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Chen C, Li J, Chen Y, Gao Q, Li N, Le S. The correlation of asparaginase enzyme activity levels after PEG-asparaginase administration with clinical characteristics and adverse effects in Chinese paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2024; 205:624-633. [PMID: 38934331 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Studies on asparaginase enzyme activity (AEA) monitoring in Chinese patients receiving PEG-asparaginase remain limited. We monitored AEA in paediatric patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and treated according to the Chinese Children's Cancer Group study protocols, CCCG-ALL-2015/CCCG-ALL-2020 protocols. We measured the AEA at days 7 ± 1 and 14 ± 1 and analysed their association with patient characteristics and PEG-asparaginase-related adverse effects (AEs). We measured 2147 samples from 329 patients. Mean AEA levels (interquartile range) were 931 iu/L (654-1174 iu/L) at day 7 ± 1 and 664 iu/L (463-860 iu/L) at day 14 ± 1. The AEA levels were higher in younger children and increased with the cumulative dose numbers. PEG-asparaginase inactivation rate was 19.1%, and the silent inactivation (SI) rate was 12.5%. Nine patients were identified with allergic-like reactions. Hypofibrinogenaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, pancreatitis and thrombosis were associated with older age, whereas hypoglycaemia was associated with younger age. The risk of hypertriglyceridaemia and hypoglycaemia increased with cumulative dose numbers of PEG-asparaginase. Except for hypofibrinogenaemia, elevated AEA levels did not increase the risk of PEG-asparaginase-related AEs. Drug monitoring can be utilized as guidance for treatment decision-making. Individualizing asparaginase doses do not reduce toxicities. The treatment target of PEG-asparaginase remains to achieve sustained and adequate activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Chen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Fujian Medical University, Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Fujian Medical University, Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yiqiao Chen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Fujian Medical University, Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qinli Gao
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Fujian Medical University, Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nainong Li
- Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Le
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Fujian Medical University, Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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2
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Brigitha LJ, Mondelaers V, Liu Y, Albertsen BK, Zalewska-Szewczyk B, Rizzari C, Kotecha RS, Pieters R, Huitema ADR, van der Sluis IM. Pharmacokinetics of PEGasparaginase in Infants with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Pharm Res 2024; 41:711-720. [PMID: 38538970 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PEGasparaginase is known to be a critical drug for treating pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), however, there is insufficient evidence to determine the optimal dose for infants who are less than one year of age at diagnosis. This international study was conducted to identify the pharmacokinetics of PEGasparaginase in infants with newly diagnosed ALL and gather insight into the clearance and dosing of this population. METHODS Infants with ALL who received treatment with PEGasparaginase were included in our population pharmacokinetic assessment employing non-linear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM). RESULTS 68 infants with ALL, with a total of 388 asparaginase activity samples, were included. PEGasparaginase doses ranging from 400 to 3,663 IU/m2 were administered either intravenously or intramuscularly. A one-compartment model with time-dependent clearance, modeled using a transit model, provided the best fit to the data. Body weight was significantly correlated with clearance and volume of distribution. The final model estimated a half-life of 11.7 days just after administration, which decreased to 1.8 days 14 days after administration. Clearance was 19.5% lower during the post-induction treatment phase compared to induction. CONCLUSION The pharmacokinetics of PEGasparaginase in infants diagnosed under one year of age with ALL is comparable to that of older children (1-18 years). We recommend a PEGasparaginase dosing at 1,500 IU/m2 for infants without dose adaptations according to age, and implementing therapeutic drug monitoring as standard practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiah J Brigitha
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Veerle Mondelaers
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Birgitte K Albertsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Beata Zalewska-Szewczyk
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Oncology & Hematology, 91-738, Lodz, Poland
| | - Carmelo Rizzari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1, Milano, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo Dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, Monza, Italy
| | - Rishi S Kotecha
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
- Leukaemia Translational Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Inge M van der Sluis
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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Dastmalchi M, Alizadeh M, Jamshidi-Kandjan O, Rezazadeh H, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M, Farajollahi MM, Dastmalchi S. Expression and Biological Evaluation of an Engineered Recombinant L-asparaginase Designed by In Silico Method Based on Sequence of the Enzyme from Escherichia coli. Adv Pharm Bull 2023; 13:827-836. [PMID: 38022803 PMCID: PMC10676546 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2023.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Medical usage of L-asparaginase (ASNase), the first-line of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment, is linked to allergic responses and toxicities, which necessitates the development of new bio-better ASNases. The aim of the current study was in silico design of a novel ASNase with predicted improved enzymatic properties using strategies encompassing sequence-function analysis of known ASNase mutants. Additionally, current study aimed to show that the new enzyme is active. Methods Based on 21 experimentally reported mutations for ASNase, a virtual library of mutated enzymes with all 7546 possible combinations of up to 4 mutations was generated. Three-dimensional models of proposed mutant enzymes were built and their in silico stabilities were calculated. The most promising mutant was selected for preparing a genetic construct suitable for expression of the designed ASNase in bacterial cells. Results Computational study predicted that Y176F/S241C double mutation of Escherichia coli ASNase may increase its folding stability. The designed ASNase was expressed in two different E. coli strains (Origami B(DE3) and BL21(DE3)pLysS) and then the soluble fractions prepared from the cell lysates of the host cells were used in enzyme activity assay. Results showed that enzyme activity of soluble fraction from Origami (95.4 ± 7.5 IU/0.1 mL) was four times higher than that of soluble fraction from pLysS (25.8 ± 2.5 IU/0.1 mL). Conclusion A novel functional double mutant ASNase with predicted improved enzymatic properties was designed and produced in E. coli. The results of the current study suggest a great commercial potential for the identified enzyme in pharmaceutical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahrokh Dastmalchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Alizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Jamshidi-Kandjan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Rezazadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Farajollahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, POBOX:99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Mersin 10, Turkey
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Tong WH, Rizzari C. Back to the future: the amazing journey of the therapeutic anti-leukemia enzyme asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi. Haematologica 2023; 108:2606-2615. [PMID: 37470157 PMCID: PMC10542841 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.282324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
For several decades, asparaginase has been considered world-wide as an essential component of combination chemotherapy for the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Discovered over 60 years ago, two main unmanipulated asparaginase products originated from primary bacteria sources, namely Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi, have been available for clinical use. A pegylated product of the Escherichia coli asparaginase was subsequently developed and is now the main product used by several international co-operative groups. The various asparaginase products all display the same mechanism of action (hydrolysis of circulating asparagine) and are associated with similar efficacy and toxicity patterns. However, their different pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and immunological properties require distinctive modalities of application and monitoring. Erwinia chrysanthemi asparaginase was initially used as a first-line product, but subsequently became a preferred second-line product for children who experienced immunological reactions to the Escherichia coli asparaginase products. An asparaginase product displaying the same characteristics of the Erwinia chrysanthemi asparaginase has recently been produced by use of recombinant technology, thus securing a preparation available for use as an alternative, or as a back-up in case of shortages, for the non-recombinant product. The long journey of the Erwinia chrysanthemi asparaginase product as it has developed throughout the last several decades has made it possible for almost every child and adult with ALL to complete the asparaginase-based protocol treatment when an immunological reaction has occurred to any Escherichia coli asparaginase product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing H Tong
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care (PHEG), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Argos Zorggroep "DrieMaasStede", Center for Specialized Geriatric Care, Schiedam.
| | - Carmelo Rizzari
- Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca
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Comparative structural and kinetic study for development of a novel candidate L-asparaginase based pharmaceutical. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Brigitha LJ, Pieters R, Struys EA, Bakkali A, van der Sluis IM. Depletion of d- and l-asparagine in cerebrospinal fluid in acute lymphoblastic leukemia during PEGasparaginase therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29865. [PMID: 35880973 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND l-Asparaginase hydrolyzes l-asparagine and not its enantiomer d-asparagine. Unlike l-asparagine, d-asparagine is nonessential for the survival of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Studies showed that serum asparagine is depleted below 0.5 μM in ≥96% of the patients during pegylated Escherichia coli l-asparaginase (PEGasparaginase) treatment; however, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) asparagine levels are depleted in only 20%-30% of the patients. Thus far, studies only reported the total CSF asparagine (sum of d- and l-asparagine) concentrations. Data on the pharmacological goal, which is l-asparagine depletion, are lacking. METHOD Therefore, we studied this in 30 patients (95 samples) with newly diagnosed ALL. They received two doses of PEGasparaginase on day 4 and 18 in induction. RESULTS Median age at diagnosis was 5.7 years (range 1.5-17.1 years). d-Asparagine and l-asparagine concentrations (median (range)) before PEGasparaginase treatment were 0.038 (0.0-0.103) μM and 6.1 (1.82-11.5) μM, respectively. CSF l-asparagine concentrations were reduced by 85% (76%-100%) and approximately one-third of the patients (32%) had CSF l-asparagine depletion below 0.5 μM 11 days after the second PEGasparaginase dose administration. CSF d-asparagine and l-glutamine levels remained stable before and after administration of PEGasparaginase. The percentage of d-asparagine as a fraction of total asparagine (sum of d- and l-asparagine) was 0.62% before and 4.5% after PEGasparaginase treatment. No correlation was found between higher serum PEGasparaginase activity and CSF l-asparagine concentration. CONCLUSION l-Asparagine is not a better parameter than total asparagine in CSF due to the negligible amount of d-asparagine in the CSF before and after PEGasparaginase treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiah J Brigitha
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard A Struys
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abdellatif Bakkali
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Johnson S, Dhamne C, Sankaran H, Gandhi KA, Rane P, Moulik NR, Jadhav SM, Gurjar M, Narula G, Banavali S, Gota V. A prospective, open-label, randomised, parallel design study of 4 generic formulations of intramuscular L-asparaginase in childhood precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 90:445-453. [PMID: 36251032 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS L-asparaginase is an essential medicine for childhood ALL. The quality of generic L-asparaginase available in India is a matter of concern. We compared four commonly used generic formulations of L-asparaginase in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a prospective, open-label, randomised trial of four generic formulations of asparaginase for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed intermediate-risk B-ALL. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive generic asparaginase at a dose of at 10,000 IU/m 2 on days 9, 12, 15, and 18 of a 35-day cycle (Induction treatment). The primary end points were to determine the difference in the asparaginase activity and asparagine depletion. Historical patients who received L-asparaginase Medac (innovator) served as controls. RESULTS A total of 48 patients underwent randomization; 12 patients each in the four arms. Failure to achieve predefined activity threshold of 100 IU/L was observed in 9/40 samples of Generic A (22·5%), 23/40 of Generic B (57·5%), and 43/44 (98%) each of Generic C and D. All 27 samples from seven historical patients who were administered Medac had activity > 100 IU/L. The average activity was significantly higher for Genericm A, 154 (70·3, 285·4) IU/L followed by Generic B 84·5(44·2, 289·1) IU/L, Generic C 45(14·4, 58·4) IU/L, and Generic D 20·4(13, 35) IU/L. Only 6 patients had asparaginase activity > 100 IU/L on each of the four occasions (Generic A = 5; Generic B = 1), and none of them developed Anti-Asparaginase Antibodies (AAA). On the other hand, AAA was observed in 12/36 patients who had at least one level < 100 IU/L (P < 0·05): Generic A 3/5, Generic B = 3/9, Generic D (4/11), and Generic C (5/11). CONCLUSION Generic A and B had better trough asparaginase activity compared to Generic D and C. Overall, generic formulations had lower asparaginase activity which raises serious clinical concerns regarding their quality. Until strict regulatory enforcement improves the quality of these generics, dose adaptive approaches coupled with therapeutic drug monitoring need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suja Johnson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Chetan Dhamne
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Hari Sankaran
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Khushboo A Gandhi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Pallavi Rane
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Nirmaly Roy Moulik
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Shraddha Mahesh Jadhav
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Murari Gurjar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India
| | - Gaurav Narula
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Shripad Banavali
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Vikram Gota
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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van der Sluis IM, Bertrand Y, Baruchel A, Pieters R. Is asparaginase encapsulated in erythrocytes effective as second-line treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia? Br J Haematol 2022; 198:e82-e83. [PMID: 35857756 PMCID: PMC9544388 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yves Bertrand
- Insitute d'Hématology et d'Oncologie Pediatric (IHOPE), Pediatric Hematology and Immunology, Lyon, France
| | - André Baruchel
- Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré (APHP), Hemato-Immunology/Pediatric Hemato-immunology, Paris, France
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Feenstra LR, Gehring R, van Geijswijk IM, König T, Prinsen HCMT, Vandemeulebroecke K, Lammens T, Krupa A, Teske E. Evaluation of PEG-L-asparaginase in asparagine suppression and anti-drug antibody development in healthy Beagle dogs: A multi-phase preclinical study. Vet J 2022; 286:105854. [PMID: 35781075 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginase is a frequently used drug in the treatment of canine malignant lymphoma. Since production and availability of native E. coli-derived L-asparaginase are limited, PEG-L-asparaginase (PEG-ASP) is an alternative. However, recommended doses and dosing intervals are mainly empirically determined. A multi-phase clinical dose-finding study with seven healthy Beagle dogs was conducted to find the minimum effective dose and, potentially, a dosing interval for PEG-ASP in dogs. Plasma concentrations of amino acids and PEG-ASP activity were measured at various time points after administration of different doses of PEG-ASP. Anti-PEG and anti-asparaginase antibody titres were measured. Administration of 10 IU/kg PEG-ASP resulted in asparagine depletion in all dogs, albeit for various durations: for 9 days in all dogs, 15 days in five dogs, 21 days in three dogs and 29 days in one dog. Asparagine suppression occurred at PEG-ASP plasma concentrations < 25 IU/L. Subsequent administrations of a second and third dose of 20 IU/kg and 40 IU/kg PEG-ASP resulted in asparagine suppression at < 9 days in five dogs, accompanied by the development of antibodies against PEG and L-asparaginase. Two dogs with prolonged asparagine suppression after the second and third administration did not develop antibodies. Marked individual variation in the mechanism and duration of response to PEG-ASP was noted. Antibody formation against PEG-ASP was frequently observed and sometimes occurred after one injection. This study suggests that PEG-ASP doses as high as the currently used dose of 40 IU/kg might not be needed in treatment of canine malignant lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Feenstra
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - R Gehring
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - I M van Geijswijk
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - T König
- Diagnostics Development Department, medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany
| | - H C M T Prinsen
- Department of Genetics, section Metabolic Diagnostics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K Vandemeulebroecke
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - T Lammens
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Krupa
- AniCura Veterinary Hospital Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, Terneuzen, the Netherlands
| | - E Teske
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Maese L, Rau RE. Current Use of Asparaginase in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoblastic Lymphoma. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:902117. [PMID: 35844739 PMCID: PMC9279693 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.902117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) cure rates have improved exponentially over the past five decades with now over 90% of children achieving long-term survival. A direct contributor to this remarkable feat is the development and expanded understanding of combination chemotherapy. Asparaginase is the most recent addition to the ALL chemotherapy backbone and has now become a hallmark of therapy. It is generally accepted that the therapeutic effects of asparaginase is due to depletion of the essential amino acid asparagine, thus occupying a unique space within the therapeutic landscape of ALL. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling have allowed a detailed and accessible insight into the biochemical effects of asparaginase resulting in regular clinical use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Asparaginase's derivation from bacteria, and in some cases conjugation with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety, have contributed to a unique toxicity profile with hypersensitivity reactions being the most salient. Hypersensitivity, along with several other toxicities, has limited the use of asparaginase in some populations of ALL patients. Both TDM and toxicities have contributed to the variety of approaches to the incorporation of asparaginase into the treatment of ALL. Regardless of the approach to asparagine depletion, it has continually demonstrated to be among the most important components of ALL therapy. Despite regular use over the past 50 years, and its incorporation into the standard of care treatment for ALL, there remains much yet to be discovered and ample room for improvement within the utilization of asparaginase therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Maese
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Rachel E. Rau
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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Khairullah A, Alexander TB, Wang K, Kaplan JB. Successful Erwinia asparaginase one-bag rapid desensitization process in a pediatric patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29632. [PMID: 35234336 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanie Khairullah
- Department of Pharmacy, UNC Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas B Alexander
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen Wang
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Van Trimpont M, Peeters E, De Visser Y, Schalk AM, Mondelaers V, De Moerloose B, Lavie A, Lammens T, Goossens S, Van Vlierberghe P. Novel Insights on the Use of L-Asparaginase as an Efficient and Safe Anti-Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040902. [PMID: 35205650 PMCID: PMC8870365 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) therapy is key for achieving the very high cure rate of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), yet its use is mostly confined to this indication. One main reason preventing the expansion of today’s FDA-approved L-ASNases to solid cancers is their high toxicity and side effects, which become especially challenging in adult patients. The design of optimized L-ASNase molecules provides opportunities to overcome these unwanted toxicities. An additional challenge to broader application of L-ASNases is how cells can counter the pharmacological effect of this drug and the identification of L-ASNases resistance mechanisms. In this review, we discuss recent insights into L-ASNase adverse effects, resistance mechanisms, and how novel L-ASNase variants and drug combinations can expand its clinical applicability, with a focus on both hematological and solid tumors. Abstract L-Asparaginase (L-ASNase) is an enzyme that hydrolyses the amino acid asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia. Systemic administration of bacterial L-ASNase is successfully used to lower the bioavailability of this non-essential amino acid and to eradicate rapidly proliferating cancer cells with a high demand for exogenous asparagine. Currently, it is a cornerstone drug in the treatment of the most common pediatric cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Since these lymphoblasts lack the expression of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), these cells depend on the uptake of extracellular asparagine for survival. Interestingly, recent reports have illustrated that L-ASNase may also have clinical potential for the treatment of other aggressive subtypes of hematological or solid cancers. However, immunogenic and other severe adverse side effects limit optimal clinical use and often lead to treatment discontinuation. The design of optimized and novel L-ASNase formulations provides opportunities to overcome these limitations. In addition, identification of multiple L-ASNase resistance mechanisms, including ASNS promoter reactivation and desensitization, has fueled research into promising novel drug combinations to overcome chemoresistance. In this review, we discuss recent insights into L-ASNase adverse effects, resistance both in hematological and solid tumors, and how novel L-ASNase variants and drug combinations can expand its clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Van Trimpont
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Peeters
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yanti De Visser
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amanda M. Schalk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.L.)
| | - Veerle Mondelaers
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Barbara De Moerloose
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arnon Lavie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.L.)
- The Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Tim Lammens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Goossens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.V.T.); (E.P.); (Y.D.V.); (B.D.M.); (T.L.); (S.G.)
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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13
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Sindhu R, Manonmani HK. L-asparaginase mediated therapy in L-asparagine auxotrophic cancers: A review. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:2393-2410. [PMID: 34994334 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220106103336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial L-asparaginase is the most effective first-line therapeutic used in the treatment protocols of paediatric and adult leukemia. Leukemic cell's auxotrophy for L-asparagine is exploited as a therapeutic strategy to mediate cell death through metabolic blockade of L-asparagine using L-asparaginase. Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi serve as the major enzyme deriving sources accepted in clinical practise and the enzyme has bestowed improvements in patient outcomes over the last 40 years. However, an array of side effects generated by the native enzymes due to glutamine co-catalysis and short serum stays augmenting frequent dosages, intended a therapeutic switch towards the development of biobetter alternatives for the enzyme including the formulations resulting in sustained local depletion of L-asparagine. In addition, the treatment with L-asparaginase in few cancer types has proven to elicit drug-induced cytoprotective autophagy mechanisms and therefore warrants concern. Although the off-target glutamine hydrolysis has been viewed in contributing the drug-induced secondary responses in cells deficient with asparagine synthetase machinery, the beneficial role of glutaminase-asparaginase in proliferative regulation of asparagine prototrophic cells has been looked forward. The current review provides an overview on the enzyme's clinical applications in leukemia and possible therapeutic implications in other solid tumours, recent advancements in drug formulations, and discusses the aspects of two-sided roles of glutaminase-asparaginases and drug-induced cytoprotective autophagy mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu R
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, JSS-AHER, Mysuru-570015, Karnataka, India
| | - H K Manonmani
- Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru-570020, Karnataka, India
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14
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Tong WH. Comment on "Comparison of hypersensitivity rates to intravenous and intramuscular PEGasparaginase in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A meta-analysis and systematic review". Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29250. [PMID: 34288392 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing H Tong
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care (PHEG), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Argos Zorggroep "DrieMaasStede,", Center for Specialized Geriatric Care, Schiedam, The Netherlands
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15
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Brigitha LJ, Pieters R, van der Sluis IM. How much asparaginase is needed for optimal outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia? A systematic review. Eur J Cancer 2021; 157:238-249. [PMID: 34536947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on asparaginase, a key component of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) treatment since the 1970s. This review evaluates how much asparaginase is needed for optimal outcome in childhood ALL. We provide an overview of asparaginase dose intensity, i.e. duration of total cumulative exposure in weeks and level of exposure reflected by dose and/or asparaginase activity level, and the corresponding outcome. We systematically searched papers published between January 1990 and March 2021 in the PubMed and MEDLINE databases and included 20 papers. The level and duration of exposure were based on the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug and the assumption that trough asparaginase activity levels of ≥100 IU/L should be achieved for complete l-asparagine depletion. The statistical meta-analysis of outcomes was not performed because different outcome measures were used. The level of exposure was not associated with the outcome as long as therapeutic asparaginase activity levels of ≥100 IU/L were reached. Conflicting results were found in the randomised controlled trials, but all truncation studies showed that the duration of exposure (expressed as weeks of l-asparagine depletion) does affect the outcome; however, no clear cutoff for optimal exposure duration was determined. Optimal exposure duration will also depend on immunophenotype, (cyto)genetic subgroups, risk group stratification and backbone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiah J Brigitha
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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16
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Modi T, Gervais D. Improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of a novel PEGylated native Erwinia chrysanthemi L-Asparaginase. Invest New Drugs 2021; 40:21-29. [PMID: 34468906 PMCID: PMC8763762 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-021-01173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Erwinase® (native Erwinia chrysanthemi L-Asparaginase (nErA)) is an approved second-line treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in children and adolescents, who develop hypersensitivity or neutralising antibodies to E.coli derived L-Asparaginases (ASNases). However, nErA has a short in vivo half-life requiring frequent dosing schedules in patients. In this study, nErA was covalently conjugated to PEG molecules with the aim of extending its half-life in vivo. Methods. Firstly, efficacy of this novel product PEG-nErA was investigated on human ALL cell lines (Jurkat, CCRF-CEM and CCRF-HSB2), in vitro. Secondly, its pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics were determined, in vivo (12 rats in each group). Results. It was found that the specific activity (U/mg of enzyme) and the kinetic constant (KM) of nErA remained unaltered post PEGylation. PEG-nErA was shown to have similar cytotoxicity to nErA (IC50: 0.06–0.17 U/mL) on human ALL cell lines, in vitro. Further, when compared to nErA, PEG-nErA showed a significantly improved half-life in vivo, which meant that L-Asparagine (Asn) levels in plasma remained depleted for up to 25 days with a four-fold lower dose (100 U/kg) compared with 72 h for nErA at 400 U/kg dose. Conclusion. Overall, this next generation product PEG-nErA (with improved PK and PD characteristics compared to nErA) would bring a significant advantage to the therapeutic needs of ALL patients and should be further explored in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapasvi Modi
- Porton Biopharma Limited, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK.
| | - David Gervais
- Porton Biopharma Limited, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JG, UK
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17
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Ashok A, Kumar DS. Laboratory scale bioreactor studies on the production of l-asparaginase using Rhizopus microsporus IBBL-2 and Trichosporon asahii IBBLA1. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Ramon J, Gonçalves V, Alvarenga A, Saez V, Nele M, Alves T. Integrated Lab-Scale Process Combining Purification and PEGylation of l-Asparaginase from Zymomonas mobilis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ramon
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Gonçalves
- PEQ/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Aline Alvarenga
- PEQ/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Vivian Saez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Marcio Nele
- PEQ/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Tito Alves
- PEQ/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
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19
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Kloos RQ, Mathôt R, Pieters R, van der Sluis IM. Individualized dosing guidelines for PEGasparaginase and factors influencing the clearance: a population pharmacokinetic model. Haematologica 2021; 106:1254-1261. [PMID: 32327497 PMCID: PMC8094082 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.242289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable inter- and intra-patient variability exist in serum activity levels of PEGasparaginase, essential for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment. A population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model was developed, identifying patient characteristics explaining these variabilities. Patients (n=92) were treated according to the DCOG ALL-11 protocol, using therapeutic drug monitoring to individualize the PEGasparaginase doses. Non-linear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM) was used to analyze the popPK evaluating several covariates. The final model was validated using an independent database (n=28). Guidelines for starting doses and dose adjustments were developed. A one-compartment model with time-dependent clearance adequately described the popPK. Normalization of clearance and volume of distribution by body surface are (BSA) reduced inter-individual variability. Clearance was 0.084 L/day/m2 for 12.7 days, increasing with 0.082 L/day/m2/day thereafter. Clearance was 38% higher during an infection, and 11-19% higher during induction treatment than intensification and maintenance (p<0.001). Targeting an asparaginase activity level of 100 IU/L, a loading dose of 800 IU/m2 (induction) and 600 IU/m2 (intensification) is advised. In conclusion, variability of PEGasparaginase activity levels can be explained by BSA, treatment phase and the occurrence of an infection. With this popPK model, PEGasparaginase treatment can be individualized further, taking into account these covariates and the dosing guidelines provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Q.H. Kloos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Sophia Children’s Hospital – Erasmus MC, Rotterdam
| | - Ron Mathôt
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inge M. van der Sluis
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Sophia Children’s Hospital – Erasmus MC, Rotterdam
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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20
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Panetta JC, Liu Y, Swanson HD, Karol SE, Pui CH, Inaba H, Jeha S, Relling MV. Higher plasma asparaginase activity after intramuscular than intravenous Erwinia asparaginase. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28244. [PMID: 32323890 PMCID: PMC7253324 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear if dosing intervals for Erwinase can be extended with intramuscular (i.m.) versus intravenous (i.v.) dosing. Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia received Erwinase at 30 000-42 000 IU/m2 i.v. or i.m. I.m. Erwinase (n = 22) achieved activity above 0.1 IU/mL for longer than i.v. Erwinase (n = 33) (3.4 vs 2.9 days, P = 0.0007). With 30 000 IU/m2 Monday, Wednesday, Friday, more patients achieved adequate concentrations over the weekend with i.m. vs i.v. dosing (P = 5 × 10-36 ). A schedule with i.v. doses on Monday and Wednesday and i.m. doses on Friday of 30 000 IU/m2 maintained activity > 0.1 IU/mL over the weekend in 80% of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Panetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yiwei Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Hope D Swanson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Seth E Karol
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Hiroto Inaba
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Sima Jeha
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research
Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Mary V Relling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude
Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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21
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Sankaran H, Sengupta S, Purohit V, Kotagere A, Moulik NR, Prasad M, Dhamne C, Narula G, Banavali S, Gota V. A comparison of asparaginase activity in generic formulations of E.coli derived L- asparaginase: In-vitro study and retrospective analysis of asparaginase monitoring in pediatric patients with leukemia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:1081-1088. [PMID: 31925802 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS L-asparaginase is an essential medicine in the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the quality of generic formulations is an area of concern. We compared nine generic formulations of L-asparaginase available in India with the innovator. METHODS The quality of formulations was assessed by measuring 72-hour trough asparaginase activity in children with ALL during induction following administration of 10,000 IU/m2 of L-asparaginase. In-vitro analysis of the label claim was assessed by measuring activity of three generic formulations. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was used to determine the amount of host contaminant proteins (HCPs) in the formulations. RESULTS Between March 2015 to June 2018, 240 samples from 195 patients were analyzed. The number of samples analyzed ranged from 7-66 per generic brand (median: 18) and seven of the innovator. The proportion of generic formulations that failed to achieve a predefined clinical threshold activity of 50 IU/L ranged from 16.7% (2/12) to 84.9% (28/33) in the highest activity to lowest activity generic respectively. On other hand, all innovator samples had activity greater than 50 IU/L. In-vitro asparaginase activity in the three generic formulations tested ranged from 71.4-74.6% of the label claim (10,000 IU) compared to 93.5% for the innovator. LC/MS analysis of generic 5 identified 25 HCPs with a relative peptide count of 27.1% of the total peptides. CONCLUSIONS Generic formulations had lower asparaginase activity which raises serious clinical concerns regarding their quality. Until stringent regulatory enforcement improves the quality of these generics, dose adaptive strategies coupled with therapeutic drug monitoring need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Sankaran
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Soumika Sengupta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Vaitashi Purohit
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Anand Kotagere
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Maya Prasad
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Chetan Dhamne
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Gaurav Narula
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Shripad Banavali
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Vikram Gota
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
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22
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Mondelaers V, Ferster A, Uyttebroeck A, Brichard B, van der Werff Ten Bosch J, Norga K, Francotte N, Piette C, Vandemeulebroecke K, Verbeke C, Schmidt S, Benoit Y, Lammens T, De Moerloose B. Prospective, real-time monitoring of pegylated Escherichia coli and Erwinia asparaginase therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Belgium. Br J Haematol 2020; 190:105-114. [PMID: 32057100 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Asparaginase (ASNase) is an important anti-leukaemic drug in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). A substantial proportion of patients develop hypersensitivity reactions with anti-ASNase neutralising antibodies, resulting in allergic reactions or silent inactivation (SI), and characterised by inactivation and rapid clearance of ASNase. We report results of a prospective, real-time therapeutic drug monitoring of pegylated Escherichia coli (PEG-)ASNase and Erwinia ASNase in children treated for ALL and NHL in Belgium. Erwinia ASNase was given as second-line after hypersensitivity to PEG-ASNase. In total, 286 children were enrolled in the PEG-ASNase cohort. Allergy was seen in 11·2% and SI in 5·2% of patients. Of the 42 patients treated with Erwinia ASNase, 7·1% experienced allergy and 2·4% SI. The median trough PEG-ASNase activity was high in all patients without hypersensitivity. After Erwinia administration significantly more day 3 samples had activities <100 IU/l (62·5% vs. 10% at day 2 (D2)). The median D2 activity was significantly higher for intramuscular (IM; 347 IU/l) than for intravenous Erwinia administrations (159 IU/l). This prospective, multicentre study shows that monitoring of ASNase activity during treatment of children with ALL and NHL is feasible and informative. Treatment with Erwinia ASNase warrants close monitoring and optimally adherence to a 2-day interval of IM administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Mondelaers
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital and Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alina Ferster
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF-UKZKF), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Uyttebroeck
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Brichard
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Koenraad Norga
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nadine Francotte
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, CHC- Hospital of Hope, Montegnée, Belgium
| | - Caroline Piette
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vandemeulebroecke
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Verbeke
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Susanne Schmidt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Benoit
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital and Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Lammens
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital and Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Moerloose
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital and Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Kloos RQH, Pieters R, Jumelet FMV, de Groot-Kruseman HA, van den Bos C, van der Sluis IM. Individualized Asparaginase Dosing in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2020; 38:715-724. [PMID: 31922920 DOI: 10.1200/jco.19.02292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In the DCOG ALL-11 protocol, polyethylene glycol-conjugated Escherichia coli asparaginase (PEGasparaginase) and Erwinia asparaginase treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia are individualized with therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). The efficacy of TDM and its effect on asparaginase-associated toxicity are reported. PATIENTS AND METHODS After induction with 3 fixed intravenous doses of 1,500 IU/m2 PEGasparaginase, medium-risk patients (n = 243) received 14 individualized doses that targeted trough levels of 100-250 IU/L, standard-risk patients (n = 108) received 1 individualized dose, and high-risk patients (n = 18) received 2-5 fixed administrations (1,500 IU/m2). After a neutralizing hypersensitivity reaction, patients were started with 20,000 IU/m2 Erwinia asparaginase 3 times per week, and l-asparagine was measured to monitor asparaginase efficacy. Several asparaginase-associated toxicities were studied. RESULTS The final median PEGasparaginase dose was lowered to 450 IU/m2. Overall, 97% of all trough levels of nonallergic patients were > 100 IU/L. Asparagine was < 0.5 μM in 96% and 67% of the PEGasparaginase and Erwinia asparaginase levels > 100 IU/L, respectively. Ten percent developed a neutralizing hypersensitivity reaction to PEGasparaginase, of which 40% were silent inactivations. The cumulative incidence of grade 3-4 pancreatitis, central neurotoxicity, and thromboses was 12%, 4%, and 6%, respectively, and not associated with asparaginase activity levels. During medium-risk intensification, 50% had increased ALT and 3% hyperbilirubinemia (both grade 3/4 and correlated with asparaginase activity levels), and 37% had grade 3/4 hypertriglyceridemia. Hypertriglyceridemia occurred less in intensification compared with ALL-10 (37% v 47%), which is similar to ALL-11 but with higher asparaginase levels during intensification. CONCLUSION TDM of asparaginase results in a significant reduction of the PEGasparaginase dose with adequate asparaginase activity levels and sufficient asparagine depletion. In addition, with TDM, silent inactivation and allergic-like reactions were identified. However, the effect of reduced asparaginase activity levels on toxicity is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Q H Kloos
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Florine M V Jumelet
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hester A de Groot-Kruseman
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Dutch Childhood Oncology Group, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cor van den Bos
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Inge M van der Sluis
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Hernández-Marqués C, Andión M, Perez-Somarriba M, Madero L, Lassaletta A. Can monitoring asparaginase activity help us to manage toxicity in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia? Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 61:990-992. [PMID: 31749392 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1691191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Hernández-Marqués
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maitane Andión
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Perez-Somarriba
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Madero
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Lassaletta
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Reduced vs. standard dose native E. coli-asparaginase therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: long-term results of the randomized trial Moscow-Berlin 2002. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1001-1012. [PMID: 30840197 PMCID: PMC6435612 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Favorable outcomes were achieved for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with the first Russian multicenter trial Moscow–Berlin (ALL-MB) 91. One major component of this regimen included a total of 18 doses of weekly intramuscular (IM) native Escherichia coli-derived asparaginase (E. coli-ASP) at 10000 U/m2 during three consolidation courses. ASP was initially available from Latvia, but had to be purchased from abroad at substantial costs after the collapse of Soviet Union. Therefore, the subsequent trial ALL-MB 2002 aimed at limiting costs to a reasonable extent and also at reducing toxicity by lowering the dose for standard risk (SR−) patients to 5000 U/m2 without jeopardizing efficacy. Methods Between April 2002 and November 2006, 774 SR patients were registered in 34 centers across Russia and Belarus, 688 of whom were randomized. In arm ASP-5000 (n = 334), patients received 5000 U/m2 and in arm ASP-10000 (n = 354) 10 000 U/m2 IM. Results Probabilities of disease-free survival, overall survival and cumulative incidence of relapse at 10 years were comparable: 79 ± 2%, 86 ± 2% and 17.4 ± 2.1% (ASP-5000) vs. 75 ± 2% and 82 ± 2%, and 17.9 ± 2.0% (ASP-10000), while death in complete remission was significantly lower in arm ASP-5000 (2.7% vs. 6.5%; p = 0.029). Conclusion Our findings suggest that weekly 5000 U/m2E. coli-ASP IM during consolidation therapy are equally effective, more cost-efficient and less toxic than 10000 U/m2 for SR patients with childhood ALL. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00432-019-02854-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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26
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Ashok A, Doriya K, Rao JV, Qureshi A, Tiwari AK, Kumar DS. Microbes Producing L-Asparaginase free of Glutaminase and Urease isolated from Extreme Locations of Antarctic Soil and Moss. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1423. [PMID: 30723240 PMCID: PMC6363723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Asparaginase (L-asparagine aminohydrolase, E.C. 3.5.1.1) has been proven to be competent in treating Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL), which is widely observed in paediatric and adult groups. Currently, clinical L-Asparaginase formulations are derived from bacterial sources such as Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. These formulations when administered to ALL patients lead to several immunological and hypersensitive reactions. Hence, additional purification steps are required to remove toxicity induced by the amalgamation of other enzymes like glutaminase and urease. Production of L-Asparaginase that is free of glutaminase and urease is a major area of research. In this paper, we report the screening and isolation of fungal species collected from the soil and mosses in the Schirmacher Hills, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, that produce L-Asparaginase free of glutaminase and urease. A total of 55 isolates were obtained from 33 environmental samples that were tested by conventional plate techniques using Phenol red and Bromothymol blue as indicators. Among the isolated fungi, 30 isolates showed L-Asparaginase free of glutaminase and urease. The L-Asparaginase producing strain Trichosporon asahii IBBLA1, which showed the highest zone index, was then optimized with a Taguchi design. Optimum enzyme activity of 20.57 U mL-1 was obtained at a temperature of 30 °C and pH of 7.0 after 60 hours. Our work suggests that isolation of fungi from extreme environments such as Antarctica may lead to an important advancement in therapeutic applications with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ashok
- Industrial Bioprocess and Bioprospecting Laboratory (IBBL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana State, 502285, India
| | - Kruthi Doriya
- Industrial Bioprocess and Bioprospecting Laboratory (IBBL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana State, 502285, India
| | - Jyothi Vithal Rao
- Industrial Bioprocess and Bioprospecting Laboratory (IBBL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana State, 502285, India
| | - Asif Qureshi
- Emerging Contaminants Group (ECG), Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana State, 502285, India
| | - Anoop Kumar Tiwari
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR), Vasco da Gama, Goa, 403804, India
| | - Devarai Santhosh Kumar
- Industrial Bioprocess and Bioprospecting Laboratory (IBBL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana State, 502285, India.
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Rizzari C, Lanvers-Kaminsky C, Valsecchi MG, Ballerini A, Matteo C, Gerss J, Wuerthwein G, Silvestri D, Colombini A, Conter V, Biondi A, Schrappe M, Moericke A, Zimmermann M, von Stackelberg A, Linderkamp C, Frühwald MC, Legien S, Attarbaschi A, Reismüller B, Kasper D, Smisek P, Stary J, Vinti L, Barisone E, Parasole R, Micalizzi C, Zucchetti M, Boos J. Asparagine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with pegylated-asparaginase in the induction phase of the AIEOP-BFM ALL 2009 study. Haematologica 2019; 104:1812-1821. [PMID: 30705097 PMCID: PMC6717578 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.206433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparagine levels in cerebrospinal fluid and serum asparaginase activity were monitored in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with pegylated-asparaginase. The drug was given intravenously at a dose of 2,500 IU/m2 on days 12 and 26. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples obtained on days 33 and 45 were analyzed centrally. Since physiological levels of asparagine in the cerebrospinal fluid of children and adolescents are 4-10 μmol/L, in this study asparagine depletion was considered complete when the concentration of asparagine was ≤0.2 μmol/L, i.e. below the lower limit of quantification of the assay used. Over 24 months 736 patients (AIEOP n=245, BFM n=491) and 903 cerebrospinal fluid samples (n=686 on day 33 and n=217 on day 45) were available for analysis. Data were analyzed separately for the AIEOP and BFM cohorts and yielded superimposable results. Independently of serum asparaginase activity levels, cerebrospinal fluid asparagine levels were significantly reduced during the investigated study phase but only 28% of analyzed samples showed complete asparagine depletion while relevant levels, ≥1 μmol/L, were still detectable in around 23% of them. Complete cerebrospinal fluid asparagine depletion was found in around 5-6% and 33-37% of samples at serum asparaginase activity levels <100 and ≥ 1,500 IU/L, respectively. In this study cerebrospinal fluid asparagine levels were reduced during pegylated-asparaginase treatment, but complete depletion was only observed in a minority of patients. No clear threshold of serum pegylated-asparaginase activity level resulting in complete cerebrospinal fluid asparagine depletion was identified. The consistency of the results found in the two independent data sets strengthen the observations of this study. Details of the treatment are available in the European Clinical Trials Database at https://www.clin-icaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2007-004270-43/IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Rizzari
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, Monza, Italy
| | - Claudia Lanvers-Kaminsky
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Childrens' Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Grazia Valsecchi
- Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ballerini
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Matteo
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Joachim Gerss
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Gudrun Wuerthwein
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Childrens' Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniela Silvestri
- Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Colombini
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentino Conter
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, Monza, Italy
| | - Martin Schrappe
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Moericke
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Christin Linderkamp
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Legien
- Pediatrics 5 (Oncology, Hematology, Immunology); Stuttgart Cancer Center; Klinikum Stuttgart - Olgahospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andishe Attarbaschi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, St. Anna Children's Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Reismüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, St. Anna Children's Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Kasper
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Smisek
- Czech Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stary
- Czech Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luciana Vinti
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Ospedale Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Barisone
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Rosanna Parasole
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Ospedale Pausillipon, Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Micalizzi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, IRCCS I.G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Massimo Zucchetti
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Cancer Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Joachim Boos
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Childrens' Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Schore RJ, Devidas M, Bleyer A, Reaman GH, Winick N, Loh ML, Raetz EA, Carroll WL, Hunger SP, Angiolillo AL. Plasma asparaginase activity and asparagine depletion in acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients treated with pegaspargase on Children's Oncology Group AALL07P4 .. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:1740-1748. [PMID: 30626253 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2018.1542146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of asparaginase in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is dependent on depletion of asparagine, an essential amino acid for ALL cells. The target level of plasma asparaginase activity to achieve asparagine depletion has been between 0.05 and 0.4 IU/mL. COG AALL07P4 examined the asparaginase activity and plasma and CSF asparagine concentration of pegaspargase when given intravenously in the treatment of NCI high risk ALL. Matched plasma asparaginase/asparagine levels of the clearance of 54 doses of pegaspargase given in induction or consolidation demonstrated that all patients who had a plasma asparaginase level >0.02 IU/mL had undetectable plasma asparagine. No difference was observed in CSF asparagine levels associated with matched plasma asparaginase levels of 0.02-0.049 versus 0.05-0.22 IU/mL (p = .25). Our data suggest that a plasma asparaginase activity level of 0.02 IU/mL can effectively deplete plasma asparagine. The data also indicate that the 95% CI for plasma asparagine depletion after a pegaspargase dose is 22-29 days. Clinical trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00671034.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven J Schore
- a Children's National Medical Center , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Meenakshi Devidas
- b Department of Biostatistics, Colleges of Medicine, Public Health & Health Professions , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | | | | | - Naomi Winick
- d Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Mignon L Loh
- e Department of Pediatrics , Benioff Children's Hospital , San Francisco , CA , USA.,f Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Elizabeth A Raetz
- g Department of Pediatrics and Perlmutter Cancer Center , New York University Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - William L Carroll
- g Department of Pediatrics and Perlmutter Cancer Center , New York University Langone Medical Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- h Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research , The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,i Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Brumano LP, da Silva FVS, Costa-Silva TA, Apolinário AC, Santos JHPM, Kleingesinds EK, Monteiro G, Rangel-Yagui CDO, Benyahia B, Junior AP. Development of L-Asparaginase Biobetters: Current Research Status and Review of the Desirable Quality Profiles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 6:212. [PMID: 30687702 PMCID: PMC6335324 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Asparaginase (ASNase) is a vital component of the first line treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), an aggressive type of blood cancer expected to afflict over 53,000 people worldwide by 2020. More recently, ASNase has also been shown to have potential for preventing metastasis from solid tumors. The ASNase treatment is, however, characterized by a plethora of potential side effects, ranging from immune reactions to severe toxicity. Consequently, in accordance with Quality-by-Design (QbD) principles, ingenious new products tailored to minimize adverse reactions while increasing patient survival have been devised. In the following pages, the reader is invited for a brief discussion on the most recent developments in this field. Firstly, the review presents an outline of the recent improvements on the manufacturing and formulation processes, which can severely influence important aspects of the product quality profile, such as contamination, aggregation and enzymatic activity. Following, the most recent advances in protein engineering applied to the development of biobetter ASNases (i.e., with reduced glutaminase activity, proteolysis resistant and less immunogenic) using techniques such as site-directed mutagenesis, molecular dynamics, PEGylation, PASylation and bioconjugation are discussed. Afterwards, the attention is shifted toward nanomedicine including technologies such as encapsulation and immobilization, which aim at improving ASNase pharmacokinetics. Besides discussing the results of the most innovative and representative academic research, the review provides an overview of the products already available on the market or in the latest stages of development. With this, the review is intended to provide a solid background for the current product development and underpin the discussions on the target quality profile of future ASNase-based pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Pereira Brumano
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Vitor Santos da Silva
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tales Alexandre Costa-Silva
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexsandra Conceição Apolinário
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Picado Madalena Santos
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Krebs Kleingesinds
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Monteiro
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brahim Benyahia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Adalberto Pessoa Junior
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang R, Shen Y, Xu J, Webster TJ, Fang Y. Personalized nanomedicine: a rapid, sensitive, and selective UV-vis spectrophotometry method for the quantification of nanostructured PEG-asparaginase activity in children's plasma. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6337-6344. [PMID: 30410325 PMCID: PMC6198885 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s167380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose PEGylated asparaginase (PEG-ASNase), which hydrolyzes asparagine to ammonia and aspartic acid, is an effective nanostructured antitumor agent for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In order to monitor the activity of PEG-ASNase in plasma and design an individualization project, a rapid and sensitive method to determine PEG-ASNase activity in plasma using ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry was established. Methods PEG-ASNase is commonly used in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. With Nessler’s reagent as the chromogenic reagent of ammonia, a stable yellow complex was produced. The units of enzyme activity were defined as micromoles of ammonia released per minute. Results Calibration curves fitted by plotting the OD at 450 nm of the Nessler product vs concentration were linear in the range of 27.8–1,111.0 IU/L with r2=0.999. The lower limit of quantification for PEG-ASNase activity in human plasma was 20 IU/L with good accuracy and precision. The intra- and interday precision (relative standard deviation) values were below 10% and accuracy ranged from 90% to 110% at all quality control levels. Analytical recoveries were determined between 90% and 110% for all quality control samples. Conclusion This study proved that the Nessler method is well validated and can be successfully applied in the determination of plasma samples in the clinical setting for patients with ALL. It takes personalized nanomedicine to an entirely new level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yongren Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China, .,Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China,
| | - Ru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA,
| | - Yongjun Fang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China, .,Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China,
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Jeong HC, Kim T, Yang DH, Shin KH. Development of a UPLC-MS/MS method for the therapeutic monitoring of L-asparaginase. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2018; 26:134-140. [PMID: 32055563 PMCID: PMC6989229 DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2018.26.3.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a UPLC-MS/MS method for determining plasma levels of L-aspartic acid and L-asparagine and the activity of L-asparaginase. L-aspartic acid, L-asparagine, and L-aspartic acid-2,3,3-d3 were extracted from human plasma by protein precipitation with sulfosalicylic acid (30%, v/v). The plasma samples were analyzed using an Imtakt Intrada amino acid analysis column with 25 mM ammonium formate and 0.5% formic acid in acetonitrile as the mobile phase with step gradient method at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The injection volume was 5 µL, and the total run time was 15 min. Inter- and intra-batch accuracies (%) ranged from 96.62–106.0% for L-aspartic acid and 89.85–104.8%, for L-asparagine, and the coefficient of variation (CV%) did not exceed 7%. The validation results for L-aspartic acid and L-asparagine satisfied the specified criterion, however, the results for L-asparaginase activity assay showed a borderline validity. This study could be a foundation for further development of therapeutic drug monitoring systems using UPLC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Cheol Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Therasa Kim
- Department of Hematology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Deok-Hwan Yang
- Department of Hematology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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van der Sluis IM, de Groot-Kruseman H, Te Loo M, Tissing WJE, van den Bos C, Kaspers GJL, Bierings M, Kollen WJW, König T, Pichlmeier U, Kühnel HJ, Pieters R. Efficacy and safety of recombinant E. coli asparaginase in children with previously untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A randomized multicenter study of the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e27083. [PMID: 29727043 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of recombinant Escherichia coli-asparaginase (rASNase) was compared to native E.coli asparaginase (Asparaginase medac). METHODS One hundred and ninety-nine children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia were randomized to receive one of both agents at a dose of 5,000 U/m² during induction (eight doses) and 10,000 U/m² during the postinduction phase (only high-risk patients; standard- and medium-risk patients received pegaspargase). RESULTS Median trough serum asparaginase activity levels were comparable between both groups; they ranged from 143 to 182 U/l during induction and were above the target value of 100 U/l. Complete asparagine depletion in serum was achieved in 97.9% of patients, with no significant differences between both groups. On day 33 (end of induction), only two (2%) evaluable patients in each group had measurable asparagine serum levels, and complete asparagine depletion in the cerebrospinal fluid was achieved in 98.8% and 93.6% of the patients with rASNase and Asparaginase medac, respectively. During induction, 2.1% and 5% of patients developed an allergic reaction to rASNase or Asparaginase medac, respectively. Approximately 41% of the patients in both groups had a clinical allergy or enzyme inactivation to the first dose of any asparaginase preparation in postinduction. A comparable proportion of patients in both groups developed anti-asparaginase antibodies (57%) during repeated administration of asparaginase. Minimal residual disease levels at the end of induction, 5-year event-free survival, and 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse did not differ between both groups. CONCLUSION The efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of both asparaginase preparations are comparable. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00784017; EudraCT number 2006-003180-31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge M van der Sluis
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maroeska Te Loo
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-oncology, University Medical Center St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J E Tissing
- Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University Medical Centre Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cor van den Bos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J L Kaspers
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Bierings
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J W Kollen
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,University Medical Centre Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rob Pieters
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Völler S, Pichlmeier U, Zens A, Hempel G. Pharmacokinetics of recombinant asparaginase in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 81:305-314. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kloos RQH, Uyl-de Groot CA, van Litsenburg RRL, Kaspers GJL, Pieters R, van der Sluis IM. A cost analysis of individualized asparaginase treatment in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 28766887 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of asparaginase is necessary to respond to variability in asparaginase activity levels, detect silent inactivation, and distinguish between real allergies and allergic-like reactions with and without asparaginase neutralization, respectively. In this study, the costs of an individualized and fixed asparaginase dosing schedule were compared. PROCEDURE Patients, treated according to the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group ALL-11 protocol (individualized PEGasparaginase treatment, starting dose: 1,500 IU/m2 ) or ALL-10 protocol (native Escherichia coli asparaginase followed by 2,500 IU/m2 PEGasparaginase), were included. To focus on TDM of PEGasparaginase, the costs were also calculated excluding patients treated with Erwinia asparaginase and compared to a hypothetical protocol with a fixed dose of 1,500 IU/m2 PEGasparaginase. Direct asparaginase-related medical costs, including costs for asparaginase use (calculated with the absolute dose), TDM, laboratory tests, daycare treatment, and outpatient clinic visits, were calculated. RESULTS Eighty-three ALL-10 patients and 51 ALL-11 patients were included. The asparaginase-related costs were 30.8% lower in ALL-11 than in ALL-10 ($29,048 vs. $41,960). The ALL-11 costs of nonallergic patients were 20.4% lower, when using TDM, than the hypothetical protocol with a fixed dose of 1,500 IU/m2 ($13,178 vs. $16,551). TDM accounted for 12.4% of the costs. Including asparaginase waste, TDM in ALL-11 will be cost saving if three doses can be prepared out of one vial compared to a fixed dose of 1,500 IU/m2 . CONCLUSIONS TDM of asparaginase is cost saving if calculated with the absolute asparaginase dose and will be if the waste is minimalized by preparing multiple doses out of one vial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Q H Kloos
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carin A Uyl-de Groot
- Institute of Health Care Policy and Management/Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raphaële R L van Litsenburg
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gertjan J L Kaspers
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M van der Sluis
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Salzer W, Bostrom B, Messinger Y, Perissinotti AJ, Marini B. Asparaginase activity levels and monitoring in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:1797-1806. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1386305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Salzer
- U.S. Army, Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bernard Marini
- University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Mondelaers V, Suciu S, De Moerloose B, Ferster A, Mazingue F, Plat G, Yakouben K, Uyttebroeck A, Lutz P, Costa V, Sirvent N, Plouvier E, Munzer M, Poirée M, Minckes O, Millot F, Plantaz D, Maes P, Hoyoux C, Cavé H, Rohrlich P, Bertrand Y, Benoit Y. Prolonged versus standard native E. coli asparaginase therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: final results of the EORTC-CLG randomized phase III trial 58951. Haematologica 2017; 102:1727-1738. [PMID: 28751566 PMCID: PMC5622857 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.165845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparaginase is an essential component of combination chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The value of asparaginase was further addressed in a group of non-very high-risk patients by comparing prolonged (long-asparaginase) versus standard (short-asparaginase) native E. coli asparaginase treatment in a randomized part of the phase III 58951 trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Children's Leukemia Group. The main endpoint was disease-free survival. Overall, 1,552 patients were randomly assigned to long-asparaginase (775 patients) or short-asparaginase (777 patients). Patients with grade ≥2 allergy to native E. coli asparaginase were switched to equivalent doses of Erwinia or pegylated E. coli asparaginase. The 8-year disease-free survival rate (±standard error) was 87.0±1.3% in the long-asparaginase group and 84.4±1.4% in the short-asparaginase group (hazard ratio: 0.87; P=0.33) and the 8-year overall survival rate was 92.6±1.0% and 91.3±1.2% respectively (hazard ratio: 0.89; P=0.53). An exploratory analysis suggested that the impact of long-asparaginase was beneficial in the National Cancer Institute standard-risk group with regards to disease-free survival (hazard ratio: 0.70; P=0.057), but far less so with regards to overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.89). The incidences of grade 3-4 infection during consolidation (25.2% versus 14.4%) and late intensification (22.6% versus 15.9%) and the incidence of grade 2-4 allergy were higher in the long-asparaginase arm (30% versus 21%). Prolonged native E. coli asparaginase therapy in consolidation and late intensification for our non-very high-risk patients did not improve overall outcome but led to an increase in infections and allergy. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00003728.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Mondelaers
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Belgium
| | | | - Barbara De Moerloose
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Alina Ferster
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Children's University Hospital Queen Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | | | - Geneviève Plat
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, CHU-Hopital Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Karima Yakouben
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Robert Debré Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Anne Uyttebroeck
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Lutz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospital Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vitor Costa
- Department of Pediatrics, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Sirvent
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, CHU, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Plouvier
- Pediatric Hematology Unit, CHU Jean Minjoz Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Martine Munzer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, American Memorial Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Maryline Poirée
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, CHU Lenval, Nice, France
| | - Odile Minckes
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, CHU, Caen, France
| | - Frédéric Millot
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Dominique Plantaz
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Philip Maes
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Claire Hoyoux
- Department of Pediatrics, CHR de la Citadelle, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Department of Genetics, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, University Institute of Hematology, University Paris Diderot, Paris Sorbonne Cité, France
| | - Pierre Rohrlich
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, CHU Lenval, Nice, France
| | - Yves Bertrand
- Institute of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (IHOP), Hospices Civils de Lyon, and University Lyon 1, France
| | - Yves Benoit
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Belgium
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Ashok A, Kumar DS. Different methodologies for sustainability of optimization techniques used in submerged and solid state fermentation. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:301. [PMID: 28884068 PMCID: PMC5587418 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization techniques are considered as a part of nature's way of adjusting to the changes happening around it. There are different factors that establish the optimum working condition or the production of any value-added product. A model is accepted for a particular process after its sustainability has been verified on a statistical and analytical level. Optimization techniques can be divided into categories as statistical, nature inspired and artificial neural network each with its own benefits and usage in particular cases. A brief introduction about subcategories of different techniques that are available and their computational effectivity will be discussed. The main focus of the study revolves around the applicability of these techniques to any particular operation such as submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SSF), their ability to produce secondary metabolites and the usefulness in the laboratory and industrial level. Primary studies to determine the enzyme activity of different microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and yeast will also be discussed. l-Asparaginase, the most commonly used drugs in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) shall be considered as an example, a short discussion on models used in the production by the processes of SmF and SSF will be discussed to understand the optimization techniques that are being dealt. It is expected that this discussion would help in determining the proper technique that can be used in running any optimization process for different purposes, and would help in making these processes less time-consuming with better output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ashok
- Industrial Bioprocess and BioProspecting Laboratory (IBBL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Room No: 530, Hostel Block E, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi, Medak (Dist), Sangareddy, 502285 Telangana India
| | - Devarai Santhosh Kumar
- Industrial Bioprocess and BioProspecting Laboratory (IBBL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Room No: 530, Hostel Block E, Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Kandi, Medak (Dist), Sangareddy, 502285 Telangana India
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38
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Ogawa C, Taguchi F, Goto H, Koh K, Tomizawa D, Ohara A, Manabe A. Plasma asparaginase activity, asparagine concentration, and toxicity after administration of Erwinia asparaginase in children and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Phase I/II clinical trial in Japan. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64. [PMID: 28244643 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A phase I/II study of Erwinia asparaginase in Japanese children and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was performed to investigate its activity and toxicity. PROCEDURE Eligible patients were in remission and had developed allergy to Escherichia coli asparaginase. Erwina asparaginase was intramuscularly administrated on days 2, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13. To measure the plasma l-asparagine concentration (PAC), amino acids were derivatized with Nα -(5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)-l-leucinamide. RESULTS Six consecutive patients completed the phase I study with 25,000 IU/m2 per dose without dose-limiting toxicity and 18 patients completed the phase II study with 25,000 IU/m2 per dose. Median age of 24 patients was 7.5 (range 2-16) years. The half-life of plasma asparaginase activity (PAA) was 16.9 ± 7.5 hr and the maximum PAA was 3.10 ± 1.47 IU/ml (n = 23, noncompartment model). PAA of 0.1 IU/ml or more was achieved in all 23 patients (100%) 48 hr and in 18 of 23 patients (78.3%) 72 hr after the first administration. During the 2-week study, 94.2% (65 of 69) of the 48-hr samples and 80.4% (37 of 46) of the 72-hr samples had PAA of 0.1 IU/ml or more. PAC less than 1.0 μM was achieved in 95.7% patients 48 and 72 hr after administration. PAC values in all the samples were greater than the limit of quantitation (0.0625 μM). Karnofsky performance status of all patients was good during the 2-week study. CONCLUSIONS Erwinia asparaginase 25,000 IU/m2 per dose × six intramuscular administrations in 2 weeks was well tolerated, pharmacologically efficacious, and safe in Japanese patients with ALL/lymphoblastic lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitose Ogawa
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Taguchi
- Research and Development Division, OHARA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Goto
- Division of Hemato-Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Koh
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tomizawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ohara
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Manabe
- Division of Pediatrics, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Ballerini A, Moro F, Nerini IF, Marzo CM, Di Clemente A, Ferrari M, D'Incalci M, Biondi A, Colombini A, Conter V, Porcu L, Cervo L, Rizzari C, Zucchetti M. Pharmacodynamic effects in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats after intravenous administration of different asparaginase formulations. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 79:1267-1271. [PMID: 28424964 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Asparaginase (ASNase) is used to treat various hematological malignancies for its capacity to deplete asparagine (ASN) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Since the biological mechanisms underlying CSF asparagine depletion in humans are not yet fully elucidated, this study compared, for the first time, the pharmacological properties of three clinically used ASNase formulations in a rodent model. METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with E.coli-ASNase, PEG-ASNase, or ERW-ASNase at different doses. Serum and CSF amino-acid levels and ASNase activities were evaluated at 1 and 24 h after the intravenous administration of different ASNase doses. RESULTS All the ASNase formulations showed higher activities in serum after 1 h than 24 h and completely deplete ASN. Mean ASNase activity in the CSF at 1 h was higher with ERW-ASNase compared to PEG-ASNase (36 ± 29 vs 8 ± 7 U/L, p < 0.037) and similar to E.coli-ASNase (21 ± 9 U/L, ns). ERW-ASNase and E.coli-ASNase at the highest doses were able to deplete ASN in the CSF after 1 h. This effect was transient and not evident at 24 h after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Together with the ASN depletion in serum and CSF, a never before demonstrated transient penetration of ASNases into the CSF, more evident for non-pegylated formulations, was detected when the ASNases were administered at high dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ballerini
- Clinical Cancer Pharmacology Unit, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Onco-Hematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Moro
- Experimental Psychopharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Fuso Nerini
- Clinical Cancer Pharmacology Unit, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Marcello Marzo
- Experimental Psychopharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Di Clemente
- Experimental Psychopharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariella Ferrari
- Clinical Cancer Pharmacology Unit, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Incalci
- Clinical Cancer Pharmacology Unit, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Antonella Colombini
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentino Conter
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Porcu
- Clinical Cancer Pharmacology Unit, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Cervo
- Experimental Psychopharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmelo Rizzari
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Massimo Zucchetti
- Clinical Cancer Pharmacology Unit, Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
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Antithrombin III as the Indicator of L-Asparaginase Activity in Children Treated for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 39:114-120. [PMID: 28060110 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
L-asparaginase (ASP) is widely used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children. Monitoring its activity is necessary because of the risk of drug inactivation as the result of an immune reaction. Besides allergic reactions, another frequent side effect of ASP treatment is coagulopathy, especially deficiency of antithrombin III (ATIII). The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between ASP and ATIII activities and the possibility of ATIII activity use in an indirect ASP activity assessment. ASP and ATIII activity was measured in 76 children with ALL treated according to the ALL IC BFM 2002 protocol. A correlation between ASP and ATIII activities was found (R=-0.43, P=0.0001). ROC curve analysis revealed some utility regarding the determination of ATIII in identifying patients with low or undetectable ASP activity (area under the curve=0.87 [95% confidence interval, 0.77-0.96], P<0.0001 and 0.93 [95% confidence interval, 0.85-1.0], P<0.0001, respectively). Higher ATIII activity is associated with a higher probability of a decline in ASP activity. Examination of ATIII activity cannot replace a direct determination of ASP activity, but in the case of unavailability of the direct test, it can be a helpful surrogate parameter of drug activity.
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van der Sluis IM, Vrooman LM, Pieters R, Baruchel A, Escherich G, Goulden N, Mondelaers V, Sanchez de Toledo J, Rizzari C, Silverman LB, Whitlock JA. Consensus expert recommendations for identification and management of asparaginase hypersensitivity and silent inactivation. Haematologica 2017; 101:279-85. [PMID: 26928249 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.137380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase is an integral component of therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, asparaginase-related complications, including the development of hypersensitivity reactions, can limit its use in individual patients. Of considerable concern in the setting of clinical allergy is the development of neutralizing antibodies and associated asparaginase inactivity. Also problematic in the use of asparaginase is the potential for the development of silent inactivation, with the formation of neutralizing antibodies and reduced asparaginase activity in the absence of a clinically evident allergic reaction. Here we present guidelines for the identification and management of clinical hypersensitivity and silent inactivation with Escherichia coli- and Erwinia chrysanthemi- derived asparaginase preparations. These guidelines were developed by a consensus panel of experts following a review of the available published data. We provide a consensus of expert opinions on the role of serum asparaginase level assessment, indications for switching asparaginase preparation, and monitoring after change in asparaginase preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge M van der Sluis
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lynda M Vrooman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA, USA
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Baruchel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris and University Paris Diderot, France
| | - Gabriele Escherich
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Clinic of Paediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Veerle Mondelaers
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Stem cell transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium
| | - Jose Sanchez de Toledo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmelo Rizzari
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano-Bicocca, Hospital S. Gerardo, Monza
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA, USA
| | - James A Whitlock
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sassen SDT, Mathôt RAA, Pieters R, Kloos RQH, de Haas V, Kaspers GJL, van den Bos C, Tissing WJE, Te Loo M, Bierings MB, Kollen WJW, Zwaan CM, van der Sluis IM. Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous Erwinia asparaginase in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Haematologica 2016; 102:552-561. [PMID: 28250007 PMCID: PMC5394946 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.149195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Erwinia asparaginase is an important component in the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A large variability in serum concentrations has been observed after intravenous Erwinia asparaginase. Currently, Dutch Childhood Oncology Group protocols dose alterations are based on trough concentrations to ensure adequate asparaginase activity (≥100 IU/L). The aim of this study was to describe the population pharmacokinetics of intravenous Erwinia asparaginase to quantify and gather insight into inter-individual and inter-occasion variability. The starting dose was evaluated on the basis of the derived population pharmacokinetic parameters. In a multicenter prospective observational study, a total of 714 blood samples were collected from 51 children (age 1–17 years) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The starting dose was 20,000 IU/m2 three times a week and adjusted according to trough levels from week three onwards. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using NONMEM®. A 2-compartment linear model with allometric scaling best described the data. Inter-individual and inter-occasion variability of clearance were 33% and 13%, respectively. Clearance in the first month of treatment was 14% higher (P<0.01). Monte Carlo simulations with our pharmacokinetic model demonstrated that patients with a low weight might require higher doses to achieve similar concentrations compared to patients with high weight. The current starting dose of 20,000 IU/m2 might result in inadequate concentrations, especially for smaller, lower weight patients, hence dose adjustments based on individual clearance are recommended. The protocols were approved by the institutional review boards. (Registered at NTR 3379 Dutch Trial Register; www.trialregister.nl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan D T Sassen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A A Mathôt
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robin Q H Kloos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gertjan J L Kaspers
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cor van den Bos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim J E Tissing
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maroeska Te Loo
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Marc B Bierings
- Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter J W Kollen
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hemato-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Christian M Zwaan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Inge M van der Sluis
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Egler RA, Ahuja SP, Matloub Y. L-asparaginase in the treatment of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2016; 7:62-71. [PMID: 27440950 PMCID: PMC4936081 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.184769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a hematologic malignancy that predominantly occurs in children between 2 and 10 years of age. L-asparaginase is an integral component of treatment for patients with ALL and since its introduction into pediatric treatment protocols in the 1960s, survival rates in children have progressively risen to nearly 90%. Outcomes for adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients, aged 15-39 years and diagnosed with ALL, have historically been less favorable. However, recent reports suggest substantially increased survival in AYA patients treated on pediatric-inspired protocols that include a greater cumulative dose of asparaginase. All currently available asparaginases share the same mechanism of action - the deamination and depletion of serum asparagine levels - yet each displays a markedly different pharmacokinetic profile. Pegylated asparaginase derived from the bacterium Escherichia coli is used as first-line therapy; however, up to 30% of patients develop a treatment-limiting hypersensitivity reaction. Patients who experience a hypersensitivity reaction to an E. coli-derived asparaginase can continue treatment with Erwinia chrysanthemi asparaginase. Erwinia asparaginase is immunologically distinct from E. coli-derived asparaginases and exhibits no cross-reactivity. Studies have shown that with adequate dosing, therapeutic levels of Erwinia asparaginase activity can be achieved, and patients switched to Erwinia asparaginase due to hypersensitivity can obtain outcomes similar to patients who do not experience a hypersensitivity reaction. Therapeutic drug monitoring may be required to ensure that therapeutic levels of asparaginase activity are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Egler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sanjay P Ahuja
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yousif Matloub
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Thomas X, Le Jeune C. Erythrocyte encapsulated l-asparaginase (GRASPA) in acute leukemia. Int J Hematol Oncol 2016; 5:11-25. [PMID: 30302200 PMCID: PMC6172001 DOI: 10.2217/ijh-2016-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
l-asparaginase, an enzyme originally derived from Escherichia coli, represents a major drug in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, the occurrence of major adverse effects often leads to early withdrawal of the enzyme. Main side effects include immune-allergic reactions, coagulopathy, pancreatitis and hepatic disorders. Novel asparaginase formulations and alternative sources have been developed to address this issue, but the results were not totally satisfactory. l-asparaginase loaded red blood cells (RBCs; GRASPA) represent a new asparaginase presentation with reduced immunological adverse reactions. RBCs protect l-asparaginase, enhance its half-life and reduce the occurrence of adverse events. We reviewed the history, biology and clinical experiences with l-asparaginase, and the characteristics and first clinical experiences with GRASPA in the treatment of acute leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Thomas
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hematology Department, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Bât.1G, 165 chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Caroline Le Jeune
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hematology Department, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Bât.1G, 165 chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69495 Pierre-Bénite, France
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Shrivastava A, Khan AA, Khurshid M, Kalam MA, Jain SK, Singhal PK. Recent developments in l-asparaginase discovery and its potential as anticancer agent. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 100:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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46
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Figueiredo L, Cole PD, Drachtman RA. Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi as a component of a multi-agent chemotherapeutic regimen for the treatment of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who have developed hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase. Expert Rev Hematol 2016; 9:227-34. [PMID: 26765930 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2016.1142370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Asparaginase has been a mainstay of therapy in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia since the 1970s. There are two major preparations available and FDA approved in the United States today, one derived from Escherichia coli and the other from Erwinia chrysanthemi. Erwinia asparaginase is antigenically distinct from and has a considerably shorter biological half-life than E coli asparaginase. Erwinia asparaginase has been used in cases of hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginases, which has been reported in up to 30% of patients. While PEG asparaginase is increasingly used in front-line therapy for ALL, hypersensitivity still occurs with this preparation, and a change to a non-cross-reactive preparation may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Figueiredo
- a Pediatric Hematology/Oncology , Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Peter D Cole
- a Pediatric Hematology/Oncology , Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Richard A Drachtman
- b Pediatic Hematology/Oncology , Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
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Ali U, Naveed M, Ullah A, Ali K, Shah SA, Fahad S, Mumtaz AS. L-asparaginase as a critical component to combat Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL): A novel approach to target ALL. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 771:199-210. [PMID: 26698391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase, an anti-leukaemic drug that has been approved for clinical use for many years in the treatment of childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL), is obtained from bacterial origin (Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora). The efficacy of L-asparaginase has been discussed for the past 40 years, and an ideal substitute for the enzyme has not yet been developed. The early clearance from plasma (short half-life) and requirement for multiple administrations and hence frequent physician visits make the overall treatment cost quite high. In addition, a high rate of allergic reactions in patients receiving treatment with the enzyme isolated from bacterial sources make its clinical application challenging. For these reasons, various attempts are being made to overcome these barriers. Therefore, the present article reviews studies focused on seeking substitutes for L-asparaginase through alternative sources including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae and plants to overcome these limitations. In addition, the role of chemical modifications and protein engineering approaches to enhance the drug's efficacy are also discussed. Moreover, an overview has also been provided in the current review regarding the contradiction among various researchers regarding the significance of the enzyme's glutaminase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ullah
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Khadija Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sayed Afzal Shah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Shah Fahad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Abdul Samad Mumtaz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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48
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Kawedia JD, Rytting ME. Asparaginase in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2015; 14 Suppl:S14-7. [PMID: 25486949 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cure rates in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia have significantly improved over the past decades. Now, almost 90% of children will survive the disease. The cure rates in adolescents, young adults, and adults have not kept pace with the improvements in younger patients, even though almost an equal proportion of adult patients achieve complete remission as their pediatric counterparts. Differences in treatment regimens might be important. Intensive use of asparaginase has been a key component of successful pediatric therapy. In this review, we focus on the use of asparaginase and the potential of optimizing asparaginase use via monitoring to minimize adverse drug events and improve efficacy of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitesh D Kawedia
- Department of Pharmacy Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
| | - Michael E Rytting
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Abbott LS, Zakova M, Shaikh F, Shewaramani N, Punnett A, Dupuis LL. Allergic Reactions Associated with Intravenous Versus Intramuscular Pegaspargase: A Retrospective Chart Review. Paediatr Drugs 2015; 17:315-21. [PMID: 25862348 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-015-0129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pegaspargase (PEG-ASP) is essential chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Since changing to intravenous (IV) administration from intramuscular (IM), an increased number of allergic reactions have been anecdotally noted at our institution. This study compares the rate and severity of allergic reactions in children receiving IM or IV PEG-ASP. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review of patients treated with IV or IM PEG-ASP at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, from March 1, 2010 to January 1, 2012. The incidence and severity of allergic reactions attributed to PEG-ASP were documented. Patient age, sex, route of PEG-ASP administration, disease (risk group and lineage) and mean time interval between PEG-ASP doses were evaluated as possible risk factors for allergic reaction. RESULTS A total of 109 patients were included. There were 14 (35 %) allergic reactions among 40 patients who received IV, compared with eight (12 %) of the 69 who received IM [odds ratio (OR) 4.11, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.54-10.97, p = 0.005]. In multivariable logistic regression adjusting for disease risk group, route (IV vs. IM) remained independently significant (p = 0.011). Patients with standard-risk ALL had a lower risk of experiencing an allergic reaction associated with PEG-ASP compared with patients in high-risk disease risk groups (collectively referred to as "other"; 11 vs. 31 %, OR 3.36, 95 % CI 1.16-9.72, p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS IV PEG-ASP is associated with a significantly higher rate of allergic reactions than IM. The clinical preference for IV PEG-ASP may warrant re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesleigh S Abbott
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G X8, Canada
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50
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Bleyer A, Asselin BL, Koontz SE, Hunger SP. Clinical application of asparaginase activity levels following treatment with pegaspargase. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:1102-5. [PMID: 25393506 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Asparaginase, an enzyme used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia and related forms of nonHodgkin lymphoma, depletes asparagine, which leads to lymphoblast cell death. Unlike most chemotherapeutic agents, asparaginase is a foreign protein that can result in clinical allergy and/or silent hypersensitivity with production of neutralizing antibodies that inactivate asparaginase. In North America, asparaginase activity levels can now be obtained via a commercially available assay, for therapeutic drug monitoring and investigation of potential allergic reactions. Herein, we provide recommendations and a corresponding algorithm for the clinical application of this assay after treatment with pegaspargase to evaluate suspected hypersensitivity reactions and/or silent inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archie Bleyer
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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