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Mejia G, Su L, Pandey P, Jeanne Dit Fouque K, McGoron AJ, Fernandez-Lima F, He J, Mebel AM, Leng F. Anticancer Drug Doxorubicin Spontaneously Reacts with GTP and dGTP. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:660-668. [PMID: 37000908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, we reported a spontaneous reaction between anticancer drug doxorubicin and GTP or dGTP. Incubation of doxorubicin with GTP or dGTP at 37 °C or above yields a covalent product: the doxorubicin-GTP or -dGTP conjugate where a covalent bond is formed between the C14 position of doxorubicin and the 2-amino group of guanine. Density functional theory calculations show the feasibility of this spontaneous reaction. Fluorescence imaging studies demonstrate that the doxorubicin-GTP and -dGTP conjugates cannot enter nuclei although they rapidly accumulate in human SK-OV-3 and NCI/ADR-RES cells. Consequently, the doxorubicin-GTP and -dGTP conjugates are less cytotoxic than doxorubicin. We also demonstrate that doxorubicin binds to ATP, GTP, and other nucleotides with a dissociation constant (Kd) in the sub-millimolar range. Since human cells contain millimolar levels of ATP and GTP, these results suggest that doxorubicin may target ATP and GTP, energy molecules that support essential processes in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- German Mejia
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Linjia Su
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Popular Pandey
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Kevin Jeanne Dit Fouque
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Anthony J McGoron
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Francisco Fernandez-Lima
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Jin He
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Alexander M Mebel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Fenfei Leng
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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2
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Liao S, Hu X, Liu Z, Lin Y, Liang R, Zhang Y, Li Q, Li Y, Liao X. Synergistic action of microwave-induced mild hyperthermia and paclitaxel in inducing apoptosis in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:603-615. [PMID: 30655807 PMCID: PMC6313200 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave mild hyperthermia and paclitaxel have been reported to be involved in variety of solid tumors. However, rare related researches have been accomplished via directly killing tumor cells using thermochemotherapy. In order to clarify the potential synergy between microwave-induced hyperthermia at temperatures <41°C and paclitaxel chemotherapy for inhibiting the growth of the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, an MTT assay was used. The MCF-7 cells cultured in vitro were treated with paclitaxel alone, treated with microwave-induced hyperthermia for 2 h alone (at 40, 40.5 or 41°C), or treated with a combination of paclitaxel and 2 h of hyperthermia (at 40, 40.5 or 41°C). Flow cytometry was used to determine the cell apoptosis rate and it was demonstrated that paclitaxel decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Alone, hyperthermia for 2 h at 41°C induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, to a greater extent compared with hyperthermia for 2 h at 40.0 or 40.5°C (P<0.05). Together, paclitaxel and 2 h of hyperthermia at 40.5°C induced significantly increased apoptosis compared with either treatment alone (P<0.05). Increasing the temperature to 41°C in combination with paclitaxel increased the apoptotic ratio from 12.21±1.02% to 16.36±2.39%. The apoptotic ratio correlated positively with hyperthermia temperature and duration following hyperthermia, as did the synergistic effect obtained by combining hyperthermia and paclitaxel. Notably, the combination of 5 µg/ml paclitaxel and 2 h of hyperthermia at 40°C enhanced MCF-7 cell proliferation. Mild hyperthermia may exert anti-tumor effects by inducing apoptosis, and combining hyperthermia with paclitaxel synergistically induces apoptosis. Paclitaxel dose and hyperthermia temperature require careful optimization, as low-dose paclitaxel combined with hyperthermia at an insufficient temperature may enhance breast cancer proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Liao
- Department of The First Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Department of The First Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of The First Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Rong Liang
- Department of The First Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of The First Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of The First Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Department of The First Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- Department of The First Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Sinha BK, Mason RP. IS METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF TOPOISOMERASE II POISONS IMPORTANT IN THE MECHANISM OF CYTOTOXICITY? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 31171989 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor drugs doxorubicin and etoposide, a phodophyllotoxin derivative, are clinically active for the treatment of human malignancies. Because of their extreme effectiveness in the clinic, their modes of actions have been the subject of intense research for over several decades both in the laboratory and in the clinic. It has been found that both doxorubicin and etoposide (VP-16) act on topoisomerase II, induce DNA cleavage, and form double-strand breaks, causing tumor cell death. However, both of these drugs also undergo extensive metabolism in tumor cells and in vivo to various reactive intermediates that bind covalently to cellular DNA and proteins. Moreover, both drugs are metabolized to reactive free radicals that induce lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. However, the role of drug activation in the mechanism of cytotoxicity remains poorly defined. In this review, we critically evaluate the significance of metabolic activation of doxorubicin and etoposide in the mechanism of tumor cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birandra K Sinha
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle, Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle, Park, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Colloca G, Venturino A. Anthracycline-based chemotherapy in metastatic endometrial carcinoma: an update. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2012; 10:e75-85. [PMID: 23176327 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to analyze clinical evidence about the activity and efficacy of anthracycline-based chemotherapy in metastatic endometrial cancer and to identify the most important preclinical findings that would address future clinical trials. A literature search of published studies was undertaken. Studies were selected by predefined criteria. Clinical trials and preclinical studies were analyzed. The search identified eight phase 3 and 13 phase 2 clinical trials of patients with metastatic endometrial carcinoma treated with an anthracycline-based regimen. The planned dose intensity of the anthracycline had no effect on response rates and survival. Survival increased for patients with a good performance status, and sometimes the duration of responses to anthracycline monotherapy can be very long-lasting. The major findings of anthracycline resistance in preclinical models are reported. Possible future biomarkers targeting mechanisms of anthracycline resistance are suggested, and efforts to define a molecular classification of endometrial cancer are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Colloca
- Division of Medical Oncology, "G. Borea" Hospital, Sanremo, Imperia, Italy
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5
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Eizaguirre A, Yáñez M, Eriksson LA. Stability and iron coordination in DNA adducts of Anthracycline based anti-cancer drugs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:12505-14. [PMID: 22699973 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40931c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the interaction of the α-ketol group of the Doxorubicin and Epirubicin anti-cancer drugs with Fe(III) generates hydroxyl radicals under aerobic conditions, causing cardiotoxicity in patients. Considering that the formation of DNA adducts is one of the main targets of Anthracycline drugs, we have in the present study characterized several [Anthracycline-DNA]Fe(III) complexes with respect to their stability and Fe(III) coordination, by means of MD simulations. Iron is found to coordinate well to the drugs containing an α-ketol group, this being the only group of the drug that binds to the metal. The complexes containing an α-ketol group, [Doxorubicin-DNA]Fe(III) and [Epirubicin-DNA]Fe(III), thus show greater stability than those not containing it, i.e., [Daunorubicin-DNA]Fe(III), [Idarubicin-DNA]Fe(III) and [5-Imino-Daunorubicin]Fe(III). Metal attachment to the α-ketol group is furthermore facilitated by the phosphate groups of DNA. The coordination to iron in the [Doxorubicin-DNA]Fe(III) system is smaller than that found for the [Epirubicin-DNA]Fe(III) system, and the corresponding number of coordinating waters in the former is larger than in the latter. This may in turn result in higher hydroxyl radical production, thus explaining the increased cardiotoxicity noted for Doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Eizaguirre
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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Dao KL, Sawant RR, Hendricks JA, Ronga V, Torchilin VP, Hanson RN. Design, synthesis, and initial biological evaluation of a steroidal anti-estrogen-doxorubicin bioconjugate for targeting estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:785-95. [PMID: 22404783 DOI: 10.1021/bc200645n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As part of our program to develop breast cancer specific therapeutic agents, we have synthesized a conjugate agent that is a conjugate of the steroidal anti-estrogen and the potent cytotoxin doxorubicin. In this effort, we employed a modular assembly approach to prepare a novel 11β-substituted steroidal anti-estrogen functionalized with an azido-tetraethylene glycol moiety, which could be coupled to a complementary doxorubicin benzoyl hydrazone functionalized with a propargyl tetraethylene glycol moiety. Huisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition chemistry gave the final hybrid that was evaluated for selective uptake and cytotoxicity in ER(+)-MCF-7 and ER(-)-MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The results demonstrated that the presence of the anti-estrogenic component in the hybrid compound was critical for selectivity and cytotoxicity in ER(+)-MCF-7 human breast cancer cells as the hybrid was ~70-fold more potent than doxorubicin in inhibition of cell proliferation and promoting cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinh-Luan Dao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5000, USA
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7
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Analysis of doxorubicin uptake in single human leukemia K562 cells using capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2143-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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DNA interactions of 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin, a distinctively more potent daunosamine-modified analogue of doxorubicin. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:227-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Targeting anthracyclines in early breast cancer: new candidate predictive biomarkers emerge. Oncogene 2010; 29:5231-40. [PMID: 20676126 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The search for a predictive marker of sensitivity to anthracycline-based chemotherapy has proven challenging. Despite human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) being a strong prognostic marker in breast cancer, the only therapies with which there is a recognized functional link to the HER2 oncogene are those directly targeting the molecule itself. Despite this, HER2 has been extensively assessed as a predictive marker in a variety of chemotherapy regimens including anthracyclines. Analysis of anthracycline response in patients with HER2 amplification has given conflicting results. This led to the suggestion that HER2 amplification was acting as a surrogate for the gene encoding topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A), a direct cellular target of anthracyclines. Despite an attractive functional link between TOP2A and anthracyclines, published studies have failed to show strong evidence of an interaction between TOP2A genetic aberrations and anthracycline response. A number of other biomarkers have also been assessed for their role in predicting anthracycline response, including TP53 (tumour protein 53) and BRCA1 (breast cancer 1, early onset), together with an increasing emergence of gene expression profiling to produce predictive signatures of response. Moreover, recent evidence has emerged from presentations suggesting new candidate markers of response that warrant further investigation: Chr17CEP duplication and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases 1. This review will discuss research into HER2 and TOP2A as predictive markers of anthracycline response and will focus on current research into other possible candidate predictive markers.
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10
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Miklán Z, Orbán E, Csík G, Schlosser G, Magyar A, Hudecz F. New daunomycin-oligoarginine conjugates: synthesis, characterization, and effect on human leukemia and human hepatoma cells. Biopolymers 2010; 92:489-501. [PMID: 19521976 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the synthesis, a novel chromatographic procedure and characteristics of a new class of daunomycin (Dau)-oligoarginine conjugates are described. In these compounds oligoarginine with 6 or 8 residues (Arg(n), n = 6, 8) is attached to Dau by different covalent bond: squaric amide (Dau- square-Arg(n)), oxime (Dau=N-O-CH2-CO-Arg(n)), or hydrazone (H-Glu(Arg(n))-NH-N=Dau). Conjugates were characterized by RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry. We report also on our findings concerning chemical and biological properties of Dau-conjugates as a function of covalent linkage, site of conjugation and length of the oligoarginine moiety. Stability, fluorescent properties as well as cytostatic effect and cellular uptake of these compounds were studied. Dau-conjugates with squaric amide or oxime linkage were stable, but continuous release of free Dau was observed from the hydrazone conjugate in solution. We found that some spectral characteristics (e.g., the amplitude of the emission spectrum) of conjugates could be sensitive for the site of coupling (amino vs. oxo function). Cytostasis and cellular uptake of conjugates were investigated both on human leukemia (HL-60) and human hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines by MTT assay and flow cytometry We found that cytostatic effect and uptake properties of Dau-conjugates were dependent on the acid stability of the linkage (hydrazone vs. oxime/amide) applied and more markedly on the cell line studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsanett Miklán
- Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Effect of the anti-neoplastic drug doxorubicin on XPD-mutated DNA repair-deficient human cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010; 9:40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Agrawal P, Govil G, Barthwal R. Studies on drug-DNA complexes, adriamycin-d-(TGATCA)(2) and 4'-epiadriamycin-d-(CGATCG)(2), by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2009; 47:390-397. [PMID: 19170249 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The complexes of adriamycin-d-(TGATCA)(2) and 4'-epiadriamycin-d-(CGATCG)(2) are studied by one- and two-dimensional (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) at 500 MHz in the temperature range 275-328 K and as a function of drug to DNA ratio (0.0-2.0). The binding of drug to DNA is clearly evident in (31)P-(31)P exchange NOESY spectra that shows two sets of resonances in slow chemical exchange. The phosphate resonances at the intercalating steps, T1pG2/C1pG2 and C5pA6/C5pG6, shift downfield up to 1.7 ppm and that at the adjacent step shift downfield up to 0.7 ppm, whereas the central phosphate A3pT4 is relatively unaffected. The variations of chemical shift with drug to DNA ratio and temperature as well as linewidths are different in each of the two complexes. These observations reflect change in population of B(I)/B(II) conformation, stretching of backbone torsional angle zeta, and distortions in O-P-O bond angles that occur on binding of drug to DNA. To the best of our knowledge, there are no solution studies on 4'-epiadriamycin, a better tolerated drug, and binding of daunomycin or its analogue to d-(TGATCA)(2) hexamer sequence. The studies report the use of (31)P NMR as a tool to differentiate various complexes. The specific differences may well be the reasons that are responsible for different antitumor action of these drugs due to different binding ability and distortions in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashansa Agrawal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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13
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Agrawal P, Barthwal SK, Govil G, Barthwal R. Solution studies on the complex of 4'-epiadriamycin-d-(CGATCG)2 followed by time-resolved fluorescence measurement, diffusion ordered spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics simulations. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2793-811. [PMID: 19285415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
4'-Epiadriamycin is a better-tolerated anthracycline drug, due to lesser cardiotoxicity. We report here a study of the 2:1 complex of 4'-epiadriamycin-d-(CGATCG)(2) by proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy which show the absence of sequential connectivities between C1pG2 and C5pG6 base pair steps and presence of intermolecular cross peaks of the drug and DNA. Our studies establish the role of 9OH, NH3+, 7O, 4OCH(3) groups in binding to DNA. Time-resolved fluorescence measurement and diffusion ordered spectroscopic studies reveal the formation of complex. The nonspecific interactions as well as those essential for biological activity are discussed along with its medicinal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashansa Agrawal
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247 667, India
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14
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Huska D, Adam V, Babula P, Hrabeta J, Stiborova M, Eckschlager T, Trnkova L, Kizek R. Square-Wave Voltammetry as a Tool for Investigation of Doxorubicin Interactions with DNA Isolated from Neuroblastoma Cells. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Coldwell KE, Cutts SM, Ognibene TJ, Henderson PT, Phillips DR. Detection of Adriamycin-DNA adducts by accelerator mass spectrometry at clinically relevant Adriamycin concentrations. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:e100. [PMID: 18632763 PMCID: PMC2532723 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited sensitivity of existing assays has prevented investigation of whether Adriamycin–DNA adducts are involved in the anti-tumour potential of Adriamycin. Previous detection has achieved a sensitivity of a few Adriamycin–DNA adducts/104 bp DNA, but has required the use of supra-clinical drug concentrations. This work sought to measure Adriamycin–DNA adducts at sub-micromolar doses using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), a technique with origins in geochemistry for radiocarbon dating. We have used conditions previously validated (by less sensitive decay counting) to extract [14C]Adriamycin–DNA adducts from cells and adapted the methodology to AMS detection. Here we show the first direct evidence of Adriamycin–DNA adducts at clinically-relevant Adriamycin concentrations. [14C]Adriamycin treatment (25 nM) resulted in 4.4 ± 1.0 adducts/107 bp (∼1300 adducts/cell) in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, representing the best sensitivity and precision reported to date for the covalent binding of Adriamycin to DNA. The exceedingly sensitive nature of AMS has enabled over three orders of magnitude increased sensitivity of Adriamycin–DNA adduct detection and revealed adduct formation within an hour of drug treatment. This method has been shown to be highly reproducible for the measurement of Adriamycin–DNA adducts in tumour cells in culture and can now be applied to the detection of these adducts in human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Coldwell
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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16
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Barthwal R, Agrawal P, Tripathi A, Sharma U, Jagannathan N, Govil G. Structural elucidation of 4′-epiadriamycin by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and comparison with adriamycin and daunomycin using quantum mechanical and restrained molecular dynamics approach. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 474:48-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Spencer DMS, Bilardi RA, Koch TH, Post GC, Nafie JW, Kimura KI, Cutts SM, Phillips DR. DNA repair in response to anthracycline-DNA adducts: a role for both homologous recombination and nucleotide excision repair. Mutat Res 2007; 638:110-21. [PMID: 17961607 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin, a widely used anthracycline anticancer agent, acts as a topoisomerase II poison but can also form formaldehyde-mediated DNA adducts. This has led to the development of doxorubicin derivatives such as doxoform, which can readily form adducts with DNA. This work aimed to determine which DNA repair pathways are involved in the recognition and possible repair of anthracycline-DNA adducts. Cell lines lacking functional proteins involved in each of the five main repair pathways, mismatch repair (MMR), base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) were examined for sensitivity to various anthracycline adduct-forming treatments. The treatments used were doxorubicin, barminomycin (a model adduct-forming anthracycline) and doxoform (a doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate). Cells with deficiencies in MMR, BER and NHEJ were equally sensitive to adduct-forming treatments compared to wild type cells and therefore these pathways are unlikely to play a role in the repair of these adducts. Some cells with deficiencies in the NER pathway (specifically, those lacking functional XPB, XPD and XPG), displayed tolerance to adducts induced by both barminomycin and doxoform and also exhibited a decreased level of apoptosis in response to adduct-forming treatments. Conversely, two HR deficient cell lines were shown to be more sensitive to barminomycin and doxoform than HR proficient cells, indicating that this pathway is also involved in the repair response to anthracycline-DNA adducts. These results suggest an unusual damage response pathway to anthracycline adducts involving both NER and HR that could be used to optimise cancer therapy for tumours with either high levels of NER or defective HR. Tumours with either of these characteristics would be predicted to respond particularly well to anthracycline-DNA adduct-forming treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian M S Spencer
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Cutts SM, Swift LP, Pillay V, Forrest RA, Nudelman A, Rephaeli A, Phillips DR. Activation of clinically used anthracyclines by the formaldehyde-releasing prodrug pivaloyloxymethyl butyrate. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:1450-9. [PMID: 17431124 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The anthracycline group of compounds is extensively used in current cancer chemotherapy regimens and is classified as topoisomerase II inhibitor. However, previous work has shown that doxorubicin can be activated to form DNA adducts in the presence of formaldehyde-releasing prodrugs and that this leads to apoptosis independently of topoisomerase II-mediated damage. To determine which anthracyclines would be useful in combination with formaldehyde-releasing prodrugs, a series of clinically relevant anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, idarubicin, and epirubicin) were examined for their capacity to form DNA adducts in MCF7 and MCF7/Dx (P-glycoprotein overexpressing) cells in the presence of the formaldehyde-releasing drug pivaloyloxymethyl butyrate (AN-9). All anthracyclines, with the exception of epirubicin, efficiently yielded adducts in both sensitive and resistant cell lines, and levels of adducts were similar in mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Idarubicin was the most active compound in both sensitive and resistant cell lines, whereas adducts formed by doxorubicin and daunorubicin were consistently lower in the resistant compared with sensitive cells. The adducts formed by doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and idarubicin showed the same DNA sequence specificity in sensitive and resistant cells as assessed by lambda-exonuclease-based sequencing of alpha-satellite DNA extracted from drug-treated cells. Growth inhibition assays were used to show that doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and idarubicin were all synergistic in combination with AN-9, whereas the combination of epirubicin with AN-9 was additive. Although apoptosis assays indicated a greater than additive effect for epirubicin/AN-9 combinations, this effect was much more pronounced for doxorubicin/AN-9 combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Cutts
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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Swift LP, Rephaeli A, Nudelman A, Phillips DR, Cutts SM. Doxorubicin-DNA adducts induce a non-topoisomerase II-mediated form of cell death. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4863-71. [PMID: 16651442 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) is one of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs and exhibits a wide spectrum of activity against solid tumors, lymphomas, and leukemias. Doxorubicin is classified as a topoisomerase II poison, although other mechanisms of action have been characterized. Here, we show that doxorubicin-DNA adducts (formed by the coadministration of doxorubicin with non-toxic doses of formaldehyde-releasing prodrugs) induce a more cytotoxic response in HL-60 cells than doxorubicin as a single agent. Doxorubicin-DNA adducts seem to be independent of classic topoisomerase II-mediated cellular responses (as observed by employing topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitors and HL-60/MX2 cells). Apoptosis induced by doxorubicin-DNA adducts initiates a caspase cascade that can be blocked by overexpressed Bcl-2, suggesting that adducts induce a classic mode of apoptosis. A reduction in the level of topoisomerase II-mediated double-strand-breaks was also observed with increasing levels of doxorubicin-DNA adducts and increased levels of apoptosis, further confirming that adducts exhibit a separate mechanism of action compared with the classic topoisomerase II poison mode of cell death by doxorubicin alone. Collectively, these results indicate that the presence of formaldehyde transfers doxorubicin from topoisomerase II-mediated cellular damage to the formation of doxorubicin-DNA adducts, and that these adducts are more cytotoxic than topoisomerase II-mediated lesions. These results also show that doxorubicin can induce apoptosis by a non-topoisomerase II-dependent mechanism, and this provides exciting new prospects for enhancing the clinical use of this agent and for the development of new derivatives and new tumor-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonnie P Swift
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
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Post GC, Barthel BL, Burkhart DJ, Hagadorn JR, Koch TH. Doxazolidine, a Proposed Active Metabolite of Doxorubicin That Cross-links DNA. J Med Chem 2005; 48:7648-57. [PMID: 16302805 DOI: 10.1021/jm050678v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A crystal structure establishes doxoform as a dimeric formaldehyde conjugate of the oxazolidine of doxorubicin. Doxoform is a prodrug of doxazolidine, a monomeric doxorubicin formaldehyde-oxazolidine. Both doxoform and doxazolidine inhibit the growth of cancer cells at 1-4 orders of magnitude lower concentration than doxorubicin. They also inhibit the growth of cancer cells better than doxsaliform, a prodrug for an acyclic doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate. Doxoform rapidly hydrolyzes to doxazolidine, which then hydrolyzes to doxorubicin with a half-life of 3 min in human serum at 37 degrees C. Both doxoform and doxazolidine are taken up by multidrug-resistant MCF-7/Adr cells 3- to 4-fold better than doxorubicin. A molecular model suggests that doxazolidine can cross-link DNA by direct reaction with a G-base in a tautomeric form with synchronous ring opening of the oxazolidine. These results point to doxoform being a prodrug for doxazolidine that is the reactive species that directly cross-links DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Post
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA
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21
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Abstract
Doxorubicin (trade name Adriamycin) is a widely used anticancer agent which exhibits good activity against a wide range of tumors. Although the major mode of action appears to be normally as a topoisomerase II poison, it also exhibits a number of other cellular responses, one of which is the ability to form adducts with DNA. For adduct formation doxorubicin must react with cellular formaldehyde to form an activated Schiff base which is then able to form an aminal (N-C-N) linkage to the exocyclic amino group of guanine residues. The mono-adducts form primarily at G of 5'-GCN-3' sequences where the chromophore of the drug is intercalated between the C and N base pair. The structure of the adducts has have been well defined by 2D NMR, mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography. The formation of these anthracycline adducts in cells grown in culture has been unequivocally demonstrated. The source of formaldehyde in cells can be endogenous, provided by coadministration of prodrugs that release formaldehyde or by prior complexation of anthracyclines with formaldehyde. Since the adducts appear to be more cytotoxic than doxorubicin alone, and also less susceptible to drug-efflux forms of resistance, they offer new approaches to improving the anticancer activity of the anthracyclines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Cutts
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
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Gniazdowski M, Denny WA, Nelson SM, Czyz M. Effects of anticancer drugs on transcription factor–DNA interactions. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 9:471-89. [PMID: 15948668 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.3.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
DNA-interacting anticancer drugs are able to affect the propensity of DNA to interact with proteins through either reversible binding or covalent bond formation. The effect of the drugs on transcription factor interactions with DNA is reviewed. These effects can be classified as (i) competition between a drug and regulatory protein for target sequences; (ii) weakening of this interaction; (iii) enhancement of this interaction by chemical modification of the DNA and the creation of non-natural binding sites; and (iv) a 'suicide' mechanism, which is observed when a transcription factor induces changes in DNA structure, allowing a drug to bind to a target sequence. Several new strategies -- the antigene approach with oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids or locked nucleic acids, and sequence-specific polyamides -- are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gniazdowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lódz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lódz, Poland.
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Burke PJ, Kalet BT, Koch TH. Antiestrogen Binding Site and Estrogen Receptor Mediate Uptake and Distribution of 4-Hydroxytamoxifen-Targeted Doxorubicin−Formaldehyde Conjugate in Breast Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2004; 47:6509-18. [PMID: 15588086 DOI: 10.1021/jm049496b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The anthracycline antitumor drug, doxorubicin (DOX), has long been used as a broad spectrum chemotherapeutic. The literature now documents the role of formaldehyde in the cytotoxic mechanism, and anthracycline-formaldehyde conjugates possess substantially enhanced activity in vitro and in vivo. We have recently reported the design, synthesis, and preliminary evaluation of a doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate targeted, via 4-hydroxytamoxifen, to the estrogen receptor (ER) and antiestrogen binding site (AEBS), which are commonly present in breast cancer cells. The lead targeted doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate, called DOX-TEG-TAM, was found to possess superior cell growth inhibition characteristics relative to clinical doxorubicin and an untargeted control conjugate, especially in ER-negative, multidrug resistant MCF-7/Adr cells. The enhanced activity in the absence of estrogen receptor raised the possibility that targeting was also mediated via AEBS. Fluorescence microscopy of an ER-negative, AEBS-positive cell line as a function of time showed initial DOX-TEG-TAM localization in cytosol, in contrast to initial DOX and untargeted doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate localization in the nucleus. DOX-TEG-TAM was taken up by four AEBS-positive cell lines to a greater extent than doxorubicin and an untargeted doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate. Of the four cell lines, three were ER negative. DOX-TEG-TAM uptake was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the presence of a competing AEBS ligand. DOX-TEG-TAM retains 60% of the affinity of 4-hydroxytamoxifen for AEBS. DOX-TEG-TAM was also taken up by the AEBS-negative, ER-positive cancer cell line Rtx-6; with these cells uptake was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the ER ligand, estradiol. The data support the hypothesis that uptake of 4-hydroxytamoxifen targeted doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate is mediated by both the antiestrogen binding site and estrogen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Burke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Cogan PS, Koch TH. Studies of Targeting and Intracellular Trafficking of an Anti-Androgen Doxorubicin−Formaldehyde Conjugate in PC-3 Prostate Cancer Cells Bearing Androgen Receptor-GFP Chimera. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5690-9. [PMID: 15509168 DOI: 10.1021/jm0495226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate bound to the nonsteroidal anti-androgen cyanonilutamide, via a cleavable tether, and binding of the construct to cell free androgen receptor (AR) as a function of tether design were previously reported. Cyanonilutamide bearing a linear alkyne tether bound to the AR better than other designs. Fluorescence microscopy studies of binding of the lead targeted drug, as well as various tethered cyanonilutamides, to the AR and subsequent trafficking of the resulting AR complex in live PC3 prostate cancer cells transfected with AR-green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimera are now described. Cyanonilutamide and cyanonilutamide bonded to a linear alkyne tether caused translocation of AR-GFP to the nucleus. In general, the ability of tethered cyanonilutamides to cause translocation paralleled their binding affinity for the AR. However, a noncleavable form of the lead cyanonilutamide-doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate bound to AR-GFP but the resulting complex did not translocate to the nucleus. Binding was apparent from the drugs inhibition of Mibolerone-induced translocation. Direct observation of anthraquinone fluorescence of targeted drug in PC3 cells showed initial cytosolic localization, independent of AR expression, with predominant nuclear localization after sufficient time for release of drug from the targeting moiety. The results indicate that doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate bonded to cyanonilutamide via a cleavable linear tether enters PC3 cells, resides in cytosol, binds to the AR if present, and ultimately releases doxorubicin or a doxorubicin derivative to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Cogan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA
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Minotti G, Menna P, Salvatorelli E, Cairo G, Gianni L. Anthracyclines: Molecular Advances and Pharmacologic Developments in Antitumor Activity and Cardiotoxicity. Pharmacol Rev 2004; 56:185-229. [PMID: 15169927 DOI: 10.1124/pr.56.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2566] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of anthracyclines like doxorubicin and daunorubicin can be viewed as a sort of double-edged sword. On the one hand, anthracyclines play an undisputed key role in the treatment of many neoplastic diseases; on the other hand, chronic administration of anthracyclines induces cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure usually refractory to common medications. Second-generation analogs like epirubicin or idarubicin exhibit improvements in their therapeutic index, but the risk of inducing cardiomyopathy is not abated. It is because of their janus behavior (activity in tumors vis-à-vis toxicity in cardiomyocytes) that anthracyclines continue to attract the interest of preclinical and clinical investigations despite their longer-than-40-year record of longevity. Here we review recent progresses that may serve as a framework for reappraising the activity and toxicity of anthracyclines on basic and clinical pharmacology grounds. We review 1) new aspects of anthracycline-induced DNA damage in cancer cells; 2) the role of iron and free radicals as causative factors of apoptosis or other forms of cardiac damage; 3) molecular mechanisms of cardiotoxic synergism between anthracyclines and other anticancer agents; 4) the pharmacologic rationale and clinical recommendations for using cardioprotectants while not interfering with tumor response; 5) the development of tumor-targeted anthracycline formulations; and 6) the designing of third-generation analogs and their assessment in preclinical or clinical settings. An overview of these issues confirms that anthracyclines remain "evergreen" drugs with broad clinical indications but have still an improvable therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Minotti
- G. d'Annunzio University School of Medicine, Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento, Room 412, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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Burke PJ, Koch TH. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Doxorubicin−Formaldehyde Conjugates Targeted to Breast Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1193-206. [PMID: 14971899 DOI: 10.1021/jm030352r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The anthracycline antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX) has been utilized for decades as a broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic. Recent literature evidence documents the role of formaldehyde in the cytotoxic mechanism, and anthracycline-formaldehyde conjugates possess substantially enhanced activity in vitro and in vivo. Targeting a doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugate specifically to cancer cells may provide a more efficacious chemotherapeutic. The design and 11-step synthesis of doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugates targeted to the estrogen receptor, which is commonly overexpressed in breast cancer cells, are reported. The formaldehyde is incorporated in a masked form as an N-Mannich linkage between doxorubicin and salicylamide. The salicylamide triggering molecule, previously developed to release the doxorubicin-formaldehyde active metabolite, is tethered via derivatized ethylene glycols to an E and Z mixture of 4-hydroxytamoxifen. The targeting group, E/Z-4-hydroxytamoxifen, was selected for its ability to tightly bind the estrogen receptor and antiestrogen binding sites. The targeted doxorubicin-formaldehyde conjugates' estrogen receptor binding and in vitro growth inhibition were evaluated as a function of tether length. The lead compound, DOX-TEG-TAM, bearing a triethylene glycol tether, binds the estrogen receptor with a binding affinity of 2.5% relative to E/Z-4-hydroxytamoxifen and inhibits the growth of four breast cancer cell lines with 4-fold up to 140-fold enhanced activity relative to doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Burke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA
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Gianni L, Grasselli G, Cresta S, Locatelli A, Viganò L, Minotti G. Anthracyclines. CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS ANNUAL 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4410(03)21002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Dernell WS, Powers BE, Taatjes DJ, Cogan P, Gaudiano G, Koch TH. Evaluation of the epidoxorubicin--formaldehyde conjugate, epidoxoform, in a mouse mammary carcinoma model. Cancer Invest 2002; 20:713-24. [PMID: 12197227 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-120003540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity and efficacy of Epidoxoform, a prodrug of the active metabolite of epidoxorubicin, in a mouse model of mammary carcinoma. A dose escalation trial established a maximal tolerated dose of 20 mg/kg given intraperitoneally (i.p.) to 6-8 week old female C3 HeJ mice. Two days following injection of 10(6) Gollin-B mouse mammary tumor cells into the mammary fat pad, Epidoxoform was given and tumor growth compared to mice treated similarly with the maximum tolerated dose of epidoxorubicin and untreated controls. In all efficacy trials, a significant difference was found for tumor volume between Epidoxoform and epidoxorubicin treated mice and controls. In mice treated with a two-dose regimen, significantly increased efficacy was also found between Epidoxoform compared to epidoxorubicin. Epidoxoform appears to be efficacious in this model of mammary carcinoma, with improved efficacy over the parent compound epidoxorubicin. Further evaluation of this analogue appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Dernell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Kato S, Post GC, Bierbaum VM, Koch TH. Chemical ionization mass spectrometric determination of acrolein in human breast cancer cells. Anal Biochem 2002; 305:251-9. [PMID: 12054454 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2002.5682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A selected ion flow tube-chemical ionization mass spectrometric method is presented for the first determination of acrolein metabolically produced in biological tissues. Acrolein in aqueous samples (2.5 ml) is preconcentrated by distillation and directly analyzed using gas-phase proton transfer from H3O+. This method provides sensitive detection of acrolein with the method detection limit of 15 nM at the 99% confidence level. Detection is linear up to the highest concentration studied (13.5 microM, R2 = 0.998). Acrolein levels are determined in doxorubicin-sensitive (MCF-7) and doxorubicin-resistant (MCF-7/Adr) human breast cancer cells in vitro. The intracellular acrolein concentrations differ insignificantly: 0.61 microM for sensitive cells and 0.54 microM for resistant cells. Treatment with a physiological concentration of doxorubicin (0.5 microM) for 24 h at 37 degrees C increased acrolein levels by factors of 2.6 and 1.9 for MCF-7 and MCF-7/Adr cells, respectively. The differential enhancement observed is consistent with the lower levels of enzymes that neutralize oxidative stress in sensitive MCF-7 cells and overexpression of an active drug efflux pump P-170 glycoprotein in resistant MCF-7/Adr cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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