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Tian Z, Wu L, Yu C, Chen Y, Xu Z, Bado I, Loredo A, Wang L, Wang H, Wu KL, Zhang W, Zhang XHF, Xiao H. Harnessing the power of antibodies to fight bone metastasis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/26/eabf2051. [PMID: 34162538 PMCID: PMC8221630 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapies have proved to be of great value in cancer treatment. Despite the clinical success of these biopharmaceuticals, reaching targets in the bone microenvironment has proved to be difficult due to the relatively low vascularization of bone tissue and the presence of physical barriers. Here, we have used an innovative bone-targeting (BonTarg) technology to generate a first-in-class bone-targeting antibody. Our strategy involves the use of pClick antibody conjugation technology to chemically couple the bone-targeting moiety bisphosphonate to therapeutic antibodies. Bisphosphonate modification of these antibodies results in the delivery of higher conjugate concentrations to the bone metastatic niche, relative to other tissues. In xenograft mice models, this strategy provides enhanced inhibition of bone metastases and multiorgan secondary metastases that arise from bone lesions. Specific delivery of therapeutic antibodies to the bone, therefore, represents a promising strategy for the treatment of bone metastatic cancers and other bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeru Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Ling Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chenfei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Yuda Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Zhan Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Igor Bado
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Axel Loredo
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Lushun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kuan-Lin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Pham TT, Nguyen HT, Phung CD, Pathak S, Regmi S, Ha DH, Kim JO, Yong CS, Kim SK, Choi JE, Yook S, Park JB, Jeong JH. Targeted delivery of doxorubicin for the treatment of bone metastasis from breast cancer using alendronate-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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3
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Fan PW, Zhang D, Halladay JS, Driscoll JP, Khojasteh SC. Going Beyond Common Drug Metabolizing Enzymes: Case Studies of Biotransformation Involving Aldehyde Oxidase, γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, Cathepsin B, Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase, and ADP-Ribosyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1253-61. [PMID: 27117704 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The significant roles that cytochrome P450 (P450) and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes play in drug discovery cannot be ignored, and these enzyme systems are commonly examined during drug optimization using liver microsomes or hepatocytes. At the same time, other drug-metabolizing enzymes have a role in the metabolism of drugs and can lead to challenges in drug optimization that could be mitigated if the contributions of these enzymes were better understood. We present examples (mostly from Genentech) of five different non-P450 and non-UGT enzymes that contribute to the metabolic clearance or bioactivation of drugs and drug candidates. Aldehyde oxidase mediates a unique amide hydrolysis of GDC-0834 (N-[3-[6-[4-[(2R)-1,4-dimethyl-3-oxopiperazin-2-yl]anilino]-4-methyl-5-oxopyrazin-2-yl]-2-methylphenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide), leading to high clearance of the drug. Likewise, the rodent-specific ribose conjugation by ADP-ribosyltransferase leads to high clearance of an interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase inhibitor. Metabolic reactions by flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) are easily mistaken for P450-mediated metabolism such as oxidative defluorination of 4-fluoro-N-methylaniline by FMO. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase is involved in the initial hydrolysis of glutathione metabolites, leading to formation of proximate toxins and nephrotoxicity, as is observed with cisplatin in the clinic, or renal toxicity, as is observed with efavirenz in rodents. Finally, cathepsin B is a lysosomal enzyme that is highly expressed in human tumors and has been targeted to release potent cytotoxins, as in the case of brentuximab vedotin. These examples of non-P450- and non-UGT-mediated metabolism show that a more complete understanding of drug metabolizing enzymes allows for better insight into the fate of drugs and improved design strategies of molecules in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Fan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - Jason S Halladay
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
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4
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Ossipov DA. Bisphosphonate-modified biomaterials for drug delivery and bone tissue engineering. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1443-58. [PMID: 25739860 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1021679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bisphosphonates (BPs) were introduced 45 years ago as anti-osteoporotic drugs and during the last decade have been utilized as bone-targeting groups in systemic treatment of bone diseases. Very recently, strategies of chemical immobilization of BPs in hydrogels and nanocomposites for bone tissue engineering emerged. These strategies opened new applications of BPs in bone tissue engineering. AREAS COVERED Conjugates of BPs to different drug molecules, imaging agents, proteins and polymers are discussed in terms of specific targeting to bone and therapeutic affect induced by the resulting prodrugs in comparison with the parent drugs. Conversion of these conjugates into hydrogel scaffolds is also presented along with the application of the resulting materials for bone tissue engineering. EXPERT OPINION Calcium-binding properties of BPs can be successfully extended via different conjugation strategies not only for purposes of bone targeting, but also in supramolecular assembly affording either new nanocarriers or bulk nanocomposite scaffolds. Interaction between carrier-linked BPs and drug molecules should also be considered for the control of release of these molecules and their optimized delivery. Bone-targeting properties of BP-functionalized nanomaterials should correspond to bone adhesive properties of their bulk analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri A Ossipov
- Uppsala University, Division of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Science for Life Laboratory , Uppsala, SE 751 21 , Sweden +46 18 417 7335 ;
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Turhanen PA. Synthesis of triple-bond-containing 1-hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonic acid derivatives to be used as precursors in "click" chemistry: two examples. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6330-5. [PMID: 24915304 DOI: 10.1021/jo500831r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel (ω-alkynyl-1-hydroxy-1,1-diyl)bisphosphonic acid tetramethyl esters (1a-c), their P,P'-dimethyl esters (2a-c), and two trimethyl ester derivatives (3a and 3b) is reported. The prepared compounds can be attached to many kinds of molecules containing azide (-N3) functionalities using a "click" chemistry approach. As an example, bisphosphonate trimethyl ester 3a and P,P'-dimethyl ester 2b were attached to triethylene glycol to form triethylene glycol-bisphosphonate conjugates 4 and 5 as model compounds for further studies in, for example, nanoparticle targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri A Turhanen
- Biocenter Kuopio, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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de Miguel L, Noiray M, Surpateanu G, Iorga BI, Ponchel G. Poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate)-PEG-alendronate multivalent nanoparticles for bone targeting. Int J Pharm 2013; 460:73-82. [PMID: 24211357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAP), a highly specific component of bone tissue, is the main target in order to impart osteotropicity. Bone targeted nanoparticles can increase the strength of the interaction with HAP through multivalency and thus constitute a valuable strategy in the therapeutics of skeletal diseases. PBLG10k-b-PEG6k-alendronate nanoparticles (~ 75 nm) were prepared by a simple nanoprecipitation method. The calcium affinity (KCa(+2)=1.8 × 10(4)M(-1)) of these nanoparticles was evaluated using isothermal titration calorimetry. The multivalent interaction with HAP surfaces (KHAP) was studied by fluorescence and was estimated to be 1.1 × 10(10)M(-1), which is more than 4000 times stronger than the reported monovalent interaction between alendronate and HAP surfaces. Molecular modeling suggests that the number of binding sites available at the HAP surface is in large excess than what is required for the whole surface coverage by alendronate decorated nanoparticles. The lower calcium affinity of these nanoparticles than for HAP allows calcium bound nanoparticles to interact with HAP, which yields a deeper understanding of bone targeted carriers and could potentially improve their bone targeting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Miguel
- Univ. Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Institut Galien, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
| | - Magali Noiray
- Univ. Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Institut Galien, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Georgiana Surpateanu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Centre de Recherche de Gif-sur-Yvette, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bogdan I Iorga
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Centre de Recherche de Gif-sur-Yvette, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gilles Ponchel
- Univ. Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Institut Galien, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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7
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Alanne AL, Tuikka M, Tõnsuaadu K, Ylisirniö M, Hämäläinen L, Turhanen P, Vepsäläinen J, Peräniemi S. A novel bisphosphonate-based solid phase method for effective removal of chromium(iii) from aqueous solutions and tannery effluents. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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8
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Turhanen PA, Weisell J, Vepsäläinen JJ. The selective stepwise chemical hydrolysis of alkylcarbonate groups from novel mixed alkylcarbonate trialkyl ester derivatives of etidronic acid. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22960a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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9
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Turhanen PA, Weisell J, Vepsäläinen JJ. Preparation of mixed trialkyl alkylcarbonate derivatives of etidronic acid via an unusual route. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:2019-24. [PMID: 23209537 PMCID: PMC3511037 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A method to prepare four (3a–d) trialkyl alkylcarbonate esters of etidronate from P,P'-dimethyl etidronate and alkyl chloroformate was developed by utilizing unexpected demethylation and decarboxylation reactions. The reaction with the sterically more hindered isobutyl chloroformate at a lower temperature (90 °C) produced the P,P'-diester (2) as a stable intermediate product. A possible reaction mechanism is discussed to explain these methyl substitutions. These unusual reactions also clarify why it is difficult to prepare alkylcarbonate prodrugs from bisphosphonates. The compounds prepared were analysed by spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri A Turhanen
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Pharmacy, Biocenter Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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10
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Systematic study of the physicochemical properties of a homologous series of aminobisphosphonates. Molecules 2012; 17:10928-45. [PMID: 22971579 PMCID: PMC6268373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170910928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminobisphosphonates, e.g., alendronate and neridronate, are a well known class of molecules used as drugs for various bone diseases. Although these molecules have been available for decades, a detailed understanding of their most important physicochemical properties under comparable conditions is lacking. In this study, ten aminobisphosphonates, H2N(CH2)nC(OH)[P(O)(OH)2]2, in which n = 2–5, 7–11 and 15 have been synthesized. Their aqueous solubility as a function of temperature and pH, pKa-values, thermal stability, IR absorptions, and NMR spectral data for both liquid (1H, 13C, 31P-NMR) and solid state (13C, 15N and 31P-CPMAS NMR) were determined.
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11
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Hochdörffer K, Abu Ajaj K, Schäfer-Obodozie C, Kratz F. Development of novel bisphosphonate prodrugs of doxorubicin for targeting bone metastases that are cleaved pH dependently or by cathepsin B: synthesis, cleavage properties, and binding properties to hydroxyapatite as well as bone matrix. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7502-15. [PMID: 22882004 DOI: 10.1021/jm300493m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastases are a frequent cause of morbidity in cancer patients. The present palliative therapeutic options are chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and the administration of bisphosphonates. The affinity between bisphosphonates and the apatite structure of bone metastases is strong. Thus, we designed two low-molecular-weight and water-soluble prodrugs which incorporate a bisphosphonate group as a bone targeting ligand, doxorubicin as the anticancer agent, and either an acid-sensitive bond (1) or a cathepsin B cleavable bond (3) for ensuring an effective release of doxorubicin at the site of action. Cleavage studies of both prodrugs showed a fast release of doxorubicin but sufficient stability over several hours in human plasma. Effective binding of prodrug 1 and 3 was demonstrated with hydroxyapatite and with native bone. In orientating toxicity studies in nude mice, the MTD of 1 was 3-fold higher compared to conventional doxorubicin, whereas 3 showed essentially the same MTD as doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hochdörffer
- Division of Macromolecular Prodrugs, Tumor Biology Center, Breisacher Strasse 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Galezowska J, Gumienna-Kontecka E. Phosphonates, their complexes and bio-applications: A spectrum of surprising diversity. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Bortolini O, Mulani I, De Nino A, Maiuolo L, Nardi M, Russo B, Avnet S. Efficient synthesis of isoxazolidine-substituted bisphosphonates by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Jahnke W, Henry C. An in vitro Assay to Measure Targeted Drug Delivery to Bone Mineral. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:770-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Zhang Y, Cao R, Yin F, Lin FY, Wang H, Krysiak K, No JH, Mukkamala D, Houlihan K, Li J, Morita CT, Oldfield E. Lipophilic pyridinium bisphosphonates: potent gammadelta T cell stimulators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:1136-8. [PMID: 20039246 PMCID: PMC2819003 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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16
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Zhang Y, Cao R, Yin F, Lin FY, Wang H, Krysiak K, No JH, Mukkamala D, Houlihan K, Li J, Morita C, Oldfield E. Lipophilic Pyridinium Bisphosphonates: Potent γδ T Cell Stimulators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200905933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Doschak MR, Kucharski CM, Wright JEI, Zernicke RF, Uludağ H. Improved bone delivery of osteoprotegerin by bisphosphonate conjugation in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:634-40. [PMID: 19718808 DOI: 10.1021/mp8002368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the delivery of a model therapeutic protein, namely, osteoprotegerin (OPG), to bone sites in an animal model of osteoarthritis. The OPG was chemically conjugated to a "bone seeking" thiol-bisphosphonate (thiolBP) via a disulfide linkage. The BP conjugates of OPG were shown to display a higher hydroxyapatite affinity in vitro as compared to unmodified OPG. After intravenous injection, the bone uptake of OPG-thiolBP conjugate was increased 2-fold over that of control OPG under conditions of normal bone turnover. Furthermore, the retention of the OPG-thiolBP conjugate was significantly higher after 72 h. When administered to osteoarthritic rats undergoing active bone remodeling, the delivery of OPG-thiolBP conjugate to bone was increased more than 4-fold over that of control OPG after 24 h. These results suggest a significant advantage of BP conjugation as a drug delivery strategy for therapeutic cytokines in osteopenic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Doschak
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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18
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Zhang Y, Cao R, Yin F, Hudock MP, Guo RT, Krysiak K, Mukherjee S, Gao YG, Robinson H, Song Y, No JH, Bergan K, Leon A, Cass L, Goddard A, Chang TK, Lin FY, Van Beek E, Papapoulos S, Wang AHJ, Kubo T, Ochi M, Mukkamala D, Oldfield E. Lipophilic bisphosphonates as dual farnesyl/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors: an X-ray and NMR investigation. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:5153-62. [PMID: 19309137 DOI: 10.1021/ja808285e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Considerable effort has focused on the development of selective protein farnesyl transferase (FTase) and protein geranylgeranyl transferase (GGTase) inhibitors as cancer chemotherapeutics. Here, we report a new strategy for anticancer therapeutic agents involving inhibition of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), the two enzymes upstream of FTase and GGTase, by lipophilic bisphosphonates. Due to dual site targeting and decreased polarity, the compounds have activities far greater than do current bisphosphonate drugs in inhibiting tumor cell growth and invasiveness, both in vitro and in vivo. We explore how these compounds inhibit cell growth and how cell activity can be predicted based on enzyme inhibition data, and using X-ray diffraction, solid state NMR, and isothermal titration calorimetry, we show how these compounds bind to FPPS and/or GGPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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19
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Kashemirov BA, Bala JLF, Chen X, Ebetino FH, Xia Z, Russell RGG, Coxon FP, Roelofs AJ, Rogers MJ, McKenna CE. Fluorescently labeled risedronate and related analogues: "magic linker" synthesis. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 19:2308-10. [PMID: 19032080 DOI: 10.1021/bc800369c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report synthesis of the first fluorescently labeled conjugates of risedronate (1), using an epoxide linker strategy enabling conjugation of 1 via its pyridyl nitrogen with the label (carboxyfluorescein). Unlike prior approaches to create fluorescent bisphosphonate probes, the new linking chemistry did not abolish the ability to inhibit protein prenylation in vitro, while significantly retaining hydroxyapatite affinity. The utility of a fluorescent 1 conjugate in visualizing osteoclast resorption in vitro was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Kashemirov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744, USA
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20
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K-M Chen C, Hudock MP, Zhang Y, Guo RT, Cao R, No JH, Liang PH, Ko TP, Chang TH, Chang SC, Song Y, Axelson J, Kumar A, Wang AHJ, Oldfield E. Inhibition of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase by bisphosphonates: a crystallographic and computational investigation. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5594-607. [PMID: 18800762 DOI: 10.1021/jm800325y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the X-ray structures of several bisphosphonate inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, a target for anticancer drugs. Bisphosphonates containing unbranched side chains bind to either the farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) substrate site, the geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) product site, and in one case, both sites, with the bisphosphonate moiety interacting with 3 Mg (2+) that occupy the same position as found in FPP synthase. However, each of three "V-shaped" bisphosphonates bind to both the FPP and GGPP sites. Using the Glide program, we reproduced the binding modes of 10 bisphosphonates with an rms error of 1.3 A. Activities of the bisphosphonates in GGPPS inhibition were predicted with an overall error of 2x by using a comparative molecular similarity analysis based on a docked-structure alignment. These results show that some GGPPS inhibitors can occupy both substrate and product site and that binding modes as well as activity can be accurately predicted, facilitating the further development of GGPPS inhibitors as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cammy K-M Chen
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Zhang S, Gangal G, Uludağ H. 'Magic bullets' for bone diseases: progress in rational design of bone-seeking medicinal agents. Chem Soc Rev 2006; 36:507-31. [PMID: 17325789 DOI: 10.1039/b512310k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An ideal therapeutic agent for bone diseases should act solely on bone tissue with no pharmacological activity at other anatomical sites. Current therapeutic agents, however, do not usually display a preferential affinity to bones and non-specifically distribute throughout the body after administration. Attempts to design bone-specific agents have relied on engineering a desired therapeutic agent with bone-seeking molecules so that the latter delivers the therapeutic agents specifically to bones. In this critical review, we summarize the latest attempts to engineer bone-seeking therapeutic agents based on formulating therapeutic agents with bisphosphonates, a class of compounds with high affinity to biological apatite. We first provide a relevant summary of the structure of bone mineral and bisphosphonates, highlighting the mode of interaction between these two entities. The use of bisphosphonates in the diagnosis of bone diseases is then presented, since this application helps us to understand the bone-carrier properties of bisphosphonates under physiological conditions. A summary of recent attempts to formulate bisphosphonates with traditional therapeutic agents to restrict their activities to bone tissues is then provided, with special emphasis on the structure-function relationships of the engineered compounds. Finally, attempts to use bisphosphonates to deliver macromolecular therapeutics (i.e., proteins) are summarized, based on recent data from the authors' lab. The collective research into bone-seeking medicinal agents is progressively laying the foundation for next-generation 'magic bullets' that display desirable activities at the disease sites with no undesirable activity on other organ systems. (164 references.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G6
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Gittens SA, Bansal G, Kucharski C, Borden M, Uludag H. Imparting Mineral Affinity to Fetuin by Bisphosphonate Conjugation: A Comparison of Three Bisphosphonate Conjugation Schemes. Mol Pharm 2005; 2:392-406. [PMID: 16196492 DOI: 10.1021/mp050017u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein conjugation to bisphosphonic acids (BPs), such as 1-amino-1,1-diphosphonate methane (aminoBP) and 3,5-di(ethylamino-2,2-bisphosphono)benzoic acid (diBP), was proposed as a foundation for bone-specific delivery of protein therapeutics. This study was performed to directly compare the mineral affinity of protein-BP conjugates prepared by three different approaches. Fetuin, serving as a model protein, was derivatized with BPs by the following approaches: (i) by attaching the aminoBPs onto protein lysines using succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC); (ii) by attaching the aminoBPs onto protein carbohydrates using 4-(maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxyl-hydrazide (MMCCH), and (iii) by conjugating diBP to protein lysines using the carbodiimide chemistry. The results indicated that conjugation of aminoBP and diBP to fetuin by all three means unequivocally enhanced the protein's affinity for hydroxyapatite in vitro. Similarly, conjugation of aminoBP and diBP onto fetuin increased the protein's retention in a mineral-containing matrix (Pro-Osteon) when the proteins were implanted in a rat subcutaneous model. Upon parenteral administration, however, no discernible differences were found between the SMCC- or MMCCH-linked conjugates and unmodified fetuin to target to bony tissues. DiBP-fetuin conjugates, however, led to successful bone targeting after intravenous injection in rats. We conclude that all three conjugation schemes were equally effective in imparting an affinity to the proteins toward mineral-containing matrices. Bone targeting, however, was achieved only with diBP conjugation to fetuin, supportive of the superior ability of this BP with a higher density of bisphosphonic acid groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien A Gittens
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract
Despite several decades of progress, bone-specific delivery is still limited by the unique anatomical features of bone, which mainly consists of inorganic hydroxyapatite. A practical approach to this problem is to produce targeted drugs that have a high affinity for hydroxyapatite. Bisphosphonates are a class of synthetic compounds structurally related to pyrophosphate. Bisphosphonates rapidly localise on the bone surface after being administered either intravenously or orally, since the P-C-P portion of the bisphosphonate structure has high affinity for hydroxyapatite. Therefore, bisphosphonate modification might be a promising method for targeting drugs selectively to the bone. Bisphosphonate-conjugated drugs are hydrophilic and highly water-soluble due to the acidic nature of the bisphosphonate moiety at physiological pH, and therefore they hardly permeate through the biological membrane of soft tissues. These physicochemical changes also reduce the intrinsic susceptibility of the drug to metabolism, promoting urinary or biliary excretion as unchanged drug. All these physicochemical and pharmacokinetic alterations contribute to the exceptional skeletal disposition of bisphosphonate-conjugated drugs. Bisphosphonate conjugation is based on chemical modification of the targeting molecule, and therapeutically optimised bisphosphonate derivatives have to be custom-developed on a case-by-case basis. The bisphosphonate moiety is usually coupled with the targeting drug through a specific linkage. The high affinity of bisphosphonate conjugates for the bone is not simply dependent on the bisphosphonate moiety but on the resultant molecule as a whole, including the linker and the linked drug. Lipophilicity (represented as log P) appears to be an appropriate index for predicting the osteotropic properties of bisphosphonate derivatives. Several strategies using bisphosphonate-conjugated drugs have been investigated at a laboratory level with the aim of obtaining therapeutically optimised treatments for conditions such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and bone cancer. In each case, the intention is to achieve prolonged local exposure to high concentrations of the targeting drug, thereby improving therapeutic index by enhancing pharmacological efficacy and minimising systemic adverse effects. Although most examples of bone-specific drug delivery via bone-seeking agents still remain in preclinical studies, several phosphonate-coupled radiopharmaceuticals, such as samarium-153 complexed to tetraphosphonate, are expected to be an effective pain palliation therapies for metastatic bone cancer and are currently being developed in clinical trials. Furthermore, recent reports on bisphosphonate-modified proteins have illustrated the feasibility of bone-specific delivery of biologically active protein drugs, such as cytokines and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hirabayashi
- Biopharmaceutical and Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan.
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Hirabayashi H, Sawamoto T, Fujisaki J, Tokunaga Y, Kimura S, Hata T. Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and disposition of bisphosphonic prodrug of diclofenac based on osteotropic drug delivery system (ODDS). Biopharm Drug Dispos 2002; 23:307-15. [PMID: 12415571 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rat pharmacokinetics and in vivo disposition of a novel bisphosphonic prodrug of diclofenac (DIC-BP), synthesized with the aim of osteotropic delivery of diclofenac, were determined at whole body, organ and cellular levels in a dose range 0.32-10mg/kg. With an increase in injected dose, total body clearance was decreased while the distribution volume at steady state (V(dss)) was reduced and plasma half-life was prolonged. Over 50% of a dose of DIC-BP was selectively transported into osseous tissues after intravenous injection into rats at doses up to 1mg/kg. As dose increased, the skeletal distribution decreased with hepatic and splenic accumulations increasing. The intrahepatic distribution at 10mg/kg revealed that liver macrophages play a significant role in hepatic uptake of DIC-BP. This is consistent with general arguments that bisphosphonates themselves cannot distribute in soft tissues, but are taken up by the reticuloendothelial system as foreign substances when they form large complexes or aggregate with endogenous metals in plasma. Therefore, to optimize the osteotropic delivery of diclofenac via a bisphosphonic prodrug, the dosage regimen should be such that plasma concentration of DIC-BP is maintained at a level lower than that required for precipitate formation of complexes, similar to the usage of other bisphosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hirabayashi
- Biopharmaceutical and Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Company, Osaka, Japan.
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