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Kelberman D, Rizzoti K, Avilion A, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Cianfarani S, Collins J, Chong WK, Kirk JM, Achermann JC, Ross R, Carmignac D, Lovell-Badge R, Robinson IC, Dattani MT. Mutations within Sox2/SOX2 are associated with abnormalities in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis in mice and humans. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2442-55. [PMID: 16932809 PMCID: PMC1551933 DOI: 10.1172/jci28658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX2 is expressed most notably in the developing CNS and placodes, where it plays critical roles in embryogenesis. Heterozygous de novo mutations in SOX2 have previously been associated with bilateral anophthalmia/microphthalmia, developmental delay, short stature, and male genital tract abnormalities. Here we investigated the role of Sox2 in murine pituitary development. Mice heterozygous for a targeted disruption of Sox2 did not manifest eye defects, but showed abnormal anterior pituitary development with reduced levels of growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Consequently, we identified 8 individuals (from a cohort of 235 patients) with heterozygous sequence variations in SOX2. Six of these were de novo mutations, predicted to result in truncated protein products, that exhibited partial or complete loss of function (DNA binding, nuclear translocation, or transactivation). Clinical evaluation revealed that, in addition to bilateral eye defects, SOX2 mutations were associated with anterior pituitary hypoplasia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, variable defects affecting the corpus callosum and mesial temporal structures, hypothalamic hamartoma, sensorineural hearing loss, and esophageal atresia. Our data show that SOX2 is necessary for the normal development and function of the hypothalamo-pituitary and reproductive axes in both humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kelberman
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karine Rizzoti
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ariel Avilion
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Bitner-Glindzicz
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Cianfarani
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Collins
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - W. Kling Chong
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M.W. Kirk
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Achermann
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Ross
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Carmignac
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Lovell-Badge
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iain C.A.F. Robinson
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mehul T. Dattani
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, and
Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Developmental Genetics, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
Cancer Research UK, Skin Tumour Lab, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
Center of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, “Tor Vergata” University, Rome, Italy.
Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Division of Clinical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
Division of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Medical Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
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