the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort study were analyzed. Three LPO-derived exocyclic DNA adducts, εdA, εdC and M(1) dG were quantified by immuno-enriched (32) P-postlabelling and estradiol metabolites by ultra-sensitive GC-mass spectrometry. Mean M(1) dG levels in WBC-DNA were distinctly higher than those of εdA and εdC, and all were positively and significantly interrelated. Serum levels of 4-OH-E(2) , but not of 2-OH-E(2) , metabolites were positively related to etheno DNA adduct formation. Positive correlations existed between M(1) dG levels and linoleic acid intake or the ratios of dietary linoleic acid/oleic acid and PUFA/MUFA. Aerobic incubation of 4-OH-E(2) , arachidonic acid and calf thymus DNA yielded two to threefold higher etheno DNA adduct levels when compared with assays containing 2-OH-E(2) instead. In conclusion, this study is the first to compare M(1) dG and etheno-DNA adducts and serum estradiol metabolites in human samples in the same subjects. Our results support a novel mechanistic link between estradiol catabolism, dietary ω-6 fatty acid intake and LPO-induced DNA damage supported by an in vitro model. Similar studies in human breast epithelial tissue and on amplification of DNA-damage in breast cancer patients are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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7
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Chan SW, Dedon PC. The biological and metabolic fates of endogenous DNA damage products. J Nucleic Acids 2010; 2010:929047. [PMID: 21209721 PMCID: PMC3010698 DOI: 10.4061/2010/929047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA and other biomolecules are subjected to damaging chemical reactions during normal physiological processes and in states of pathophysiology caused by endogenous and exogenous mechanisms. In DNA, this damage affects both the nucleobases and 2-deoxyribose, with a host of damage products that reflect the local chemical pathology such as oxidative stress and inflammation. These damaged molecules represent a potential source of biomarkers for defining mechanisms of pathology, quantifying the risk of human disease and studying interindividual variations in cellular repair pathways. Toward the goal of developing biomarkers, significant effort has been made to detect and quantify damage biomolecules in clinically accessible compartments such as blood and and urine. However, there has been little effort to define the biotransformational fate of damaged biomolecules as they move from the site of formation to excretion in clinically accessible compartments. This paper highlights examples of this important problem with DNA damage products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wan Chan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NE47-277, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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8
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Nagy E, Cornelius MG, Moller L. Accelerated 32P-HPLC for bulky DNA adducts. Mutagenesis 2008; 24:183-9. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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9
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Kulkarni A, Wilson DM. The involvement of DNA-damage and -repair defects in neurological dysfunction. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:539-66. [PMID: 18319069 PMCID: PMC2427185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetic link between defects in DNA repair and neurological abnormalities has been well established through studies of inherited disorders such as ataxia telangiectasia and xeroderma pigmentosum. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the major types of DNA damage, the molecular pathways that function in their repair, and the connection between defective DNA-repair responses and specific neurological disease. Particular attention is given to describing the nature of the repair defect and its relationship to the manifestation of the associated neurological dysfunction. Finally, the review touches upon the role of oxidative stress, a leading precursor to DNA damage, in the development of certain neurodegenerative pathologies, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanti Kulkarni
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David M. Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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10
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Nair U, Bartsch H, Nair J. Lipid peroxidation-induced DNA damage in cancer-prone inflammatory diseases: a review of published adduct types and levels in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1109-20. [PMID: 17854706 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Persistent oxidative stress and excess lipid peroxidation (LPO), induced by inflammatory processes, impaired metal storage, and/or dietary imbalance, cause accumulations and massive DNA damage. This massive DNA damage, along with deregulation of cell homeostasis, leads to malignant diseases. Reactive aldehydes produced by LPO, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, malondialdehyde, acrolein, and crotonaldehyde, react directly with DNA bases or generate bifunctional intermediates which form exocyclic DNA adducts. Modification of DNA bases by these electrophiles, yielding promutagenic exocyclic adducts, is thought to contribute to the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects associated with oxidative stress-induced LPO. Ultrasensitive detection methods have facilitated studies of the concentrations of promutagenic DNA adducts in human tissues, white blood cells, and urine, where they are excreted as modified nucleosides and bases. Thus, immunoaffinity-(32)P-postlabeling, high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, immunoslotblot assay, and immunohistochemistry have made it possible to detect background concentrations of adducts arising from endogenous LPO products in vivo and studies of their role in carcinogenesis. These background adduct levels in asymptomatic human tissues occur in the order of 1 adduct/10(8) and in organs affected by cancer-prone inflammatory diseases these can be 1 or 2 orders of magnitude higher. In this review, we critically discuss the accuracy of the available methods and their validation and summarize studies in which measurement of exocyclic adducts suggested new mechanisms of cancer causation, providing potential biomarkers for cancer risk assessment in humans with cancer-prone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmila Nair
- Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Munnia A, Bonassi S, Verna A, Quaglia R, Pelucco D, Ceppi M, Neri M, Buratti M, Taioli E, Garte S, Peluso M. Bronchial malondialdehyde DNA adducts, tobacco smoking, and lung cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1499-505. [PMID: 17023277 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 04/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer causing, among other effects, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Malondialdehyde (MDA)-DNA adducts can be induced by direct DNA oxidation and by lipid peroxidation. We measured the relationship between bronchial MDA-DNA adducts and tobacco smoking, cancer status, and selected polymorphisms in 43 subjects undergoing a bronchoscopic examination for diagnostic purposes. MDA-DNA adducts were higher in current smokers than in never smokers (frequency ratio (FR) = 1.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-2.26). MDA-DNA adducts were also increased in lung cancer cases with respect to controls, but only in smokers (FR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.16-2.51). Subjects with GA and AA cyclin D1 (CCND1) genotypes showed higher levels of MDA-DNA adducts than those with the wild-type genotype (FR = 1.51 (1.04-2.20) and 1.45 (1.02-2.07)). Lung cancer cases with levels of MDA-DNA adducts over the median showed a worse, but not statistically significant, survival, after adjusting for age, gender, and packyears (hazard ratio = 2.48, 95% CI 0.65-9.44). Our findings reinforce the role of smoking in lung carcinogenesis through oxidative stress. Subjects who carry at least one variant allele of the CCND1 gene could accumulate DNA damage for altered cell-cycle control and reduced DNA repair proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Munnia
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch, CSPO-Scientific Institute of Tuscany Region, Villa Delle Rose, Via Cosimo il Vecchio No. 2, Florence 50139, Italy
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12
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Pluskota-Karwatka D, Pawłowicz AJ, Kronberg L. Formation of malonaldehyde-acetaldehyde conjugate adducts in calf thymus DNA. Chem Res Toxicol 2006; 19:921-6. [PMID: 16841960 DOI: 10.1021/tx060027h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that malonaldehyde forms conjugates with acetaldehyde and that these conjugates react with nucleobases forming so-called conjugate adducts. In the current study, it is shown that conjugate adducts are also formed in calf thymus DNA when incubated simultaneously with malonaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The adducts were identified in the DNA hydrolysates by their positive ion electrospray MS/MS spectra and by coelution with the 2'-deoxynucleoside standards and, in the case of adducts exhibiting fluorescent properties, also by LC using a fluorescence detector. In the hydrolysates of double-stranded DNA (ds DNA), two deoxyguanosine and two deoxyadenosine conjugate adducts were detected, and in single-stranded DNA (ss DNA) also, the deoxycytidine conjugate adduct was observed. The guanine base was the major target for the malonaldehyde-acetaldehyde conjugates, and 2'-deoxyguanosine adducts were produced in ds DNA at levels of 100-500 adducts/10(5) nucleotides (0.7-3 nmol/mg DNA). The 2'-deoxyadenosine adducts and the 2'-deoxycytidine adduct were generated in higher amounts when the incubation was performed at pH 6.0 than at pH 7.4, while the opposite formation profile was noted for the 2'-deoxyguanosine adducts, especially in the ss DNA reaction. This observation is exactly in accordance with our previously reported pH-dependent reactivity of the individual nucleosides with malonaldehyde-acetaldehyde conjugates. The findings of this work show that the genotoxic effects observed for malonaldehyde and acetaldehyde could be in part due to the formation of the conjugate adducts.
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Jeong YC, Nakamura J, Upton PB, Swenberg JA. Pyrimido[1,2-a]-purin-10(3H)-one, M1G, is less prone to artifact than base oxidation. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:6426-34. [PMID: 16282591 PMCID: PMC1283527 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrimido[1,2-a]-purin-10(3H)-one (M1G) is a secondary DNA damage product arising from primary reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage to membrane lipids or deoxyribose. The present study investigated conditions that might lead to artifactual formation or loss of M1G during DNA isolation. The addition of antioxidants, DNA isolation at low temperature or non-phenol extraction methods had no statistically significant effect on the number of M1G adducts measured in either control or positive control tissue samples. The number of M1G adducts in nuclear DNA isolated from brain, liver, kidney, pancreas, lung and heart of control male rats were 0.8, 1.1, 1.1, 1.1, 1.8 and 4.2 M1G/10(8) nt, respectively. In rat liver tissue, the mitochondrial DNA contained a 2-fold greater number of M1G adducts compared with nuclear DNA. Overall, the results from this study demonstrated that measuring M1G is a reliable way to assess oxidative DNA damage because the number of M1G adducts is significantly affected by the amount of ROS production, but not by DNA isolation procedures. In addition, this study confirmed that the background number of M1G adducts reported in genomic DNA could have been overestimated by one to three orders of magnitude in previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James A. Swenberg
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 919 966 6139; Fax: +1 919 966 6123;
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Jeong YC, Swenberg JA. Formation of M1G-dR from endogenous and exogenous ROS-inducing chemicals. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:1021-9. [PMID: 16198229 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides fundamental information regarding the production of M1G-dR by ROS. To investigate the production of M1G-dR from deoxyribose damage as caused by ROS, calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was incubated with NAD(P)H, CuCl2, and various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The incubation of CT-DNA with H2O2 resulted in concentration-dependent increases in the number of M1G-dR adducts. In subsequent experiments, 1,4-tetrachlorobenzoquinone or catechol estrogens were evaluated for their effects on M1G-dR formation. In addition, the role of lipid peroxidation in the formation of M1G-dR was verified using an in vitro lipid peroxidation model which consisted of methyl esters of either fish oil or purified fatty acids found in cellular membranes. This experiment confirmed that M1G-dR is a major DNA adduct produced by lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the number of double bonds in polyunsaturated fatty acids was found to be the key factor in the formation of M1G-dR. The findings obtained from this study provide important information regarding the molecular pathways for M1G-dR formation by ROS, which is an essential element in understanding and evaluating the genotoxicity of a variety of ROS-inducing chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Chan Jeong
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Del Rio D, Stewart AJ, Pellegrini N. A review of recent studies on malondialdehyde as toxic molecule and biological marker of oxidative stress. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2005; 15:316-328. [PMID: 16054557 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1706] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Of the many biological targets of oxidative stress, lipids are the most involved class of biomolecules. Lipid oxidation gives rise to a number of secondary products. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the principal and most studied product of polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation. This aldehyde is a highly toxic molecule and should be considered as more than just a marker of lipid peroxidation. Its interaction with DNA and proteins has often been referred to as potentially mutagenic and atherogenic. This review is intended to briefly describe the physiological origin of MDA, to highlight its toxicity, describe and comment on the most recent methods of detection and discuss its occurrence and significance in pathology. DATA SYNTHESIS In vivo origin as well as reactivity and consequent toxicity of MDA are reviewed. The most recent and improved procedures for the evaluation of MDA in biological fluids are described and discussed. The evidence of the occurrence of increased MDA levels in pathology is described. CONCLUSIONS In the assessment of MDA, the most common methods of detection are insufficiently sensitive and disturbed by interference coming from related species or overestimation derived from stressing analysis conditions. Moreover, no recent nutritional or medical trials report the use of one of the new and more reliable methods, some of which are undoubtedly accessible to virtually all the laboratories provided with a common HPLC or a spectrofluorimeter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Public Health, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43100 Parma, Italy
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Munnia A, Amasio ME, Peluso M. Exocyclic malondialdehyde and aromatic DNA adducts in larynx tissues. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:850-8. [PMID: 15304257 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Accepted: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, known to cause free radical generation and lipid peroxidation, are established risk factors for larynx cancer. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a naturally occurring product of lipid peroxidation, capable of interacting with DNA to form exocyclic MDA-DNA adducts. In the present study, we investigated if the production of MDA-DNA adducts was increased in larynx cancer patients with respect to controls using (32)P-DNA postlabeling techniques. Moreover, we examined the potential effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on endogenous DNA adducts. We then analyzed the same set of larynx tissues for the presence of (32)P-postlabeled aromatic DNA adducts to determine more about the levels and types of adducts formed in the larynx. We observed that cancer patients tended to have increased levels of MDA and aromatic DNA adducts with respect to controls. In addition, smoking and alcohol were found to influence the formation of endogenous adducts in the larynx tissues. Finally, the amounts of endogenous adducts were found to be comparable to those observed for aromatic DNA adducts in the same set of larynx tissues. These findings imply that endogenous lesions, if not repaired, may contribute to larynx cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Munnia
- Cancer Risk Factor Branch, Molecular Biology Laboratory, CSPO-Scientific Institute of Tuscany, 50131 Florence, Italy
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17
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Ruohola AM, Koissi N, Andersson S, Lepistö I, Neuvonen K, Mikkola S, Lönnberg H. Reactions of 9-substituted guanines with bromomalondialdehyde in aqueous solution predominantly yield glyoxal-derived adducts. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:1943-50. [PMID: 15227548 DOI: 10.1039/b405117c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of 9-ethylguanine, 2'-deoxyguanosine and guanosine with bromomalondialdehyde in aqueous buffers over a wide pH-range were studied. The main products were isolated and characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR and mass spectroscopy. The final products formed under acidic and basic conditions were different, but they shared the common feature of being derived from glyoxal. Among the 1 : 1 adducts, 1,N(2)-(trans-1,2-dihydroxyethano)guanine adduct (6) predominated at pH < 6 and N(2)-carboxymethylguanine adduct (10a,b) at pH > 7. In addition to these, an N(2)-(4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)methylene adduct (11a,b) and an N(2)-carboxymethyl-1,N(2)-(trans-1,2-dihydroxyethano)guanine adduct (12) were obtained at pH 10. The results of kinetic experiments suggest that bromomalondialdehyde is significantly decomposed to formic acid and glycolaldehyde under the conditions required to obtain guanine adducts. Glycolaldehyde is oxidized to glyoxal, which then modifies the guanine base more readily than bromomalondialdehyde. Besides the glyoxal-derived adducts, 1,N(2)-ethenoguanine (5a-c) and N(2),3-ethenoguanine adducts (4a-c) were formed as minor products, and a transient accumulation of two unstable intermediates, tentatively identified as 1,N(2)-(1,2,2,3-tetrahydroxypropano)(8) and 1,N(2)-(2-formyl-1,2,3-trihydroxypropano)(9) adducts, was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mari Ruohola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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18
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Von Tungeln LS, Yi P, Bucci TJ, Samokyszyn VM, Chou MW, Kadlubar FF, Fu PP. Tumorigenicity of chloral hydrate, trichloroacetic acid, trichloroethanol, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, crotonaldehyde, and acrolein in the B6C3F(1) neonatal mouse. Cancer Lett 2002; 185:13-9. [PMID: 12142074 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The tumorigenicity of chloral hydrate (CH), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), trichloroethanol (TCE), malondialdehyde (MDA), crotonaldehyde, acrolein, and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) was tested in the B6C3F(1) neonatal mouse. Mice were administered i.p. injections of CH (1000, 2000, 2500, and 5000 nmol per animal), TCA (1000 and 2000 nmol), TCE (1000 and 2000 nmol), MDA (1500 and 3000 nmol), crotonaldehyde (1500 and 3000 nmol), acrolein (75 and 150 nmol), and HNE (750 and 1500 nmol) at 8 and 15 days of age. At 12 months, only male mice treated with the positive control chemicals, 4-aminobiphenyl (500 and 1000 nmol) and benzo[a]pyrene (150 and 300 nmol), had incidences of tumors in the liver significantly higher than the solvent control. Additional male mice were dosed as described above and their livers were excised at 24, 48 h, and 7 days after the final dose. Liver DNA was isolated and analyzed by 32P-postlabeling/high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC/electrochemical detection for MDA-derived adduct (M(1)G) and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) formation, respectively. At 24 and 48 h after the final dose, CH- and TCA-treated mice exhibited significantly higher M(1)G levels than the controls. 8-OHdG formation was also induced by CH, TCA, and MDA. These results suggest that under these experimental conditions the B6C3F(1) neonatal mouse is not sensitive to carcinogens that induce an increase in endogenous DNA adduct formation through lipid peroxidation or oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Von Tungeln
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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19
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Abstract
DNA adducts associated with tobacco smoking could provide a marker of biologically effective dose of tobacco carcinogens and improve individual cancer risk prediction. A significant number of clinical and epidemiologic studies have reported associations of increased DNA adduct levels with the occurrence of the prevalent tobacco related cancers including cancer of the lung, head and neck, and bladder. The inducibility of DNA adducts following in vitro treatments using blood lymphocytes also appears to be a risk factor in the development of lung and head and neck cancer. Corroborative evidence pointing to the importance of DNA adducts in tobacco carcinogenesis include numerous studies showing associations of tobacco smoke exposure with the induction of DNA adducts in humans in vivo. Further effort is necessary, however, to more fully characterize the dose-response relationship between smoking and DNA adducts in exposed target and surrogate tissues. The relationship between gene polymorphisms thought to modify tobacco-related cancer risk and DNA adduct levels is complex. Results of some DNA adduct studies (both in vitro and in vivo) appear inconsistent with the epidemiologic findings. This is evident for polymorphisms involving both carcinogen metabolism (e.g. GSTP1) and DNA repair (e.g. XRCC1). Molecular studies of human tumors suggest associations of p53 mutation with DNA adducts and have revealed correlations of DNA adduct levels with somatic alterations (e.g. 3p21 LOH) that are thought to occur at the very earliest stages of tobacco carcinogenesis. More research is needed to assess the relationship between endogenous sources of DNA adducts and tobacco smoke exposure and the relative oncogenic effects of chemically stable versus unstable DNA adducts. Many potentially fruitful new avenues of cancer research are emerging that integrate DNA adduct analyses with assessments of smoking, genetics, diet and ambient air quality. These investigations aim to understand the multifactorial nature of interindividual variability in response to tobacco carcinogens. As these trends continue a variety of innovative study designs and approaches will become important in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Wiencke
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, CA 94143-0560, USA.
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Doerge DR, Churchwell MI, Beland FA. Analysis of DNA adducts from chemical carcinogens and lipid peroxidation using liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2002; 20:1-20. [PMID: 12734050 DOI: 10.1081/gnc-120003925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The identification and dosimetry of DNA adducts are cornerstones of research on cancer etiology in experimental animals and humans. DNA adducts can result from exposure to exogenous chemical carcinogens or through reactions with endogenous by-products of oxidative metabolism. An important research need is high throughput methodology for quantification of any and all adducts that are present at trace amounts in DNA derived from target tissues of animals and humans. This review describes some recent progress made through applications of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to structural characterization of unknown DNA adducts and highly sensitive quantitative analysis of target adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Doerge
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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21
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Koissi N, Neuvonen K, Munter T, Kronberg L, Lönnberg H. Condensation of triformylmethane with guanosine. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2001; 20:1761-74. [PMID: 11719990 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100107188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Guanosine has been reacted with triformylmethane (TFM) in refluxing pyridine. Four different products, 4-7, were isolated by preparative RP-HPLC, and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and UV spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. One of the products. the cyclic 1:1 adduct 4, is a stable cyclic carbinolamine formed probably by cyclization of the expected aminomethylene derivative 3. Compound 4 then undergoes reversible dehydration to the fully conjugated adduct 5. The appearance of the additional adducts, 6 and 7, suggests that TFM is prone to transformations resulting in the formation of methylenemalonaldehyde (9) and 1,1,3,3-tetraformylpropane (11).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Koissi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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Yang Y, Yan J, Churchwell M, Beger R, Chan P, Doerge DR, Fu PP, Chou MW. Development of a (32)P-postlabeling/HPLC method for detection of dehydroretronecine-derived DNA adducts in vivo and in vitro. Chem Res Toxicol 2001; 14:91-100. [PMID: 11170512 DOI: 10.1021/tx000149o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are naturally occurring genotoxic chemicals produced by a large number of plants. Metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in vivo and in vitro generates dehydroretronecine (DHR) as a common reactive metabolite. In this study, we report the development of a (32)P-postlabeling/HPLC method for detection of (i) two DHR-3'-dGMP and four DHR-3'-dAMP adducts and (ii) a set of eight DHR-derived DNA adducts in vitro and in vivo. The approach involves (1) synthesis of DHR-3'-dGMP, DHR-3'-dAMP, and DHR-3',5'-dG-bisphosphate standards and characterization of their structures by mass and (1)H NMR spectral analyses, (2) development of optimal conditions for enzymatic DNA digestion, adduct enrichment, and (32)P-postlabeling, and (3) development of optimal HPLC conditions. Using this methodology, we have detected eight DHR-derived DNA adducts, including the two epimeric DHR-3',5'-dG-bisphosphate adducts both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA
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Hemminki K, Koskinen M, Rajaniemi H, Zhao C. Dna adducts, mutations, and cancer 2000. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2000; 32:264-75. [PMID: 11162720 DOI: 10.1006/rtph.2000.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The main achievements in the DNA adduct field in the 1990s have been technical innovations of methods for specific adducts reaching sensitivities required for low levels encountered in humans. Over 20 specific adducts or closely related groups of adducts have been determined in humans. The sources of the DNA-binding agents are endogenous and exogenous or both. In some of these studies adduct levels have been correlated to metabolic or DNA repair genotypes. An example of DNA adduct studies in human target tissue is taken on UV photoproducts in skin in situ. Adduct-induced mutations, specific mutation spectra, and their relationship to cancer are discussed. The quantitative adduct techniques will enable comparisons of endogenous and exogenous adduct levels and will give important clues to the etiology of human cancer. Furthermore, adducts will provide an intermediary tool for genotyping studies, both for metabolic enzyme and for DNA repair system genotypes. As the common polymorphisms are likely to cause at most moderate increases in the risk of cancer, the intermediary adduct endpoint is a necessary proof of causal relationships. The present and future biomonitoring studies will cover many endpoints to link the mechanistic steps from DNA adducts to cancer via mutations and modulating host susceptibility factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hemminki
- Department of Biosciences, Karolinska Institute, Novum, Huddinge, 141 57, Sweden
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