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Peng Y, Song G, Xu X. Ultrasound-Promoted Scavenging: A Rapid Parallel Purification for Solution Phase Combinatorial Synthesis. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/0308234041209103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound irradiation enhances the mass transfer and reaction rate in scavenging, avoiding the trouble of time-consuming purification procedure in solution-phase parallel synthesis. An application of this technique is demonstrated in the scavenging of excess isothiocyanates from reaction mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Gonghua Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoyong Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Institute of Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Zeng L, Pham C, Xu R. Preparative two-dimensional liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the purification of complex pharmaceutical samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1324:86-95. [PMID: 24309715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new preparative two-dimensional liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry system (2D LC-LC/MS) has been designed and implemented to enhance capability and resolving power for the separation and purification of pharmaceutical samples. The system was constructed by modifications of a conventional preparative LC/MS instrument with the addition of a set of switching valves and a sample loop, as well as interfacing a custom software program with MassLynx. The system integrates two chromatographic separations from the first and second dimensions into a single automated run to perform the purification of a target compound from a complex mixture without intermediate steps of sample preparation. The chromatography in the first dimension, operated in the heart-cutting mode, separates the target compound from the impurities by mass-triggered fractionation based on its molecular weight. This purified fraction from the first dimension is stored in the sample loop, and then gets transferred to the second column by using at-column dilution. A control software program, coined Prep 2D LCMS, was designed to integrate with MassLynx to retrieve data acquisition status. All of the chromatographic hardware components used in this preparative 2D LC-LC/MS system are from the original open access preparative LC/MS system, which has high level of robustness and affords easy and user-friendly operation. The new system is very versatile and capable of collecting multiple fractions with different masses under various purification modes as configured in the methods, such as conventional one-dimensional (1D) purification and/or 2D purification. This new preparative 2D LC-LC/MS system is therefore the ideal tool for medicinal chemistry lab in drug discovery environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinong Zhang
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Lu Zeng
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Catherine Pham
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Rongda Xu
- Takeda California, Inc., 10410 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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3
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Su BH, Shen MY, Esposito EX, Hopfinger AJ, Tseng YJ. In Silico Binary Classification QSAR Models Based on 4D-Fingerprints and MOE Descriptors for Prediction of hERG Blockage. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:1304-18. [DOI: 10.1021/ci100081j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Han Su
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 106, exeResearch, LLC, 32 University Drive, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 106, The Chem21 Group, Inc., 1780 Wilson Drive, Lake Forest, Illinois 60045, and College of Pharmacy MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Meng-yu Shen
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 106, exeResearch, LLC, 32 University Drive, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 106, The Chem21 Group, Inc., 1780 Wilson Drive, Lake Forest, Illinois 60045, and College of Pharmacy MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Emilio Xavier Esposito
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 106, exeResearch, LLC, 32 University Drive, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 106, The Chem21 Group, Inc., 1780 Wilson Drive, Lake Forest, Illinois 60045, and College of Pharmacy MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Anton J. Hopfinger
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 106, exeResearch, LLC, 32 University Drive, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 106, The Chem21 Group, Inc., 1780 Wilson Drive, Lake Forest, Illinois 60045, and College of Pharmacy MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Yufeng J. Tseng
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 106, exeResearch, LLC, 32 University Drive, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, No.1 Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 106, The Chem21 Group, Inc., 1780 Wilson Drive, Lake Forest, Illinois 60045, and College of Pharmacy MSC09 5360, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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4
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Zhang W, Lu Y, Hiu-Tung Chen C, Zeng L, Kassel DB. Fluorous mixture synthesis of two libraries with hydantoin-, and benzodiazepinedione-fused heterocyclic scaffolds. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2006; 8:687-95. [PMID: 16961407 PMCID: PMC1858674 DOI: 10.1021/cc060061e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) and fluorous mixture synthesis (FMS) are two aspects of combinatorial chemistry. DOS generates library scaffolds with skeletal, substitution, and stereochemistry variations, whereas FMS is a highly efficient tool for library production. The combination of these two aspects in solution-phase synthesis of two novel heterocyclic compound libraries is presented in this paper. Mixtures of different fluorous amino acids undergo [3 + 2] cycloadditions followed by postcondensation reactions. The mixtures are then demixed by fluorous HPLC. Fluorous tags are removed by cyclization to afford hydantoin- and benzodiazepinedione-fused heterocyclic compounds as individual, pure, and structurally defined molecules. The application of MS-directed HPLC purification and parallel four-channel LC/MS analysis further increases the efficiency of FMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Fluorous Technologies, Inc., University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center, 970 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238, USA.
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5
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Abstract
The use of synthetic polymers in drug discovery is reviewed, with particular reference to the increasing number of chemistries for therapeutic candidate preparation that employ linear polymers possessing differential solubilities in a variety of solvents. The uses of these polymers as primary components in liquid-phase organic synthesis, particularly applied to the generation of chemical compound libraries, are discussed, along with the challenges facing synthetic chemists and pharmaceutical scientists in preparing new and more efficient supports. The advantages inherent to the emerging field of liquid-phase combinatorial synthesis (LPCS) are considered and a number of key therapeutic targets prepared by newer polymer-supported routes are highlighted. Finally, the potential development issues for both liquid and solid-phase organic chemistries applied to parallel or combinatorial synthesis are discussed, taking into account future trends in the drug discovery and development process as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alexander
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK.
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Ventura M, Farrell W, Aurigemma C, Tivel K, Greig M, Wheatley J, Yanovsky A, Milgram KE, Dalesandro D, DeGuzman R, Tran P, Nguyen L, Chung L, Gron O, Koch CA. High-throughput preparative process utilizing three complementary chromatographic purification technologies. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1036:7-13. [PMID: 15139408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput process was developed in which wells in plates generated from parallel synthesis are automatically channeled to an appropriate purification technique using analytical data as a guide. Samples are directed to either of three fundamentally different preparative techniques: HPLC with UV-triggered fraction collection, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with UV-triggered fraction collection, or HPLC with MS-triggered fraction collection. Automated analysis of the analytical data identifies the product compound mass and creates work lists based on chromatographic properties exhibited in the data so that each preparative instrument cherry picks the appropriate list of samples to purify when a preparative-scale plate is loaded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ventura
- Pfizer Global R&D-La Jolla, 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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7
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Yan B, Fang L, Irving M, Zhang S, Boldi AM, Woolard F, Johnson CR, Kshirsagar T, Figliozzi GM, Krueger CA, Collins N. Quality control in combinatorial chemistry: determination of the quantity, purity, and quantitative purity of compounds in combinatorial libraries. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 5:547-59. [PMID: 12959555 DOI: 10.1021/cc030008f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The quality of combinatorial libraries determines the success of biological screening in drug discovery programs. In this paper, we evaluate and compare various methods for measuring identity, purity, and quantity (yield) of combinatorial libraries. Determination of quantitative purity reveals the true library quality and often indicates potential quality problems before full-scale library production. The relative purity can be determined for every member in a large library in a high-throughput mode, but must be cautiously interpreted. In particular, many impurities are not observable by relative purity measurements using detectors such as UV(214), UV(254), and evaporative light-scattering detection. These "invisible" impurities may constitute a significant portion of the sample weight. We found that TFA, plastic extracts, inorganic compounds, and resin washout are among these impurities. With compelling evidence, we reach a conclusion that purification is the only way to remove "invisible" impurities and improve the quantitative purity of any compound even though some compounds may have a high relative purity before purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yan
- ChemRx Division, Discovery Partners International, Inc., 385 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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Trump RP, Bartlett PA. Amino acid-derived heterocycles as combinatorial library targets: spirocyclic ketal lactones. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 5:285-91. [PMID: 12739946 DOI: 10.1021/cc020081q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The spirocyclic ketal-lactone frameworks of 3 and 4 were designed as novel structures amenable to combinatorial synthesis. The synthesis of representative analogues was developed in solution and on solid support, the scope of effective input materials was determined, and the stability and stereochemistry of the products was evaluated. The spirocycles are obtained in modest overall yields (5-36%) and excellent purities (>72%) and offer a promising motif for combinatorial prospecting libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Trump
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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10
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Hunter D. Life in the fast lane: high-throughput chemistry for lead generation and optimisation. J Cell Biochem 2002; Suppl 37:22-7. [PMID: 11842424 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has come under increasing pressure due to regulatory restrictions on the marketing and pricing of drugs, competition, and the escalating costs of developing new drugs. These forces can be addressed by the identification of novel targets, reductions in the development time of new drugs, and increased productivity. Emphasis has been placed on identifying and validating new targets and on lead generation: the response from industry has been very evident in genomics and high throughput screening, where new technologies have been applied, usually coupled with a high degree of automation. The combination of numerous new potential biological targets and the ability to screen large numbers of compounds against many of these targets has generated the need for large diverse compound collections. To address this requirement, high-throughput chemistry has become an integral part of the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hunter
- Discovery Research, High-Throughput Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, Essex, CM19 5AW, United Kingdom.
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11
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Abstract
The key bottleneck in parallel synthesis has, in truth, always been the isolation and purification of the reaction products, rather than carrying out the reactions themselves. Solution-phase chemistry for parallel synthesis has recently been re-emphasized and has stimulated the development of a wide-range of practical tools for efficient high-throughput work-up, which are gaining increasing acceptance in medicinal chemistry groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cork
- Takeda Chemical Industries, Medicinal Chemistry Research, Laboratories I, Pharmaceutical Research Division 17-85 Juso-Honmachi 2-ChomeYodogawa-Ku, Osaka, 532-8686, Japan
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13
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Abstract
The success of combinatorial chemistry, and the increased emphasis on single well-characterised compounds of high purity, has had a significant impact on analytical and purification technologies. The requirement for ever-increasing throughput has led to the automation and parallelisation of these techniques. Advances have also been made in developing faster methods to augment throughput further.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hughes
- GlaxoSmithKline, New Frontiers Science Park, Third Avenue, Harlow, CM19 5AW, Essex, UK.
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14
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Abstract
Synthesis of combinatorial libraries by parallel synthesis, followed by high- throughput biological screening, is the new paradigm for drug discovery. Purity of these libraries is an important consideration to obtain high-quality assay data. Liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase capture reagents are useful in special cases for small numbers of compounds. However, for libraries of a few thousand compounds, HPLC is a viable alternative. Beyond these numbers, factors such as solvent requirements, the number of fractions and tracking become prohibitive. Supercritical fluid chromatography has been successfully employed in automated purification instrumentation and is expected to be capable of purifying libraries of tens-of-thousands of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C. Ripka
- Ontogen Corporation, 6451 El Camino Real, 92009, Carlsbad, CA, USA
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Kyranos JN, Cai H, Wei D, Goetzinger WK. High-throughput high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for modern drug discovery. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2001; 12:105-11. [PMID: 11167082 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(00)00176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry can be used in the analysis of high-throughput organic synthesis products, bioanalytical target analysis for preclinical and clinical studies, and early absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) screening. New techniques are emerging, including system automation, faster analysis, programmed multiple extraction and analysis columns, multiple electrospray ionization channels, and automated 96-well sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Kyranos
- ArQule Inc., 19 Presidential Way, Wolburn, MA 01801, USA.
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