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Pharmacological and Clinical Efficacy of Picrorhiza kurroa and Its Secondary Metabolites: A Comprehensive Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238316. [PMID: 36500409 PMCID: PMC9738980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Traditional remedies for the treatment of various ailments are gaining popularity. Traditionally, one of the most valuable therapeutic herbs has been Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. Traditional and folk uses of P. kurroa include chronic constipation, skin-related problems, burning sensation, chronic reoccurring fever, jaundice, heart problems, breathing, digestion, allergy, tuberculosis, blood-related problems, prediabetes and obesity, laxative, cholagogue, and liver stimulatory. Phytoconstituents such as glycosides, alkaloids, cucurbitacins, iridoids, phenolics, and terpenes in P. kurroa have shown promising pharmacological potential. In order to uncover novel compounds that may cure chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular, diabetes, cancer, respiratory, and hepatoprotective diseases, the screening of P. kurroa is essential. This study comprehensively evaluated the ethnopharmacological efficacy, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, dose, and toxicity of P. kurroa. This review provides comprehensive insights into this traditional medication for future research and therapeutic application. The purpose of this review article was to determine the pharmacological effects of P. kurroa on a variety of disorders. P. kurroa may be a natural alternative to the standard treatment for eradicating newly evolving diseases. This study is intended as a resource for future fundamental and clinical investigations.
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Barsain BL, Yadav SK. Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth., an Endangered Himalayan Elixir- Medicinal Importance and Exploration of Biotechnological Approaches in Picroside Production. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083805666190625144322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although the history of P. kurrooa Royle ex Benth., popularly known as “Kutki
or Kadu” dates back to the Vedic era, it has only been about 69 years since research has focussed
on exploring its pharmacological properties. It is a small perennial medicinal herb
that belongs to the Scrophulariaceae family. Found primarily in the north-western alpine
Himalayan region at the altitudes of 3000-4300 meters (amsl), the plant has immense
therapeutic and medicinal properties. Uniquely gifted, the plant holds its reputation in the
modern system of medicine in the treatment of liver disorders. The species has earned an
endangered status lately due to various issues like unawareness on its conservation,
harvesting methods, and cultivation besides others. Therefore, various new scientific
methods are being developed for its propagation and conservation. This article provides an
overview of the therapeutic properties, various mode of propagation as well as the molecular
aspects of P. kurrooa. Also, the metabolic engineering strategies to modulate its secondary
metabolite picrosides are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Lalhal Barsain
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur-176061 (HP), India
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"Picrosides" from Picrorhiza kurroa as potential anti-carcinogenic agents. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1680-1687. [PMID: 30551422 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The steady rise in life expectancy, modern life style and changing environmental conditions are responsible for increasing incidence of cancer. A number of chemical drugs have been used for cancer treatment; however the induction of genotoxic, carcinogenic and teratogenic effects limits their use. Alternatively, plant phytochemicals have been proven effective chemopreventive agents. This review illustrates the use of "picrosides" derived from Picrorhiza kurroa for the treatment of cancer. We have detailed the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory action of picrosides as the key mechanism in reducing oncogenesis. Action of picrosides on detoxifying enzymes, cell cyle regulation and induction of signal transducers inhibiting apoptosis has also been reviewed. The present review highlights the use of picrosides as an important therapeutic agent against different types of cancer.
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Papale M, Ferretti E, Battaglia G, Bellavia D, Mai A, Tafani M. EZH2, HIF-1, and Their Inhibitors: An Overview on Pediatric Cancers. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:328. [PMID: 30510924 PMCID: PMC6254013 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, several discoveries have established the role of epigenetic modifications and cellular microenvironment in tumor growth and progression. One of the main representatives concerning epigenetic modification is the polycomb group (PcG). It is composed of different highly conserved epigenetic effector proteins preserving, through several post-translational modifications of histones, the silenced state of the genes implicated in a wide range of central biological events such as development, stem cell formation, and tumor progression. Proteins of the PcG can be divided in polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs): PRC1 and PRC2. In particular, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the catalytic core subunit of PRC2, acts as an epigenetic silencer of many tumor suppressor genes through the trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3, an essential binding site for DNA methyl transferases and histone deacetylases. A growing number of data suggests that overexpression of EZH2 associates with progression and poor outcome in a large number of cancer cases. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is an important transcription factor involved in modulating cellular response to the microenvironment by promoting and regulating tumor development such as angiogenesis, inflammation, metabolic reprogramming, invasion, and metastatic fate. The HIF complex is represented by different subunits (α and β) acting together and promoting the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hexokinase II (HKII), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), carbonic anhydrase (CA), etc., after binding to the hypoxia-response element (HRE) binding site on the DNA. In this review, we will try to connect these two players by detailing the following: (i) the activity and influence of these two important regulators of cancer progression in particular for what concerns pediatric tumors, (ii) the possible correlation between them, and (iii) the feasibility and efficiency to contrast them using several inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Papale
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Isernia, Italy
| | | | - Diana Bellavia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tafani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Mohammadipanah F, Salimi F. Potential biological targets for bioassay development in drug discovery of Sturge-Weber syndrome. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 91:359-369. [PMID: 28941044 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sturge-Weber Syndrome (SWS) is a neurocutaneous disease with clinical manifestations including ocular (glaucoma), cutaneous (port-wine birthmark), neurologic (seizures), and vascular problems. Molecular mechanisms of SWS pathogenesis are initiated by the somatic mutation in GNAQ. Therefore, no definite treatments exist for SWS and treatment options only mitigate the intensity of its clinical manifestations. Biological assay design for drug discovery against this syndrome demands comprehensive knowledge on mechanisms which are involved in its pathogenesis. By analysis of the interrelated molecular targets of SWS, some in vitro bioassay systems can be allotted for drug screening against its progression. Development of such platforms of bioassay can bring along the implementation of high-throughput screening of natural or synthetic compounds in drug discovery programs. Regarding the fact that study of molecular targets and their integration in biological assay design can facilitate the process of effective drug discovery; some potential biological targets and their respective biological assay for SWS drug discovery are propounded in this review. For this purpose, some biological targets for SWS drug discovery such as acetylcholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase, GABAergic receptors, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1α and 2α are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Salimi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Eskandani M, Vandghanooni S, Barar J, Nazemiyeh H, Omidi Y. Cell physiology regulation by hypoxia inducible factor-1: Targeting oxygen-related nanomachineries of hypoxic cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:46-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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A Picrorhiza kurroa derivative, picroliv, attenuates the development of dextran-sulfate-sodium-induced colitis in mice. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:751629. [PMID: 23125487 PMCID: PMC3480037 DOI: 10.1155/2012/751629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Free radicals and proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Picroliv, a Picrorhiza kurroa derivative, has been demonstrated to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of picroliv on experimental model of UC in mice. Materials and Methods. Picroliv was administrated orally by gavage to mice with colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Disease activity index (DAI), colon length, and histology score were observed. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and SOD, MDA concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while the expression of cytokine mRNAs was studied by real-time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and also ELISA. The expression of NF-κB p65 was observed by immunohistochemistry staining and western blotting. Results. A significant improvement was observed in DAI and histological score in mice treated with picroliv, and incerased MPO activity, MDA concentrations, and the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB p65 in mice with DSS-induced colitis were significantly reduced while decreased SOD level increased following administration of picroliv. Conclusion. The administration of picroliv leads to an amelioration of DSS-induced colitis, suggesting administration of picroliv may provide a therapeutic approach for UC.
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Pandit S, Shitiz K, Sood H, Naik PK, Chauhan RS. Expression pattern of fifteen genes of non-mevalonate (MEP) and mevalonate (MVA) pathways in different tissues of endangered medicinal herb Picrorhiza kurroa with respect to picrosides content. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1053-63. [PMID: 23065284 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Picrorhiza kurroa, has become an endangered medicinal herb due to excessive utilization, therefore it necessitates the understanding of biology and molecular basis of major chemical constituents i.e. Picroside-I (P-I) and Picroside-II (P-II). Estimation of P-I and P-II in different tissues of P. kurroa showed that shoots contain only P-I whereas P-II is present only in roots. Differential conditions with varying concentrations of P-I (0-27 μg/mg) and P-II (0-4 μg/mg) were selected. Four genes of MEP pathway; DXPS, ISPD, ISPE, MECPS and one gene of MVA pathway PMK showed elevated levels of transcripts in shoots (57-166 folds) and stolons (5-15 folds) with P-I contents 0-27 μg/mg and 2.9-19.7 μg/mg, respectively. Further HDS and DXPR genes of MEP pathway showed higher expression ~9-12 folds in roots having P-II (0-4 μg/mg). The expression of ISPH and ISPE was also high ~5 folds in roots accumulating P-II. GDPS was the only gene with high transcript level in roots (9 folds) and shoots (20 folds). Differential biosynthesis and accumulation of picrosides would assist in regulating quality of plant material for herbal drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pandit
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, 173234, HP, India.
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Abstract
Hypoxia plays a central role in tumour development, angiogenesis, growth and resistance to treatment. Owing to constant developments in medical imaging technology, significant advances have been made towards in vitro and in vivo imaging of hypoxia in a variety of tumours, including gliomas of the central nervous system. The aim of this article is to review the literature on imaging approaches currently available for measuring hypoxia in human gliomas and provide an insight into recent advances and future directions in this field. After a brief overview of hypoxia and its importance in gliomas, several methods of measuring hypoxia will be presented. These range from invasive monitoring by Eppendorf polarographic O(2) microelectrodes, positron electron tomography (PET) tracers based on 2-nitroimidazole compounds [(18)F-labelled fluoro-misonidazole ((18)F-MISO) or 1-(2-[((18))F]fluoro-1-[hydroxymethyl]ethoxy)methyl-2-nitroimidazole (FRP-170)], (64)Cu-ATSM Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ATSM) or (99m)Tc- and (68)Ga-labelled metronidazole (MN) agents to advanced MRI methods, such as blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI, oxygen-enhanced MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI-MRI), dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mendichovszky
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Withington, Manchester, UK
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Viljoen A, Mncwangi N, Vermaak I. Anti-inflammatory iridoids of botanical origin. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:2104-27. [PMID: 22414102 PMCID: PMC3873812 DOI: 10.2174/092986712800229005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a manifestation of a wide range of disorders which include; arthritis, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, inflammatory bowel syndrome, physical injury and infection amongst many others. Common treatment modalities are usually nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, paracetamol, indomethacin and ibuprofen as well as corticosteroids such as prednisone. These however, may be associated with a host of side effects due to non-selectivity for cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes involved in inflammation and those with selectivity may be highly priced. Thus, there is a continuing search for safe and effective antiinflammatory molecules from natural sources. Research has confirmed that iridoids exhibit promising anti-inflammatory activity which may be beneficial in the treatment of inflammation. Iridoids are secondary metabolites present in various plants, especially in species belonging to the Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae, Loganiaceae, Rubiaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Verbenaceae families. Many of these ethnobotanicals have an illustrious history of traditional use alluding to their use to treat inflammation. Although iridoids exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities such as cardiovascular, hepatoprotection, hypoglycaemic, antimutagenic, antispasmodic, anti-tumour, antiviral, immunomodulation and purgative effects this review will acutely focus on their anti-inflammatory properties. The paper aims to present a summary for the most prominent iridoid-containing plants for which anti-inflammatory activity has been demonstrated in vitro and / or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Brain tumor hypoxia: tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, imaging, pseudoprogression, and as a therapeutic target. J Neurooncol 2009; 92:317-35. [PMID: 19357959 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-9827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is implicated in many aspects of tumor development, angiogenesis, and growth in many different tumors. Brain tumors, particularly the highly aggressive glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) with its necrotic tissues, are likely affected similarly by hypoxia, although this involvement has not been closely studied. Invasion, apoptosis, chemoresistance, resistance to antiangiogenic therapy, and radiation resistance may all have hypoxic mechanisms. The extent of the influence of hypoxia in these processes makes it an attractive therapeutic target for GBM. Because of their relationship to glioma and meningioma growth and angiogenesis, hypoxia-regulated molecules, including hypoxia inducible factor-1, carbonic anhydrase IX, glucose transporter 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor, may be suitable subjects for therapies. Furthermore, other novel hypoxia-regulated molecules that may play a role in GBM may provide further options. Emerging imaging techniques may allow for improved determination of hypoxia in human brain tumors to better focus therapeutic treatments; however, tumor pseudoprogression, which may be prompted by hypoxia, poses further challenges. An understanding of the role of hypoxia in tumor development and growth is important for physicians involved in the care of patients with brain tumors.
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Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Harikumar KB, Ahn KS, Badmaev V, Aggarwal BB. Modification of cysteine residue in p65 subunit of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) by picroliv suppresses NF-kappaB-regulated gene products and potentiates apoptosis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8861-70. [PMID: 18974130 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Picroliv, an iridoid glycoside derived from the plant Picrorhiza kurroa, is used traditionally to treat fever, asthma, hepatitis, and other inflammatory conditions. However, the exact mechanism of its therapeutic action is still unknown. Because nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation plays a major role in inflammation and carcinogenesis, we postulated that picroliv must interfere with this pathway by inhibiting the activation of NF-kappaB-mediated signal cascade. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that pretreatment with picroliv abrogated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced activation of NF-kappaB. The glycoside also inhibited NF-kappaB activated by carcinogenic and inflammatory agents, such as cigarette smoke condensate, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, okadaic acid, hydrogen peroxide, lipopolysaccharide, and epidermal growth factor. When examined for the mechanism of action, we found that picroliv inhibited activation of IkappaBalpha kinase, leading to inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha. It also inhibited phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65. Further studies revealed that picroliv directly inhibits the binding of p65 to DNA, which was reversed by the treatment with reducing agents, suggesting a role for a cysteine residue in interaction with picroliv. Mutation of Cys(38) in p65 to serine abolished this effect of picroliv. NF-kappaB inhibition by picroliv leads to suppression of NF-kappaB-regulated proteins, including those linked with cell survival (inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, and TNF receptor-associated factor 2), proliferation (cyclin D1 and cyclooxygenase-2), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor), and invasion (intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9). Suppression of these proteins enhanced apoptosis induced by TNF. Overall, our results show that picroliv inhibits the NF-kappaB activation pathway, which may explain its anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Anand
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Nagle DG, Zhou YD. Natural product-based inhibitors of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). Curr Drug Targets 2006; 7:355-69. [PMID: 16515532 PMCID: PMC2908043 DOI: 10.2174/138945006776054979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) regulates the expression of more than 70 genes involved in cellular adaptation and survival under hypoxic stress. Activation of HIF-1 is associated with numerous physiological and pathological processes that include tumorigenesis, vascular remodeling, inflammation, and hypoxia/ischemia-related tissue damage. Clinical studies suggested that HIF-1 activation correlates directly with advanced disease stages and treatment resistance among cancer patients. Preclinical studies support the inhibition of HIF-1 as a major molecular target for antitumor drug discovery. Considerable effort is underway, in government laboratories, industry and academia, to identify therapeutically useful small molecule HIF-1 inhibitors. Natural products (low molecular weight organic compounds produced by plants, microbes, and animals) continue to play a major role in modern antitumor drug discovery. Most of the compounds discovered to inhibit HIF-1 are natural products or synthetic compounds with structures that are based on natural product leads. Natural products have also served a vital role as molecular probes to elucidate the pathways that regulate HIF-1 activity. Natural products and natural product-derived compounds that inhibit HIF-1 are summarized in light of their biological source, chemical class, and effect on HIF-1 and HIF-mediated gene regulation. When known, the mechanism(s) of action of HIF-1 inhibitors are described. Many of the substances found to inhibit HIF-1 are non-druggable compounds that are too cytotoxic to serve as drug leads. The application of high-throughput screening methods, complementary molecular-targeted assays, and structurally diverse chemical libraries hold promise for the discovery of therapeutically useful HIF-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale G. Nagle
- Joint Corresponding Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.: Dale G. Nagle: Tel. (662) 915-7026. Fax: (662) 915-6975. ., Yu-Dong Zhou: Tel: (662) 915-1577. Fax: (662) 915-7062.
| | - Yu-Dong Zhou
- Joint Corresponding Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.: Dale G. Nagle: Tel. (662) 915-7026. Fax: (662) 915-6975. ., Yu-Dong Zhou: Tel: (662) 915-1577. Fax: (662) 915-7062.
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Jensen RL, Ragel BT, Whang K, Gillespie D. Inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) decreases vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and tumor growth in malignant gliomas. J Neurooncol 2006; 78:233-47. [PMID: 16612574 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-005-9103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) regulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the presumed principal mediator of angiogenesis in malignant gliomas, under normal physiologic conditions. We examined the effect of HIF-1alpha on VEGF secretion, tumor growth, and angiogenesis in malignant gliomas. METHODS We examined 175 human gliomas for expression of HIF-1alpha and its downstream-regulated proteins. HIF-1alpha expression and VEGF secretion in glioma cell lines under normoxia and hypoxia were examined using ELISA and Western blot. Malignant glioma cell lines were transfected with dominant-negative HIF-1alpha (DN-HIF-1alpha) expression vector or siRNA constructs against the HIF-1alpha gene. Growth studies were conducted on cells with the highest VEGF/HIF-1alpha inhibition isolated from stable transfected cell lines. MIB-1-labeling index and microvascular density (MVD) measurements were performed on the in vivo tumors. RESULTS HIF-1 expression correlates with malignant glioma phenotype and was not confined to perinecrotic, pseudopalisading cells. VEGF and HIF-1 expression was high in glioma cell lines even under normoxia, and increased after exposure to hypoxia or growth factor stimulation. Cells transfected with DN-HIF-1alpha or HIF-1alpha siRNA demonstrated decreased HIF-1alpha and VEGF secretion. In vivo but not in vitro growth decreased in response to VEGF and HIF-1 inhibition. HIF-1 siRNA studies showed decreased VEGF secretion and in vitro and in vivo growth of glioma cell lines. MVD was unchanged but MIB-1 proliferation index decreased for both types of HIF-1 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS VEGF and HIF-1alpha are elevated in malignant gliomas. HIF-1alpha inhibition results in VEGF secretion inhibition. HIF-1alpha expression affects glioma tumor growth, suggesting clinical applications for malignant glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy L Jensen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132-2303, USA.
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Jensen RL. Hypoxia in the tumorigenesis of gliomas and as a potential target for therapeutic measures. Neurosurg Focus 2006; 20:E24. [PMID: 16709030 DOI: 10.3171/foc.2006.20.4.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
✓ In this article, the author provides a brief description of the role of hypoxia in the tumorigenesis of gliomas and suggests potential ways of exploiting this role to design treatment modalities. Tumor hypoxia predicts the likelihood of metastases, tumor recurrence, resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, invasive potential, and decreased patient survival for many human malignancies. Various methods of measurement of tumor hypoxia are discussed, including direct measurement and imaging methods.
The role of hypoxia-responsive molecules, especially hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), in glioma tumorigenesis is explored. Treatment modalities regulated by hypoxia are proposed and some potential strategies reviewed. The progression of a low-grade astrocytoma to a glioblastoma multiforme may be mediated by hypoxia-induced phenotypic changes and subsequent clonal selection of cells that overexpress hypoxia-responsive molecules, such as HIF-1. In this model, intratumoral hypoxia causes genetic changes that produce a microenvironment that selects for cells of a more aggressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy L Jensen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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Pharmacological activities of iridoids biosynthesized by route II. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART L) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rajeshkumar NV, Kuttan R. Modulation of carcinogenic response and antioxidant enzymes of rats administered with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by Picroliv. Cancer Lett 2003; 191:137-43. [PMID: 12618326 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Picroliv treatment on the carcinogenic response and, hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes of rats administered with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine hydrochloride (DMH) was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. DMH-induced hepatic carcinogenic response and necrosis were inhibited by oral administration of Picroliv (40 and 200 mg/kg). Liver gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, which was elevated to 0.41 +/- 0.06 nmol/mg protein by DMH administration was found to be reduced to 0.22 +/- 0.04 and 0.18 +/- 0.03 nmol/mg protein by Picroliv treatment 40 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Elevated number of Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region dots and clusters, an index of proliferation, of DMH treated rat liver was reduced by Picroliv treatment. DMH-induced depletion of hepatic and renal antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase levels were restored to normal by Picroliv treatment. Picroliv treatment reduced the DMH-induced elevation of lipidperoxidation in liver, kidney and serum. Elevated levels of serum total bilirubin by DMH administration was reduced by Picroliv treatment. Depleted renal glutathione S-transferase and hepatic glutathione levels after DMH administered rats were found to be significantly increased by Picroliv treatment. Histological analysis of the DMH administered rat liver showed hepatic cell necrosis, coalescent nodular areas and cystic hyperplasia of the bile ducts with inflammation. Picroliv treated liver resembled normal liver except the presence of a few degenerating cells. Renal anatomy was not altered by DMH administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Rajeshkumar
- Amala Cancer Research Centre, Thrissur, Kerala 680 553, India
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Seth P, Sundar SV, Seth RK, Sidhu GS, Sharma SC, Kulshreshtha DK, Maheshwari RK. Picroliv modulates antioxidant status and down-regulates AP1 transcription factor after hemorrhage and resuscitation. Shock 2003; 19:169-75. [PMID: 12578127 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200302000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock initiates profound changes in the liver that are likely to contribute to end organ damage and resultant dysfunction after shock. Extensive research in this area has indicated the potential of free radical scavenging strategy for better management of the pathophysiology following hemorrhage-resuscitation (H/R) injury. We studied the effect of a novel pharmacological agent, picroliv, on hepatocellular injury and redox status, as well as its possible mechanism of action in a H/R model in adult rats. Anesthetized rats were subjected to hemorrhagic shock by bleeding 30 mL/kg body weight. After 60 min of shock, rats were resuscitated with twice the shed blood volume of lactated Ringer's solution and were sacrificed 2 h after resuscitation. We observed that picroliv (12 mg/kg) pretreatment, given orally for 7 days, resulted in a significant decrease in serum aspartate transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels. Picroliv also inhibited the lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide release that occurred after H/R and altered the activity of glutathione reductase in a favorable manner, thereby suggesting better antioxidant status. Picroliv significantly down-regulated the stress-sensitive transcription factor AP1 and decreased the level of c-fos mRNA as well as c-jun and c-fos proteins in liver tissue, indicating that its actions could be mediated through AP1 and associated signal transduction pathways. These findings suggest that picroliv has the potential to be developed as a protective agent against H/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Seth
- Center for Combat Casualty Care and Life Sustainment Research, Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA
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Zhang YW, Yao XS, Murota S, Morita I. Inhibitory effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on the hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced tyrosine kinase activation in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2002; 67:253-61. [PMID: 12401440 DOI: 10.1054/plef.2002.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) inhibited the abnormal gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) via suppressing tyrosine kinase (TK) activation (Zhang et al., Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 1999; 61: 33-40). However, the mechanisms by which EPA-inhibited TK activation remained unidentified. In this study we investigated whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) and growth factor-receptor systems would contribute to the H/R-induced TK activation or not. The results showed that H/R-induced ROS production, which reached the peak after 30 min of reoxygenation. Pretreatment with 10 microM EPA significantly inhibited this ROS production. However, the TK inhibitor genistein (10 microM) failed to inhibit the generation of ROS, although it completely inhibited TK activation. On the other hand, the ROS inhibitor DMSO (0.5% v/v) showed little effect on TK activation while it significantly blocked ROS production. Further EPA and genistein, but not DMSO and superoxide dismutase (SOD, 300 U/ml), prevented cells from GJIC injury induced by H/R. Moreover, EPA protected against VEGF-induced reduction in GJIC and phosphorylation of connexin 43. These data suggest that growth factor, but not ROS, might be involved in the EPA-inhibited TK activation induced by H/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y W Zhang
- Section of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Fujita Y, Mimata H, Nasu N, Nomura T, Nomura Y, Nakagawa M. Involvement of adrenomedullin induced by hypoxia in angiogenesis in human renal cell carcinoma. Int J Urol 2002; 9:285-95. [PMID: 12110091 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-2042.2002.00469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenomedullin (AM) has pluripotent activities and is involved in the regulation of vasomotor tone, cell differentiation and embryogenesis. However, the expression and pathophysiological role of AM has not been determined in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS Twenty-six RCC specimens and three cultured human RCC cell lines (A498, SN12C and KPK-13) were analyzed. Expression of AM was determined by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The correlation between AM expression and microvessel count (MVC) in RCC specimens was examined to determine if AM plays a role in tumor angiogenesis. The correlation between the expression of AM and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was also investigated. Lastly, the effect of hypoxia upon the mRNA expression of AM, VEGF and hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) by RCC cell lines was determined. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry indicated that AM and VEGF were primarily localized in the cytosol of RCC cells. AM and VEGF mRNA were detected in all RCC specimens and cultured RCC cell lines analyzed by RT-PCR. There was a positive correlation between AM mRNA expression and MVC (r = 0.516, P = 0.0062), and between VEGF mRNA expression and MVC (r = 0.485, P = 0.0111). We also observed a positive correlation between AM mRNA expression and VEGF mRNA expression (r = 0.552, P = 0.0029). Hypoxia significantly induced AM and VEGF mRNA expression, although the increase of the AM mRNA level (10.6-26.7 fold) was markedly greater than that of the VEGF mRNA level (1.5-1.9 fold). CONCLUSION These results suggest that hypoxia-induced AM plays a part in tumor angiogenesis in conjunction with VEGF and facilitates human RCC growth under hypoxic conditions.
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Seth P, Kumari R, Madhavan S, Singh AK, Mani H, Banaudha KK, Sharma SC, Kulshreshtha DK, Maheshwari RK. Prevention of renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury in rats by picroliv. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:1315-22. [PMID: 10736432 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Picroliv is a potent antioxidant extracted from the roots and rhizome of Picrorhiza kurrooa. It has been shown to impart significant hepatoprotective activities, partly by modulation of free radical-induced lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species are associated with tissue injury in post-ischemic acute renal failure. The efficacy of picroliv was assessed in an in vivo model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats at a dose of 12 mg/kg orally for 7 days. The animals were killed at various times after reperfusion. Increased lipid peroxidation and apoptotic cell number reflected the oxidative damage following renal IRI. Picroliv-pretreated rats exhibited lower lipid peroxidation, improved antioxidant status, and reduced apoptosis, indicating better viability of renal cells. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that picroliv pretreatment attenuated the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the glomerular region. These results suggested that picroliv pretreatment protects rat kidneys from IRI, perhaps by modulation of free radical damage and adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Seth
- Center for Combat Casualty Care and Life Sustainment Research, Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Singh AK, Mani H, Seth P, Gaddipati JP, Kumari R, Banuadha KK, Sharma SC, Kulshreshtha DK, Maheshwari RK. Picroliv preconditioning protects the rat liver against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 395:229-39. [PMID: 10812054 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell death following ischemia-reperfusion injury is a major concern in clinical issues such as organ transplantation and trauma. The need to identify agents with a potential for preventing such damage has assumed great importance. We have evaluated the efficacy of picroliv, a potent antioxidant derived from the plant Picrorhiza kurrooa, in protecting against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo. Picroliv was fed to male Sprague Dawley rats in a dose of 12 mg/kg once daily by oral gavage for 7 days prior to hepatic ischemia. Ischemia was induced by occluding the hepatic pedicel with a microaneurysm clip for 30 min and reperfusion was allowed thereafter for varying period (15-120 min) by releasing the microaneurysm clip. Picroliv pretreatment resulted in better hepatocyte glycogen preservation and reduced apoptosis. Reduction in apoptosis was associated with decreased mRNA expression of caspase-3 and Fas. Oxidant induced cellular damage as measured by tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels was significantly less following picroliv pretreatment. Both a reduction in neutrophil infiltration and an increased level of intracellular antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase possibly contributed to the reduction in tissue lipid peroxidation. Tissue inflammatory cytokines level of interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was also lower in picroliv group. Furthermore, picroliv pretreatment resulted in enhanced proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity. These studies strongly suggest picroliv to be a promising agent for ameliorating injury following ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Singh
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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