1
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Slow to fast muscle transformation following heterochronous isotransplantation is influenced by host thyroid hormone status. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:677-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Biressi S, Rando TA. Heterogeneity in the muscle satellite cell population. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:845-54. [PMID: 20849971 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Satellite cells, the adult stem cells responsible for skeletal muscle regeneration, are defined by their location between the basal lamina and the fiber sarcolemma. Increasing evidence suggests that satellite cells represent a heterogeneous population of cells with distinct embryological origin and multiple levels of biochemical and functional diversity. This review focuses on the rich diversity of the satellite cell population based on studies across species. Ultimately, a more complete characterization of the heterogeneity of satellite cells will be essential to understand the functional significance in terms of muscle growth, homeostasis, tissue repair, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Biressi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5235, USA
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3
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Abstract
Muscle performance is in part dictated by muscle fibre composition and a precise understanding of the genetic and acquired factors that determine the fibre type profile is important in sport science, but is also relevant to neuromuscular diseases and to metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. The dissection of the signalling pathways that determine or modulate the muscle fibre phenotype has thus potential clinical significance. In this brief review, I examine the evolution of the notion of muscle fibre types, discuss some aspects related to species differences, point at problems in the interpretation of transgenic and knockout models and show how in vivo transfection can be used to identify regulatory factors involved in fibre type diversification, focusing on the calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schiaffino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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4
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Karen P, Števanec M, Smerdu V, Cvetko E, Kubínová L, Eržen I. Software for muscle fibre type classification and analysis. Eur J Histochem 2009; 53:e11. [PMID: 30256864 PMCID: PMC3167282 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2009.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibre type determination requires a large series of differently stained muscle sections. The manual identification of individual fibres through the series is tedious and time consuming. This paper presents a software that enables (i) adjusting the position of individual fibres through a series of differently stained sections (image registration) and identification of individual fibres through the series as well as (ii) muscle fibre classification and (iii) quantitative analysis. The data output of the system is the following: numerical and areal proportions of fibre types, fibre type size and optical density (grey level) of the final reaction product in every fibre. The muscle fibre type can be determined stepwise, based on one set of stained sections while further, newly stained sections can be added to the already defined muscle fibre profile. Several advantages of the presented software application in skeletal muscle research are presented. The system is semiquantitative, flexible, and user friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Karen
- Department of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Števanec
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - V Smerdu
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - E Cvetko
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - L Kubínová
- Department of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - I Eržen
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Abe S, Hiroki E, Iwanuma O, Sakiyama K, Shirakura Y, Hirose D, Shimoo Y, Suzuki M, Ikari Y, Kikuchi R, Ide Y, Yoshinari M. Relationship between function of masticatory muscle in mouse and properties of muscle fibers. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2008; 49:53-8. [PMID: 18776716 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.49.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mammals exhibit marked morphological differences in the muscles surrounding the jaw bone due to differences in eating habits. Furthermore, the myofiber properties of the muscles differ with function. Since the muscles in the oral region have various functions such as eating, swallowing, and speech, it is believed that the functional role of each muscle differs. Therefore, to clarify the functional role of each masticatory muscle, the myofiber properties of the adult mouse masticatory muscles were investigated at the transcriptional level. Expression of MyHC-2b with a fast contraction rate and strong force was frequently noted in the temporal and masseter muscles. This suggests that the temporal and masseter muscles are closely involved in rapid antero-posterior masticatory movement, which is characteristic in mice. Furthermore, expression of MyHC-1 with a low contraction rate and weak continuous force was frequently detected in the lateral pterygoid muscle. This suggests that, in contrast to other masticatory muscles, mouse lateral pterygoid muscle is not involved in fast masticatory movement, but is involved in functions requiring continuous force such as retention of jaw position. This study revealed that muscles with different roles function comprehensively during complicated masticatory movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Abe
- Oral Health Science Center HRC7, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
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6
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Abe S. Phenomenon of muscle anti-aging after dental treatment-changes in oral function of muscle fiber characteristics. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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7
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Yoshii M, Sakiyama K, Abe S, Agematsu H, Mitarashi S, Tamatsu Y, Ide Y. Changes in the myosin heavy chain 2a and 2b isoforms of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle before and after weaning in mice. Anat Histol Embryol 2008; 37:147-52. [PMID: 18333857 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2007.00813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the process of growth and development, the digastric muscle is subjected to marked functional changes, including the change from suckling to mastication. In particular, because the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, which is one of the suprahyoid muscles, plays an important role in mastication. Therefore, this muscle seems to undergo a marked functional change before and after weaning. However, the details remain unknown. Here, to clarify the changes in the muscle fibre characteristics of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle before and after weaning, we examined myosin heavy chain isoforms at the protein (immunohistochemistry) and mRNA (transcription) levels. As a control, the changes in the muscle fibre characteristics of the sternohyoid muscle, which is anatomically aligned in the same direction as the anterior belly of the digastric muscle, were analyzed. The results showed that, in the anterior belly of the digastric muscle that is involved in mandibular movements in mice, the ratio of a fast-contraction isoform with strong contractile force increased after weaning. We believe that this occurred in response to a functional change from suckling to mastication. On the other hand, there was little change in the composition of sternohyoid muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshii
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
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8
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Suzuki K, Abe S, Kim HJ, Usami A, Iwanuma O, Okubo H, Ide Y. Changes in the Muscle Fibre Properties of the Mouse Temporal Muscle after Weaning. Anat Histol Embryol 2007; 36:103-6. [PMID: 17371381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2006.00729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To clarify changes in the muscle fibre properties of the temporal muscle related to the start of masticatory movement, we immunohistochemically investigated myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform protein expression using pre-weaning and post-weaning mice. In addition, we examined the expression of a gene coding for those MyHC proteins. Immediately after weaning, isoforms with fast and potent contractility were frequent. This suggests that the temporal muscle plays an important role in a marked functional change in the oral cavity from lactation to mastication, contributing to oral function in cooperation with other masticatory muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College 1-2-2 Masago, Chiba-City, Chiba, Japan
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9
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10
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Maejima M, Abe S, Sakiyama K, Agematsu H, Hashimoto M, Tamatsu Y, Ide Y. Changes in the properties of mouse tongue muscle fibres before and after weaning. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50:988-93. [PMID: 15878764 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify any changes in muscle fibre properties in different regions of murine tongue during development, and to assess the effects of functional changes including weaning on these muscle fibres. The tongue was divided into upper and lower regions at the lateral margin, and the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms at different ages was investigated. Expression of genes encoding MHC proteins was quantified at the transcription level by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and the protein expression of MHC isoforms was assessed by immunostaining. No difference was found in isoform expression between the upper and lower regions of the tongue before weaning. However, the expression of MHC-2b increased markedly in both regions after weaning, while that of MHC-2a decreased. At the age of 16 weeks, the expression of MHC-2b in the lower region was greater than that in the upper region. These findings show that during weaning, when there is a shift from sucking behaviour to mastication, the expression of MHC-2b increases along with an increase in the speed and strength of muscle contraction. Also, contraction force becomes stronger in the lower region of the tongue than the upper region at the age of 16 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maejima
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 261-8502, Japan.
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11
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Shida T, Abe S, Sakiyama K, Agematsu H, Mitarashi S, Tamatsu Y, Ide Y. Superficial and deep layer muscle fibre properties of the mouse masseter before and after weaning. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50:65-71. [PMID: 15598418 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To clarify changes in the properties of the masseter muscle superficial and deep layer muscle fibres, which initiate masticatory movement, myosin heavy chain isoforms were evaluated based on immunohistochemistry at the transcription level in male mice both before and after weaning. In the results, MHC-2b isoforms, the isoforms with the fastest contraction speed, were observed in the superficial layer after weaning. However, MHC-2a isoforms with slower contraction speeds were not apparent. By contrast, in the deep layer, MHC-2a isoforms were present, as were MHC-2b isoforms, however, there were fewer MHC-2b isoforms present than in the superficial layer. The most rapid movement in the mouse mandible was observed anteroposteriorly during mastication. As the superficial layer of the masseter muscle runs parallel to the direction of mandibular movement, the presence of MHC-2b isoforms in it is consistent. The presence of MHC-2a isoforms in the deep layer, lying at right angles to the direction of mastication movement, is consistent with the positional adjustment of the mandible contributed by the deep layer muscle fibres during masticatory movement. We therefore conclude that complicated masticatory movement is achieved by the presence of various muscle bundles within the masseter, each carrying out different roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shida
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
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12
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Kalhovde JM, Jerkovic R, Sefland I, Cordonnier C, Calabria E, Schiaffino S, Lømo T. "Fast" and "slow" muscle fibres in hindlimb muscles of adult rats regenerate from intrinsically different satellite cells. J Physiol 2004; 562:847-57. [PMID: 15564285 PMCID: PMC1665547 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.073684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression was examined in regenerating fast extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow soleus (SOL) muscles of adult rats. Myotoxic bupivacaine was injected into SOL and EDL and the muscles were either denervated or neuromuscularly blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX) on the sciatic nerve. Three to 10 or 30 days later, denervated SOL or EDL, or innervated but neuromuscularly blocked EDL received a slow 20 Hz stimulus pattern through electrodes implanted on the muscles or along the fibular nerve to EDL below the TTX block. In addition, denervated SOL and EDL received a fast 100 Hz stimulus pattern. Denervated EDL and SOL stimulated with the same slow stimulus pattern expressed different amounts of type 1 MyHC protein (8% versus 35% at 10 days, 13% versus 87% at 30 days). Stimulated denervated and stimulated innervated (TTX blocked) EDL expressed the same amounts of type 1, 2A, 2X and 2B MyHC proteins. Cross-sections treated for in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry showed expression of type 1 MyHC in all SOL fibres but only in some scattered single or smaller groups of fibres in EDL. The results suggest that muscle fibres regenerate from intrinsically different satellite cells in EDL and SOL and within EDL. However, induction by different extrinsic factors arising in extracellular matrix or from muscle position and usage in the limb has not been excluded. No evidence for nerve-derived trophic influences was obtained.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/physiology
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Electric Stimulation
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Hindlimb/physiology
- Male
- Muscle Denervation
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/physiology
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/innervation
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/surgery
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Regeneration/physiology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/cytology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kalhovde
- Department of Physiology, PO Box 1103, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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13
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Pellegrino MA, D'Antona G, Bortolotto S, Boschi F, Pastoris O, Bottinelli R, Polla B, Reggiani C. Clenbuterol antagonizes glucocorticoid-induced atrophy and fibre type transformation in mice. Exp Physiol 2004; 89:89-100. [PMID: 15109214 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2003.002609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Beta-agonists and glucocorticoids are frequently coprescribed for chronic asthma treatment. In this study the effects of 4 week treatment with beta-agonist clenbuterol (CL) and glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) on respiratory (diaphragm and parasternal) and limb (soleus and tibialis) muscles of the mouse were studied. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) distribution, fibres cross sectional area (CSA), glycolytic (phosphofructokinase, PFK; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) and oxidative enzyme (citrate synthase, CS; cytochrome oxidase, COX) activities were determined. Muscle samples were obtained from four groups of adult C57/B16 mice: (1) Control (2) Mice receiving CL (CL, 1.5 mg kg(-1) day(-1) in drinking water) (3) Mice receiving DEX (DEX, 5.7 mg kg(-1) day(-1) s.c.) (4) Mice receiving both treatments (DEX + CL). As a general rule, CL and DEX showed opposite effects on CSA, MHC distribution, glycolytic and mitochondrial enzyme activities: CL alone stimulated a slow-to-fast transition of MHCs, an increase of PFK and LDH and an increase of muscle weight and fibre CSA; DEX produced an opposite (fast-to-slow transition) change of MHC distribution, a decrease of muscle weight and fibre CSA and in some case an increase of CS. The response varied from muscle to muscle with mixed muscles, as soleus and diaphragm, being more responsive than fast muscles, as tibialis and parasternal. In combined treatments (DEX + CL), the changes induced by DEX or CL alone were generally minimized: in soleus, however, the effects of CL predominated over those of DEX, whereas in diaphragm DEX prevailed over CL. Taken together the results suggest that CL might counteract the unwanted effects on skeletal muscles of chronic treatment with glucocorticoids.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Atrophy
- Clenbuterol/pharmacology
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Diaphragm/drug effects
- Diaphragm/growth & development
- Diaphragm/pathology
- Drug Interactions
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Isomerism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/pathology
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/growth & development
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/chemistry
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
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14
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Gregorevic P, Plant DR, Stupka N, Lynch GS. Changes in contractile activation characteristics of rat fast and slow skeletal muscle fibres during regeneration. J Physiol 2004; 558:549-60. [PMID: 15181161 PMCID: PMC1664957 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.066217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaged skeletal muscle fibres are replaced with new contractile units via muscle regeneration. Regenerating muscle fibres synthesize functionally distinct isoforms of contractile and regulatory proteins but little is known of their functional properties during the regeneration process. An advantage of utilizing single muscle fibre preparations is that assessment of their function is based on the overall characteristics of the contractile apparatus and regulatory system and as such, these preparations are sensitive in revealing not only coarse, but also subtle functional differences between muscle fibres. We examined the Ca(2+)- and Sr(2+)-activated contractile characteristics of permeabilized fibres from rat fast-twitch (extensor digitorum longus) and slow-twitch (soleus) muscles at 7, 14 and 21 days following myotoxic injury, to test the hypothesis that fibres from regenerating fast and slow muscles have different functional characteristics to fibres from uninjured muscles. Regenerating muscle fibres had approximately 10% of the maximal force producing capacity (P(o)) of control (uninjured) fibres, and an altered sensitivity to Ca(2+) and Sr(2+) at 7 days post-injury. Increased force production and a shift in Ca(2+) sensitivity consistent with fibre maturation were observed during regeneration such that P(o) was restored to 36-45% of that in control fibres by 21 days, and sensitivity to Ca(2+) and Sr(2+) was similar to that of control (uninjured) fibres. The findings support the hypothesis that regenerating muscle fibres have different contractile activation characteristics compared with mature fibres, and that they adopt properties of mature fast- or slow-twitch muscle fibres in a progressive manner as the regeneration process is completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gregorevic
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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15
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Pette D, Sketelj J, Skorjanc D, Leisner E, Traub I, Bajrović F. Partial fast-to-slow conversion of regenerating rat fast-twitch muscle by chronic low-frequency stimulation. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2003; 23:215-21. [PMID: 12500901 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020974710389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low-frequency stimulation (CLFS) of rat fast-twitch muscles induces sequential transitions in myosin heavy chain (MHC) expression from MHCIIb --> MHCIId/x --> MHCIIa. However, the 'final' step of the fast-to-slow transition, i.e., the upregulation of MHCI, has been observed only after extremely long stimulation periods. Assuming that fibre degeneration/regeneration might be involved in the upregulation of slow myosin, we investigated the effects of CLFS on extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles regenerating after bupivacaine-induced fibre necrosis. Normal, non-regenerating muscles responded to both 30- and 60-day CLFS with fast MHC isoform transitions (MHCIIb --> MHCIId --> MHCIIa) and only slight increases in MHCI. CLFS of regenerating EDL muscles caused similar transitions among the fast isoforms but, in addition, caused significant increases in MHCI (to approximately 30% relative concentration). Stimulation periods of 30 and 60 days induced similar changes in the regenerating bupivacaine-treated muscles, indicating that the upregulation of slow myosin was restricted to regenerating fibres, but only during an early stage of regeneration. These results suggest that satellite cells and/or regenerating fast rat muscle fibres are capable of switching directly to a slow program under the influence of CLFS and, therefore, appear to be more malleable than adult fibres.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bupivacaine/pharmacology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Death/physiology
- Electric Stimulation
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/growth & development
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscular Atrophy/chemically induced
- Muscular Atrophy/metabolism
- Muscular Atrophy/physiopathology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/cytology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Pette
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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16
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle in both amphibians and mammals possesses a high regenerative capacity. In amphibians, a muscle can regenerate in two distinct ways: as a tissue component of an entire regenerating limb (epimorphic regeneration) or as an isolated entity (tissue regeneration). In the absence of epimorphic regenerative ability, mammals can regenerate muscles only by the tissue mode. This review focuses principally on the regeneration of entire muscles and covers what is known and what remains to be elucidated about fundamental mechanisms underlying muscle regeneration at this level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Carlson
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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17
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Gojo K, Abe S, Ide Y. Characteristics of myofibres in the masseter muscle of mice during postnatal growth period. Anat Histol Embryol 2002; 31:105-12. [PMID: 12047246 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0264.2002.00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Functional maturation of muscles is related to the constitutional proportion of muscle protein isoforms during development and growth. Although the mouse masseter muscle (MS) is classified as a fast limb muscle, its functions are different from those of a limb muscle. This study investigated the differentiation of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms during the postnatal development periods in mouse MS and mouse tibialis anterior (TA), which is a fast limb muscle. Many anti-MHC slow-type-positive fibres were observed in neonatal MS and TA; these fibres decreased during development. Adult MS was composed of anti-MHC fast-type-positive fibres. MHC isoforms in MS were composed of MHC-2a and MHC-2d soon after birth. MHC-2b was expressed, but MHC-2a was not seen after 21 days. Expression of MHC-2b agreed with the weaning period, that is 2-3 weeks after birth. This fact suggested that the transformation from suckling to mastication changed the MHC isoforms during this period. In this study, the expressions of MHC-2b agree with the weaning period.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gojo
- Department of Anatomy and Oral Health Science Centre, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan.
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