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Ouyang Q, Shi S, Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Yuan X, Tao N, Li L. Inhibitory Mechanisms of trans-2-Hexenal on the Growth of Geotrichum citri- aurantii. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:930. [PMID: 37755038 PMCID: PMC10532542 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Geotrichum citri-aurantii (G. citri-aurantii) is one of the most important postharvest pathogens leading to a postharvest loss of citrus by causing sour rot. In this study, the antifungal activity of trans-2-hexenal, a natural component of essential oil, against G. citri-aurantii was evaluated. Trans-2-hexenal treatment inhibited the mycelia growth of G. citri-aurantii with a minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of trans-2-hexenal at 0.50 and 1.00 μL/mL, respectively. Moreover, trans-2-hexenal efficiently reduced the incidence of sour rot of Satsuma fruit inoculated with G. citri-aurantii. Ultrastructural observations and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) results showed that trans-2-hexenal treatment affected the cell wall and cell membrane instructions of G. citri-aurantii. The content of β-1,3-glucan was significantly decreased after trans-2-hexenal treatment, but the cell wall permeability was not changed. The decrease in lipid and ergosterol contents might be responsible for this antifungal activity. Several important genes, FKS1, ERG1, ERG7, and ERG11, showed decreasing expression levels after trans-2-hexenal treatment. Molecule-docking results also indicated that trans-2-hexenal could join with the protein of FKS1, ERG1, ERG7, and ERG11 to impact enzyme activities. These results demonstrated that trans-2-hexenal is a promising fungicide for controlling sour rot of harvested citrus fruit by damaging the membrane integrity of G. citri-aurantii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Ouyang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China (L.L.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nengguo Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China (L.L.)
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Isaza-Pérez F, Ramírez-Carmona M, Rendón-Castrillón L, Ocampo-López C. Potential of residual fungal biomass: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:13019-13031. [PMID: 32130636 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, it was evaluated and documented the potential uses of the residual fungal biomass from fermentation. The chemical composition of the biomass was determined by instrumental analysis techniques for its characterization and its possible application. It was found that this biomaterial is generally composed of sugars, proteins, and lipids, which provide it certain properties and applications that must be characterized morphologically, chemically, and mechanically. The residual fungal biomass could be used for two processes: the extraction of biopolymers, with several applications in the food industry, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical, among others; and the removal of contaminants by mechanisms of adsorption with biopolymers, known also as biosorption, in tertiary treatments of wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Isaza-Pérez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Centro de Estudios y de Investigación en Biotecnología - CIBIOT, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Cir. 1ª #70-01, of. Bloque 11, Medellín, 11-317, Colombia
| | - Margarita Ramírez-Carmona
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Centro de Estudios y de Investigación en Biotecnología - CIBIOT, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Cir. 1ª #70-01, of. Bloque 11, Medellín, 11-317, Colombia.
| | - Leidy Rendón-Castrillón
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Centro de Estudios y de Investigación en Biotecnología - CIBIOT, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Cir. 1ª #70-01, of. Bloque 11, Medellín, 11-317, Colombia
| | - Carlos Ocampo-López
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Centro de Estudios y de Investigación en Biotecnología - CIBIOT, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Cir. 1ª #70-01, of. Bloque 11, Medellín, 11-317, Colombia
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Guest GM, Momany M. Analysis of cell wall sugars in the pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and the saprophyte Aspergillus nidulans. Mycologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2000.12061250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gretel M. Guest
- Department of Botany, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Michelle Momany
- Department of Botany, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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OuYang Q, Duan X, Li L, Tao N. Cinnamaldehyde Exerts Its Antifungal Activity by Disrupting the Cell Wall Integrity of Geotrichum citri-aurantii. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:55. [PMID: 30761105 PMCID: PMC6364577 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study showed that cinnamaldehyde (CA) significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of Geotrichum citri-aurantii, one of the main postharvest pathogens in citrus fruits. This study investigated the antifungal mechanism of CA against G. citri-aurantii. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that CA treatment led to clear morphological changes in the cell walls and membranes of G. citri-aurantii. However, the membrane integrity, total lipids and ergosterol contents were not apparently affected by CA treatment. Notably, the extracellular alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity was increased after CA treatment, suggesting impairment in cell wall permeability. A weakened fluorescence in the cell wall, a decrease in the chitin contents, and changes of ten genes involved in cell wall integrity were also observed. These results suggested that CA may exhibit its antifungal activity against G. citri-aurantii by interfering the build of cell wall and therefore lead to the damage of cell wall permeability and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nengguo Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
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Use of predictive model to describe sporicidal and cell viability efficacy of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) essential oil on Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium expansum and its antifungal activity in raw apple juice. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Pessoni RAB, Freshour G, Figueiredo-Ribeiro RDCL, Hahn MG, Braga MR. Cell-wall structure and composition ofPenicillium janczewskiias affected by inulin. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn Freshour
- The University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate, Research Center, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
| | | | - Michael G. Hahn
- The University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate, Research Center, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
| | - Marcia R. Braga
- Instituto de Botânica, Seção de Fisiologia e Bioquímica, de Plantas, CP 4005, São Paulo, SP 01061-970, Brazil
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TOMAZONI ELISAZ, PANSERA MÁRCIAR, PAULETTI GABRIELF, MOURA SIDNEI, RIBEIRO RUTET, SCHWAMBACH JOSÉLI. In vitro antifungal activity of four chemotypes of Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) essential oils against Alternaria solani (Pleosporeaceae) isolates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 88:999-1010. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620150019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several volatile natural compounds produced by plant secondary metabolism have been proven to present antimicrobial action, enabling their use in phytopathogen control. They also present low environmental impact when compared to conventional pesticides. Essential oils contain these compounds and can be found in several plant species, such as Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown (Verbenaceae). Essential oils of four chemotypes of L. alba, characterized by their major compounds, namely camphor, citral, linalool and camphor/1,8-cineole, were tested against the phytopathogen Alternaria solani Sorauer (Pleosporaceae), which causes early blight on tomatoes and is responsible for great economic losses regarding production. Essential oils antifungal action was tested in vitro using potato dextrose agar medium with essential oil concentrations at 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 µL mL-1. The chemotype that had the best performance was citral, showing significant inhibition compared to the others, starting at the 0.5 µL mL-1 concentration. The essential oil belonging to the linalool chemotype was efficient starting at the 1.5 µL mL-1 concentration. Conversely, the camphor chemotype did not show any action against the phytopathogen. Moreover, the essential oils had no remarkable effect on tomato germination and growth. In conclusion, these essential oils presented fungicidal action against A. solani.
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Jing GX, Tao NG, Jia L, Zhou HE. Influence of α-terpineol on the growth and morphogenesis of Penicillium digitatum. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2015; 56:35. [PMID: 28510844 PMCID: PMC5430327 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-015-0116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant essential oils could act effectively against postharvest diseases, α-terpineol, a typical terpenoid of plant essential oils, exhibited strong antifungal activity in against Penicillium italicum, but the possible action mechanism remains undetermined. In present study, α-terpineol was evaluated for antibacterial activity against Penicillium digitatum along with the mode of their antibacterial action. RESULTS The results showed that mycelial growth of P. digitatum was strongly inhibited by α-terpineol, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 2.00 and 8.00 µl/ml, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that α-terpineol obviously altered the morphology of P. digitatum hyphae by causing the loss of cytoplasm and distortion of mycelia. A rapid increase in the membrane permeability of P. digitatum was observed after treated with MIC or MFC of α-terpineol, evidenced by the release of cell constituents, the extracellular conductivity, and the extracellular pH. In addition, α-terpineol apparently induced a decrease in total lipid contents of P. digitatum cells, indicating the destruction of cell membrane structures after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Based on our study, α-terpineol might affect the cell wall synthesis and lead to the disruption of cell wall. The cell wall disruption affected fungal morphogenesis, the integrity of membrane and leakage of intracellular components, these results suggested that α-terpineol treatment inhibited the growth of P. digitatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-xing Jing
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105 People’s Republic of China
| | - Neng-guo Tao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-en Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105 People’s Republic of China
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Pessoni RAB, Tersarotto CC, Mateus CAP, Zerlin JK, Simões K, de Cássia L Figueiredo-Ribeiro R, Braga MR. Fructose affecting morphology and inducing β-fructofuranosidases in Penicillium janczewskii. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:487. [PMID: 26380163 PMCID: PMC4564379 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Fructose, glucose, and an equimolar mixture of both sugars affected differently hyphae thickness, biomass production and secretion of β-fructofuranosidase in Penicillium janczewskii. Reduced growth, thinner hyphae and visible injuries were early observed during fungal cultivation in fructose-containing medium, reaching the maximum between 12 and 15 days of culture. Total sugar content from the cell wall was lower when fructose was supplied and polysaccharides lower than 10 kDa predominated, regardless the culture age. Maximal inulinase and invertase activities were detected in culture filtrates after 12 days, excepting in the glucose-containing medium. Structural changes in cell walls coincided with the increase of extracellular enzyme activity in the fructose-containing medium. The fragility of the hyphae might be related with both low carbohydrate content and predominance of low molecular weight glucans in the walls. Data presented here suggest changes in carbohydrate component of the cell walls are induced by the carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemeire A B Pessoni
- Faculdade da Saúde, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP Brazil
| | - Carla C Tersarotto
- Faculdade da Saúde, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP Brazil
| | - Cássia A P Mateus
- Faculdade da Saúde, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP Brazil
| | - Juliana K Zerlin
- Faculdade da Saúde, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP Brazil
| | - Kelly Simões
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Botânica, CP 68041, São Paulo, SP CEP 04045-972 Brazil
| | | | - Márcia R Braga
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Botânica, CP 68041, São Paulo, SP CEP 04045-972 Brazil
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Use of selected essential oils to control aflatoxin contaminated stored cashew and detection of aflatoxin biosynthesis gene. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:958192. [PMID: 25705718 PMCID: PMC4312644 DOI: 10.1155/2015/958192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus spp. associated with cashew from the regions of Riyadh, Dammam, and Abha were isolated and three different culture media were used to qualitatively measure aflatoxin production by Aspergillus via UV light (365 nm), which was expressed as positive or negative. The obtained data showed that six isolates of A. flavus and four isolates of A. parasiticus were positive for aflatoxin production, while all isolates of A. niger were negative. Five commercially essential oils (thyme, garlic, cinnamon, mint, and rosemary) were tested to determine their influence on growth and aflatoxin production in A. flavus and A. parasiticus by performing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the tested essential oils caused highly significant inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production in A. flavus and A. parasiticus. The extent of the inhibition of fungal growth and aflatoxin production was dependent on the type and concentration of essential oils applied. The results indicate that cinnamon and thyme oils show strong antimicrobial potential. PCR was used with four sets of primer pairs for nor-1, omt-1, ver-1, and aflR genes, enclosed in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. The interpretation of the results revealed that PCR is a rapid and sensitive method.
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Khosravi AR, Minooeianhaghighi MH, Shokri H, Emami SA, S M A, Asili J. The potential inhibitory effect of cuminum cyminum, ziziphora clinopodioides and nigella sativa essential oils on the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus. Braz J Microbiol 2013; 42:216-24. [PMID: 24031624 PMCID: PMC3768938 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220110001000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of Cuminum cyminum, Ziziphora clinopodioides and Nigella sativa essential oils to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus and A.flavus and to evoke ultrastructural changes. The fungi were cultured into RPMI 1640 media in the presence of oils at concentrations of 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.5, 1.25, 1, 0.75 and 0.5 mg/ml in broth microdilution and 2, 1.5, 1 and 0.5 mg/ml in broth macrodilution methods with shaking for 48 h at 28oC. Conidial and mycelial samples exposed to 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg essential oils/ml for 5 days in 2% yeast extract granulated plus 15% Saccharose media were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Based on broth dilution methods, C. cyminum and to a lesser extent Z. clinopodioides oils exhibited the strongest activity against A. fumigatus and A.flavus with MIC90 ranging from 0.25 to 1.5 mg/ml, while the oil from N. sativa exhibited relatively moderate activity against two above fungi with MIC90 ranging from 1.5 to 2 mg/ml. The main changes observed by TEM were in the cell wall, plasma membrane and membranous organelles; in particular, in the nuclei and mitochondria. These modifications in fungal structure were associated with the interference of the essential oils with the enzymes responsible for cell wall synthesis, which disturbed normal growth. Moreover, the essential oils caused high vacuolation of the cytoplasm, detachment of fibrillar layer of cell wall, plasma membrane disruption and disorganization of the nuclear and mitochondrial structures. Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavus growth inhibition induced by these oils were found to be well-correlated with subsequent morphological changes of the fungi exposed to different fungistatic concentrations of the oils. Our results show the anti-Aspergillus activities of C. cyminum, Z. clinopodioides and N. sativa essential oils, which strengthens the potential use of these substances as anti-mould in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Khosravi
- Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Tehran, Tehran , Iran
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Effects of Heracleum persicum ethyl acetate extract on the growth, hyphal ultrastructure and aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 29:261-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-013-0171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shao X, Cheng S, Wang H, Yu D, Mungai C. The possible mechanism of antifungal action of tea tree oil on Botrytis cinerea. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 114:1642-9. [PMID: 23495848 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Tea tree oil (TTO) has been confirmed in previous study as a potential natural antifungal agent to control Botrytis cinerea and grey mould in fresh fruit. However, the mechanism of its action has not been clearly revealed, and some hypotheses mainly depended on the results obtained from the bacterial test. For the antifungal mechanism, the effect of TTO on the mycelium morphology and ultrastructure, cell wall and membrane, and membrane fatty acid composition of B. cinerea was investigated in vitro experiments. METHODS AND RESULTS Tea tree oil in vapour or contact phase exhibited higher activity against the mycelial growth of B. cinerea. Observations using scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope revealed that the mycelial morphology and ultrastructure alternations caused by TTO are the markedly shriveled or flatted empty hyphae, with thick cell walls, ruptured plasmalemma and cytoplasmic coagulation or leakage. Furthermore, TTO caused significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity after 4-h treatment and markedly higher absorbance at 260 nm and electric conductivity in the external hyphae of fungi after 16-h treatment. Moreover, decreased unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio of the fungal membrane was also observed after TTO treatment. CONCLUSIONS The methodology used in this study confirmed that the cell wall destroyed firstly in the presence of TTO, and then the membrane fatty acid composition changed, which resulted in the increasing of membrane permeability and releasing of cellular material. The above findings may be the main reason for TTO's antifungal ability to B. cinerea. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Understanding the mechanism of TTO antifungal action to B. cinerea is helpful for its commercial application on the preservation of fresh fruit and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Shao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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Khan R, Shawl AS, Tantry MA. Determination and seasonal variation of chemical constituents of essential oil of Hyssopus officinalis growing in Kashmir valley as incorporated species of Western Himalaya. Chem Nat Compd 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-012-0290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fathiazad F, Mazandarani M, Hamedeyazdan S. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Hyssopus officinalis L. from Iran. Adv Pharm Bull 2011; 1:63-7. [PMID: 24312758 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2011.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyssopus officinalis (L) (Hyssop, Family: Lamiaceae), one of the endemic Iranian perennial herb with a long history of medicinal use, was studied to detect some biologically active chemical constituents of the plant. METHODS The flavonoids of the hydromethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Hyssopus officinalis (L.) were studied by VLC and crystalisation of the major compound in subsequent fractions. Furthermore, the composition of its essential oil, total phenolic content and antioxidant activities were studied by GC-MS, Folin-Ciocalteau and DPPH reagents respectively. RESULTS Apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide was isolated as the major flavonoid. All structural elucidation was performed by spectral means. A total of 20 compounds representing 99.97% of the oil have been identified. Myrtenylacetate, Camphor, Germacrene, Spathulenol were the main compounds The total phenol content of the n-butanol and ethylacetate extracts were determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteau procedure to be 246 mgGAE g(-1) and 51 mgGAE g(-1) in the aerial parts of Hyssopus officinalis . The antioxidant activities of apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide, ethylacetate and n-butanol extracts were also determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay with IC50 values of 116×10(-3), 103×10(-3), 25×10(-3) mg mL(-1) respectively. The purified flavonoid showed weak radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 116×10(-3)mg mL(-1)). N-butanol extract, because of the highest content of total phenolic compounds (246 mgGAE100(-1)g) had the best antioxidant activity (IC50 = 25mg mL(-1)). CONCLUSION On the whole, the findings of the study revealed that Hyssop possesses valuable antioxidant properties for culinary and possible medicinal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Fathiazad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Zhou X, Hai-Yan G, Tun-Hai X, Tian S. Physicochemical evaluation and essential oil composition analysis of Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss from Xinjiang, China. Pharmacogn Mag 2011; 6:278-81. [PMID: 21120028 PMCID: PMC2992139 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.71790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It is reported that the plant Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss from Xinjiang has great value. This article deals with the detailed pharmacognostic evaluation of the crude drug H. cuspidatus Boriss. Materials and Methods: The essential oil of H. cuspidatus Boriss from Xinjiang, China, was extracted by the method of hydrodistillation and the chemical composition of the essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results: The yield of essential oil based on the dry weight of the plant was 0.6%(w/w). Fifty compounds accounting for 99.42% of the total oil were identified. The major components were oxygenated terpenes (66.33%), monoterpenes (26.14%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (1.25%), and octane (1.85%). Conclusion: Oxygenated terpenes were the main group of the compounds. The physicochemical parameters presented in this article may be proposed as parameters to establish the authenticity of H. cuspidatus Boriss and can possibly aid pharmacognostic and taxonomic species identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Famous Prescription and Science of Formulas, China
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Abbasipour H, Mahmoudvand M, Rastegar F, Hosseinpour MH. Fumigant toxicity and oviposition deterrency of the essential oil from cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum, against three stored–product insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2011; 11:165. [PMID: 22242564 PMCID: PMC3281396 DOI: 10.1673/031.011.16501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Use of insecticides can have disruptive effects on the environment. Replacing the chemical compounds in these insecticides with plant materials, however, can be a safe method with low environmental risk. In the current study, chemical composition and insecticidal activities of the essential oil from cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum L. (Maton) (Zingiberales: Zingiberaceae) on the adults of three stored product pests was investigated. Results indicated that essential oil of E. cardamomum toxic to the bruchid beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and the flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Adults of E. kuehniella were more sensitive than the Coleoptera. Also, the highest mortality of these insects was seen after 12 hours. Results of the LT₅₀ tests showed that the lethal time of mortality occurred between 10-20 hours in various test concentrations. Essential oil of E. cardamomum had a good efficacy on oviposition deterrence of C. maculatus females, too. The chemical constituents of the essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major constituents of cardamom were identified as 1,8-cineol, α-terpinyl acetate, terpinene and fenchyl alcohol. These results suggest that essential oil of E. cardamomum is a good choice for control of stored product pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Abbasipour
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudvand
- Department of Plant Protection, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Rastegar
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Gandomi H, Misaghi A, Akhondzadeh Basti A, Hamedi H, Ramezani Shirvani Z. Effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil on colony morphology and ultrastructure of Aspergillus flavus. Mycoses 2010; 54:e429-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Tolouee M, Alinezhad S, Saberi R, Eslamifar A, Zad SJ, Jaimand K, Taeb J, Rezaee MB, Kawachi M, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Razzaghi-Abyaneh M. Effect of Matricaria chamomilla L. flower essential oil on the growth and ultrastructure of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 139:127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Kishore GK, Pande S, Harish S. Evaluation of Essential Oils and Their Components for Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Activity and Control of Late Leaf Spot and Crown Rot Diseases in Peanut. PLANT DISEASE 2007; 91:375-379. [PMID: 30781177 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-91-4-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clove oil, cinnamon oil, and five essential oil components (citral, eugenol, geraniol, limonene, and linalool) were tested for growth inhibition of 14 phytopathogenic fungi. Citral completely inhibited the growth of Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium moniliforme, F. pallidoroseum, and Phoma sorghina in paper disc agar diffusion assays. Cinnamon oil, citral, and clove oil as low as 0.01% (vol/vol) inhibited the spore germination of Cercospora arachidicola, Phaeoisariopsis personata, and Puccinia arachidis by >90% in vitro. Limonene and linalool were observed to be the least antifungal against the test fungi and were not used in further studies. Clove oil (1% vol/vol) applied as a foliar spray 10 min before Phaeoisariopsis personata inoculation reduced the severity of late leaf spot of peanut up to 58% when challenge inoculated with 104 conidia ml-1. This treatment was more effective (P = 0.01) than 0.5% (vol/vol) citral, cinnamon oil, or clove oil and 1% (vol/vol) eugenol or geraniol. Seed treatment with the test compounds had no effect on the incidence of crown rot in peanut in Aspergillus niger-infested soil. However, soil amendment with 0.25% (vol/wt) clove oil and cinnamon oil reduced the preemergence rotting by 71 and 67% and postemergence wilting by 58 and 55%, respectively, compared with the nontreated control. These two treatments were more effective (P < 0.01) than geraniol on preemergence rotting, and more effective than citral, eugenol, and geraniol on postemergence wilting. All treatments significantly outperformed the nontreated control but none were as effective as thiram treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Krishna Kishore
- Department of Pathology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - S Pande
- Department of Pathology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - S Harish
- Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Helal GA, Sarhan MM, Abu Shahla ANK, Abou El-Khair EK. Effects ofCymbopogon citratus L. essential oil on the growth, morphogenesis and aflatoxin production ofAspergillus flavus ML2-strain. J Basic Microbiol 2007; 47:5-15. [PMID: 17304618 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200610137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mycelial growth of Aspergillus flavus Link was completely inhibited using 1.5 (microl/ml or 2.0 (microl/ml of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil applied by fumigation or contact method in Czapek's liquid medium, respectively. This oil was found also to be fungicidal at the same concentrations. The sublethal doses 1.0 and 1.5 (microl/ml inhibited about 65% of fungal growth after five days of incubation and delayed conidiation as compared with the control. Microscopic observations using Light Microscope (LM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) were carried out to determine the ultra structural modifications of A. flavus hyphae after treatment with C. citratus essential oil. The hyphal diameter decreased and hyphal wall appeared as precipitates and disappeared in some regions. This oil also caused plasma membrane disruption and mitochondrial structure disorganization. Moreover, Ca(+2), K(+) and Mg(+2) leakages increased from the fumigated mycelium and its total lipid content decreased, while the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids increased. One of the most important results obtained during this study was the ability of C. citratus essential oil at its sublethal dose to completely inhibit aflatoxin B(1) production from A. flavus. These findings increase the possibility of exploiting C. citratus essential oil as an effective inhibitor of biodegradation and storage contaminating fungi and also in fruit juice preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Helal
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.
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22
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Feng W, Zheng X. Control of Alternaria alternata by cassia oil in combination with potassium chloride or sodium chloride. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 101:1317-22. [PMID: 17105562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare antifungal effects of cassia oil alone and in combination with potassium chloride (KCl) or sodium chloride (NaCl) against Alternaria alternata in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS The inhibitory effect of cassia oil alone, or in combination with KCl and NaCl were tested in vitro. The spore germination and germ tube elongation of the pathogen was evaluated in potato dextrose broth with light microscopy analysis. The inhibitory effect of cassia oil alone, or in combination with KCl and NaCl, was determined on cherry tomatoes in vivo. The cassia oil in combination with KCl and NaCl exhibited strong antifungal effect in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The antifungal effect of cassia oil against Alt. alternata was enhanced significantly by combining with KCl and NaCl both in vitro and in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The combination of cassia oil and KCl or NaCl may enhance antifungal effect of cassia oil and reduce cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Feng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Helal GA, Sarhan MM, Abu Shahla ANK, Abou El-Khair EK. Effects ofCymbopogon citratus L. essential oil on the growth, lipid content and morphogenesis ofAspergillus niger ML2-strain. J Basic Microbiol 2006; 46:456-69. [PMID: 17139611 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200510106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mycelial growth of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem was completely inhibited using 1.5 (microl/ml or 2.0 (microl/ml of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil applied by fumigation or contact method in Czapek liquid medium, respectively. This oil was found also to be fungicidal at the same concentrations. The sublethal doses 1.0 and 1.5 (microl/ml inhibited about 70% of fungal growth after five days of incubation and delayed conidiation as compared with the control. Microscopic observations using Light Microscope (LM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) were carried out to determine the ultra structural modifications of A. niger hyphae after treatment with C. citratus essential oil. The hyphal diameter and hyphal wall appeared markedly thinner. This oil also caused plasma membrane disruption and mitochondrial structure disorganization. Moreover, Ca+2, K+ and Mg+2 leakages increased from the fumigated mycelium and its total lipid content decreased, while the saturated fatty acids decreased and unsaturated fatty acids increased. These findings increase the possibility of exploiting C. citratus essential oil as an effective inhibitor of biodegrading and storage contaminating fungi and in fruit juice preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Helal
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.
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Rasooli I, Owlia P. Chemoprevention by thyme oils of Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:2851-6. [PMID: 16289146 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The essential oils from Thymus eriocalyx and Thymus X-porlock obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC/MS. The major components of T. eriocalyx and T. X-porlock oils were thymol (63.8, 31.7%), beta-phellandrene (13.30, 38.7%), cis-sabinene hydroxide (8.1, 9.6%), 1,8-cineole (2, 1.7%), and beta-pinene (1.31, 2%), respectively. Antifungal activities of the oils were studied with special reference to the inhibition of Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production. Minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal fungicidal (MFC) concentrations of the oils were determined. Static effects of the above oils against A. parasiticus were at 250 ppm and lethal effects of T. eriocalyx and T. X-porlock were 500 and 1000 ppm of the oils, respectively. Aflatoxin production was inhibited at 250 ppm of both oils with that of T. eriocalyx being stronger inhibitor. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of A. parasiticus exposed to MIC level (250 ppm) of the oils showed irreversible damage to cell wall, cell membrane, and cellular organelles. It is concluded that the essential oils could be safely used as preservative materials on some kinds of foods at low concentrations to protect them from fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Rasooli
- Department of Biology, Shahed University, P.O. Box 18151-159, Tehran-Qom Highway, Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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de Billerbeck VG, Roques CG, Bessière JM, Fonvieille JL, Dargent R. Effects of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) W. Watson essential oil on the growth and morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger. Can J Microbiol 2004; 47:9-17. [PMID: 15049444 DOI: 10.1139/w00-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The growth inhibitory effect of Cymbopogon nardus (L.) W. Watson var. nurdus essential oil on Aspergillus niger (Van Tieghem) mycelium was determined on agar medium. The mycelium growth was completely inhibited at 800 mg/L. This concentration was found to be lethal under the test conditions. Essential oil at 400 mg/L caused growth inhibition of 80% after 4 days of incubation, and a delay in conidiation of 4 days compared with the control. Microscopic observations were carried out to determine the ultrastructural modifications of A. niger hyphae after treatment with C. nardus essential oil. The main change observed by transmission electron microscopy concerned the hyphal diameter and the hyphal wall, which appeared markedly thinner. These modifications in cytological structure might be caused by the interference of the essential oil with the enzymes responsible for wall synthesis which disturb normal growth. Moreover, the essential oil caused plasma membrane disruption and mitochondrial structure disorganization. The findings thus indicate the possibility of exploiting Cymbopogon nardus essential oil as an effective inhibitor of biodegrading and storage-contaminating fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G de Billerbeck
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie et Microbiologie Industrielle, Faculté de Pharmacie, 35, chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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