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Vázquez-Borrego MC, Gupta V, Ibáñez-Costa A, Gahete MD, Venegas-Moreno E, Toledano-Delgado Á, Cano DA, Blanco-Acevedo C, Ortega-Salas R, Japón MA, Barrera-Martín A, Vasiljevic A, Hill J, Zhang S, Halem H, Solivera J, Raverot G, Gálvez MA, Soto-Moreno A, Paez-Pereda M, Culler MD, Castaño JP, Luque RM. A Somatostatin Receptor Subtype-3 (SST 3) Peptide Agonist Shows Antitumor Effects in Experimental Models of Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:957-969. [PMID: 31624102 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Somatostatin analogues (SSA) are efficacious and safe treatments for a variety of neuroendocrine tumors, especially pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET). Their therapeutic effects are mainly mediated by somatostatin receptors SST2 and SST5. Most SSAs, such as octreotide/lanreotide/pasireotide, are either nonselective or activate mainly SST2. However, nonfunctioning pituitary tumors (NFPTs), the most common PitNET type, mainly express SST3 and finding peptides that activate this particular somatostatin receptor has been very challenging. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify SST3-agonists and characterize their effects on experimental NFPT models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Binding to SSTs and cAMP level determinations were used to screen a peptide library and identify SST3-agonists. Key functional parameters (cell viability/caspase activity/chromogranin-A secretion/mRNA expression/intracellular signaling pathways) were assessed on NFPT primary cell cultures in response to SST3-agonists. Tumor growth was assessed in a preclinical PitNET mouse model treated with a SST3-agonist. RESULTS We successfully identified the first SST3-agonist peptides. SST3-agonists lowered cell viability and chromogranin-A secretion, increased apoptosis in vitro, and reduced tumor growth in a preclinical PitNET model. As expected, inhibition of cell viability in response to SST3-agonists defined two NFPT populations: responsive and unresponsive, wherein responsive NFPTs expressed more SST3 than unresponsive NFPTs and exhibited a profound reduction of MAPK, PI3K-AKT/mTOR, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways upon SST3-agonist treatments. Concurrently, SSTR3 silencing increased cell viability in a subset of NFPTs. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that SST3-agonists activate signaling mechanisms that reduce NFPT cell viability and inhibit pituitary tumor growth in experimental models that expresses SST3, suggesting that targeting this receptor could be an efficacious treatment for NFPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Álvaro Toledano-Delgado
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - David A Cano
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Blanco-Acevedo
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rosa Ortega-Salas
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Anatomical Pathology Service, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Miguel A Japón
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Barrera-Martín
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alexandre Vasiljevic
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Centre de Pathologie et de Biologie, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jason Hill
- IPSEN Bioscience, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Juan Solivera
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Gérald Raverot
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Fédération d'endocrinologie, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - María A Gálvez
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
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2
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Guillemot J, Guérin M, Cailleux AF, Lopez AG, Kuhn JM, Anouar Y, Yon L. Characterization of the EM66 Biomarker in the Pituitary and Plasma of Healthy Subjects With Different Gonadotroph Status and Patients With Gonadotroph Tumor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:102. [PMID: 30853937 PMCID: PMC6395403 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Granins and their derived-peptides are useful markers of secretion from normal and tumoral neuroendocrine cells. The need to identify new diagnostic markers for neuroendocrine tumors, including pituitary tumors prompted us to determine plasma levels of the secretogranin II-derived peptide EM66 in healthy volunteers with different gonadotroph status and to evaluate its usefulness as a circulating marker for the diagnosis of gonadotroph tumor. Using a radioimmunoassay, we determined plasma EM66 concentrations in healthy men and women volunteers in different physiological conditions in relation with the gonadotroph function. Our results revealed that in men, in women with or without contraception, in pregnant or post-menopausal women, plasma EM66 concentrations are not significantly different, and did not show any correlation with gonadotropin levels. In addition, stimulation or inhibition tests of the gonadotroph axis had no effect on EM66 levels, whatever the group of healthy volunteers investigated while gonadotropin levels showed the expected variations. Immunohistochemical experiments and HPLC analysis showed the occurrence of EM66 in pituitary gonadotroph, lactotroph and corticotroph tumors but not in somatotroph tumor. In patients with gonadotroph or lactotroph tumor, plasma EM66 levels were 1.48 (0.82-4.38) ng/ml and 2.49 (1.19-3.54) ng/ml, respectively. While median value of EM66 was significantly lower in patients with gonadotroph tumor compared to healthy volunteers [2.59 (0.62-4.95) ng/ml], plasma EM66 concentrations were in the same range as normal values and did not show any correlation with gonadotropin levels. These results show that plasma EM66 levels are independent of the activity of the gonadotroph axis in healthy volunteers and, while EM66 levels are reduced in gonadotroph tumors, plasma EM66 does not provide a helpful marker for the diagnosis of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Guillemot
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
| | - Marlène Guérin
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Françoise Cailleux
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, INSERM CIC-CRB, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine-Guy Lopez
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Marc Kuhn
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, INSERM CIC-CRB, Rouen, France
| | - Youssef Anouar
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
| | - Laurent Yon
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, Rouen, France
- *Correspondence: Laurent Yon
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3
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Troger J, Theurl M, Kirchmair R, Pasqua T, Tota B, Angelone T, Cerra MC, Nowosielski Y, Mätzler R, Troger J, Gayen JR, Trudeau V, Corti A, Helle KB. Granin-derived peptides. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 154:37-61. [PMID: 28442394 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The granin family comprises altogether 7 different proteins originating from the diffuse neuroendocrine system and elements of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The family is dominated by three uniquely acidic members, namely chromogranin A (CgA), chromogranin B (CgB) and secretogranin II (SgII). Since the late 1980s it has become evident that these proteins are proteolytically processed, intragranularly and/or extracellularly into a range of biologically active peptides; a number of them with regulatory properties of physiological and/or pathophysiological significance. The aim of this comprehensive overview is to provide an up-to-date insight into the distribution and properties of the well established granin-derived peptides and their putative roles in homeostatic regulations. Hence, focus is directed to peptides derived from the three main granins, e.g. to the chromogranin A derived vasostatins, betagranins, pancreastatin and catestatins, the chromogranin B-derived secretolytin and the secretogranin II-derived secretoneurin (SN). In addition, the distribution and properties of the chromogranin A-derived peptides prochromacin, chromofungin, WE14, parastatin, GE-25 and serpinins, the CgB-peptide PE-11 and the SgII-peptides EM66 and manserin will also be commented on. Finally, the opposing effects of the CgA-derived vasostatin-I and catestatin and the SgII-derived peptide SN on the integrity of the vasculature, myocardial contractility, angiogenesis in wound healing, inflammatory conditions and tumors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Markus Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rudolf Kirchmair
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teresa Pasqua
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Bruno Tota
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Maria C Cerra
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Yvonne Nowosielski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Raphaela Mätzler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jasmin Troger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Vance Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelo Corti
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Karen B Helle
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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4
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Guillemot J, Guérin M, Thouënnon E, Montéro-Hadjadje M, Leprince J, Lefebvre H, Klein M, Muresan M, Anouar Y, Yon L. Characterization and plasma measurement of the WE-14 peptide in patients with pheochromocytoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88698. [PMID: 24523932 PMCID: PMC3921219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Granins and their derived peptides are valuable circulating biological markers of neuroendocrine tumors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the tumoral chromogranin A (CgA)-derived peptide WE-14 and the potential advantage to combine plasma WE-14 detection with the EM66 assay and the existing current CgA assay for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Compared to healthy volunteers, plasma WE-14 levels were 5.4-fold higher in patients with pheochromocytoma, but returned to normal values after surgical resection of the tumor. Determination of plasma CgA and EM66 concentrations in the same group of patients revealed that the test assays for these markers had an overall 84% diagnostic sensitivity, which is identical to that determined for WE-14. However, we found that WE-14 measurement improved the diagnostic sensitivity when combined with the results of CgA or EM66 assays. By combining the results of the three assays, the sensitivity for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was increased to 95%. In fact, the combination of WE-14 with either CgA or EM66 test assays achieved 100% sensitivity for the diagnosis of paragangliomas and sporadic or malignant pheochromocytomas if taken separately to account for the heterogeneity of the tumor. These data indicate that WE-14 is produced in pheochromocytoma and secreted into the general circulation, and that elevated plasma WE-14 levels are correlated with the occurrence of this chromaffin cell tumor. In addition, in association with other biological markers, such as CgA and/or EM66, WE-14 measurement systematically improves the diagnostic sensitivity for pheochromocytoma. These findings support the notion that granin-processing products may represent complementary tools for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Guillemot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandy University, Normandy, France
- Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marlène Guérin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandy University, Normandy, France
- Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Erwan Thouënnon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandy University, Normandy, France
- Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Maité Montéro-Hadjadje
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandy University, Normandy, France
- Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandy University, Normandy, France
- Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Hervé Lefebvre
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandy University, Normandy, France
- Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Rouen University Hospital, Bois-Guillaume, France
| | - Marc Klein
- Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de Brabois, University of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Mihaela Muresan
- Unit of Endocrinology, Hôpital Notre-Dame de Bon Secours, Metz, France
| | - Youssef Anouar
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandy University, Normandy, France
- Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Laurent Yon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U982, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
- Normandy University, Normandy, France
- Rouen University, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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5
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Bartolomucci A, Possenti R, Mahata SK, Fischer-Colbrie R, Loh YP, Salton SRJ. The extended granin family: structure, function, and biomedical implications. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:755-97. [PMID: 21862681 PMCID: PMC3591675 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chromogranins (chromogranin A and chromogranin B), secretogranins (secretogranin II and secretogranin III), and additional related proteins (7B2, NESP55, proSAAS, and VGF) that together comprise the granin family subserve essential roles in the regulated secretory pathway that is responsible for controlled delivery of peptides, hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Here we review the structure and function of granins and granin-derived peptides and expansive new genetic evidence, including recent single-nucleotide polymorphism mapping, genomic sequence comparisons, and analysis of transgenic and knockout mice, which together support an important and evolutionarily conserved role for these proteins in large dense-core vesicle biogenesis and regulated secretion. Recent data further indicate that their processed peptides function prominently in metabolic and glucose homeostasis, emotional behavior, pain pathways, and blood pressure modulation, suggesting future utility of granins and granin-derived peptides as novel disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Portela-Gomes GM, Grimelius L, Wilander E, Stridsberg M. Granins and granin-related peptides in neuroendocrine tumours. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 165:12-20. [PMID: 20211659 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This review focus on neuroendocrine tumours (NETs), with special reference to the immunohistochemical analysis of granins and granin-related peptides and their usefulness in identifying and characterizing the great diversity of NET types. Granins, their derived peptides, and complex protein-processing enzyme systems that cleave granins and prohormones, have to some extent cell-specific expression patterns in normal and neoplastic NE cells. The marker most commonly used in routine histopathology to differentiate between non-NETs and NETs is chromogranin (Cg) A, to some extent CgB. Other members of the granin family may also be of diagnostic value by identifying special NET types, e.g. secretogranin (Sg) VI was only found in pancreatic NETs and phaeochromocytomas. SgIII has recently arisen as an important NET marker; it was strongly expressed in NETs, with some exceptions--phaeochromocytomas expressed few cells and parathyroid adenomas none. Some expression patterns of granin-related peptides seem valuable in differentiating between some benign and malignant NETs, some may also provide prognostic information, among which: well-differentiated NET types expressed more CgA epitopes than the poorly differentiated ones, except insulinomas, where the opposite was noted; medullary thyroid carcinomas containing few cells immunoreactive to a CgB antibody were related to a bad prognosis; C-terminal secretoneurin visualized a cell type related to malignancy in phaeochromocytomas. Further research will probably establish new staining patterns with marker functions for granins in NETs which may be of histopathological diagnostic value.
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7
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Conlon JM. Granin-derived peptides as diagnostic and prognostic markers for endocrine tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 165:5-11. [PMID: 19931574 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A-like immunoreactivity (CgA-LI) has been, and remains, the most widely used diagnostic and prognostic marker for endocrine tumors. The availability of assay kits combined with moderately high sensitivity and specificity has meant that there has been no great incentive to develop alternative markers. However, circulating concentrations of CgA-LI are elevated in several non-neoplastic diseases and in patients receiving acid-suppression therapy which may lead to false positive diagnosis. Additionally, certain endocrine tumors, such as rectal carcinoids, do not express the CgA gene so that there is a need for additional markers to complement CgA measurements. Plasma concentrations of the CgA-derived peptide, pancreastatin, measured with antisera of defined regional specificity, have a prognostic value in patients with metastatic midgut carcinoid tumors receiving somatostatin analog therapy or hepatic artery chemoembolization. Other CgA-derived peptides with potential as tumor markers are vasostatin-1, WE-14, catestatin, GE-25, and EL-35 but their value has yet to be fully assessed. Circulating concentrations of chromogranin B-like immunoreactivity (CgB-LI) are not elevated in non-neoplastic diseases and measurements of CCB, the COOH-terminal fragment of CgB, may be useful as a biochemical marker for neuroendocrine differentiation in lung tumors. Antisera to the secretogranin II-derived peptide, secretoneurin detects carcinoid tumors of the appendix with greater frequency than antisera to CgA and are of value in identifying therapy-resistant carcinoma of the prostate (clinical stage D3). Measurement of concentrations of a second secretogranin II-derived peptide, EM-66 in tumor tissue has been used to differentiate between benign and malignant pheochromocytoma. These examples point to a limited although potentially valuable role for granin-derived peptides as tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Conlon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, 17666 Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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8
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Iino K, Oki Y, Matsushita F, Yamashita M, Hayashi C, Miura K, Nishizawa S, Nakamura H. Immunohistochemical properties of silent corticotroph adenoma and Cushing's disease. Pituitary 2007; 10:35-45. [PMID: 17410413 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-007-0010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Proopiomelanocortin processing in corticotroph cells is known to be operated by prohormone convertase (PC) 1/3 which is activating several pro-proteins and prohormones by intracellular limited proteolysis processing. In this study, we hypothesized that PC1/3 expression differs between Cushing's disease (CD) and silent corticotroph adenoma (SCA), and investigated whether PC1/3 expression is involved in the adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) silence of SCA. We performed immunohistochemical analysis of pituitary adenoma specimens for six adenohypophysial hormones, PC1/3 and chromogranin A (CgA). Subjects for this study consisted of 12 anterior pituitary adenomas of CD (1 male, 11 female; 14-70 years old) and 31 non-functioning adenomas (23 male, 8 female; 32-71 years old).ACTH immunoreactivity was observed in all of CD and three of 31 non-functioning adenomas. The three cases diagnosed as SCA were also positive for growth hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Cushing's adenomas and SCAs were all positive for PC1/3. PC1/3-positive cells did not always colocalize with ACTH but some of them colocalized with CgA in SCAs. Even if PC1/3 is not present in corticotroph cells, PC1/3 immunoreactivity in SCA may originate from CgA-positive cells. We conclude that immunohistochemistry for PC1/3 is not helpful for differential diagnosis between CD and SCA in clinical practice, though the regulation of PC1/3 expression is likely to be an important etiological factor in ACTH silence of SCA. The diversity of immunohistochemical properties of SCA leads us to speculate that it is not a single entity and may be a general diagnostic term for adenomas of varying etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Iino
- Department of Medicine, Second Division, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan
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9
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Zatelli MC, Piccin D, Bottoni A, Ambrosio MR, Margutti A, Padovani R, Scanarini M, Taylor JE, Culler MD, Cavazzini L, degli Uberti EC. Evidence for differential effects of selective somatostatin receptor subtype agonists on alpha-subunit and chromogranin a secretion and on cell viability in human nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89:5181-8. [PMID: 15472224 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-031954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SRIF) analogs interacting with SRIF receptor (SSTR) subtypes SSTR2 and SSTR5 reduce hormone secretion of pituitary adenomas, but their antiproliferative effects are still controversial. We investigated the in vitro effects of SRIF and SSTR-selective agonists interacting with SSTR1 (BIM-23926), SSTR2 (BIM-23120), SSTR5 (BIM-23206), or both SSTR2 and SSTR5 (BIM-23244) on alpha-subunit and chromogranin A secretion and on cell viability of 12 nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFA) expressing SSTR1, SSTR2, and SSTR5, as assessed by RT-PCR. Treatment with SRIF or BIM-23206 did not modify alpha-subunit and chromogranin A secretion, which was significantly inhibited by BIM-23926, BIM-23120, and BIM-23244. SRIF and BIM-23120 did not influence cell viability, which was significantly promoted by BIM-23206 and BIM-23244 and reduced by treatment with BIM-23926. These results demonstrate that, in the selected NFA, the SSTR1-selective agonist inhibits secretory activity and cell viability, the SSTR2-selective agonist inhibits secretion but not cell viability, and the SSTR5-selective agonist does not influence secretion but promotes cell viability. These data can explain the lack of inhibitory effects of currently used SRIF analogs and suggest that drugs acting potently and preferentially on SSTR1 might be useful for medical treatment of NFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Zatelli
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Via Savonarola 9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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10
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Curry WJ, Brockbank S, McCollum AP, Boyle C, Gibson D. Localisation of WE-14 immunoreactivity in the developing mouse limbo-corneal nerve net. Microsc Res Tech 2003; 62:408-14. [PMID: 14601146 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
WE-14 is generated in subpopulations of chromogranin A immunopositive endocrine cells and neurons including those innervating the anterior uvea. This study investigated WE-14 in intact sclero-limbo-corneal tissue from embryonic (E17), neonatal (N0-N16), and adult mice using immunocytochemistry and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Weak WE-14 immunostaining was observed at birth in nerve fibre tracts entering the corneal mid-stroma from the limbo-scleral junction. Immunopositive fibre tracts were evident throughout the cornea at N3; by N5 the mid-stromal plexus had begun to generate fibre populations extending toward the developing corneal epithelium, and some varicose fibres terminated amongst the developing epithelium. Immunostaining was evident at N7 in the developing limbo-scleral nerve net and some fibres exhibited a close association with unidentified vascular elements. By N11 and in subsequent neonates, the cornea had developed a distinct stratified nerve net composed of thick mid-stromal and thinner upper stromal nerve fibre bundles; both possessed populations of varicose WE-14 immunopositive fibres. In the adult, a sub-epithelial network of varicose WE-14 immunopositive fibres were evident at the limbo-scleral junction. Some fibres exhibited a close association with unidentified vascular elements, while others extended into the upper peripheral corneal stroma. WE-14 was evident in leashes throughout the basal corneal epithelium and generated fibres ramifying between the stratified epithelium with some fibres terminating amongst the outermost corneal epithelia. This study has demonstrated that WE-14 was evident in the limbo-corneal nerve net at birth and that its detection parallels corneal development to adulthood, where WE-14 is evident in a subpopulation of nerve fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- William James Curry
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, institute of Clinical Science, The Queen's University of Belfast, BT12 6BA, North Ireland, United Kingdom.
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11
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnostic impact of chromogranin A (CgA) measurement has been studied in various neuroendocrine tumours (NET) such as pheochromocytomas, gastrinomas and neuroblastomas. Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) are generally diagnosed on tumoural symptoms or hypopituitarism and, except for gonadotrophins and their free subunits which may be increased in the case of gonadotrophinomas, markers of endocrine secretory activity are lacking not only for diagnostic purpose but also in the postoperative follow-up of these patients. As the presence of CgA has been demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in pituitary adenomas, we performed this study to further assess the sensitivity of CgA measurement in sporadic pituitary adenomas using a new, specific, sandwich immunoassay. SUBJECTS We first completed a basal normative data set obtained using this assay by studying four healthy men (49 +/- 13 years old), five healthy premenopausal women (35.8 +/- 7.5 years old) and five healthy postmenopausal women (49.1 +/- 4.6 years old) basally and after TRH administration. Twenty-seven patients [12 men (64.2 +/- 11.8 years), even premenopausal women (38.4 +/- 5.7 years) and eight postmenopausal women (67.7 +/- 10.3 years)] with NFPA, 15 acromegalic patients [nine men (45 +/- 13.3 years), six women (52 +/- 14.9 years)] and 19 patients with a prolactin-secreting adenoma [four men (41.2 +/- 18 years) and 15 women (31.2 +/- 7.5 years), with a macroadenoma (n = 11) or a microadenoma (n = 8)] had basal and TRH-stimulated measurement of CgA. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulation test was also performed in two, four and four patients, respectively. All patients had sporadic pituitary adenomas. MEASUREMENTS Serum CgA was measured using a solid-phase two-site immunoradiometric assay based on monoclonal antibodies that bind to two distinct contiguous epitopes within the 145-245 region of CgA. RESULTS Mean basal CgA concentration in 14 normal subjects was 80.2 ng/ml (SD: 31.7; range 19-124). A cut-off value for normal range was thus set at 125 ng/ml. TRH injection did not change significantly the CgA levels, peak values remaining less than 124 ng/ml. Three out of 27 subjects with NFPA (11%) had elevated basal CgA levels (576, 143, 241 ng/ml, respectively). Serum levels of CgA were not influenced by TRH in any of the NFPA subjects (including those three with increased basal levels). One out of 15 acromegalic patients (6.6%) and one out of 19 hyperprolactinemic patients (5.2%) had elevated serum basal CgA which did not significantly increase after TRH administration. In the remaining patients TRH-tests did not modify CgA levels. GnRH administration did not modify CgA levels. CONCLUSIONS CgA serum levels measurement, assessed with a novel assay, does not provide a helpful marker for the clinical management of functioning and NFPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilinca-Lucia Gussi
- Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris and Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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12
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McVicar CM, Cunningham RT, McClure N, Curry WJ. Chromogranin A proteolysis to generate beta-granin and WE-14 in the adenohypophysis during the rat oestrous cycle. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2003; 115:1-10. [PMID: 12873792 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(03)00130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical analysis of the male and female rat adenohypophysis revealed that chromogranin A (CgA), beta-granin and WE-14 immunostaining was localised to follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) producing cells, while luteinizing hormone (LH) producing cells exhibited chromogranin A and beta-granin immunostaining. The intensity of chromogranin A, beta-granin and WE-14 immunostaining exhibited variation during the oestrous cycle; weak immunostaining was observed during proestrous and oestrous, corresponding with the lowest cellular concentration of luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormone. Chromogranin A and beta-granin immunostaining were similar in both the male and female (at dioestrous), however, a larger number of more intense WE-14 immunopositive cells were evident in the male adenohypophysis relative to the female at any stage of the cycle. The tissue and plasma concentrations of beta-granin and WE-14 immunoreactivity fluctuated throughout the oestrous cycle. Maximum and minimum beta-granin and WE-14 tissue concentration counterpoised the latent maximum and minimum plasma concentration. Chromatographic analysis of adenohypophysis extracts revealed the degree of chromogranin A proteolysis throughout the oestrous cycle; in contrast, plasma profiles consistently possessed a large chromogranin A-like immunoreactant. This data suggests that chromogranin A biosynthesis, proteolysis and the secretion of its derived peptides parallels that of the gonadotroph hormones throughout the oestrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mary McVicar
- School of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen's University of Belfast, Institute of Clinical Science, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, Northern Ireland, UK.
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13
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Jin L, Zhang S, Bayliss J, Scheithauer B, Qian X, Kobayashi I, Stridsberg M, Lloyd RV. Chromogranin a processing in human pituitary adenomas and carcinomas: analysis with region-specific antibodies. Endocr Pathol 2003; 14:37-48. [PMID: 12746561 DOI: 10.1385/ep:14:1:37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The expression of various chromogranin A (CgA) peptide fragments was examined with region-specific antisera in benign and malignant pituitary tumors. Analysis of the proconvertases responsible for proteolytic processing of CgA, prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), and PC2 was also performed. Adenomas were studied using tissue microarrays, and a larger tissue section of a subset of the prolactin (PRL) adenomas was used to compare to the tissue microarray analysis. Carcinomas were analyzed using larger tissue sections. There were differences in CgA proteolytic products detected between the functional (PRL, adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH], and growth hormone tumors and the nonfunctional (gonadotroph and null cell) tumors, with the former group expressing lower levels of many peptides. These differences were most notable in the PRL adenomas and carcinomas in which the region-specific antisera against vasostatin I and vasostatin II detected these fragments in the lowest percentage of tumors and/or had the weakest immunoreactivity. The CgA peptide fragment detected by CgA 176-195 (chromacin) antiserum was expressed by the highest percentage of most functional and nonfunctional benign and malignant pituitary tumors. ACTH carcinomas (n = 3) were more strongly immunoreactive compared to the ACTH adenomas. These results show that there is differential expression of CgA peptide fragments and PC1/3 among different types of pituitary tumors and that ACTH pituitary carcinomas have higher levels of immunoreactive CgA peptide fragments compared to ACTH adenomas. This study also shows the utility of tissue microarrays in the analysis of a large group of tumors with regionspecific antisera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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14
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Curry WJ, Barkatullah SC, Johansson AN, Quinn JG, Norlen P, Connolly CK, McCollum AP, McVicar CM. WE-14, a chromogranin a-derived neuropeptide. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 971:311-6. [PMID: 12438141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide WE-14 is derived from the posttranslational processing of chromogranin A (CgA). While CgA is expressed in a preponderance of neuroendocrine cells, WE-14 is generated in a distinct subpopulation of CgA-immunopositive cells, most notably in the adrenal, pituitary, and parathyroid glands. Physiological and pharmacological studies have demonstrated that CgA is cleaved to generate WE-14 in the adrenal chromaffin cell population and in the enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of the oxyntic mucosa. Pathological analyses of neuroendocrine tumors have revealed a heterogeneous pattern of WE-14 immunostaining, with variable concentrations quantified and chromatographically resolved in tissue extracts. Phylogenetic surveys have demonstrated that WE-14 exhibits an ancient lineage, while ontogenetic examination has shown that it is generated at an early stage during fetal development. Putative WE-14 receptor binding sites have been identified in several tissues; however, the physiological role of WE-14 remains enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Curry
- Department of Ophthalmology and School of Clinical Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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15
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Abstract
In large dense core vesicles, also referred to as chromaffin granules in adrenomedullary chromaffin cells, transmitters or hormones are stored together with neuropeptides and chromogranins. For most neuropeptides, functions have been established and new findings on their secretion, receptors, and synthesis regulation are reported. The functions of chromogranins are less clear, and possible roles as peptide precursors, Ca(2+) regulators, inducers of secretory granule biogenesis, and as nuclear constituents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Laslop
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr Strasse 1A, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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